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Journal articles on the topic 'Degree of substitution'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 April 2022

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1

Liu, Xue-Li, Chun-Feng Zhu, Han-Chun Liu, and Jia-Ming Zhu. "Quantitative analysis of degree of substitution/molar substitution of etherified polysaccharide derivatives." Designed Monomers and Polymers 25, no. 1 (March 23, 2022): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15685551.2022.2054118.

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2

Barbarakis, Mlnas S., and Leonldas G. Bachas. "Isoelectric focusing electrophoresis of protein-ligand conjugates: effect of the degree of substitution." Clinical Chemistry 37, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/37.1.87.

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Abstract The degree of substitution of protein-ligand conjugates can be determined from the change of the isoelectric point (pI) of the protein when ligand molecules are attached to its surface. Specifically, the pI values of conjugates with known degrees of substitution are obtained by isoelectric focusing electrophoresis and are used to generate a calibration curve that relates these two variables. The shape of the curve is sigmoidal and can be predicted by a theoretical model that takes into account the degree of substitution and the amino acid composition of the protein. By using such a calibration curve, one may estimate the degree of substitution of a given protein-ligand conjugate from its pI value. The applicability of the method is demonstrated with conjugates of pyridoxal 5-phosphate and avidin.

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3

Liu, Quan Xiao, Jin Li Li, Wen Cai Xu, and Yu Bin Lv. "Research on Application of High Degree of Substitution Cationic Starch in Paper Coating." Advanced Materials Research 287-290 (July 2011): 2074–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.287-290.2074.

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Different degrees of high degree of substitution cationic starch (HCS) were prepared and applied in paper coating. Effects of HCS on coating properties and coated paper properties were investigated, and the comparison of effects of HCS and PDMDAAC was made. The results show that the best amount of HCS in coating formula is between 2% and 4%. When the amount of HCS is 4%, whiteness of coated paper was the highest. The color density was the highest when the amount of HCS is about 4% and the degree of substitution is 0.64. HCS with degree of substitution 0.849 is better than PDMDAAC in some respects, and the print image density achieved satisfactorily.

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4

Campitelli, Paul, Liskin Swint-Kruse, and S. Banu Ozkan. "Substitutions at Nonconserved Rheostat Positions Modulate Function by Rewiring Long-Range, Dynamic Interactions." Molecular Biology and Evolution 38, no. 1 (August 11, 2020): 201–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa202.

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Abstract Amino acid substitutions at nonconserved protein positions can have noncanonical and “long-distance” outcomes on protein function. Such outcomes might arise from changes in the internal protein communication network, which is often accompanied by changes in structural flexibility. To test this, we calculated flexibilities and dynamic coupling for positions in the linker region of the lactose repressor protein. This region contains nonconserved positions for which substitutions alter DNA-binding affinity. We first chose to study 11 substitutions at position 52. In computations, substitutions showed long-range effects on flexibilities of DNA-binding positions, and the degree of flexibility change correlated with experimentally measured changes in DNA binding. Substitutions also altered dynamic coupling to DNA-binding positions in a manner that captured other experimentally determined functional changes. Next, we broadened calculations to consider the dynamic coupling between 17 linker positions and the DNA-binding domain. Experimentally, these linker positions exhibited a wide range of substitution outcomes: Four conserved positions tolerated hardly any substitutions (“toggle”), ten nonconserved positions showed progressive changes from a range of substitutions (“rheostat”), and three nonconserved positions tolerated almost all substitutions (“neutral”). In computations with wild-type lactose repressor protein, the dynamic couplings between the DNA-binding domain and these linker positions showed varied degrees of asymmetry that correlated with the observed toggle/rheostat/neutral substitution outcomes. Thus, we propose that long-range and noncanonical substitutions outcomes at nonconserved positions arise from rewiring long-range communication among functionally important positions. Such calculations might enable predictions for substitution outcomes at a range of nonconserved positions.

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5

Ghareeb, Hewa Othman, and Wolfgang Radke. "Separation of cellulose acetates by degree of substitution." Polymer 54, no. 11 (May 2013): 2632–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2013.03.041.

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6

Sabadash, Vira, Jaroslaw Gumnitsky, and Anna Hyvlyud. "Mechanism of Phosphates Sorption by Zeolites Depending on Degree of their Substitution for Potassium Ions." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 10, no. 2 (June 15, 2016): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht10.02.235.

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The mechanism of phosphates sorption process on clinoptilolite was determined. The significant increase in zeolite sorption capacity was observed while interaction of zeolite and wastewaters with acid reaction. New active centers of zeolite are formed due to disalumination of its surface.

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7

Кострюков (Kostriukov), Сергей (Sergej) Геннадьевич (Gennad'evich), Сергей (Sergej) Валерьевич (Valer'evich) Арасланкин (Araslankin), and Павел (Pavel) Сергеевич (Sergeevich) Петров (Petrov). "DETERMINATION OF DEGREE OF SUBSTITUTION (DS) AND MOLAR SUBSTITUTION (MS) OF CELLULOSE ETHERS BY SOLID-STATE 13C NMR SPECTROSCOPY." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 4 (April 12, 2017): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2017041860.

