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Journal articles on the topic 'Dehiscent fruit'
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1
Grafi, Gideon. "Dead but Not Dead End: Multifunctional Role of Dead Organs Enclosing Embryos in Seed Biology." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21 (October 28, 2020): 8024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218024.
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Dry fruits consist of two types, dehiscent and indehiscent, whereby the fruit is splitting open or remains closed at maturity, respectively. The seed, the dispersal unit (DU) of dehiscent fruits, is composed of three major parts, the embryo and the food reserve, encapsulated by the maternally-derived organ, the seed coat. Indehiscent fruit constitutes the DU in which the embryo is covered by two protective layers (PLs), the seed coat and the fruit coat. In grasses, the caryopsis, a one-seeded fruit, can be further enclosed by the floral bracts to generate two types of DUs, florets and spikelets. All protective layers enclosing the embryo undergo programmed cell death (PCD) at maturation and are thought to provide mainly a physical shield for embryo protection and a means for dispersal. In this review article, I wish to highlight the elaborate function of these dead organs enclosing the embryo as unique storage structures for beneficial substances and discuss their potential role in seed biology and ecology.
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Arshad, Waheed, Federica Marone, Margaret E. Collinson, Gerhard Leubner-Metzger, and Tina Steinbrecher. "Fracture of the dimorphic fruits of Aethionema arabicum (Brassicaceae)." Botany 98, no. 1 (January 2020): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2019-0014.
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Fruits exhibit highly diversified morphology, and are arguably one of the most highly specialised organs to have evolved in higher plants. Fruits range in morphological, biomechanical, and textural properties, often as adaptations for their respective dispersal strategy. While most plant species possess monomorphic (of a single type) fruit and seeds, here we focus on Aethionema arabicum (L.) Andrz. ex DC. (Brassicaceae). Its production of two distinct fruit (dehiscent and indehiscent) and seed types on the same individual plant provides a unique model system with which to study structural and functional aspects of dimorphism. Using comparative analyses of fruit fracture biomechanics, fracture surface morphology, and internal fruit anatomy, we reveal that the dimorphic fruits of A. arabicum exhibit clear material, morpho-anatomical, and adaptive properties underlying their fracture behaviour. A separation layer along the valve–replum boundary is present in dehiscent fruit, whereas indehiscent fruit have numerous fibres with spiral thickening, linking their winged valves at the adaxial surface. Our study evaluates the biomechanics underlying fruit-opening mechanisms in a heteromorphic plant species. Elucidating dimorphic traits aids our understanding of adaptive biomechanical morphologies that function as a bet-hedging strategy in the context of seed and fruit dispersal within spatially and temporally stochastic environments.
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Manchester, Steven R., Kathleen B. Pigg, and Melanie L. Devore. "Trochodendraceous Fruits and Foliage in the Miocene of Western North America." Fossil Imprint 74, no. 1-2 (August 31, 2018): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/if-2018-0004.
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Two fossil fruit types and at least one fossil leaf type representing Trochodendraceae are recognized from the middle Miocene Cascadia flora of western Oregon, USA. Trochodendron rosayi sp. nov., known also from the middle Miocene of eastern Oregon and northern Idaho, is based on long-pedicelled, apically dehiscent capsular fruits with 7-9 persistent outcurved styles, very similar to the extant monotypic east Asian species T. aralioides. Concavistylon kvacekii gen. et sp. nov. is named for a racemose infructescence bearing shortly pedicellate, apically dehiscent capsules with 4 to 5 persistent incurved styles arising from the basal 1/3 of the fruit. Leaves associated at the Moose Mountain locality are recognized as Trochodendron postnastae sp. nov. They have basally acrodromous venation with a prominent midvein bracketed by a pair of strongly ascending basal secondaries and are thought to correspond to the T. rosayi fruits. These new occurrences demonstrate that greater diversity was present among fossil Trochodendraceae than previously recognized during the Miocene in western North America.
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White, Lee J. T. "Patterns of fruit-fall phenology in the Lopé Reserve, Gabon." Journal of Tropical Ecology 10, no. 3 (August 1994): 289–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400007975.
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ABSTRACTPatterns of fruit production were monitored over a 1-year period, from June 1990–May 1991, by counting the numbers of freshly fallen ripe and unripe fruits on five 5-km line transects located within 35 km of one another, in lowland tropical rainforest in the Lopé Reserve, central Gabon. A total of 195 species of fruit were found, representing at least 45 taxonomic families. The majority of fruits came from trees. Fruits were assigned to one of six categories which reflected their dispersal syndrome: succulent, arillate, dehiscent, fleshy pods, wind-dispersed, others. About three-quarters of all species had fruits characteristic of those dispersed by animals. There was a marked seasonal pattern to fruit production, with both the diversity and number of ripe fruits available peaking in January, and lowest immediately before and during the major dry season. The only climatic variable that showed a significant statistical correlation with fruit production was insolation. Candidates for the role of keystone fruit species were identified from species which fruited during the major dry season, and patterns of fruit production compared with other areas.
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KITAMURA, SHUMPEI, TAKAKAZU YUMOTO, PILAI POONSWAD, PHITAYA CHUAILUA, and KAMOL PLONGMAI. "Characteristics of hornbill-dispersed fruits in a tropical seasonal forest in Thailand." Bird Conservation International 14, S1 (December 2004): S81—S88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270905000250.
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Asian hornbills are primarily frugivorous. We studied the characteristics of fruits consumed by four sympatric hornbill species in Thailand: Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis), Wreathed Hornbill (Aceros undulatus), Austin's Brown Hornbill (Anorrhinus austeni) and Oriental Pied Hornbill (Anthracoceros albirostris). We compared the frequency of distribution of 11 variables for all fruit species collected in the study area (n = 259) and fruit species consumed by hornbills (n = 73). Our analysis revealed that fruits consumed by hornbills are: (1) large, (2) easily accessible within the canopy, (3) red, purple or black and (4) dehiscent or indehiscent with a thin husk. The range of fruit sizes eaten by hornbills in our study is comparable to that reported from other sites in Southeast Asia and Africa. The large gape width of hornbills enables them to consume large fruits that small frugivores would find difficult to consume.
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Weis, K. G., S. M. Southwick, and Michael E. Rupert. "Abnormal Anther and Pollen Development in Sweet Cherry Cultivars Resulting from Lack of Winter Chilling." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 684d—684. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.684d.
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Lack of pollen dispersal was noted in various sites and cultivars of sweet cherry (Prunus avium) following one of California's warmest recorded winters (≈550 hours @ 7°C in the Central Valley). `Bing' cherry is thought to require 850 to 880 hours for adequate budbreak and bloom development. Cross pollination is required by most sweet cherry cultivars for fruit set, including `Bing'. Complete anther dehiscence averaged 13% in `Bing' trees sampled, compared to 52% in `Rainier', 65% in `Brooks', 84.5% in `Burlat', 33% in Van, 23% in `Larian', and 86% in `Black Tartarian'. A range of degree of dehiscence from none to half-open was widely apparent, again by cultivar. Many partially dehiscent anthers did not shed pollen normally but appeared to have the mass of pollen completely adherent inside the pollen sacs. `Black Tartarian', `Larian', and `Burlat' shed pollen readily, however, pollen from dehiscent anthers of other cultivars generally appeared to stick together on the everted locule walls and required direct manipulation to be withdrawn from the pollen sac. Anther morphology ranged from normal size to half normal size, anthers appearing to be without pollen altogether that shriveled on drying, and lobes that were aborted. Pollen germination was low overall: 19% `Bing', 18% `Rainier', 20% `Brooks', 57% `Burlat', 14% `Van', 48% `Larian', and 48% `Black Tartarian'. Poor fruit set in low chill years is often attributed to lack of bloom overlap with pollenizers, however, inadequate chilling also may contribute to low fruit set by inhibiting anther and pollen growth and development. The implications of a critical chilling requirement for normal floral differentiation are that in cherry-growing areas where low chill years are common, pollen may not be viable or transferrable from pollenizers and female gametophytic development also may be impaired.
