Relevant bibliographies by topics / Dehumanization, commodification of people

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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Academic literature on the topic 'Dehumanization, commodification of people'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 5 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Dehumanization, commodification of people"

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Kersbergen, Inge, and Eric Robinson. "Blatant Dehumanization of People with Obesity." Obesity 27, no. 6 (April 2, 2019): 1005–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oby.22460.

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Kouchaki, Maryam, Kyle S. H. Dobson, Adam Waytz, and Nour S. Kteily. "The Link Between Self-Dehumanization and Immoral Behavior." Psychological Science 29, no. 8 (May 22, 2018): 1234–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797618760784.

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People perceive morality to be distinctively human, with immorality representing a lack of full humanness. In eight experiments, we examined the link between immorality and self-dehumanization, testing both (a) the causal role of immoral behavior on self-dehumanization and (b) the causal role of self-dehumanization on immoral behavior. Studies 1a to 1d showed that people feel less human after behaving immorally and that these effects were not driven by having a negative experience but were unique to experiences of immorality (Study 1d). Studies 2a to 2c showed that self-dehumanization can lead to immoral and antisocial behavior. Study 3 highlighted how self-dehumanization can sometimes produce downward spirals of immorality, demonstrating initial unethical behavior leading to self-dehumanization, which in turn promotes continued dishonesty. These results demonstrate a clear relationship between self-dehumanization and unethical behavior, and they extend previous theorizing on dehumanization.
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Parker, Laura R., Margo J. Monteith, and Susan C. South. "Dehumanization, prejudice, and social policy beliefs concerning people with developmental disabilities." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 23, no. 2 (December 21, 2018): 262–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430218809891.

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We investigated the nature of prejudice toward people with developmental disabilities, its potential roots in dehumanization, its implications for social policy beliefs affecting this target group, and strategies for reducing prejudice toward people with developmental disabilities. Studies 1 ( N = 196, MTurk) and 2 ( N = 296, undergraduates) tested whether prejudice took a hostile or ambivalent (both hostile and benevolent components) form. Consistent support for a hostile prejudice model was found. This model was comprised of beliefs that people with developmental disabilities may harm others, should be kept separate from others, and are dependent on others. Also, greater dehumanization was associated with greater prejudice, and prejudice mediated the effect of dehumanization on participants’ social policy beliefs. Study 3 ( N = 151, MTurk) provided construct validity for the newly developed multidimensional measure of prejudice. Study 4 ( N = 156, undergraduates) showed that presenting a person with developmental disabilities in either humanizing or individuating ways reduced dehumanization and prejudice and, in turn, increased the favorability of social policy beliefs.
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Fiskesjö, Magnus. "Slavery as the commodification of people." Focaal 2011, no. 59 (March 1, 2011): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2011.590101.

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In the 1950s, teams of Chinese government ethnologists helped liberate “slaves” whom they identified among the Wa people in the course of China’s military annexation and pacification of the formerly autonomous Wa lands, between China and Burma. For the Chinese, the “discovery” of these “slaves” proved the Engels-Morganian evolutionist theory that the supposedly primitive and therefore predominantly egalitarian Wa society was teetering on the threshold between Ur- Communism and ancient slavery. A closer examination of the historical and cultural context of slavery in China and in the Wa lands reveals a different dynamics of commodification, which also sheds light on slavery more generally. In this article I discuss the rejection of slavery under Wa kinship ideology, the adoption of child war captives, and the anomalous Chinese mine slaves in the Wa lands. I also discuss the trade in people emerging with the opium export economy of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century which helped sustain, yet also threatened, autonomous Wa society. I suggest that past Wa “slave” trade was spurred by the same processes of commodification that historically drove the Chinese trade in people, and in recent decades have produced the large-scale human trafficking across Asia, which UN officials have labeled “the largest slave trade in history” and which often hides slavery under the cover of kinship.
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Nisim, Sarit, and Orly Benjamin. "The Speech of Services Procurement: The Negotiated Order of Commodification and Dehumanization of Cleaning Employees." Human Organization 69, no. 3 (September 2010): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.69.3.g34840781k802q56.