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The work is devoted to determining the substitution parameters of some commercial cellulose ethers by solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy. The substitution parameters are the degree of substitution (DS) and molar substitution (MS). The objects of study are commercial additives based on hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) and hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose (HEMC). In this paper, the degree of substitution (DS) and molar substitution (MS) were determined, and the distribution of the substituents at positions C-2, C-3 and C-6 of the glucopyranose link was established. The calculation of the degree of substitution (DS) and molar substitution (MS) is based on an analysis of relative intensity values of the spectral regions in the solid-state NMR spectra of cellulose ethers and microcrystalline cellulose. Thus the degree of substitution and molar substitution was determined: MSHEC = 1,41 иDSHEC = 1,08; MSHPMC = 0,69 и DSHPMC = 1,78; MSHEMC = 0,74иDSHEMC = 2,19. Comparison of the results with the literature data shows the effectiveness of the method. The proposed method differs from other existing methods in that it is a simple and informative.

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8

Jeffery, A. J., R. Gertisser, R. A. Jackson, B. O'Driscoll, and A. Kronz. "On the compositional variability of dalyite, K2ZrSi6O15: a new occurrence from Terceira, Azores." Mineralogical Magazine 80, no. 4 (June 2016): 547–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2016.080.018.

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AbstractThe rare potassium zirconium silicate dalyite has been identified for the first time on Terceira, Azores, within syenitic ejecta of the Caldeira-Castelinho Ignimbrite Formation. New quantitative analyses of this dalyite were combined with the small number of published analyses from various locations worldwide to evaluate the mineral's compositional variability. Additionally, solid-state modelling has been applied to assess the site allocations of substituting elements. The new analyses yield the average formula (K1.84Na0.15)∑=1.99(Zr0.94Ti0.012Hf0.011Fe0.004)∑=0.967Si6.03O15. Model results predict the placement of substituting Hf and Ti in the octahedral site, and highlight the overall complexity in the incorporation of Fe, Mg and Ba. The combined dataset reveals that dalyite found within peralkaline granites and syenites is generally defined by higher Na↔K substitution and lower Ti↔Zr substitution relative to dalyite from highly potassic rocks. The Terceira dalyite exhibits a bimodal variation in the degree of Na↔K substitution which is attributed to a K-enrichment trend induced by late-stage pore wall crystallization and albitization, coupled with the control of pore size upon the degree of supersaturation required to initiate nucleation of dalyite in pores of varying size.

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9

ARNAUD, PIERRE J. L. "Target–error resemblance in French word substitution speech errors and the mental lexicon." Applied Psycholinguistics 20, no. 2 (June 1999): 269–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716499002052.

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The word substitution errors from a corpus of 2,400 French slips of the tongue were grouped into several categories: contaminational, semantic, formal, and mixed cases; substitutions of syntagmatic codependents also occurred. Semantic and formal substitutions involved a resemblance between target and error. In addition, all substitutions exhibited a strong degree of word class and gender identity. The various types of resemblance were analyzed with reference to three-layer models of lexicalization. They did not make a lemma layer necessary, but stronger evidence came from another error category – semantic blends.

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10

Hacıvelioğlu, Ferda, Elif Okutan, Sevim Ünügür Çelik, Serkan Yeşilot, Ayhan Bozkurt, and Adem Kılıç. "Controlling phosphonic acid substitution degree on proton conducting polyphosphazenes." Polymer 53, no. 17 (August 2012): 3659–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2012.06.033.

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11

Vogt, Sebastian, Thomas Heinze, Kerstin Röttig, and Dieter Klemm. "Preparation of carboxymethylcellulose sulfate of high degree of substitution." Carbohydrate Research 266, no. 2 (January 1995): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-6215(94)00263-f.

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12

Borsa, J., I. T�nczos, and I. Ruszn�k. "Acid hydrolysis of carboxymethylcellulose of low degree of substitution." Colloid & Polymer Science 268, no. 7 (July 1990): 649–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01410407.

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13

Li, Zhenshun, Yuntao Wang, Yaqiong Pei, Wenfei Xiong, Wei Xu, Bin Li, and Jing Li. "Effect of substitution degree on carboxymethylcellulose interaction with lysozyme." Food Hydrocolloids 62 (January 2017): 222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.07.020.

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14

Barik, Satyananda, Sayuri Friedland, and W. G. Skene. "Understanding the reversible anodic behaviour and fluorescence properties of fluorenylazomethines — A structure–property study." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 88, no. 9 (September 2010): 945–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v10-080.

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A series of fluorenylazomethine dyads and triads were prepared by simple condensation between the corresponding amine and aldehyde fluorene derivatives. These compounds were prepared as model compounds for investigating the effects of substitution and electronic groups on both the electrochemical properties and fluorescence quantum yields. It was found that the oxidation potential could be decreased by both incorporating electron donating groups and increasing the degree of conjugation. It was further found that alkylation in the fluorene’s 9-position increased the azomethine degree of conjugation by forcing all the fluorene moieties to be coplanar with the azomethine bonds to which they are attached. Meanwhile, reversible radical cation behaviour was possible by substituting the terminal 2,2′-positions with atoms other than hydrogen. The radical cation was theoretically found to be distributed evenly across the fluorene, corroborating the reversible anodic behaviour with 2,2′-substitution. The fluorescence quantum yields of the azomethines were not found to be dependent on substitution. This was because the azomethine fluorescence was found to be quenched relative to their precursors regardless of substitution. The fluorescence could be restored at both low temperature and by acid protonation.

