Relevant bibliographies by topics / Dehydration of fructose to HMF

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Academic literature on the topic 'Dehydration of fructose to HMF'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 9 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Dehydration of fructose to HMF"

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Li, Hu, and Song Yang. "Catalytic Transformation of Fructose and Sucrose to HMF with Proline-Derived Ionic Liquids under Mild Conditions." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/978708.

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L-Proline derived ionic liquids (ILs) used as both solvent and catalyst were efficient for transformation of fructose and sucrose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in the presence of water. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize fructose dehydration process, and a maximum HMF yield of 73.6% could be obtained at 90°C after 50 min. The recycling of the IL exhibited an almost constant activity during five successive trials, and a possible reaction mechanism for the dehydration of fructose to HMF was proposed.
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Testa, Maria Luisa, Gianmarco Miroddi, Marco Russo, Valeria La Parola, and Giuseppe Marcì. "Dehydration of Fructose to 5-HMF over Acidic TiO2 Catalysts." Materials 13, no. 5 (March 6, 2020): 1178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13051178.

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Different solid sulfonic titania-based catalysts were investigated for the hydrothermal dehydration of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). The catalytic behavior of the materials was evaluated in terms of fructose conversion and selectivity to 5-HMF. The surface and structural properties of the catalysts were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption isotherms, thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and acid capacity measurements. Special attention was focused on the reaction conditions, both in terms of 5-HMF selectivity and the sustainability of the process, choosing water as the solvent. Among the various process condition studied, TiO2-SO3H catalyzed a complete conversion (99%) of 1.1M fructose and 5-HMF selectivity (50%) and yield (50%) at 165 °C. An important improvement of the HMF selectivity (71%) was achieved when the reaction was carried out by using a lower fructose concentration (0.1M) and lower temperature (140 °C). The catalytic activities of the materials were related to their acid capacities as much as their textural properties. In particular, a counterbalance between the acidity and the structure of the pores in which the catalytic sites are located, results in the key issue for switch the selectivity towards the achievement of 5-HMF.
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Ye, Boyong, Wenyang Zhang, Ruru Zhou, Yuanyuan Jiang, Zixin Zhong, and Zhaoyin Hou. "Dehydration of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural over a mesoporous sulfonated high-crosslinked polymer in different solvents." New Journal of Chemistry 46, no. 14 (2022): 6756–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2nj00142j.

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Lin, Changqu, Chaoqun Chai, Yuanzhang Li, Jiao Chen, Yanyu Lu, Hongli Wu, Lili Zhao, et al. "CaCl2 molten salt hydrate-promoted conversion of carbohydrates to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural: an experimental and theoretical study." Green Chemistry 23, no. 5 (2021): 2058–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0gc04356g.

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33.6% fructose and 52.1% HMF were achieved from glucose isomerization and dehydration in CaCl2 salt hydrate. Interactions existing in β-glucopyranose-CaCl2 and β-d-fructofuranose-Ca2+ promoted the glucose isomerization and fructose dehydration.
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García-López, Elisa I., Francesca Rita Pomilla, Bartolomeo Megna, Maria Luisa Testa, Leonarda Francesca Liotta, and Giuseppe Marcì. "Catalytic Dehydration of Fructose to 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural in Aqueous Medium over Nb2O5-Based Catalysts." Nanomaterials 11, no. 7 (July 13, 2021): 1821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11071821.