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Loughnan, Steve, Nick Haslam, Robbie M. Sutton, and Bettina Spencer. "Dehumanization and Social Class." Social Psychology 45, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000159.

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Three studies examined whether animality is a component of low-SES stereotypes. In Study 1a–c, the content of “white trash” (USA), “chav” (UK), and “bogan” (Australia) stereotypes was found to be highly consistent, and in every culture it correlated positively with the stereotype content of apes. In Studies 2a and 2b, a within-subjects approach replicated this effect and revealed that it did not rely on derogatory labels or was reducible to ingroup favoritism or system justification concerns. In Study 3, the “bogan” stereotype was associated with ape, rat, and dog stereotypes independently of established stereotype content dimensions (warmth, competence, and morality). By implication, stereotypes of low-SES people picture them as primitive, bestial, and incompletely human.
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King, David A., and William P. Stewart. "Ecotourism and commodification: protecting people and places." Biodiversity and Conservation 5, no. 3 (March 1996): 293–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00051775.

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Grover, Chris. "Commodification, disabled people, and wage work in Britain." Canadian Journal of Disability Studies 4, no. 2 (June 3, 2015): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cjds.v4i2.211.

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Wiener, Richard L., Sarah J. Gervais, Ena Brnjic, and Gwenith D. Nuss. "Dehumanization of older people: The evaluation of hostile work environments." Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 20, no. 4 (2014): 384–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/law0000013.

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Harris, Lasana T., Victoria K. Lee, Beatrice H. Capestany, and Alexandra O. Cohen. "Assigning economic value to people results in dehumanization brain response." Journal of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Economics 7, no. 3 (2014): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/npe0000020.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Dehumanization, commodification of people"

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COSTA, LARA DENISE GOES DA. "RESPONSABILITY AND DEHUMANIZATION: SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS ABOUT HOMELESS PEOPLE IN RIO DE JANEIRO." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2010. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=16772@1.

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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em compreender as representações sociais sobre a população de rua no Rio de Janeiro. Em um primeiro momento, buscou-se analisar os comentários dos leitores do jornal O Globo, concernentes às matérias que versassem sobre população de rua. Em seguida, foram reconstruídas algumas concepções de self e sua relação com o estigma para chegarmos às características que envolvem a solidariedade social. Por fim, através dos intérpretes da construção da cidadania brasileira buscou-se demonstrar a problemática da falta de solidariedade com relação às pessoas em situação de privação sócio-econômica num sistema democrático de igualdade de direitos.
The aim of this work consists in understanding the social representations of homeless people in Rio de Janeiro. First, we have analized the readers’s comments of the newspaper O Globo about homeless people. In another moment, we reconstructed some of the conceptions of self and it relations with stigma to find some of the characteristics of social solidarity. At last, we have followed some of the theorists about Brazilian citizenship to demonstrate the lack of solidarity that is directed to people who lives under a highly vulnerable social conditions in a democratic system of equality of rights.
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Mattila, I. (Iina). "“Well, they’re not people at all.”:representations of dehumanization in John Boyne’s novel The boy in the striped pyjamas." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2014. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201408081787.