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15

Kulkarni, Anandrao R., Yu-Hsin Lin, Hsiang-Fa Liang, Wei-Chun Chang, Wesley Wei-Wen Hsiao, and Hsing-Wen Sung. "A Novel Method for the Preparation of Nanoaggregates of Methoxy Polyethyleneglycol Linked Chitosan." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 6, no. 9 (September 1, 2006): 2867–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2006.415.

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In the study, methoxy polyethyleneglycol (MPEG) linked chitosan (PLC) with a different degrees of substitution were prepared using a novel yet simple method in the presence of formaldehyde in a solvent of formic acid and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). The obtained PLC was verified by the Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR) and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR) spectroscopy and by the gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The aqueous solubility of chitosan increased after chemically linking with MPEG and was found to depend on its degree of substitution. With a proper degree of substitution of MPEG on chitosan, PLC may undergo inter- and/or intra-molecular entanglements to produce nanoaggregates. The critical aggregation concentration (CAC) of PLC was determined by the fluorescence emission spectra of pyrene and was found to be 0.003 mg/ml. Measurements of the size distribution and zeta potential of the prepared nanoaggregates were carried out using a Zetasizer. The results suggested that as the degree of MPEG substitution increased, the size and polydispersity index of the prepared nanoaggregates decreased. The prepared nanoaggregates showed a pH-sensitive property and thus may be suitable for the development of drug delivery devices for tumors.

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16

Comeron, Josep M., and Martin Kreitman. "The Correlation Between Synonymous and Nonsynonymous Substitutions in Drosophila: Mutation, Selection or Relaxed Constraints?" Genetics 150, no. 2 (October 1, 1998): 767–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/150.2.767.

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Abstract Codon usage bias, the preferential use of particular codons within each codon family, is characteristic of synonymous base composition in many species, including Drosophila, yeast, and many bacteria. Preferential usage of particular codons in these species is maintained by natural selection acting largely at the level of translation. In Drosophila, as in bacteria, the rate of synonymous substitution per site is negatively correlated with the degree of codon usage bias, indicating stronger selection on codon usage in genes with high codon bias than in genes with low codon bias. Surprisingly, in these organisms, as well as in mammals, the rate of synonymous substitution is also positively correlated with the rate of nonsynonymous substitution. To investigate this correlation, we carried out a phylogenetic analysis of substitutions in 22 genes between two species of Drosophila, Drosophila pseudoobscura and D. subobscura, in codons that differ by one replacement and one synonymous change. We provide evidence for a relative excess of double substitutions in the same species lineage that cannot be explained by the simultaneous mutation of two adjacent bases. The synonymous changes in these codons also cannot be explained by a shift to a more preferred codon following a replacement substitution. We, therefore, interpret the excess of double codon substitutions within a lineage as being the result of relaxed constraints on both kinds of substitutions in particular codons.

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17

Homayooni, S., and F. Karimzadeh. "Capital and Labor Force Substitution Degree in Iran Great Industries (With Using Allen Elasticity Substitution)." Journal of Economics Theory 4, no. 4 (April 1, 2010): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jeth.2010.98.102.

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18

Beck-Candanedo, Stephanie, David Viet, and Derek G. Gray. "Partitioning of charged and neutral dextran-dye derivatives in biphasic cellulose nanocrystal suspensions." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 86, no. 6 (June 1, 2008): 503–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v08-005.

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The partitioning behaviour of dye-labeled dextrans of high molecular weight in aqueous suspensions of native cellulose nanocrystals was studied. Cellulose concentrations lie in the isotropic–nematic coexistence region. Blue dextrans of various molecular weights and degrees of substitution of dye molecules (anionic Cibacron blue 3G-A) were investigated. Increasing the total concentration of blue dextran and degree of dye substitution led to increasing partition coefficients. Increasing dextran molecular weight resulted in higher partition coefficients, in agreement with theory. Partition coefficients were larger than predicted theoretically using a second virial coefficient approximation. Electrostatic and entropic contributions to the partition coefficient of blue dextran are discussed. Dextrans labeled with neutral fluorescein isothiocyanate did not partition preferentially in this system.Key words: partition coefficient, cellulose nanocrystals, dextrans, degree of substitution, polyelectrolyte.

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19

Desbene-Monvernay, Annie, Ouzama Karazoun, Jacques Berthelot, and Paul-Louis Desbene. "Modelisation de la bromation au moyen de TBABr3 de matrices organiques complexes: suivi de la bromation de carbazoles à l'aide de la voltampérométrie et de la chromatographie liquide hautes performances." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 70, no. 3 (March 1, 1992): 870–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v92-115.