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Kvaček, Jiří, and Zuzana Heřmanová. "Fossil angiosperm fruit Allericarpus parvivalvis (Ericales) from the Coniacian of the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin." Journal of the National Museum (Prague), Natural History Series 186, no. 1 (December 1, 2017): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jzh-2018-0008.
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Abstract An anatomically preserved fossil fruit Allericarpus parvivalvis (Bayer) J. Kvaček et Heřmanová comb. nov. is described from the Coniacian of Březno (Březno Formation), from the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin. Its morphology is characterised based on x-ray and SEM studies. It shows a pentamerous fruit consisting of loculicidally dehiscent capsules. The fruit is subtended by thin persistent sepals. The taxon is compared to other similar taxa, particularly to two earlier described fossil species of Allericarpus. All its characters indicate relationship with the family Pentaphylacaceae of the order Ericales.
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白, 重炎. "Effects of nm Reagent on Dehiscent Fruit and Quality of Jujube." Hans Journal of Agricultural Sciences 07, no. 09 (2017): 693–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/hjas.2017.79094.
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Dinneny, Jos� R., and Martin F. Yanofsky. "Drawing lines and borders: how the dehiscent fruit ofArabidopsis is patterned." BioEssays 27, no. 1 (2004): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bies.20165.
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Barnes, Richard W., and Andrew C. Rozefelds. "Comparative morphology of Anodopetalum (Cunoniaceae)." Australian Systematic Botany 13, no. 2 (2000): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb99006.
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The vegetative and floral morphology of the Tasmanian endemic Anodopetalum biglandulosum is re-examined and illustrated. A detailed study of herbarium and fresh material identified a number of characters that have, in the past, been misinterpreted. The subsidiary cell arrangement around the stomates is brachyparacytic, and not anomocytic; the petals are shown to be notched, and not entire; the fruit is a weakly lignified, septicidally dehiscent capsule, not a berry, and the pollen is dicolporate, not tricolporate as has been previously reported. The two- and three-flowered inflorescences and solitary flowers are interpreted as a reduced cyme, while the leaf is interpreted as a unifoliolate compound leaf. The vegetative and floral morphology in Anodopetalum is compared with the closely related genera Schizomeria, Platylophus and Ceratopetalum. Features including notched/fringed petals, dicolporate pollen with a discontinuous (heterogeneous) tectum and weakly heterogeneous wood rays provide support for interpreting Anodopetalum, Schizomeria, Platylophus and Ceratopetalum as a monophyletic group. Anodopetalum differs from these genera in its strongly dehiscent fruits and winged seeds.
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Demarco, Diego, and Sandra Maria Carmello-Guerreiro. "Pericarp ontogeny and histochemistry of the exotesta and pseudocaruncle of Euphorbia milii (Euphorbiaceae)." Rodriguésia 62, no. 3 (September 2011): 477–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2175-7860201162304.
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Abstract Several types of fruit occur in Euphorbiaceae, notably the explosively dehiscent dry fruit, and different seed-coat anatomies with taxonomic importance. This paper aims to describe the pericarp ontogeny and structure in Euphorbia milii Desmoul., and evaluate the presence of the secretory exotesta and caruncle. The fruit is a schizocarp, whose the pericarp development begins with a periclinal division of the inner epidermal cells. The derived cells divide, forming about four layers of obliquely elongated cells. Then, the adjacent parenchyma cells elongate, giving rise to a palisade layer and finally, the cells between this layer and the vascular strands undergo mitosis, originating about four layers of elongated cells perpendicularly to the inner oblique cells. These three zones lignify, while the region between the vascular strands and the exocarp, where idioblasts, hypodermis and laticifers are present do not show significant changes. Before the dehiscence, a lysis of cells of the septa and the desiccation of the fruit occur, which causes contraction of the non-lignified tissues and tension between the lignified zones, promoting rupture of each mericarp from central columella and on the dorsal strand, ejecting the seeds. The seeds have pseudocaruncle and the exotesta secretes mucilage, facilitating their imbibition.
12
Silva, Breno Marques da Silva e., Camila de Oliveira e. Silva, Fabíola Vitti Môro, and Roberval Daiton Vieira. "Morphoanatomy of fruit, seed and seedling of Ormosia paraensis Ducke." Journal of Seed Science 37, no. 4 (December 2015): 192–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v37n4151436.
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Ormosia paraensis Ducke, known as "tento", has seeds that are used to make handcrafts and wood that is worked on by furniture makers. For forest identification and seeds technology, the information about the morphoanatomy of their fruits, seeds and seedlings is scarce. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to morphoanatomically describe the fruit, seeds and the post-seminal development of "tento". For the morphoanatomical description, the evaluations were examined by optical and electron microscopy scanning. The fruit is a nutant legume, brown to black, dehiscent and with one or two seeds of lateral placentation, being the epicarp slim, the mesocarp woody and the endocarp spongy, measuring about 4.4 cm, 3.9 cm and 2.0 cm in length, width and thickness, respectively. The seeds are bitegmic, exalbuminous and rounded with average dimensions: length of 12.36 mm, width of 9.68 mm and thickness of 8.03 mm. The "tento" seedlings have simple and alternate leaves, with tap roots and cylindrical stem, being its germination hypogeal cryptocotyledonary.
13
Ferreras, Ana E., Paula I. Marcora, M. Paula Venier, and Guillermo Funes. "Different strategies for breaking physical seed dormancy in field conditions in two fruit morphs of Vachellia caven (Fabaceae)." Seed Science Research 28, no. 1 (March 2018): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096025851800003x.
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AbstractDifferences in fruit morphology among or within species might indicate differences in other regenerative traits, such as seed dormancy and germination. In species with physical dormancy (PY), environmental conditions are suggested to be responsible for dormancy break in field. Seeds of Vachellia caven have PY. This species exhibits two fruit morphs highly represented in Córdoba forests, Argentina: one is dehiscent and the other is indehiscent. In this study we performed a burial experiment with the aim to determine if the differences in V. caven fruit morphology were related to different patterns of PY break of their seeds in field conditions. We related these patterns to (1) environmental conditions that could influence the loss of PY, and (2) histological features of the lens zone. Seeds of both morphs exhibited dormancy break within 14 months of the start of the experiment, but with different patterns. The dehiscent morph showed an abrupt percentage of seeds that broke dormancy 14 months after the beginning of the experiment, probably after undergoing environmental changes similar to those suggested by the two-stage softening model. The indehiscent morph showed a gradual increase in seeds that broke dormancy, not clearly related to any of the environmental variables studied. No differences in seed coat structure of the lens zone were observed between morphs. The existence of both morphs could confer the species with higher possibilities of establishing and coping with environmental heterogeneity. Those characteristics contribute to the understanding of the success of this species in open and disturbed environments.
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Thapliyal, R. C., and S. S. Phartyal. "Dispersal and germination syndromes of tree seeds in a monsoonal forest in northern India." Seed Science Research 15, no. 1 (March 2005): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ssr2004193.
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This paper describes the dispersal–germination characteristics of seeds of 77 native tree species in a seasonal monsoon forest in Uttaranchal state, northern India. Results indicate that 50% of the species dispersed in the hot, dry summer months, 18% during the rainy season, 23% during the cold season and the remainder in late spring. Germination tests on fresh and laboratory-stored seeds revealed a relationship between morphological features of the fruit and both germination percentage and mean germination time (MGT). Highest mean germination (50%) was for dry-dehiscent fruits with winged wind-dispersed seeds, followed by dry-dehiscent fruits with non-winged seeds (38%) and seeds of dry-indehiscent fruits (37%). Lowest germination (29%) was for seeds from fleshy or pulpy fruits. MGT followed the reverse course. Germination data for seeds stored dry in the laboratory during one seeding cycle indicated six patterns of seed germination: (1) average germination percentage of fresh seeds lower than that of stored seeds, indicating an after-ripening requirement; (2) initial high germination percentage followed by low values, indicating a steep to moderate decline in viability following harvest; (3) no germination after 1 or 2 months of seed storage, due to complete loss of viability, indicating short seed longevity; (4) fresh seed germination in some species equalled the average germination value of stored seeds, indicating constant germination for one whole seeding cycle; (5) germination of both fresh and stored seeds remained consistently low throughout the season, indicating a requirement for some kind of pre-treatment or having poor quality of seeds; (6) initial high germination followed by decline and again increase, showing a seasonal rhythm of germination.