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This is a narrative study on representations of dehumanization in John Boyne’s novel The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas. The book is a fictional story situated in Auschwitz concentration camp. Bruno, the main character of the book, is an eight-year old boy, a son of the camp commandant. He befriends Shmuel, a Jewish boy living in the concentration camp on the other side of the fence. The theoretical framework for the study is dehumanization. Dehumanization is defined as perceiving someone as less than a human being. The phenomenon is studied both as a psychological process and as a necessary step in the process of genocide. Two research questions are investigated. Firstly, the study looks for answers to what kind of representations of dehumanization there are in the novel in general. Secondly, Bruno’s narrative in respect to dehumanization is studied by asking what factors there are to explain why Bruno does not dehumanize Shmuel. The study is carried out within the framework of narrative research. The analysis consists of two parts, the first one being based on the theory of dehumanization and aiming at finding the representations of the phenomenon in the story. The second part of the analysis is inductive, and it aims at deconstructing Bruno’s process of granting humanness to Shmuel. The findings of the study show that dehumanization is present in the novel both in severe and subtle forms, and there are characteristics of both animalistic and mechanistic dehumanization. Subtle forms of dehumanization usually represent mechanistic dehumanization, whereas severe forms more often link with animalistic dehumanization. The elements of genocidal dehumanization are strongly present. A few references to utilizing dehumanization for legitimizing and motivating genocide are found. The factors explaining Bruno’s way of relating to Shmuel are various. First of all, friendship is the priority for Bruno, it is more important than the ideology surrounding him. Furthermore, Bruno’s interpretations of his surroundings are tied to his own limited experience of life and lack of information, and he does not understand what is taking place in Auschwitz. This is supported by the culture of silence among the adults in the story; when Bruno asks about things, he is either told to keep silent or given insufficient answers. Shmuel also decides to keep silent about some things in the camp. Meanwhile, Bruno trusts his father as his authority, which keeps him from questioning the rightfulness of things happening in Auschwitz. Finally, Bruno finds many similarities with Shmuel, which support the idea of shared humanness. In addition to presenting the results of the study in written form, two songs have been created on the basis of the findings. The songs are reconstructions of the narratives of Shmuel and Bruno; Shmuel’s song summarizes the representations of dehumanization in the novel from a perspective of a victim, whereas Bruno’s song compiles the findings of the second research question emphasizing the role of friendship
Tutkielma on narratiivinen tutkimus dehumanisaation representaatioista John Boynen kirjassa The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas (suom. Poika raidallisessa pyjamassa). Kirjan tapahtumat sijoittuvat Auschwitzin keskitysleirille. Tarina itsessään on fiktiivinen. Bruno, kirjan päähenkilö, on keskitysleirin komentajan 8-vuotias poika. Hän ystävystyy Shmuelin, juutalaisen pojan kanssa, joka asuu aidan toisella puolella keskitysleirissä. Tutkimuksen teoreettisen viitekehyksen muodostaa dehumanisaatio. Dehumanisaatiolla tarkoitetaan epäinhimillistämistä, toisen ihmisen pitämistä vähempänä kuin ihminen. Ilmiötä tarkastellaan sekä psykologisena prosessina että välttämättömänä osana kansanmurhan toteuttamisen prosessia. Tutkimus sisältää kaksi tutkimuskysymystä. Ensimmäinen liittyy dehumanisaation kuvaamiseen kirjassa. Sen avulla selvitetään, millaisia dehumanisaation representaatioita kirjasta löytyy. Toinen tutkimuskysymys keskittyy Brunon tarinaan suhteessa dehumanisaatioon. Vastauksia etsitään siihen, miksi Bruno ei epäinhimillistä Shmuelia, ja mitä selittäviä tekijöitä tämän taustalta löytyy. Tutkimus on toteutettu narratiivisena tutkimuksena. Analyysi koostuu kahdesta osasta, joista ensimmäinen perustuu teoriaan, ja toinen on aineistolähtöinen. Teoriapohjaisen analyysin avulla etsitään vastauksia ensimmäiseen tutkimuskysymykseen dehumanisaation representaatioista yleensä. Aineistopohjaisen analyysin tarkoitus puolestaan on purkaa auki Brunon prosessi suhteessa dehumanisaatioon ja Shmueliin. Tutkimustulosten mukaan dehumanisaatio esiintyy kirjassa eriasteisina ilmiöinä lievästä vakavaan. Dehumanisaation eri muodot, eläimellistäminen (animalistic dehumanization) ja mekanistinen dehumanisaatio (mechanistic dehumanization) ovat molemmat läsnä teoksessa. Useimmiten dehumanisaation lievissä ilmentymissä on kyse mekanistisesta dehumanisaatiosta, kun taas vakavammat ilmentymät sisältävät viitteitä eläimellistämisestä. Kansanmurhaan liittyvän dehumanisaation elementit ovat kirjassa vahvoja. Viitteitä dehumanisaation hyödyntämisestä kansanmurhan oikeuttamiseen ja kansanmurhan toteuttamisen motivointiin löytyy muutamia. Brunon tapaa suhtautua Shmueliin selittävät useat seikat. Ystävyys on Brunolle ensisijainen asia, tärkeämpi kuin ympäristössä vallitseva ideologia, jota hän itse ei ole täysin sisäistänyt. Brunon tulkinnat ympäristöstä perustuvat hänen omaan rajalliseen elämänkokemukseensa ja puutteellisiin tietoihin, eikä hän täysin ymmärrä, mitä Auschwitzissa on meneillään. Ymmärtämättömyyttä tukee aikuisten vaikenemisen kulttuuri. Brunon esittäessä kysymyksiä hänet joko hiljennetään tai hänelle annetaan puutteellisia, epämääräisiä vastauksia. Myös Shmuel päättää olla puhumatta joistakin leirillä tapahtuvista asioista Brunolle. Samalla isän vahva auktoriteettiasema Brunon elämässä estää häntä kyseenalaistamasta Auschwitzin tapahtumien oikeellisuutta. Samankaltaisuudet, joita Bruno löytää Shmuelin kanssa, vahvistavat käsitystä yhteisestä ihmisyydestä. Tutkimustulokset esitetään tekstin lisäksi tulosten perusteella tehtyinä lauluina. Laulut ovat rekonstruktioita Shmuelin ja Brunon narratiiveista. Shmuelin laulu tiivistää kirjassa esiintyvän dehumanisaation uhrin kokemuksen kautta. Brunon laulu puolestaan yhdistää toisen tutkimuskysymyksen vastaukset korostaen ystävyyden merkitystä
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Tonet, Martina. "Race and power : the challenges of Intercultural Bilingual Education (IBE) in the Peruvian Andes." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/22125.