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To determine the degree of substitution of complex matrices, the bromination of various carbazoles by tetrabutylammonium tribromide has been used as a model of a substitution reaction. This has allowed us to test the validity of the voltamperometric titration of tribromide ions and species formed (Br− and H+ ions). The results obtained for various substrate/reagent ratios are in excellent agreement with those of high performance liquid chromatography. The electrochemical titration can be considered as reliable, fast, and very easy to use. It permits us to follow the bromination kinetics and to determine the degree of substitution of complex organic matrices. Keywords: bromination, tetrabutylammonium tribromide, voltamperometric titration (Br3−, Br−, H+), degree of substitution.

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20

Safitri, Dini, Erwin Abdul Rahim, Prismawiryanti Prismawiryanti, and Rismawati Sikanna. "SINTESIS KARBOKSIMETIL SELULOSA (CMC) DARI SELULOSA KULIT DURIAN (Durio zibethinus)." KOVALEN 3, no. 1 (April 30, 2017): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/j24775398.2017.v3.i1.8234.

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The investigation about of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) of Durian peel (Durio zibethinus) cellulose has been done. The research aim is to determine the best ratio of sodium mono-chloroacetate toward cellulose and is to determine the reaction time in the synthesis of carboxymethyl cellulose of durian peel in order to obtain the highest substitution degree. The applied of ratio variations and reaction time were 5:5, 6:5, 7:5, 8:5, 9:5 grams and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, respectively. The result showed that the best ratio of sodium mono-chloroacetate toward cellulose was 7:5 gram with yields and the substitution degree of 39.39% and 1.17, respectively. The best time reaction was found at 4 hours with yields and the substitution degree of 39.77 % and 1.2, respectively. Keywords: Durian peel, carboxymethyl cellulose, substitution degree.

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21

Oudshoorn, Marion H. M., Robert Rissmann, Joke A. Bouwstra, and Wim E. Hennink. "Synthesis of methacrylated hyaluronic acid with tailored degree of substitution." Polymer 48, no. 7 (March 2007): 1915–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2007.01.068.

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22

Ogawa, Kazuo, Ikuo Hirai, Choichiro Shimasaki, Toshiaki Yoshimura, Shin Ono, Seichi Rengakuji, Yuuko Nakamura, and Isao Yamazaki. "Simple Determination Method of Degree of Substitution for Starch Acetate." Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 72, no. 12 (December 1999): 2785–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.72.2785.

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23

Maasoumi, Esfandiar, and Tong Xu. "Weights and substitution degree in multidimensional well-being in China." Journal of Economic Studies 42, no. 1 (January 12, 2015): 4–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-04-2014-0055.

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24

Klimov, E. A., A. V. Malakhova, L. A. Korobeinikova, Yu E. Azimova, O. I. Rudko, Z. G. Kokaeva, I. M. Korsunskaya, and V. V. Sobolev. "Polymorphic variants of the cholecystokinergic system genes: associations with panic disorders." Medical Council, no. 12 (July 29, 2018): 190–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21518/2079-701x-2018-12-190-194.

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Panic disorder is a widespread socially significant disease, which genetic nature is extremely poorly known. The gene of this neuropeptide (CCK) and its receptors (CCKAR, CCK2R) have being actively studied since the discovery of panicogenic properties of cholecystokinin. The purpose of this work was to estimate the degree of incidence of seven single nucleotide substitutions in the CCK, CCKAR and CCKBR genes in the population of patients diagnosed with panic disorder and a control population consisting of unexamined residents of the Moscow region. A significant increase in the degree of incidence of the T allele of the single nucleotide substitution 109C/T (rs1805000) in the CCKBR gene was identified in the patient population as compared with the controls, prompting suggestions that this substitution is involved in the aetiology of panic disorder. It also demonstrated the association of the combination of alleles -36T CCK, -128T CCKAR (rs11571842 and rs1800908, respectively) with the development of a panic disorder.

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25

Khon, V. E., N. V. Zagorodniy, V. E. Mamonov, E. N. Glasko, N. V. Petrakova, A. N. Shal’nev, T. Ya Pkhakadze, and V. C. Komlev. "Study of Biocompatibility and Antibacterial Properties of Argentum-Tricalcium Phosphate In Vivo." N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics 21, no. 3 (September 15, 2014): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/vto20140356-61.

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Study of biocompatibility and antibacterial properties of argentum-containing tricalcium phosphate (TCPh) with various degree of substitution by argentum (TCPh-Ag) was performed on rat model. Biocompatibility was studied using subcutaneous implantation of TCPh-Ag (0.5). Antibacterial properties were studied in 5 subgroups (A-E), 5 animals in every group. At first step a distal femur defect was formed and infected by 24-hours cultures of clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Second step (subgroups B-E) consisted of revision intervention with implantation of either TCPh or TCPh-Ag with various degree of substitution by argentum (0.04, 0.2 and 0.5) into infected defect. Histologic examination of tissue samples with subcutaneous implantation of TCPh-Ag (0.5) showed the absence of inflammatory and rejection reactions that was indicative of study material biocompatibility. Optimim degrees of Ag substitution were 0.2 and 0.5 that provide high antibacterial activity at monotherapy of femur bacterial infection in rats with minimum pronounced toxic effect on the surrounding tissues and bone marrow.