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Ragsac, Audrey C., Susan O. Grose, and Richard G. Olmstead. "Phylogeny and Systematics of Crescentieae (Bignoniaceae), a Neotropical Clade of Cauliflorous and Bat-Pollinated Trees." Systematic Botany 46, no. 1 (March 29, 2021): 218–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1600/036364421x16128061189404.
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Abstract—The tribe Crescentieae includes Amphitecna (21 species), Crescentia (six species), and Parmentiera (10 species), three genera of understory trees with a center of diversity in Central America and a small number of species in the Antilles and northern South America. Species in Crescentieae are united by their fleshy, indehiscent fruit and cauliflorous, bat-pollinated flowers. To lay a foundation for examining morphological, ecological, and biogeographic patterns within the tribe, we inferred the phylogeny for Crescentieae using both chloroplast (ndhF, trnL-F) and nuclear markers (PepC, ITS). The most recent circumscription of Crescentieae, containing Amphitecna, Crescentia, and Parmentiera is supported by our phylogenetic results. Likewise, the sister relationship between Crescentieae and the Antillean-endemic Spirotecoma is also corroborated by our findings. This relationship implies the evolution of fleshy and indehiscent fruits from dry and dehiscent ones, as well as the evolution of bat pollination from insect pollination. Fruits and seeds from species in Crescentieae are consumed by humans, ungulates, birds, and fish.
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Dunn, Bruce L., and Jon T. Lindstrom. "Evaluation of a Sib-mated Population of Buddleja davidii ‘White Bouquet’ × Buddleja indica Hybrids." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 27, no. 2 (June 1, 2009): 67–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-27.2.67.
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Abstract A hybridization experiment to sib-cross a population of B. davidii Franch. ‘White Bouquet’ × B. indica Lam. hybrids was initiated in 2004 to generate a larger population of such hybrids to assess landscape potential. Large populations from the sib-mated B. davidii ‘White Bouquet’ × B. indica hybrids can be generated. The population was initially assessed for growth habit, leaf size, floriferousness, seed morphology, and winter hardiness. Susceptibility to spider mite damage was also noted in the population. Although these hybrids have desirable traits such as non-dehiscent fruit and ornamental foliage, further hybridization is needed to address undesirable traits such as sparse growth and flowering along with spider mite susceptibility.
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Schilder, A. M. C., E. M. Lizotte, H. Y. Yun, L. J. Dixon, and L. A. Castlebury. "First Report of Juneberry Rust Caused by Gymnosporangium nelsonii on Juneberry in Michigan." Plant Disease 95, no. 6 (June 2011): 770. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-10-0874.
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Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roem., commonly known as juneberry or Saskatoon serviceberry, was historically a widely used prairie fruit that is native to the Northern Great Plains, southern Yukon and Northwest Territories (4). While juneberry is an important fruit crop in the prairie provinces of Canada, small commercial plantings also occur throughout the northern United States (2), including Michigan. On July 18, 2009, severe rust symptoms were observed on plants in a 2-year-old field of A. alnifolia ‘Northline’ in Northport, MI. The plants had been sourced as seedlings from a nursery in Alberta, Canada in 2007. Signs and symptoms were present on fruits and leaves on virtually all of the plants. Symptomatic fruit were still immature, and on average, more than 70% of the fruit surface was covered with tubular, whitish aecia with conspicuous orange aeciospores. Portions of twigs also showed fusiform swellings (1 to 3 cm long) covered with aecia. Aecia were hypophyllous, fructicolous and caulicolous, roestelioid, and 2 to 4 mm high. The peridium was cylindric and tapering toward the apex, dehiscent at the apex, retaining a tubular shape for a long time and at times becoming lacerated on the sides with age. Peridial cells were linear rhomboidal, 50 to 105 μm long, hyaline to brownish, outer walls smooth, inner walls with small papillae, and side walls delicately verrucose-rugose with elongate papillae having variable lengths. Aeciospores were globoid, 20 to 35 × 25 to 38 μm (average 30.7 × 32.5 μm), orange to cinnamon brown, and densely verrucose with walls 2.5 to 3.5 μm thick. On the basis of these morphological characters, the host, and comparison with a reference specimen (BPI 122010), the pathogen was identified as Gymnosporangium nelsonii Arthur (1,3). The 5′ region of the 28S rDNA was sequenced (GenBank Accession No. HM591299.1), confirming the identification as a species of Gymnosporangium, one distinct from previously sequenced specimens available in GenBank. The specimen has been deposited at the U.S. National Fungus Collections (BPI 880671 and 880709). Four other species found previously on Amelanchier spp. in the Midwest differ as follows: G. clavipes and G. clavariiforme have verrucose peridial cells and different 28S rDNA sequences; G. nidus-avis has rugose peridial cells; and G. corniculans has cornute peridia that dehisce from lateral slits while apices remain intact and verrucose peridial walls with verrucae on the side walls (1). The infection was likely caused by basidiospores originating from telia on Juniperus spp. in the area surrounding the field. However, no telia of G. nelsonii were found on junipers in the immediate vicinity. To our knowledge, this is the first report of G. nelsonii on juneberry in Michigan and the Midwest. Because of the devastating impact of this disease on fruit quality, fungicide programs have been devised for disease control and were effective in 2010. Juneberry growers in the Midwest need to be aware of this disease and monitor their crop carefully for symptoms and signs. References: (1) F. D. Kern. A Revised Taxonomic Account of Gymnosporangium. Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, 1973. (2) K. Laughlin et al. Juneberry for Commercial and Home Use on the Northern Great Plains. North Dakota State University, Fargo 1996. (3) S. K. Lee and M. Kakishima. Mycoscience 40:121, 1999. (4) G. Mazza and C. G. Davidson. Page 516 in: New Crops. Wiley, New York, 1993.
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Weis, K., and V. S. Polito. "Cytochemistry and ultrastructure of the dehiscence zone of almond (Prunus dulcis) fruits." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-010.
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At maturity, the almond pericarp dehisces along the ventral suture, a region that originates by fusion of epidermal cells and subsequently differentiates into a separation layer. We have characterized the ontogeny of the fusion–dehiscence zone with emphasis on cell wall characteristics by using cytochemical methods for detection of pectin, cutin, cellulose, and lignin to examine the middle lamellae and primary and secondary walls in dehiscence-zone cells. Carpel margins became united postgenitally along opposing epidermal layers giving rise to the suture. Fusion-zone cells host epidermal characteristics, elaborated broad pectinaceous walls, and ultimately formed a discrete band of cells that dehisced along the original line of fusion by dissolution of cell wall pectins. Treatment of treeborne fruits with 1 ppm ethylene gas or extraction of sectioned material with cell wall hydrolases resulted in cell wall changes similar to those in predehiscent fruits.
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Săvulescu, Elena, Mihaela Ioana Georgescu, Vlad Popa, and Vasilica Luchian. "Morphological and Anatomical Properties of the Senna Alexandrina Mill. (Cassia Angustifolia Vahl.)." “Agriculture for Life, Life for Agriculture” Conference Proceedings 1, no. 1 (July 1, 2018): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/alife-2018-0045.