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The catalytic dehydration of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in water was performed in the presence of pristine Nb2O5 and composites containing Nb and Ti, Ce or Zr oxides. In all experiments, fructose was converted to HMF using water as the solvent. The catalysts were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, N2 physical adsorption, infrared and Raman spectroscopy and temperature-programmed desorption of NH3. Experimental parameters such as fructose initial concentration, volume of the reacting suspension, operation temperature, reaction time and amount of catalyst were tuned in order to optimize the catalytic reaction process. The highest selectivity to HMF was ca. 80% in the presence of 0.5 g·L−1 of bare Nb2O5, Nb2O5-TiO2 or Nb2O5-CeO2 with a maximum fructose conversion of ca. 70%. However, the best compromise between high conversion and high selectivity was reached by using 1 g·L−1 of pristine Nb2O5. Indeed, the best result was obtained in the presence of Nb2O5, with a fructose conversion of 76% and a selectivity to HMF of 75%, corresponding to the highest HMF yield (57%). This result was obtained at a temperature of 165° in an autoclave after three hours of reaction by using 6 mL of 1 M fructose suspension with a catalyst amount equal to 1 g·L−1.
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Gimbernat, Alexandra, Marie Guehl, Nicolas Lopes Ferreira, Egon Heuson, Pascal Dhulster, Mickael Capron, Franck Dumeignil, Damien Delcroix, Jean Girardon, and Rénato Froidevaux. "From a Sequential Chemo-Enzymatic Approach to a Continuous Process for HMF Production from Glucose." Catalysts 8, no. 8 (August 17, 2018): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal8080335.

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Notably available from the cellulose contained in lignocellulosic biomass, glucose is a highly attractive substrate for eco-efficient processes towards high-value chemicals. A recent strategy for biomass valorization consists on combining biocatalysis and chemocatalysis to realise the so-called chemo-enzymatic or hybrid catalysis. Optimisation of the glucose conversion to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is the object of many research efforts. HMF can be produced by chemo-catalyzed fructose dehydration, while fructose can be selectively obtained from enzymatic glucose isomerization. Despite recent advances in HMF production, a fully integrated efficient process remains to be demonstrated. Our innovative approach consists on a continuous process involving enzymatic glucose isomerization, selective arylboronic-acid mediated fructose complexation/transportation, and chemical fructose dehydration to HMF. We designed a novel reactor based on two aqueous phases dynamically connected via an organic liquid membrane, which enabled substantial enhancement of glucose conversion (70%) while avoiding intermediate separation steps. Furthermore, in the as-combined steps, the use of an immobilized glucose isomerase and an acidic resin facilitates catalyst recycling.
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Liu, Shuqing, Xing Fu, Jinhang Dai, Zhongbao Liu, Liangfang Zhu, and Changwei Hu. "One-Pot Synthesis of 2,5-Diformylfuran from Fructose by Bifunctional Polyaniline-Supported Heteropolyacid Hybrid Catalysts." Catalysts 9, no. 5 (May 13, 2019): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9050445.

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We report the preparation of bifunctional hybrid catalysts by supporting H3PMo12O40 (PMo12) heteropolyacid (HPA) on polyaniline (PAN) or formyl-functionalized PAN (F-PAN) for the “one-pot” and “one-step” synthesis of 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF) from fructose via 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) intermediate. We show that the PMo12 HPA is the main active species for both fructose dehydration and HMF oxidation owing to its Brønsted acidic and redox characters. However, the anchoring of PMo12 on PAN reduces the Brønsted acidity by acid–base interaction between protons in HPA and quinoid diimine structure in PAN, thereby reducing the dehydration performance. We demonstrate that the catalytic dehydration performance of the hybrid catalyst could be strengthened by grafting formyl groups on PAN before HPA anchoring. The highest DFF yield of 76.7% is obtained by conducting the “one-pot” reaction over the 40-PMo12/F3-PAN catalyst at 413 K for 7 h in air, wherein the side-reactions of fructose or HMF degradation and HMF rehydration have been significantly reduced. This hybrid catalyst is reusable without significant activity loss, highlighting the designing of stable inorganic–organic hybrid catalysts for producing valuable hexose-derived platform chemicals.
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Ma, Yubo, Lei Wang, Hongyi Li, Tianfu Wang, and Ronghui Zhang. "Selective Dehydration of Glucose into 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural by Ionic Liquid-ZrOCl2 in Isopropanol." Catalysts 8, no. 10 (October 18, 2018): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal8100467.