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This thesis examines enclaves of oppression and discrimination, which continue to subject indigenous peoples in the Peruvian Andean society to the pernicious legacies of a racist past. As an interpretive framework this interdisciplinary study draws from theoretical approaches to power, which analyse the reproduction of social injustice in post-colonial societies. This research demonstrates how resistance in post-colonial contexts does not always function as a subversive force. Especially when the variable of racism is taken into account, it becomes clearer how acts of opposition end up fostering a tyrannical domination. Examples from Peruvian history, as well as my fieldwork data, will illustrate how resistances and revolutions in the Peruvian Andes have paradoxically reinstated an oppressive and subjugating social system founded in disavowal of the indigenous Other. In dismantling the ramifications of a violent racist legacy, this study explores those social practices and attitudes which in the course of history have resulted in the subjugation of indigenous peoples. These include paternalism, the commodification of indigenous identity and the phenomenon of incanismo. Ultimately, the very negotiation of identities and the making of Peruvian ethnicity will highlight the reasons why, since the 1970s, the pursuit of Intercultural Bilingual Education (IBE) in the Peruvian Andes has been a challenging and uncertain endeavour. By comparison with bordering Andean regions of Ecuador and Bolivia, IBE is not in the hands of indigenous peoples. This thesis will demonstrate that this is in part due to an underpinning racism, which keeps disrupting a sense of belonging to an ethnic identity.
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Wilke, Magdalena Friedericke. "Values in life and literature : a comparative reading of the depiction of disintegration, insecurity and uncertainty in selected novels by Thomas Mann, William Faulkner and Thomas Pynchon." Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/16482.