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Abstract It was studied the Senna alexandrina Mill. Fabaceae, Caesalpinioideae subfamily, synonym Cassia angustifolia Vahl. that has high pharmaceutical importance. The assessment was done using the plants growth in the research field of Botanical Garden. There were assessed the morphological characteristics and anatomical analysis were done in the stem and leaves. In the Romanian climatic conditions the Senna alexandrina is annual plant with taproot and the size of the stem is 40-70 cm. The leaves are alternate, pinnately compound with 3 to 7 pairs of minor leaflets and small stipules (2-3 mm). The leaflets are 2.5 - 4.5 cm length and 7-10 mm width, lanceolate to ovate in shape, entire blade, glabrous, acute apex, cuneate base, green to yellow-green colour. The flowers are yellow, with the terminal racemes of 10-15 cm length with 7-12 (19) flowers. The flowering starts in July until September. The fruit is a glabrous dehiscent pod, with 4-6 cm length, including 10-17 seeds. In the internal structure of the stem and rachis there are collaterally opened vascular bundles.The leaflets are amphystomatic with paracytic stomata and dorsiventrally mesophyll.
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Di Vittori, Valerio, Tania Gioia, Monica Rodriguez, Elisa Bellucci, Elena Bitocchi, Laura Nanni, Giovanna Attene, Domenico Rau, and Roberto Papa. "Convergent Evolution of the Seed Shattering Trait." Genes 10, no. 1 (January 19, 2019): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10010068.
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Loss of seed shattering is a key trait in crop domestication, particularly for grain crops. For wild plants, seed shattering is a crucial mechanism to achieve greater fitness, although in the agricultural context, this mechanism reduces harvesting efficiency, especially under dry conditions. Loss of seed shattering was acquired independently in different monocotyledon and dicotyledon crop species by ‘convergent phenotypic evolution’, leading to similar low dehiscent and indehiscent phenotypes. Here, the main aim is to review the current knowledge about seed shattering in crops, in order to highlight the tissue modifications that underlie the convergent phenotypic evolution of reduced shattering in different types of fruit, from the silique of Brassicaceae species, to the pods of legumes and spikes of cereals. Emphasis is given to legumes, with consideration of recent data obtained for the common bean. The current review also discusses to what extent convergent phenotypes arose from parallel changes at the histological and/or molecular levels. For this reason, an overview is included of the main findings relating to the genetic control of seed shattering in the model species Arabidopsis thaliana and in other important crops.
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Souza, Luiz Antonio de, Maisa C. Iwazaki, and Ismar S. Moscheta. "Morphology of the pericarp and seed of Tabebuia chrysotricha (Mart. ex DC.) Standl. (Bignoniaceae)." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 48, no. 3 (May 2005): 407–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132005000300012.
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The morphology and anatomy of the fruit and seed of Tabebuia chrysotricha (Mart. ex DC.) Standl. (Bignoniaceae), a species typical of the Atlantic rainforest, is presented and discussed. The fruit was a loculicidal capsule, dehiscing through two slits, liberating a seminiferous column. The dehiscence process of the fruit involved separation tissue and two crossed sclerenchymatous mesocarpic layers (middle and subepidermic). The seed originated from an anatropous, unitegmic and tenuinucellate ovule. It was exotestal and presented polyembriony. The endothelium and endosperm were conserved in the mature seed and protected the embryo. Adventive embryos were made up of hypostase cells.
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Grande Allende, José Ramón. "Sertulum Ternstroemiacearum II: Ternstroemia tepuiensis J.R.Grande, sp. nov. (Ternstroemiaceae),especie nueva del Escudo Guayanés." Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 75, no. 1 (March 2, 2018): 066. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/ajbm.2486.
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As a part of an ongoing review for the genus Ternstroemia in the Guayana Shield, in northern South America, T. tepuiensis J.R.Grande, sp. nov. is described as new to science. This species, characterized by its relatively large leaves, flowers and fruits, as well as by its circumscissile dehiscent fruits, is only known from the sandstone tabletop mountains commonly named as «tepuis», where it seems to be a rather common floristic element. Ecological and biogeographical notes are included, while the conservation status of the new species is assessed as LC —Least Concern, following the IUCN Red List Categories—. A key to separate this species from remaining members of the genus that bear fruits with circumscissile dehiscence is offered at the end of the paper.
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Fagundes, Natividad Ferreira, and Jorge Ernesto de Araujo Mariath. "Morphoanatomy and ontogeny of fruit in Bromeliaceae species." Acta Botanica Brasilica 24, no. 3 (September 2010): 765–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-33062010000300020.
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This study aims to give an overall view of fruit structure in Bromeliaceae, since these studies are extremely scarce in this family, showing the morphology, anatomy and ontogeny of fruits of six species belonging to six different genera, representing three subfamilies. All species studied have a tricarpellary and trilocular ovary, with an obturator covering the placental region. Dyckia maritima, Pitcairnia flammea, Tillandsia aeranthos and Vriesea carinata have capsular fruits (septicidal or biscidal), characterized mainly by the presence of macrosclereids in the exocarp or endocarp, fibers in the ventral region of the carpels, six dehiscence lines and three vascular bundles in each carpel. Aechmea calyculata and Billbergia nutans have fruits classified as berries, presenting exocarp and hypodermis as mechanical layers and many vascular bundles in each carpel. Many useful characters for taxonomy of Bromeliaceae were revealed, so fruits are excellent tools for delimitation of genera and subfamilies. In relation to Bromeliaceae capsules, macrosclereids are conspicuous structures of the pericarp and fruit anatomy is greatly related to dehiscence type. The U-shaped cell wall thickenings are a very common character in this family and can be identified as structures also occurring in monocot fruits.
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Tierney, David A., and Glenda M. Wardle. "Differential seed ecology in the shrubs Kunzea rupestris, K. capitata and associated hybrids (Myrtaceae): the function of thin-walled fruit in a fire-prone vegetation." Australian Journal of Botany 53, no. 4 (2005): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt04148.
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In fire-prone vegetation many plants bear thick woody fruits that retains seeds and insulate these seeds from heat. However, in the same vegetation, some plants retain seeds in thin indehiscent fruits that offer little protection from heat. The function of these thin indehiscent fruits is unknown. We investigated two closely related Kunzea species that occur together in fire-prone vegetation, namely eucalypt woodland. We also studied naturally occurring hybrids of these two species. K. rupestris bears indehiscent thin-walled fruit, whereas K. capitata bears fruit that dehisce to release seed on maturity. Hybrid fruits partly dehisce but retain seed. Studies of seed viability, dormancy and germination demonstrate a distinct combination of these traits for both species. Hybrid seed also has a unique combination of these traits, having some characteristics of both species. The indehiscent capsules impart dormancy to retained seed. However, K. capitata seed, which is not retained in fruit, also displays dormancy. In K. capitata, dormancy is associated with a water-impermeable seed coat. Surprisingly, seed retained in indehiscent capsules was found to have lower viability when exposed to heat than seed that had been released from capsules and exposed to heat.
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Coates-Estrada, Rosamond, and Alejandro Estrada. "Frugivory and seed dispersal in Cymbopetalum baillonii (Annonaceae) at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico." Journal of Tropical Ecology 4, no. 2 (May 1988): 157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400002650.
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ABSTRACTFruit production, frugivore foraging activity and seed dispersal was studied at 10 Cymbopetalum baillonii (Annonaceae) trees during an entire fruiting season. Fruits dehisced during the first six months of the year offer to potential dispersal agents a package of 8–24 arillate seeds. Insects and fungi, however, killed up to 14% of the seeds potentially available for dispersal before fruit dehiscence. Visitation by 24 species of birds and one mammal to the trees closely followed the availability of arillate seeds. The foraging activity of Peromyscus and Heteromys rodents accounted for ≥ 80% mortality of the seeds deposited under the crown of the parent tree. Among those seedlings that became established under the crown mortality was ≥ 90% after 12 months. Seeds dispersed under conspecific fruiting trees experienced intense predation by vertebrates. Field experiments showed that seeds and seedlings planted ≥ 30 m away from adult trees survived significantly longer than those planted under the crown and at distances ≤ 30 m. An unequivocal advantage to dispersal away from the tree and under allospecific trees was evident from the data. A very narrow range of frugivores (N = 8 species) accounted for the quality component of dispersal services to the trees. The tree with the lowest animal visitation and fruit crop was the most efficient in the dispersal of its seeds.
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Hu, Hening, and Darrell Sparks. "Reproductive Pecan." HortScience 25, no. 11 (November 1990): 1392–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.11.1392.