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In this work, a heterogeneous catalytic system consisting of [HO2CMMIm]Cl and ZrOCl2 in isopropanol is demonstrated to be effective for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) synthesis with glucose as the feedstock. Various reaction conditions for HMF synthesis by glucose dehydration were investigated systematically. Under optimized reaction conditions, as high as 43 mol% HMF yield could be achieved. Increasing the water content to a level below 3.17% led to the production of HMF with a higher yield, while a lower HMF yield was observed when the water content was increased above 3.17%. In addition, the data also showed that ZrOCl2 could not only effectively convert glucose into intermediate species (which were not fructose, in contrast to the literature) but also catalyze the intermediate species’ in situ dehydration into HMF. [HO2CMMIm]Cl was used to catalyze the intermediate species’ in situ conversion to HMF. The kinetics data showed that a temperature increase accelerated the intermediate species’ dehydration reaction rate. The reaction of glucose dehydration was a strong endothermal reaction.
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Rajmohan, Rajamani, Subramaniyan Gayathri, and Pothiappan Vairaprakash. "Facile synthesis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural: a sustainable raw material for the synthesis of key intermediates toward 21,23-dioxaporphyrins." RSC Adv. 5, no. 121 (2015): 100401–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra19400h.

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In a simple and conceptually designed method for the dehydration of fructose on a solid support, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) was synthesized in more than 95% isolated yield from fructose under very mild conditions at room temperature.
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Whitaker, Mariah R., Aamena Parulkar, and Nicholas A. Brunelli. "Selective production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural from fructose in the presence of an acid-functionalized SBA-15 catalyst modified with a sulfoxide polymer." Molecular Systems Design & Engineering 5, no. 1 (2020): 257–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9me00093c.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Dehydration of fructose to HMF"

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Baslyman, Walaa. "Microwave-assisted Dehydration of Fructose into 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) over Acidic Porous Catalysts." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/33359.

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Extensive consumption of carbon resources has led to decreasing reserves of fossil fuels and growing concern about global warming. This dilemma has promoted a shift in the economy to develop new long-term, environmentally friendly, and sustainable sources for fuels and chemicals to replace fossil fuel-based sources. Renewable biomass is an ideal alternative, as it is abundant, and relatively cheap. Among current biofuel resources, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) is a versatile intermediate between biomass-based carbohydrate chemistry and fossil fuel-based industrial organic chemistry, which can be used to synthesize a broad range of chemicals that are currently derived from fossil fuel-based resources. Carbohydrates became the preferred feedstock for high yield production of 5-HMF, and the most convenient route for the synthesis of 5-HMF is the acid-catalyzed dehydration of hexose. Within this context, a variety of processes were developed for the synthesis of 5-HMF from dehydration of fructose involving various solvents, including water, organic solvents, and biphasic systems. Likewise, a range of catalysts were employed, such as homogeneous acid catalysts and metal chlorides, which showed high catalytic activity. Heterogeneous catalysts have also been receiving attention due to their advantages such as easy recovery and recyclability. In the current research, microwave-assisted synthesis of 5-HMF by dehydration of fructose over various acidic porous catalysts, such as periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO), carbon materials, and metal organic frameworks (MOFs), was investigated. The results showed that the obtained 5-HMF yields were satisfactory, and more importantly highlighted some of the properties of porous heterogeneous catalysts that may improve the production of 5-HMF.
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Marzo, M. "Heterogeneous liquid-solid catalysis for the exploitation of renewable fonts." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/57086.

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HONEMANN, YVONNE CARINA. "DESIGN, CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATION OF HETEROGENEOUS SILICA SUPPORTED CATALYSTS, BASED ON PD NANOPARTICLES AND METAL SINGLE SITES (RH, CU)." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/214937.