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26

Khon, V. E., N. V. Zagorodniy, V. E. Mamonov, E. N. Glasko, N. V. Petrakova, A. N. Shal’Nev, T. Ya Pkhakadze, and V. C. Komlev. "Study of Biocompatibility and Antibacterial Properties of Argentum-Tricalcium Phosphate In Vivo." Vestnik travmatologii i ortopedii imeni N.N. Priorova, no. 3 (September 30, 2014): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.32414/0869-8678-2014-3-56-61.

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Study of biocompatibility and antibacterial properties of argentum-containing tricalcium phosphate (TCPh) with various degree of substitution by argentum (TCPh-Ag) was performed on rat model. Biocompatibility was studied using subcutaneous implantation of TCPh-Ag (0.5). Antibacterial properties were studied in 5 subgroups (A-E), 5 animals in every group. At first step a distal femur defect was formed and infected by 24-hours cultures of clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Second step (subgroups B-E) consisted of revision intervention with implantation of either TCPh or TCPh-Ag with various degree of substitution by argentum (0.04, 0.2 and 0.5) into infected defect. Histologic examination of tissue samples with subcutaneous implantation of TCPh-Ag (0.5) showed the absence of inflammatory and rejection reactions that was indicative of study material biocompatibility. Optimim degrees of Ag substitution were 0.2 and 0.5 that provide high antibacterial activity at monotherapy of femur bacterial infection in rats with minimum pronounced toxic effect on the surrounding tissues and bone marrow.

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27

BARGE, MARCY, and JEAN-MARC GAMBAUDO. "Geometric realization for substitution tilings." Ergodic Theory and Dynamical Systems 34, no. 2 (April 2012): 457–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/etds.2012.142.

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AbstractGiven an n-dimensional substitution Φ whose associated linear expansion Λ is unimodular and hyperbolic, we use elements of the one-dimensional integer Čech cohomology of the tiling space ΩΦ to construct a finite-to-one semi-conjugacy G:ΩΦ→𝕋D, called a geometric realization, between the substitution induced dynamics and an invariant set of a hyperbolic toral automorphism. If Λ satisfies a Pisot family condition and the rank of the module of generalized return vectors equals the generalized degree of Λ, G is surjective and coincides with the map onto the maximal equicontinuous factor of the ℝn-action on ΩΦ. We are led to formulate a higher-dimensional generalization of the Pisot substitution conjecture: if Λ satisfies the Pisot family condition and the rank of the one-dimensional cohomology of ΩΦ equals the generalized degree of Λ, then the ℝn-action on ΩΦhas pure discrete spectrum.

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28

Guillotin, S. E., E. J. Bakx, P. Boulenguer, H. A. Schols, and A. G. J. Voragen. "Determination of the degree of substitution, degree of amidation and degree of blockiness of commercial pectins by using capillary electrophoresis." Food Hydrocolloids 21, no. 3 (May 2007): 444–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2006.05.003.

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29

Smith, Catherine C., Lauren E. Damon, Xiaotian Zhu, Sara Salerno, and Neil Shah. "Analysis of in Vitro Activity of the Clinically-Active ABL/FLT3 Inhibitor Ponatinib (AP24534) Against AC220-Resistant FLT3-ITD Mutants." Blood 118, no. 21 (November 18, 2011): 930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v118.21.930.930.