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The effect of Zn deficiency on reproductive growth of `Stuart' pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] was studied. At the most severe Zn-deficiency level, shoots were rosetted and produced neither. staminate nor pistillate inflorescences. At less severe Zn-deficiency levels, catkin length and weight decreased as Zn concentration in the leaf decreased. The number of fruits produced per shoot was reduced by Zn deficiency. Even though fruit abortion was not affected by Zn status of the shoot, fruit death and drying in situ increased with increasing Zn deficiency. Zinc deficiency dramatically suppressed fruit development and resulted in delayed and staggered shuck dehiscence.
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Sriyook, Siriphun, Somboon Siriatiwat, and Jingtair Siriphanich. "Durian Fruit Dehiscence—Water Status and Ethylene." HortScience 29, no. 10 (October 1994): 1195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.10.1195.
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Immature and mature durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) fruit dehiscence was studied. Fruit were stored at 27C and 65% or 95% relative humidity, with or without 24-hour exposure to 100 ppm ethylene. Low relative humidity and ethylene increased fruit dehiscence. Spraying fruit with 100 ppm GA3 delayed dehiscence but allowed pulp ripening to continue. The plant-growth regulators IBA; 2,4-D; 2,4,5-T; BAP; daminozide; and mepiquat chloride had no consistent effects on fruit dehiscence. Various coating materials delayed dehiscence and ripening; a sucrose fatty acid ester at 1% concentration gave the best result. All coating materials reduced weight loss 7% to 14% below that of the control fruit. Fruit coated with the sucrose fatty acid ester and 100% apple wax had higher internal CO2 levels than fruit coated with any other coating. Ethylene is more important in durian fruit dehiscence than weight loss. Chemical names used: 3-indolebutyric acid (IBA); 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D); 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T); 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP); succinic acid-2,2-dimethyl hydrazide (daminozide); 1,1-dimethyl-piperidinium chloride (mepiquat chloride); gibberellic acid (GA3).
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Huang, Lan-Jie, and Wen-Long Fu. "A water drop-shaped slingshot in plants: geometry and mechanics in the explosive seed dispersal of Orixa japonica (Rutaceae)." Annals of Botany 127, no. 6 (February 20, 2021): 765–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcab017.
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Abstract Background and Aims In angiosperms, many species disperse their seeds autonomously by rapid movement of the pericarp. The fruits of these species often have long rod- or long plate-shaped pericarps, which are suitable for ejecting seeds during fruit dehiscence by bending or coiling. However, here we show that fruit with a completely different shape can also rely on pericarp movement to disperse seeds explosively, as in Orixa japonica. Methods Fruit morphology was observed by hard tissue sectioning, scanning electron microscopy and micro-computed tomography, and the seed dispersal process was analysed using a high-speed camera. Comparisons were made of the geometric characteristics of pericarps before and after fruit dehiscence, and the mechanical process of pericarp movement was simulated with the aid of the finite element model. Key Results During fruit dehydration, the water drop-shaped endocarp of O. japonica with sandwich structure produced two-way bending deformation and cracking, and its width increased more than three-fold before opening. Meanwhile the same shaped exocarp with uniform structure could only produce small passive deformation under relatively large external forces. The endocarp forced the exocarp to open by hygroscopic movement before seed launching, and the exocarp provided the acceleration for seed launching through a reaction force. Conclusions Two layers of water drop-shaped pericarp in O. japonica form a structure similar to a slingshot, which launches the seed at high speed during fruit dehiscence. The results suggest that plants with explosive seed dispersal appear to have a wide variety of fruit morphology, and through a combination of different external shapes and internal structures, they are able to move rapidly using many sophisticated mechanisms.
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Brock, Kelsey C., and Jocelyn C. Hall. "Multiple lineages of FRUITFULL exhibit dynamic patterns of gene evolution after genome triplication in the Brassiceae tribe (Brassicaceae)." Botany 97, no. 5 (May 2019): 293–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2018-0193.
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Phylogenetic analyses of important development genes are necessary to identify trends in sequence divergence and gene retention/loss that underlie diversification after polyploidization. We investigated the evolution of FRUITFULL (FUL) in the tribe Brassiceae (Brassicaceae), where a recent genome triplication allows investigation into the fate of paralogs. Many Brassiceae members possess a unique fruit type exhibiting segmentation and variable dehiscence called heteroarthrocarpy, providing a case study to compare with FUL’s evolution, as a single copy is known to control fruit dehiscence in Arabidopsis. We constructed a phylogeny containing all major species lineages to investigate the number of retained FUL paralogs, trends in selective pressure and intron evolution, and their relationship to heteroarthrocarpy. We recovered four well-supported lineages that likely correspond to three FUL copies from hexaploidization. Rates of selection varied across lineages and comparatively relaxed selection was associated with fruit indehiscence. However, stabilizing selection predominated all lineages, indicating that paralogs retain functionality. Longer introns were correlated with relaxed selection on exons and, on average, heteroarthrocarpic taxa had longer introns and retained different FUL paralogs than nonheteroarthrocarpic taxa, although correlations were complex. The dynamic pattern of FUL evolution invites investigation into the role of upstream regulators in the dehiscence of heteroarthrocarpic fruits.
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Andreychuk, R. R., V. P. Kolomiychuk, and A. V. Odintsova. "Morpho-anatomical structure and development of fruit in Asyneuma canescens (Саmpanulaceae)." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 11, no. 4 (November 7, 2020): 513–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/022078.
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The most usual fruit type in the family Саmpanulaсеае is an inferior multi-seeded capsule. In Саmpanula and related genera, A. Kolakovsky determined a new type of capsule, characterized by a specialized organ, axicorn. Some types of axicorn capsules were determined depending on the way of dehiscence. In Campanula, capsule dehiscence is called axicorn-fissuricidal mode, while in Asyneuma – axicorn-valvate mode with scaliformis valves. The precise differences between slit and valve so far have not been identified. In this connection, we performed the study of the inner fruit structure and dehiscence in Asyneuma canescens intending to compare the results with those for Саmpanula species. Anatomical fruit structure was studied under a light microscope on temporary preparations of transversal and longitudinal sections. For the first time, the obtained data provide precise characteristics of the inner fruit morphology, the anatomy of the fruit wall, and dehiscence mode in A. canescens. The survey revealed predominance in the ovary of a synascidiate zone with axile placentation. In the anatomical structure of the fruit wall, there we found a parenchymatous mesocarpium, non-lignified exo- and endocarpium, and lignified elements of fruit – axicorns, located in the small upper part of the septa. Fruit dehiscence in A. canescens occurs in two steps. First, during early flower development, narrow-oval dips are formed on the septum radii; during the fruiting period, a hippocrepiform slit at the lower margin of each dip develops. At this time axicorns detach from the central column of the ovary following a curved direction, meaning the formation of the septifragal slit. During the second stage, the longitudinal slits are formed from the lowest point of the hippocrepiform slit to the fruit base. These slits facilitate seed release from the capsule. Fruit in A. canescens we define as an inferior trilocular syncarpous capsule with two-stage, hippocrepiform and laminar dehiscence. Our study confirms resemblance of anatomical structure and dehiscence mode of fruit in A. canescens and species of the section Rapunculus of the genus Cаmpanula with erect capsules. We consider it inexpedient to accept the new fruit type for A. canescens, because differences compared with species of Cаmpanula are derivative and concern the small size of the axicorn slit and the appearance of additional slits only.
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Ballester, Patricia, and Cristina Ferrándiz. "Shattering fruits: variations on a dehiscent theme." Current Opinion in Plant Biology 35 (February 2017): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2016.11.008.
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Ferrandiz, C. "Regulation of fruit dehiscence in Arabidopsis." Journal of Experimental Botany 53, no. 377 (October 1, 2002): 2031–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erf082.
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Berger, Andreas, John L. Clark, and Anton Weber. "Besleria macropoda (Gesneriaceae): lectotypification, distribution, functional epiphylly and discordant fruit morphology of a rare Costa Rican endemic." Phytotaxa 233, no. 2 (November 4, 2015): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.233.2.2.