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The immobilization of metal NPs and metal single sites on silica support materials offers an interesting approach to heterogeneized catalysts for a multitude of different reactions. Selective hydrogenation reactions of prochiral substrates, such as (hetero-)aromatics, can be catalyzed by heterogeneized “hybrid catalysts” of the type RhI-Pd0/SiO2, consisting of silica-supported PdNPs and chiral Rh(I) phosphine single sites. These new “hybrid catalysts” were reported in the recent years, revealing the synergetic effect between Pd and Rh. Regarding the hydrogenation of benzene/toluene, it could be shown that RhI-Pd0/SiO2 are 4 times more active than Pd0/SiO2. In particular, the scope of this work was the extension of the “hybrid catalysts” by the use of chiral phosphine ligands. PdNPs were immobilized onto various mesoporous silica supports, having an ordered (e.g. MCM-41, SBA-15) or a non-ordered (e.g. Davisil B, Davison 62) structure, both in powdery form and as monoliths. Different immobilization methods were tested (impregnation, ionic exchange, CVD), whereupon CVD proved to be a promising procedure, giving high Pd loadings up to 1.95 wt % (expected: 2 wt %). Moreover, this method was suitable for both powdery silica materials and silica monoliths. Silica-supported chiral Cu(I) complexes of the type [CuI(PC-L*)]CF3SO3/SiO2 can be applied in the asymmetric cyclopropanation of -methyl styrene with ethyl diazoacetate (EDA). Regarding the different mesoporous ordered- and non-ordered silica supports (MCM-41, SBA-15, Davisil B, Aerosil, basic silica), SBA-15 turned out to be the most-suitable one, giving excellent Cu loadings up to 1.79 wt %. The application of the [CuI(PC-L*)]CF3SO3/SiO2 catalysts gave the cyclopropanes in high yields (83 %). In this context, the recyclability of [CuI(PC-L*)]CF3SO3/SiO2 could be proven. Silica monoliths are very advantageous and thus gladly used as support material: Besides their easy handling, they allow to work in flow conditions without packing a reactor. Within this work, silica monoliths were grafted and subsequently applied in the dehydration of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). It was shown that the reaction works in batch as well as in flow, both homogeneously (using the sole unsupported grafting agent) and heterogeneously (using blank or grafted silica monoliths).
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MELI, Alessandro. "DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENTS E LIQUIDI IONICI: SOLVENTI PER LO SVILUPPO DI PROCESSI ECO-COMPATIBILI." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10447/395244.

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L’obiettivo di questi tre anni di Dottorato è stato lo studio e l’utilizzo nuovi solventi di reazione in grado di sostituire i solventi organici classici. In particolare sono stati studiati i Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) e le miscele di Liquidi Ionici (IL). I DES sono stati utilizzati come solventi per lo studio di reazioni organiche, usate per la formazione di nuovi legami C-C. Nello specifico sono state studiate la reazione di Diels-Alder, e diverse reazioni di coupling C-C catalizzate da Pd. In seguito, i DES sono stati utilizzati per la formazione di nuovi gel supramolecolari, chiamati eutectogel. Questi gel sono stati formati usando come gelator amminoacidi naturali, consentendo quindi di ottenere gel interamente costituiti da composti non tossici. Questi materiali sono stati usati come fasi adsorbenti per la rimozione di coloranti cationici da soluzioni acquose. Infine, miscele di IL sono state utilizzate per la conversione di tre diversi carboidrati in 5-HMF, ottenendo rese soddisfacenti specialmente per la conversione del fruttosio.
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Shi, Yujian. "Visible light photocatalytic conversion of sugars to 5-HMF by immobilized main group element complexes." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/226839/1/10358609_yujian_shi_thesis.pdf.

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This thesis presents an in-depth study on the using main group metal elements complexes direct conversion of sugar to the value-added chemical. Overall, it was demonstrated that under visible light irradiation, Ga (III) and Sn (II) complexes exhibited good activity for the conversion of glucose to HMF under mild reaction conditions. This kind of photoreaction that can be carried out at a low temperature and the catalyst can be recycled defines a new approach for the development of green catalytic processes and expanding the applications of photocatalysis.
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Maruani, Victor. "Compréhension des mécanismes mis en jeu dans la chimie des green-binders." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1041.