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The reading of selected literary texts in this thesis traces the changes from a divinely ordered world of stability (Thomas Mann's BudAfrikaans and Theory of Literature
D.Litt. et Phil. (Theory of Literature)
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Books on the topic "Dehumanization, commodification of people"

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Keith, Kenneth D. (Kenneth Dwight), 1946-, ed. Intellectual disability: Ethics, dehumanization, and a new moral community. Atrium, Sounthern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell, a John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication, 2013.

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Keith, Heather, and Kenneth D. Keith. Intellectual Disability: Ethics, Dehumanization, and a New Moral Community. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2013.

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Keith, Heather, and Kenneth D. Keith. Intellectual Disability: Ethics, Dehumanization, and a New Moral Community. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2013.

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Keith, Heather, and Kenneth D. Keith. Intellectual Disability: Ethics, Dehumanization, and a New Moral Community. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2013.

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Chan, Christine Emi. Beyond Colonization, Commodification, and Reclamation. Edited by Anthony Shay and Barbara Sellers-Young. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199754281.013.36.

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The Hawaiian Islands have long been characterized as a place of romance, mystery, and exotic cultural experiences. Since the 18th century arrival of Europeans, this view of Hawaii has been perpetuated by explorers, missionaries, the government, the tourist industry, and many others who choose to play into the fantasies of Hawaiian culture conjured and maintained by Orientalization. Hula and the figure of the Hawaiian hula girl are particularly oversexualized and overspiritualized. Today, we see debate over whether non-Native speakers, nonindigenous people, or non-Hawaii residents should be allowed to participate in the dance. Interestingly, in attempting to celebrate hula, certain rhetoric reinforces Orientalist tendencies to romanticize hula and Hawaii. Therefore, I offer a retheorization of hula by drawing out aspects of hula presentations that (1) recognize hula as a recycled tradition, (2) acknowledge the unique plight of the indigenous people of Hawaii, and (3) do not limit participation to certain bodies.
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Kasperbauer, T. J. Dehumanizing Animals. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190695811.003.0003.

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This chapter presents the core psychological account of the book. It reviews research on dehumanization toward human beings and explains how this process is similarly applied to non-human animals. It also makes a novel proposal for how animals could have come to present psychological threats to human beings and as a result be viewed negatively. The chapter describes ways in which animals are treated as part of an outgroup, even in the absence of overt hostility between humans and animals. Terror management theory and the psychology of dehumanization, fear, and disgust are used to explain how people make both positive and negative evaluations of animals. Evolutionary explanations for responding to animal threats are considered in order to further substantiate the importance of dehumanization in human attitudes toward animals.
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Unwin, Tim. Reflections on the Dark Side of ICT4D. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795292.003.0006.

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Technology is all too often seen as being inherently good, and there are powerful interests limiting the amount of attention paid to the darker side of ICTs and Internet access in particular. However, these darker aspects are crucial to understanding ICT4D, especially since they can more seriously impact the poor, both countries and people, than the rich. The following main challenges are covered in the chapter: privacy and security; the Surface Web and the Dark Web; cyber-security and resilience; negative aspects of the exploitation of Big Data and the abuse of people through social media; and the increasing dehumanization of people through the use of ICTs and the Internet of Things.
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Paryż, Marek, ed. Annie Proulx. University of Warsaw Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/uw.9788323547983.

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The philosophical underpinnings and existential implications of Annie Proulx’s fiction situate it in the tradition of literary naturalism. The writer portrays characters from the lower social classes, people who are unable to overcome the impasse in which they have found themselves. Far from idyllic sentiments, Proulx’s approach to the experience of place connects her to the writers associated with so-called new regionalism. She shows the degrading influence of the life amidst beautiful natural surroundings on individual human psyche. Proulx looks closely at the processes of the commodification of regional culture and interprets them as symptoms of a dangerous global tendency.
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Spracklen, Karl. Developing a Cultural Theory of Music Making and Leisure. Edited by Roger Mantie and Gareth Dylan Smith. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190244705.013.2.