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Besleria macropoda, a rare and poorly known gesneriad endemic to Costa Rica, was recently collected for the first time on the southern slopes of the Fila Costeña (Puntarenas Province, SE Costa Rica). The collection considerably widens the geographic distribution to the southeastern part of Costa Rica. Moreover, the following unique characters not previously addressed in the literature were observed and are documented here: (1) The elongate peduncles of the inflorescences are clamped in a channel formed by the sunken midrib of the leaf, rendering the flowers and fruits positioned in the center of the leaf blade. The epiphyllous appearance of the inflorescence on the leaf surface enhances contrasting colors that may aid the pollination and/or fruit dispersal. (2) The fruits split open irregularly, with the fleshy carpel lobes becoming reflexed. This fruit dehiscence deviates from the indehiscent berries that typically characterize Besleria. This results in displaying a globose head of red placental tissue covered by tiny, red seeds. A preliminary survey of Besleria fruits suggests that this peculiar fruit type is present in at least 15 species representing almost 8% of the genus. Fruit morphology of Besleria is therefore less uniform than previously recognized and the “indehiscent berry” can no longer serve as a distinctive generic character of Besleria, which necessitates consideration in floras and identification keys. In addition, a list of herbarium specimens, lectotypification, a distribution map, IUCN red list assessment and an amended key to diagnose Besleria relative to Gasteranthus are provided.
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Khurnpoon, L., J. Siriphanich, and J. M. Labavitch. "Cell wall metabolism during durian fruit dehiscence." Postharvest Biology and Technology 48, no. 3 (June 2008): 391–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2007.08.012.
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Gu, Q., C. Ferrandiz, M. F. Yanofsky, and R. Martienssen. "The FRUITFULL MADS-box gene mediates cell differentiation during Arabidopsis fruit development." Development 125, no. 8 (April 15, 1998): 1509–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125.8.1509.
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Fruit morphogenesis is a process unique to flowering plants, and yet little is known about its developmental control. Following fertilization, fruits typically undergo a dramatic enlargement that is accompanied by differentiation of numerous distinct cell types. We have identified a mutation in Arabidopsis called fruitfull (ful-1), which abolishes elongation of the silique after fertilization. The ful-1 mutation is caused by the insertion of a DsE transposable enhancer trap element into the 5′ untranslated leader of the AGL8 MADS-box gene. beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene expression in the enhancer trap line is observed specifically in all cell layers of the valve tissue, but not in the replum, the septum or the seeds, and faithfully mimics RNA in situ hybridization data reported previously. The lack of coordinated growth of the fruit tissues leads to crowded seeds, a failure of dehiscence and, frequently, the premature rupture of the carpel valves. The primary defect of ful-1 fruits is within the valves, whose cells fail to elongate and differentiate. Stomata, which are frequent along the epidermis of wild-type valves, are completely eliminated in the ful mutant valves. In addition to the effect on fruit development, ful cauline leaves are broader than those of wild type and show a reduction in the number of internal cell layers. These data suggest that AGL8/FUL regulates the transcription of genes required for cellular differentiation during fruit and leaf development.
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Ogutcen, Ezgi, Anamika Pandey, Mohd Kamran Khan, Edward Marques, R. Varma Penmetsa, Abdullah Kahraman, and Eric J. B. von Wettberg. "Pod Shattering: A Homologous Series of Variation Underlying Domestication and an Avenue for Crop Improvement." Agronomy 8, no. 8 (August 3, 2018): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8080137.
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In wild habitats, fruit dehiscence is a critical strategy for seed dispersal; however, in cultivated crops it is one of the major sources of yield loss. Therefore, indehiscence of fruits, pods, etc., was likely to be one of the first traits strongly selected in crop domestication. Even with the historical selection against dehiscence in early domesticates, it is a trait still targeted in many breeding programs, particularly in minor or underutilized crops. Here, we review dehiscence in pulse (grain legume) crops, which are of growing importance as a source of protein in human and livestock diets, and which have received less attention than cereal crops and the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. We specifically focus on the (i) history of indehiscence in domestication across legumes, (ii) structures and the mechanisms involved in shattering, (iii) the molecular pathways underlying this important trait, (iv) an overview of the extent of crop losses due to shattering, and the effects of environmental factors on shattering, and, (v) efforts to reduce shattering in crops. While our focus is mainly pulse crops, we also included comparisons to crucifers and cereals because there is extensive research on shattering in these taxa.
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Sousa-Baena, Mariane S., and Nanuza L. De Menezes. "Comparative developmental anatomy of ovary and fruit in Brazilian Velloziaceae." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 191, no. 2 (August 27, 2019): 236–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boz040.
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Abstract Morpho-anatomical studies of fruits are scarce in monocotyledons and particularly for the Brazilian species of Velloziaceae, a small family of monocots characteristic of the campo rupestre vegetation of Brazil. The main fruit types found in Velloziaceae are poricidal and loculicidal capsules, but capsule morphology is variable, which has led to discrepancies regarding fruit descriptions and terminology. In this study, we aimed to analyse fruit development in Brazilian Velloziaceae to obtain a better understanding of capsule dehiscence and to elucidate and describe in detail the fruit types occurring in the family. Based on our results, we discuss the terminology used to describe capsules of some species, e.g. capsules of Vellozia minima and V. epidendroides, previously classified as poricidal, should be called apical loculicidal, as they form three slits on the uppermost part of each carpel that are prevented from extending downwards by the precocious lignification of the pericarp. Capsules of Barbacenia purpurea, B. riparia and B. plantaginea have been classified using various terms, but they fit the definition of fissuricidal capsule and should be classified as such. We also propose an improved analysis for the character ‘fruit type’, previously used in phylogenetic reconstructions of Velloziaceae. We changed some states following the fruit reclassification proposed here and added a new state, ‘capsule opening through lateral irregular aperture’, to the character. Additionally, eight new phylogenetic characters derived from ovary and fruit characteristics are suggested.
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MEAKIN, PAUL J., and JEREMY A. ROBERTS. "Dehiscence of Fruit in Oilseed Rape (Brassica napusL.)." Journal of Experimental Botany 41, no. 8 (1990): 995–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/41.8.995.
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Florentín, Javier Elias, Andrea Alejandra Cabaña Fader, Roberto Manuel Salas, Steven Janssens, Steven Dessein, and Elsa Leonor Cabral. "Morphological and molecular data confirm the transfer of homostylous species in the typically distylous genus Galianthe (Rubiaceae), and the description of the new species Galianthe vasquezii from Peru and Colombia." PeerJ 5 (November 23, 2017): e4012. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4012.
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Galianthe (Rubiaceae) is a neotropical genus comprising 50 species divided into two subgenera, Galianthe subgen. Galianthe, with 39 species and Galianthe subgen. Ebelia, with 11 species. The diagnostic features of the genus are: usually erect habit with xylopodium, distylous flowers arranged in lax thyrsoid inflorescences, bifid stigmas, 2-carpellate and longitudinally dehiscent fruits, with dehiscent valves or indehiscent mericarps, plump seeds or complanate with a wing-like strophiole, and pollen with double reticulum, rarely with a simple reticulum. This study focused on two species that were originally described under Diodia due to the occurrence of fruits indehiscent mericarps: Diodia palustris and D. spicata. In the present study, classical taxonomy is combined with molecular analyses. As a result, we propose that both Diodia species belong to Galianthe subgen. Ebelia. The molecular position within Galianthe, based on ITS and ETS sequences, has been supported by the following morphological characters: thyrsoid, spiciform or cymoidal inflorescences, bifid stigmas, pollen grains with a double reticulum, and indehiscent mericarps. However, both species, unlike the remainder of the genus Galianthe, have homostylous flowers, so the presence of this type of flower significantly modifies the generic concept. In this framework, a third homostylous species, Galianthe vasquezii, from the Andean region is also described. Until now, this species remained cryptic under specimens of Galianthe palustris It differs however from the latter by having longer calyx lobes, the presence of dispersed trichomes inside the corolla lobes (vs. glabrous), fruits that are acropetally dehiscent (vs. basipetally dehiscent), and its Andean geographical distribution (vs. Paranaense). Additionally, a lectotype has been chosen for Diodia palustris, Borreria pterophora has been placed under synonymy of Galianthe palustris, and Galianthe boliviana is reported for the first time from Peru. A key of all Galianthe species with indehiscent mericarps is also provided.