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La laine de verre est un matériau utilisé pour l'isolation acoustique et thermique des habitations. Ce matériau est constitué à 95% de fibres de verre et à 5% d'un liant. Bien que ce dernier soit utilisé en quantité très faible dans la formulation du matériau, il est responsable de l'obtention de bonnes propriétés mécaniques en assurant, notamment, l'intégrité structurelle du panneau de laine de verre. Pour préparer ces liants, une résine et des additifs (huile, silicone et silane) sont utilisés. Depuis une cinquantaine d'années, les résines majoritairement utilisées pour la préparation de liant pour la fabrication de la laine de verre sont de type formo-phénolique. Bien que les propriétés mécaniques des panneaux de laine de verre obtenus avec cette résine soient bonnes, il a été nécessaire d'éliminer le formaldéhyde, composé Cancérigène-Mutagène-Reprotoxique, de la formulation. C'est pourquoi de nouvelles résines ont dû être développées. Ces développements ont permis de retenir une résine pH-compatible à base de saccharose et avec des propriétés mécaniques analogues à celles obtenues avec la résine formo-phénolique. Le but de cette thèse est donc d'accéder à une connaissance approfondie des mécanismes réactionnels mis en jeu dans la formation de cette résine pour pouvoir, in fine, en optimiser ses performances
Glass wool is a material used for the acoustic and thermal insulation of dwellings. This material contains 95% of glass fibers and 5% of binder. Although this binder is used in a very small quantity in the formulation, it provides the expected mechanical properties by ensuring the structural integrity of the glass wool panel. To prepare these binders, resin and additives (oil, silicone and silane) are used. For fifty years the resins mostly used for the preparation of glass wool’s binders were the formo-phenolic’s types. Although theses resins provide good mechanical properties of the glass wool panels, it was necessary to remove the formaldehyde, a Carcinogen-Mutagen-Reprotoxic compound, from the formulation. As a consequence, new resins were developed. These developments helped us to retain a pH-compatible resin based on sucrose with mechanical properties as good as formo-phenolic’s resin. So, the aim of this thesis is to investigate the whole chemistry’s mechanism involved in the formation of this resin in order to be able to increase its performance
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Kükrek, Murhat [Verfasser], Regina [Akademischer Betreuer] Palkovits, and Markus [Akademischer Betreuer] Rose. "Dehydratisierung von D-Fructose sowie Oxidation von 5-HMF : Möglichkeiten der Prozessintensivierung durch Mehrphasensystem / Murhat Kükrek ; Regina Palkovits, Markus Rose." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1187346497/34.

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Kükrek, Murhat Verfasser], Regina [Akademischer Betreuer] [Palkovits, and Markus [Akademischer Betreuer] Rose. "Dehydratisierung von D-Fructose sowie Oxidation von 5-HMF : Möglichkeiten der Prozessintensivierung durch Mehrphasensystem / Murhat Kükrek ; Regina Palkovits, Markus Rose." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1187346497/34.

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Gimbernat, Alexandra. "Nouveau concept de catalyse hybride pour l’obtention du 5-HMF à partir du glucose." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10194/document.

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Les considérations environnementales actuelles encouragent la production d’intermédiaires chimiques bio-sourcés à travers des processus durables et plus respectueux de l'environnement nécessitent la conception de nouveaux systèmes catalytiques « sur mesure » recyclables. L’association de la catalyse biologique et de la catalyse chimique, appelée « catalyse hybride », fait partie de ces nouveaux concepts pouvant répondre aux défis émergents posés par la valorisation de la biomasse. C’est dans ce contexte d’émergence de la catalyse hybride que nous avons développé un procédé hybride innovant d’obtention de 5-hydroxyméthylfurfural (5-HMF), molécule plateforme clé pour l’obtention de monomères biosourcés, à partir du glucose. Les problèmes de compatibilités liées au couplage « one-pot » de l’enzyme d’isomérisation du glucose et du catalyseur chimique de déshydratation ont été résolus par la mise en œuvre d’une membrane liquide transportant le fructose. Les conditions réactionnelles optimales de chacune des 3 étapes du procédé (isomérisation du glucose, transport du fructose, déshydratation du fructose) ont été étudiées individuellement. Un premier procédé en « cascade » a alors été mis en place dans ces conditions, permettant de valider la faisabilité du procédé de production du 5-HMF. Un second procédé de catalyse hybride a ensuite été mis en place dans un réacteur innovant spécialement conçu. Ce procédé a permis de lever le verrou lié à la compatibilité des conditions des deux catalyseurs et de dépasser la limitation de rendement liée à l’équilibre thermodynamique de la réaction d’isomérisation
Current environmental considerations encourage the production of bio-sourced chemical intermediates through sustainable and environmentally friendly processes that require the design of new, custom-made, recyclable catalytic systems. The combination of biological catalysis and chemical catalysis, called "hybrid catalysis", is part of these new concepts that can meet the emerging challenges posed by the biomass valorization. In this context of hybrid catalysis emergence, we have developed an innovative hybrid process for obtaining 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), a key platform molecule for biosourced monomers obtaining from glucose. Compatibility issues related to the "one-pot" coupling of the glucose isomerization enzyme and the chemical dehydration catalyst have been solved by the implementation of a liquid membrane carrying the fructose. Optimal reaction conditions of each of the 3 process steps (glucose isomerization, fructose transport, fructose dehydration) were studied individually. A first "cascade" process was then set up under these conditions, making it possible to validate the feasibility of the 5-HMF production process. A second hybrid catalysis process was then implemented in a specially designed innovative reactor. This process made it possible to remove the lock related to the compatibility of the operating conditions and to exceed the yield limitation related to the thermodynamic equilibrium of the isomerization reaction
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Stosic, Dusan. "Acidic-basic properties of catalysts for conversion of biomass." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00946707.