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Abstract Abstract 930 Background: Activating mutations in FLT3 are detected in approximately 30 percent of adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cases, most commonly in-tandem duplication (ITD) events. Ponatinib (AP24534) is a potent inhibitor of ABL and FLT3 that has shown clinical activity in CML as well as in a limited experience with FLT3-ITD-positive acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with 2/7 kinase inhibitor-naïve AML patients achieving CRi in a phase I study (Talpaz et al, ASCO 2011, abstract #6518). We recently reported that the FLT3 inhibitor AC220, which has achieved an interim composite CR rate of 43% in a phase II study in relapsed/refractory AML (Cortes, et al, EHA 2011, abstract #1019) is vulnerable to a limited number of resistance-conferring kinase domain mutations in vitro (Smith et al, AACR 2011, abstract #4737). Mutations at 2 of these residues, F691 and D835, have been identified in 9/9 FLT3-ITD+ patients who relapsed after achieving clearance of bone marrow blasts on AC220 (Smith et al, ASH 2011, submitted). Notably, AC220-resistant mutations were found to confer cross-resistance to sorafenib. Given that ponatinib retains activity against a wide range of TKI-resistant BCR-ABL mutants, we sought to test its activity against AC220-resistant mutants. Results: We assessed the activity of ponatinib against highly AC220-resistant FLT3-ITD mutations F691I/L, D835V/Y and Y842C/H. Ponatinib potently suppressed the growth of Ba/F3 cells transformed with native FLT3-ITD with an inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) of 2 nM. Ba/F3 cells transformed with the “gatekeeper” F691I mutation retained sensitivity to ponatinib at a similar concentration (5 nM). This substitution is analogous to the BCR-ABL T315I mutation, which is clinically sensitive to ponatinib. The remaining AC220-resistant FLT3-ITD mutants, including the gatekeeper F691L substitution, conferred a substantial degree of relative cross-resistance to ponatinib. Mutations at the activation loop residue D835 confer the highest degree of resistance. In an effort to identify other substitutions in FLT3-ITD that are capable of conferring ponatinib resistance in vitro, we employed an in vitro mutagenesis strategy (Azam et al, Cell, 2003) of FLT3-ITD in varying concentrations of ponatinib. In a preliminary analysis, we have identified resistance-causing substitutions at D835, as well as other residues in the FLT3 activation loop including D839 and N841. Interestingly, one of these substitutions, D835N, confers resistance to ponatinib but not to AC220. A molecular analysis of the ponatinib/FLT3 complex based on the crystal structure of ABL/ponatinib was performed and revealed that isoleucine substitution at the FLT3 “gatekeeper” residue (F691I), as with the T315I mutation in Abl, does not creates substantial steric clash with ponatinib. In contrast, the leucine substitution, (F691L), is more bulky than isoleucine and may cause more steric hindrance. In addition, as leucine is more rigid than isoleucine, more energy would be required for the F691L mutation to adopt a conformation compatible with ponatinib binding. As ponatinib binds to the “DFG-out” inactive conformation of FLT3, activation loop mutations such as D835V/Y and Y842C/H likely destabilize the activation loop conformation of FLT3 required for ponatinib binding. Conclusions: Our studies demonstrate that gatekeeper and, in particular, activation loop substitutions in FLT3-ITD, confer a high degree of cross-resistance to the clinically-active FLT3 TKIs described to date. Ponatinib retains in vitro activity against the gatekeeper mutation FLT3-ITD/F691I, which confers a high degree of in vitro resistance to AC220, but leucine substitution at this residue notably confers a higher degree of resistance to ponatinib. Activation loop mutations confer substantial degrees of in vitro cross-resistance to ponatinib and are predicted to confer clinical resistance. Select substitutions at D835 appear to confer selective resistance to ponatinib. Categorization of the spectrum of resistance-conferring mutations may facilitate a more personalized approach toward patients with FLT3-ITD+ AML treated with clinically-active TKI therapy. Disclosures: Off Label Use: Investigational agent ponatinib will be discussed. Zhu:Ariad Pharmaceuticals: Employment. Shah:Ariad: Consultancy, Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Research Funding.

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Liu, Quan Xiao, Jin Li Li, and Wen Cai Xu. "Preparation and Properties of Cationic Starch with High Degree of Substitution." Materials Science Forum 663-665 (November 2010): 1264–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.663-665.1264.

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Using sodium hydroxide as its alkali catalyzer, 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride as its quaternary agents, cationic starch with high degree of substitution was made by semi-dry process. The prepared cationic starch contains quaternary ammonium groups by the infrared spectrum analysis. From the scan electron microscope pictures of starch and cationic starch, cationic starch can be clearly seen to have substituted the quaternary ammonium salt groups and the structure of mutual penetration of flexible quaternary ammonium salt groups and rigid starch has formed. The tensile strength of paper improved by cationic starch with high degree of substitution is far more than that by cationic starch with low degree of substitution and poly diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride. The scan electron microscope pictures of the surface and fracture of the paper show that the distribution of the paper fiber which added additives are apparently tight and uniform and there are many small fibers obtained on the surface of paper samples. The fibers of the paper sample which added additives have more fracture themselves and have less extraction entirely. It indicates that the force between fibers has been strengthened by cationic starch additive.

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Leppänen, Ilona, Minna Vikman, Ali Harlin, and Hannes Orelma. "Enzymatic Degradation and Pilot-Scale Composting of Cellulose-Based Films with Different Chemical Structures." Journal of Polymers and the Environment 28, no. 2 (November 27, 2019): 458–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10924-019-01621-w.

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Abstract In this study, we investigated the enzymatical degradability and pilot-scale composting of 14 cellulose-based materials. The materials analyzed here were cellulose regenerated from ionic liquid (EMIM[OAc]), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) crosslinked by aluminum salt (Al-salt), methyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, butylated hemicellulose: DS: 1, DS: 0.4, and DS: 0.2, cellophane, wet strength paper, nanocellulose, paper partially dissolved by IL, cellulose carbamate, cellulose palmitate, and cellulose octanoate. The aim of the study was to show how chemical substituting and the substituent itself influence the biodegradability of cellulose materials. The enzymatic degradation and pilot-scale composting of these films shows the correlation between the hydrolysis rate and degree of substitution. The enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose-based films decreased exponentially as the degree of substitution increased. Modifying cellulose to the extent that it gains the strength needed to obtain good mechanical properties, while retaining its natural biodegradability is an important factor when preparing alternatives for plastic films. Graphic Abstract

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Köhnke, Tobias, Åsa Östlund, and Harald Brelid. "Adsorption of Arabinoxylan on Cellulosic Surfaces: Influence of Degree of Substitution and Substitution Pattern on Adsorption Characteristics." Biomacromolecules 12, no. 7 (July 11, 2011): 2633–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm200437m.