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Basinger, J. F., D. R. Greenwood, P. G. Wilson, and D. C. Christophel. "Fossil flowers and fruits of capsular Myrtaceae from the Eocene of South Australia." Canadian Journal of Botany 85, no. 2 (January 2007): 204–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b07-001.
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Flowers and fruits of the Myrtaceae are described from the Middle Eocene Golden Grove locality of South Australia, and the taxon is here named Tristaniandra alleyi gen. et sp.nov. Flowers are pentamerous and perigynous, with sepals, petals, and stamens inserted on the rim of a hypanthium. Filaments are basally fused to form antepetalous stamen bundles, each consisting of about 6–8 stamens. The tricarpellate ovary becomes exserted on maturation, forming a partly exserted, dry fruit with loculicidal dehiscence. These features are typical of capsular-fruited members of the Myrtaceae; in particular, taxa in the tribe Kanieae. While the characteristics of the fossils are not found within any one extant genus, the fossils show some similarity to living species of Tristaniopsis , although the staminal bundles are more comparable to those found in Tristania , which is only distantly related and has a rather different fruit. Capsular-fruited Myrtaceae are now primarily confined to Australasia, and appear to have had a Gondwanic origin in the latest Cretaceous to Paleogene. Nevertheless, as fossil flowers and fruits are rare, and infrafamilial identification of pollen and leaves is difficult, the Paleogene record of capsular Myrtaceae is largely equivocal. The Golden Grove fossils establish a record of the tribe Kanieae within Eocene coastal rainforest vegetation at paleolatitude 55°–58°S during a time of global warmth.
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FREITAS, B. M., J. E. ALVES, G. F. BRANDÃO, and Z. B. ARAUJO. "Pollination requirements of West Indian cherry (Malpighia emarginata) and its putative pollinators, Centris bees, in NE Brazil." Journal of Agricultural Science 133, no. 3 (November 1999): 303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859699006930.
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The pollination requirements of West Indian cherry (Malpighia emarginata DC) were investigated in NE Brazil through observations of flower morphology, floral rewards, anthesis, anther dehiscence, stigma receptivity, pollen cross and self-compatibility and proportion of fruit set. Potential insect pollinators and their foraging behaviour were also studied, and the pollination efficiency of the most frequent flower visitor, the bee Centris tarsata Smith (Anthophoridae), was assessed using single visits to flowers. It was shown that the West Indian cherry flower has a short lifespan, thus requiring pollination on the day of anthesis, when both cross- and self-pollen grains set fruit. The flower can potentially be pollinated by an array of insect visitors, but only oil-collecting bees of the genus Centris find it very attractive. Centris tarsata appeared as the main pollinator of West Indian cherry in the area studied, and farmers are advised to encourage its presence in orchards. Despite high levels of natural pollination, only 30% of flowers set fruits. It is suggested that a high proportion of abnormal ovule development may be responsible for low fruit set where pollination is satisfactory, and that West Indian cherry varieties showing a lower percentage of such abnormalities should be selected for.
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MEAKIN, PAUL J., and JEREMY A. ROBERTS. "Dehiscence of Fruit in Oilseed Rape (Brassica nap usL.)." Journal of Experimental Botany 41, no. 8 (1990): 1003–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/41.8.1003.
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Salas, Roberto Manuel, PEDRO L. VIANA, ELSA L. CABRAL, STEVEN DESSEIN, and STEVEN JANSSENS. "Carajasia (Rubiaceae), a new and endangered genus from Carajás mountain range, Pará, Brazil." Phytotaxa 206, no. 1 (May 1, 2015): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.206.1.4.
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Carajasia is described as a new genus of Rubiaceae. It is so far known only from the mountain summits of Serra dos Carajás (Pará, Brazil), where it is part of a shrubby vegetation surrounded by tropical rainforest. The new genus belongs to the tribe Spermacoceae and is positioned within it to the Spermacoce clade. Carajasia is unique within the clade in having a very particular combination of characters: flowering branches with two axillary flowers per node, homostylous flowers, corollas with a fringe of moniliform hairs, pubescent styles with distinct stigma lobes, bilobed nectariferous discs covered by triangular papillae, pollen with a double reticulum and fruits with a peculiar type of dehiscence. A detailed description of Carajasia is presented, including observations of the fruit and pollen, along with distribution maps and images of the plant in its habitat. A dichotomous key to distinguish Carajasia from other genera with deeply divided stigmas is provided. A molecular phylogenetic study was carried out using ITS and ETS sequences to determine the phylogenetic position of the new genus within the Spermacoce clade. The results of the combined analyses demonstrated that Carajasia is sister to Galianthe with moderate to high support. Both genera form a weakly supported clade with Schwendenera. This clade is sister to the other genera of the Spermacoce clade studied in this work. Galianthe and Schwendenera share with Carajasia pollen with a double reticulum, but they are clearly differentiated by suffruticose habit, heterostylous flowers and the pattern of fruit dehiscence. To clarify the phylogenetic position of Carajasia, some morphological characters are discussed based on the molecular results: division of the stigma, pollen types and floral syndrome.
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Cherry, W., P. A. Gadek, E. A. Brown, M. M. Heslewood, and C. J. Quinn. "Pentachondra dehiscens sp. nov. - An aberrant new member of Styphelieae." Australian Systematic Botany 14, no. 4 (2001): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb00027.
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A new species of Styphelieae collected from the Blue Mountains region of New South Wales is described. Cladistic analyses of morphological and molecular data show that the species has a strong affinity with the genus Pentachondra. The genus is redefined to accommodate the following features of the new species: a drupaceous fruit with 6–11 locules in which the mesocarp splits to release the separate pyrenes at maturity and a more complex inflorescence.
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Xu, Chuan-Jia, Mei-Li Zhao, Mao-Sheng Chen, and Zeng-Fu Xu. "Silencing of the Ortholog of DEFECTIVE IN ANTHER DEHISCENCE 1 Gene in the Woody Perennial Jatropha curcas Alters Flower and Fruit Development." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 23 (November 24, 2020): 8923. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21238923.
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DEFECTIVE IN ANTHER DEHISCENCE 1 (DAD1), a phospholipase A1, utilizes galactolipids (18:3) to generate α-linolenic acid (ALA) in the initial step of jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. In this study, we isolated the JcDAD1 gene, an ortholog of Arabidopsis DAD1 in Jatropha curcas, and found that it is mainly expressed in the stems, roots, and male flowers of Jatropha. JcDAD1-RNAi transgenic plants with low endogenous jasmonate levels in inflorescences exhibited more and larger flowers, as well as a few abortive female flowers, although anther and pollen development were normal. In addition, fruit number was increased and the seed size, weight, and oil contents were reduced in the transgenic Jatropha plants. These results indicate that JcDAD1 regulates the development of flowers and fruits through the JA biosynthesis pathway, but does not alter androecium development in Jatropha. These findings strengthen our understanding of the roles of JA and DAD1 in the regulation of floral development in woody perennial plants.
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Gibot-Leclerc, S., C. Reibel, and S. Legros. "First Report of Branched Broomrape (Phelipanche ramosa) on Celeriac (Apium graveolens) in Eastern France." Plant Disease 98, no. 9 (September 2014): 1286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-14-0148-pdn.