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Glycerol and fructose are molecules that are readily available in substantial quantities fromthe biomass. In this work dehydration routes for valorization of these compounds wereinvestigated. Therefore, zirconia and titania based catalysts, and calcium phosphate materialswere prepared and evaluated in the glycerol dehydration in gas phase. Niobia-ceria mixedoxides and mesoporous Nb2O5-MeO2 (M = Ce, Zr, Ti) mixed oxides were prepared andtested in fructose dehydration reaction in aqueous phase. The surface acid-base properties ofthe studied catalysts were correlated to their catalytic performance.
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Book chapters on the topic "Dehydration of fructose to HMF"

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Antal, Michael Jerry, and William S. Mok. "A Study of the Acid Catalyzed Dehydration of Fructose in Near-Critical Water." In Research in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, 464–72. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2737-7_35.

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Conference papers on the topic "Dehydration of fructose to HMF"

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Alsafran, Mohammed H., Mohammed Akkbik, Ahmad A. Ahmadi, and Mohammad I. Ahmad. "Spectrophotometric Determination of the Honey Bee Quality." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2021.0002.

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Honey produced by bees from nectar in flowers and plants, is an aqueous supersaturated sugar solution, mainly monosaccharide (fructose and glucose) (70%–80%) and water (10%–20%). 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) content in honey bee is an indicator of the purity. High concentration of 5-HMF in honey bee indicates overheating and poor storage conditions (The chemical properties of honey, free acids and total acids) significantly in correlation with the HMF content and provides parameters that are used to make quick assessments of honey quality (Khalil et al., 2010). The recommended value of 5-HMF (Alinorm 01/25, 2000) and the European Union (Directive 110/2001) in honey usually should not exceed 80 or 40 mg/kg, respectively. This work aims to examine the concentration of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) content in different Qatari honey bee samples as an indicator of the honey bee quality by using the reference White Method.
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Elmously, Mohamed A., Ahmed Emara, and Osayed S. M. Abu-Elyazeed. "Conversion of Glucose Into 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural in DMSO as Single Organic Solvent." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-37316.

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Nowadays, 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is considered an important compound due to its economic importance, and due to the energy and waste crisis. It could provide a biofuel and alternatives of petrochemicals for various industrial applications. In the present work, 5-HMF was successfully produced with high yield by the dehydration of glucose in DMSO as organic solvent. DMSO was approved that it is highly selectivity of HMF (5-Hydroxymethylfurfural), and reducing the side reactions compared to water/DMSO as solvent. And the 5-HMF formation reaction was found to be faster in DMSO system than in water/DMSO. The influence of temperature and reaction time on the selectivity of DMSO was investigated over small range, to clarify the relation between temperature and time.
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Schael, Frank, Krishna Nigam, and Patrick Rojahn. "Continuous Reactive Extraction for Manufacturing of CMF and HMF from Fructose with Milli-/microstructured Coiled Flow Inverter." In Virtual 2021 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/am21.269.

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