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People listen to music in their leisure time, in leisure spaces, as a supposedly free act of agency. Yet social and cultural theorists show that leisure choices and spaces are constrained by hegemonic power, and that cultural forms such as music are products of commodification. This chapter explores these key claims for the use of music and the consumption of music in leisure spaces. It uses the work of Baudrillard on simulacra to explore the potential meaning and purpose of music in the lives of makers, listeners and fans—as a key device in constructing alternative hyperrealities to the capitalized reality of late modernity.
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Smith, David Livingstone. On Inhumanity. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190923006.001.0001.

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The Rwandan genocide, the Holocaust, the lynching of African Americans, the colonial slave trade: these are horrific episodes of mass violence spawned from racism and hatred. We like to think that we could never see such evils again—that we would stand up and fight. But something deep in the human psyche—deeper than prejudice itself—leads people to persecute the other: dehumanization, or the human propensity to think of others as less than human. This book looks at the mechanisms of the mind that encourage us to see someone as less than human. There is something peculiar and horrifying in human psychology that makes us vulnerable to thinking of whole groups of people as subhuman creatures. When governments or other groups stand to gain by exploiting this innate propensity, and know just how to manipulate words and images to trigger it, there is no limit to the violence and hatred that can result.
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Book chapters on the topic "Dehumanization, commodification of people"

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Sherratt, Fred. "The commodification of worker health, safety and well-being." In Valuing People in Construction, 209–25. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018. | Series: Spon research, ISSN 1940-7653: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315459936-15.

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Berthelot-Guiet, Karine. "New Media, New Commodification, New Consumption for Older People." In Human Aspects of IT for the Aged Population. Acceptance, Communication and Participation, 435–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92034-4_33.

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Smith, David Livingstone. "Defining Dehumanization." In On Inhumanity, 17–22. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190923006.003.0003.

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This chapter defines dehumanization. After emphasizing the importance of laying out a clear definition of the term, the chapter goes on to describe dehumanization as a kind of attitude—a way of thinking about others. To dehumanize another person, in short, is to conceive of them as a subhuman animal. People often mistake dehumanization for its effects on human behavior. This chapter argues that such notions make it much more difficult to comprehend how dehumanization works. When people think of others as subhuman, they often treat them in cruel and degrading ways, and they often refer to them using slurs. But the chapter contends that bad treatment and degrading slurs are effects of dehumanization rather than dehumanization itself.
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Smith, David Livingstone. "Why Dehumanization Matters." In On Inhumanity, 9–16. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190923006.003.0002.

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This chapter argues that dehumanization is a worldwide problem with deep historical roots, but it is also a growing problem around the world that promises to worsen in a future in which climate crises will turn more and more people into refugees on foreign soil. In order to know how to deal with the problem of dehumanization, we have to understand what it is and how it works. Dehumanization fuels the worst brutalities that human beings perpetrate against one another. It is not just a problem of the modern, industrialized world: this chapter argues that it has haunted humanity for millennia. There are traces of it in writings from the ancient civilizations to medieval characterizations and even in far-flung indigenous cultures.
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Smith, David Livingstone. "Dehumanization and Its Neighbors." In On Inhumanity, 176–83. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190923006.003.0025.

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This chapter explains the relationship between dehumanization and other, nearby, destructive social beliefs and practices—things like sexism, ableism, and transphobia. Often, people lump all of these together under the heading of dehumanization. The chapter argues that they each have their own unique dynamics, and blurring the distinctions between them only makes it more difficult to resist them. The chapter goes on to assert that not all dehumanization is of the sort that makes monsters. There is another kind of dehumanization—enfeebling dehumanization. When people get dehumanized in the enfeebling mode, they are seen as metaphysically threatening but physically innocuous.
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Smith, David Livingstone. "Morality." In On Inhumanity, 88–95. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190923006.003.0013.