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Branched broomrape, Phelipanche ramosa (L.) Pomel (syn. Orobanche ramosa L.), is a chlorophyll-lacking, obligate root parasitic plant that infests Brassicaceae, Solanaceae, and legumes (3). In western France, P. ramosa has invaded oilseed rape fields since the 1990s, causing significant yield losses (1). This crop has now become the primary host for the parasite, along with buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum L.), hemp (Cannabis sativa L.), and tobacco (Nicotania tabacum L.). In September 2013, a field survey indicated that a celeriac (Apium graveolens L. var. Prinlz) crop on clay soil in the Champagne-Ardennes region (48°20′19″ N, 04°01′57″ E, 140 m above sea level, eastern France) was infested with branched broomrape where hemp had been grown 4 years before. The celeriac field was planted to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in 2012 in rotation with lentils (Lens culinaris Medik.) in 2011. About 2% of the total celeriac field was infested and the estimated yield losses were approximately 25% for this infested area. The host symptoms observed were a slower growth of celeriac, along with leaf chlorosis, lower fruit production, and numerous abortions. The infestation of the celeriac crop was confirmed by verifying the attachment of branched broomrape to the celeriac roots. Broomrape plant heights were between 4.5 and 21 cm. The stems were erect, branched, frail, rather hairy, and bulging. Scale leaves were limited to 4 to 10 mm long, thick, acuminate, alternate scales. The flowers were numerous (between 4 and 51) and were 8.3 to 14.5 mm long. They were borne in the axils of scaly bracts. They had an irregular, curved shape, and a light mauve color. They did not have distinct peduncles and were grouped in rather long floral scapes during advanced flowering. The corolla tube was 10 to 15 mm long and its restricted part stood higher than the divisions of the calyx. It had ciliate, if not hairy, lobes. The calyx was more or less hairy, zygomorphous, with four lobes, and 6 to 8 mm long. Two bracteoles were situated on either side of the calyx. The four stamens observed were didynamous and borne 4 to 5 mm above the corolla base. The dorsifixed bilocularis, longitudinally dehiscent anthers were glabrous or covered with a fine down along sutures. Georges Sallé, (retired) Professor of Botanics at the University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, confirmed the identity of P. ramosa based on morphological characteristics (1). Celeriac infection by branched broomrape was confirmed using a developed assay (2). P. ramosa infecting celeriac roots was described by counting the numbers of individuals having reached ontogenic stages according to Gibot-Leclerc et al. (2). To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting P. ramosa infection on celeriac in eastern France. Since celeriac is produced in rotation with lentils, branched broomrape could pose a serious threat to production of these crops. References: (1) M. Blamey and C. Grey-Wilson. La Flore d'Europe Occidentale. Edition Flammarion, Paris, 2003. (2) S. Gibot-Leclerc et al. Flora 207:512, 2012. (3) M. C. Press and G. K. Phoenix. New Phytol. 166:737, 2005.
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Li, Xin-Ran, Joyita Deb, S. Vinod Kumar, and Lars Østergaard. "Temperature Modulates Tissue-Specification Program to Control Fruit Dehiscence in Brassicaceae." Molecular Plant 11, no. 4 (April 2018): 598–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2018.01.003.
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Mourão, Káthia Socorro Mathias, and Juliana Marzinek. "Fruit ontogenesis in Clusia parviflora Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. (Clusiaceae)." Acta Botanica Brasilica 23, no. 3 (September 2009): 797–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-33062009000300020.
Full textAbstract:
Aspects of the morpho-anatomy of developing fruits and seeds of Clusia parviflora are presented and discussed as a continuation of the study of these organs in Clusiaceae. The fruit is a septifrage capsule; the suberized exocarp is derived from the external epidermis of the ovary. The mesocarp originates from the ovarian mesophyll and remains parenchymal in nature. The endocarp is derived from the internal epidermis of the ovary and the endocarp is derived from the inner ovary epidermis as well as from three to four adjacent subepidermal layers, with tangentially elongated cells which become lignified and contribute to fruit dehiscence. The ovules are anatropous, bitegmic, with an endothelium, and give rise to equally anatropous seeds. The exotesta has cells containing phenolic compounds. The exotegmen consists entirely of sclerids with anticlinal and undulating cell walls, while the rest of the tegmen collapses during maturation. The embryo is slightly curved and the hypocotyl-radicle axis is well developed, with two very small cotyledons. There seems to be uniformity in the genus Clusia as regards the final number of layers in the mature seed coat, being evident the continuous lignified exotegmen and the hypocotylar embryo. It should be pointed out that the number of layers in the ovule integument can be used for diagnosis at the species level
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Teviotdale, B. L., D. A. Goldhamer, and M. Viveros. "Effects of Deficit Irrigation on Hull Rot Disease of Almond Trees Caused by Monilinia fructicola and Rhizopus stolonifer." Plant Disease 85, no. 4 (April 2001): 399–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2001.85.4.399.
Full textAbstract:
Almond trees were irrigated from March through November 1994 and 1995 with 70, 85, and 100% of potential evapotranspiration (ETc). Deficit irrigation was accomplished by delivering 70 or 85% of ETc at every irrigation (sustained) or 50% of ETc during 1 June to 31 July (70 regulated) or 1 to 15 July (85 regulated). The natural incidence of dead leaf clusters and dead spurs, twigs, and small branches, measured at harvest, lessened with decreasing amounts of water, and regulated deficits were more effective than sustained deficits in reducing disease. Fruit at early dehiscence on trees in each of the five irrigation treatments were inoculated with 0.1 ml of suspensions of 104 spores per ml of Monilinia fructicola or Rhizopus stolonifer. Monilinia fructicola caused more hull rot than R. stolonifer, and both pathogens responded similarly to the irrigation treatments. The rate of fruit maturation was monitored for approximately 4 weeks before harvest by scoring the percent abscission and dehiscence and measuring the hull moisture content of fruit on trees in each irrigation treatment. Dry kernel weight was determined at harvest. Maturation was slower and kernel weight greater in treatments receiving 85% of ETc than 70% or those under sustained compared with regulated irrigation regimes.
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Vargas-Simón, Georgina, Pablo Martínez-Zurimendi, Marivel Domínguez-Domínguez, and Reinaldo Pire. "Seed germination in Ormosia macrocalyx, an endangered tropical forest tree." Botanical Sciences 95, no. 2 (July 9, 2017): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.823.
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<p><strong>Background </strong><em>Ormosia macrocalyx</em> is a tropical forest tree classified as endangered. Its seeds experience problems of dispersion and apparent physical dormancy due to their hard seed coating.</p><p><strong>Hypotheses </strong>1) The stages of dehiscence of the fruits of <em>Ormosia macrocalyx</em> influence the germinative behavior of its seeds. 2) Pregerminative treatments will improve the germination process of the seeds stored under refrigeration.</p><p><strong>Study species</strong> <em>Ormosia macrocalyx </em>Ducker.<em></em></p><p><strong>Study site and period </strong>Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico from October 2012 to October 2014.<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Methods </strong>Two completely randomized experiments were conducted in order to analyze the germination process by 1) evaluating germination in seeds from fruit at three stages of dehiscence (closed, semi-open, and open fruit) and 2) applying four treatments, including three pregerminative treatments (water soaking for 24 h, mechanical scarification and scarification+1 % gibberellic acid) plus an untreated control, to seeds stored under refrigeration for 17 months.</p><p><strong>Results</strong> Differences were found in germination rate (GR), corrected germination rate (CGR) and time to attain 50 % germination (T<sub>50</sub>) among treatments in the first experiment, with the seeds from open fruits presenting the lowest response (3.31 % day<sup>-1</sup> for GR and CGR, and 15.8 days for T<sub>50</sub>), although all treatments showed similar times for the initiation of germination (GI) and final germination percentage (GP). In the second experiment, the effect of scarification was greater than both the control and soaking treatments. Scarification treatment values were 68.0 % (GP), 12.0 days (GI), 4.53 % day<sup>-1</sup> (GR), 6.65 (CGR) and 14.5 days (T<sub>50</sub>). Addition of gibberellic acid did not produce any further advantage over scarification alone.</p><p><strong>Conclusions</strong> Seeds from open fruits have lower germination rates, although the final GP is not affected. Stored seeds present physical dormancy but lose viability with storage and, when collected after remaining attached to the tree for undefined periods, scarification can greatly improve their germination rate. </p>