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Stojanovic, Zeljko, Katarina Jeremic, and Slobodan Jovanovic. "Rheological properties of concentrated solutions of carboxymethyl starch." Chemical Industry 57, no. 11 (2003): 547–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind0311547s.

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Carboxymethyl starch was synthesized by the esterification of starch with monochloroacetic acid in ethanol as a reaction medium. Three samples of carboxymethyl starch having different degrees of substitution were prepared. The influence of temperature on the viscosity of concentrated carboxymethyl starch solutions, as well as the dynamic-mechanical properties of the concentrated solutions were investigated. The activation energy of viscous flow was determined and it was found that it decreased with increasing degree of substitution. The results of the dynamic-mechanical measurements showed that solutions of starch and carboxymethyl starches with higher degrees of substitution behave as gels. Values of the storage modulus in the rubbery plateau were used to calculate the molar masses between two points of physical crosslinking, the density of crosslinking and the distance between two points of crosslinking.

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Easson, Michael, Andres Villalpando, and Brian D. Condon. "Absorbent Properties of Carboxymethylated Fiber, Hydroentangled Nonwoven and Regenerated Cellulose: A Comparative Study." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 12, no. 4 (December 2017): 155892501701200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892501701200408.

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Commercially-available, bleached cotton fibers, rayon, and their hydroentangled counterparts were carboxymethylated to produce cellulosic products with increased absorbency. These cellulose materials were tested for absorbance, spectroscopic properties, degree of substitution and carding ability. Carboxymethylated fibers and hydroentangled webs exhibited increased water retention as the degree of substitution increased before losing fiber integrity and carding ability.

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Lee, Sungho, Fukue Nagata, Katsuya Kato, Takayoshi Nakano, and Toshihiro Kasuga. "Structures and Dissolution Behaviors of Quaternary CaO-SrO-P2O5-TiO2 Glasses." Materials 14, no. 7 (April 1, 2021): 1736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14071736.

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Calcium phosphate glasses have a high potential for use as biomaterials because their composition is similar to that of the mineral phase of bone. Phosphate glasses can dissolve completely in aqueous solution and can contain various elements owing to their acidity. Thus, the glass can be a candidate for therapeutic ion carriers. Recently, we focused on the effect of strontium ions for bone formation, which exhibited dual effects of stimulating bone formation and inhibiting bone resorption. However, large amounts of strontium ions may induce a cytotoxic effect, and there is a need to control their releasing amount. This work reports fundamental data for designing quaternary CaO-SrO-P2O5-TiO2 glasses with pyro- and meta-phosphate compositions to control strontium ion-releasing behavior. The glasses were prepared by substituting CaO by SrO using the melt-quenching method. The SrO/CaO mixed composition exhibited a mixed cation effect on the glassification degree and ion-releasing behavior, which showed non-linear properties with mixed cation compositions of the glasses. Sr2+ ions have smaller field strength than Ca2+ ions, and the glass network structure may be weakened by the substitution of CaO by SrO. However, glassification degree and chemical durability of pyro- and meta-phosphate glasses increased with substituted all CaO by SrO. This is because titanium groups in the glasses are closely related to their glass network structure by SrO substitution. The P-O-Ti bonds in pyrophosphate glass series and TiO4 tetrahedra in metaphosphate glass series increased with substitution by SrO. The titanium groups in the glasses were crosslink and/or coordinate phosphate groups to improve glassification degree and chemical durability. Sr2+ ion releasing amount of pyrophosphate glasses with >83% SrO substitution was larger than 0.1 mM at day seven, an amount that reported enhanced bone formation by stimulation of osteogenic markers.

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Leng, Yue, Jinyang Chen, and Tao Xie. "More Low Differential Uniformity Permutations over F22k with k Odd." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (July 27, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7152657.

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Permutations with low differential uniformity, high algebraic degree, and high nonlinearity over F22k can be used as the substitution boxes for many block ciphers. In this paper, several classes of low differential uniformity permutations are constructed based on the method of choosing two permutations over F22k to get the desired permutations. The resulted low differential uniformity permutations have high algebraic degrees and nonlinearities simultaneously, which provide more choices for the substitution boxes. Moreover, some numerical examples are provided to show the efficacy of the theoretical results.

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Rodinko, Mariia, Roman Oliynykov, and Yurii Gorbenko. "Optimization of the High Nonlinear S-Boxes Generation Method." Tatra Mountains Mathematical Publications 70, no. 1 (September 26, 2017): 93–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tmmp-2017-0020.

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Abstract The known method of high nonlinear S-boxes generation based on the gradient descent [Kazymyrov, O. V.: Methods and Techniques of Generation of Nonlinear Substitutions for Symmetric Encryption Algorithms. The thesis for the scholarly degree of candidate of technical sciences, speciality 05.13.21 - - Information security systems, Kharkiv National University of Radioelectronics, Kharkiv, 2014. (In Russian)] requires consecutive applications of several criteria for each formed substitution. This paper presents an improvement of the considered method by the appropriate selection of the criteria application order which decreases the required computational power for S-box generation. The proposed modification allows generation of a byte substitution with nonlinearity 104, algebraic immunity 3 and 8-uniformity within approximately 30 minutes of a single PC running time.