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This chapter considers multiple theories of dehumanization. More specifically, this chapter aims to examine conflicting understandings of what causes dehumanization or what its function is. Some people think of dehumanization as the failure to recognize the humanity of others. Another popular but incorrect theory is that when people conceive of other people as less than human, this is just an alibi to excuse their cruel and destructive acts. Yet another misleading assumption is the claim that dehumanization promotes “moral disengagement”—a kind of distancing that casts others out from the “universe of moral obligation.” The chapter elaborates on the moral disengagement idea in particular, as it is not precisely correct in theory. After all, the inhibitions that dehumanization undermines are moral ones, and the violence that it unleashes often has an intensely moralistic tone.
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Smith, David Livingstone. "Holocaust." In On Inhumanity, 23–28. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190923006.003.0004.

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This chapter discusses how the Holocaust is a prime example of dehumanization. Indeed, the dehumanization of Jews was a central component of the Nazi program. And to date it represents the most explicit and thoroughly documented example of the dehumanization of a whole people. Much of what we can learn from the Holocaust can be applied to other cases of dehumanization too, because dehumanization always conforms to more or less the same pattern. Of course, there are individual variations, as each incident of dehumanization must be understood against the background of different historical and cultural contexts, and in response to different political forces. But these differences make their striking similarities all the more significant, suggesting that dehumanizing states of mind are grounded in some very general features of human psychology. The chapter shows how easy it is to slip into thinking of others as less than human in part because of how the human mind is configured.
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8

Smith, David Livingstone. "Contradiction." In On Inhumanity, 145–49. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190923006.003.0020.

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This chapter examines the tendency of those who dehumanize others to make contradictions and be inconsistent. Some people think that these are evidence that dehumanization is not real. They interpret them as showing that when people refer to others as vermin or animals, they are expressing contempt and disgust, or trying to humiliate and degrade them, but they do not mean to say that these others are literally subhuman animals. The chapter asserts that these criticisms are important, and they deserve to be taken seriously. But taking them seriously does not mean that we must embrace the conclusion that dehumanization is not real. It simply moves us toward a more subtle and sophisticated understanding of the dynamics of dehumanization.
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9

Hermann, Christoph. "The Critique of Commodification." In The Critique of Commodification, 1–19. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197576755.003.0001.

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The chapter traces the intellectual history of the term “commodification” and presents major arguments against commodification from different strands of literature. Commodification was introduced into academic discourse in the 1970s by Marxist scholars who analyzed the transformation of culture, the emergence and spread of capitalism, as well as the nature of the welfare state. The term was then picked up by non-Marxist academics in various disciplines, usually to criticize certain kinds of monetary exchange or specific markets rather than capitalism per se. The chapter identifies three major strands of literature with distinctive arguments against commodification: the moral, pragmatic, and materialist critiques. It argues that only the materialist critique is able to see that commodification threatens the livelihood of people and the environment. After discussing differences between the three approaches, the chapter points to an important commonality: all critics of commodification believe that commodification has gone too far in recent decades.
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Harris, Lasana T. "Social Contract." In Invisible Mind. The MIT Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262035965.003.0009.

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The ninth chapter argues that the law punishes bad minds, not bad people; as a result, social cognition is paramount in legal decision-making. It then reviews the psychological literature on punishment, discussing motives. It then uses the racial history of America as a case study, highlighting how historic dehumanization during and after slavery shaped modern American racial problems. It reviews the literature on racial bias and the brain, then discusses the ‘black ape’ stereotype as a form of continued dehumanization of people of African descent in America. It then explores police shootings of people of African descent as a continuation of a dehumanization tradition in America, highlighting the role of flexible social cognition in facilitating these behaviors. Finally, it ends by recommending that labels like ‘African American’ need to be abandonned if American society is ever to move beyond its racial problems; a superordinate category is required that reduces arbitrary distinctions based on the social construction of race.
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Conference papers on the topic "Dehumanization, commodification of people"

1

Keltie, Emma, and Peter Bansel. "The Online Production and Commodification of Gender Variant and Sexuality Diverse Young People." In ISIS Summit Vienna 2015—The Information Society at the Crossroads. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/isis-summit-vienna-2015-s3029.

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