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38

Diamantoglou, M., H. D. Lemke, and J. Vienken. "Cellulose-Ester as Membrane Materials for Hemodialysis." International Journal of Artificial Organs 17, no. 7 (July 1994): 385–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039139889401700704.

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The majority of dialysis membranes are fabricated from regenerated unmodified cellulose. This standard type of cellulosic membrane is frequently under attack because of its alleged lack of biocompatibility. Recent developments, however, have proven that a chemical modification of the reactive surface groups of regenerated cellulose, the hydroxylgroups, limits the complement-activating potential of these materials and thus improves its blood-compatibility. We extended the idea of modifying cellulose for improved blood-compatibility to a series of different cellulose esters. Special focus was directed towards the question whether a variation of the type of substituent and degree of substitution could influence the blood-compatibility pattern of these materials: the analysis of blood-compatibility profiles showed a direct dependency on the type of substituent and the degree of substitution (DS). As an example, it was found that the DS, necessary for a complete reduction of complement activation, decreases with increasing chain lengths of aliphatic substituents. Optimal degrees of substitution are characteristic of the type of substituents and enable us to tailor materials specifically for optimized blood compatibility.

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Faliński, Janusz B. "Antropogeniczne przeobrażenia roślinności Polski (Tekst objaśniający do mapy) [Anthropogenic changes of the vegetation of Poland (Map in 1:2 000 000 scale and a comment to map)]." Acta Agrobotanica 29, no. 2 (2015): 375–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.1976.025.

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The concept of a map of the anthropogenic modification of the vegetation of Poland is based on the assumption that the nature of the process of synanthropization lies in substitution of the peculiar or endemic components by cosmopolitic ones, of autochtonic components by allochtonic ones and of stenotopic components by euritopic ones. The 7 degrees constituting the 7 fundamental cartographic units (symbols in the legend) describe the extent and trend of the progressing substitution of natural (autogenic) by anthropogenic vegetation and finally the changes in the latter. The degree of anthropogenic modification of the vegetation in each physico-geographical mesoregion of Poland expressed by one of the 7 degrees (I-VII).

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Shelkovnikov, Vladimir V., Alexey Yu Shibaev, and Kirill Yu Novolokov. "Stripping voltammetric method for determining the degree of substitution in carboxymethylcellulose." Vestnik Тomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Khimiya, no. 12 (June 1, 2018): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/24135542/12/6.

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41

Germgard, Ulf, and Chiaki Kawakami. "High Degree of ClO2-Substitution in Kraft Pulp Bleaching. Swedish Trends." JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL 45, no. 8 (1991): 881–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2524/jtappij.45.881.

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42

Asaadi, Shirin, Tia Kakko, Alistair W. T. King, Ilkka Kilpeläinen, Michael Hummel, and Herbert Sixta. "High-Performance Acetylated Ioncell-F Fibers with Low Degree of Substitution." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 6, no. 7 (May 30, 2018): 9418–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b01768.

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43

Plate, Sabrina, Sabrina Diekmann, Ulrike Steinhäuser, and Stephan Drusch. "Determination of the degree of substitution of hydrolysed octenylsuccinate-derivatised starch." LWT - Food Science and Technology 46, no. 2 (May 2012): 580–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2011.12.014.

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Iwata, Susumu, Takao Narui, Kunio Takahashi, and Shoji Shibata. "Preparation of O-(carboxymethyl)cellulose (CMC) of high degree of substitution." Carbohydrate Research 145, no. 1 (December 1985): 160–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0008-6215(00)90425-7.

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Kamide, Kenji, Kunihiko Okajima, Toshihiko Matsui, and Masanao Ohnishi. "Synthesis, Degree of Substitution, and Clotting Ability of Carboxyethyl Carbamoylethyl Cellulose." Polymer Journal 19, no. 3 (March 1987): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/polymj.19.347.

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SPYCHAJ, TADEUSZ, MAGDALENA ZDANOWICZ, JOANNA KUJAWA, and BEATA SCHMIDT. "Carboxymethyl starch with high degree of substitution: synthesis, properties and application." Polimery 58, no. 7/8 (2013): 503–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14314/polimery.2013.503.

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Kang, Byung-Sun, and Seok-Cheol Cho. "Physiochemical Characteristics of Cationic Corn Starch with Various Degree of Substitution." Food Engineering Progress 17, no. 2 (May 30, 2013): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.13050/foodengprog.2013.17.2.151.

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48

Tingda, Jiang, and Lu Fudao. "I.r. spectroscopic determination of the degree of substitution of benzyl chitins." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 9, no. 1 (February 1987): 54–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-8130(87)90025-0.

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49

Cuenca, Pamela, Sergio Ferrero, and Oscar Albani. "Preparation and characterization of cassava starch acetate with high substitution degree." Food Hydrocolloids 100 (March 2020): 105430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.105430.

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50

Braun, M. A., F. Effenberger, and F. Hermanutz. "Low degree of substitution cellulosic textile coatings with improved physiological parameters." Cellulose 21, no. 1 (October 25, 2013): 803–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-013-0089-y.

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