Journal articles: 'Dehydration'

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Finger, Fernando L., John D. Eide, Abbas M. Lafta, Mohamed F. R. Khan, Munevver Dogramaci, and Karen K. Fugate. "Methyl jasmonate effects on sugarbeet root responses to postharvest dehydration." PeerJ 9 (June 17, 2021): e11623. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11623.

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Background Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) roots are stored under conditions that cause roots to dehydrate, which increases postharvest losses. Although exogenous jasmonate applications can reduce drought stress in intact plants, their ability to alleviate the effects of dehydration in postharvest sugarbeet roots or other stored plant products is unknown. Research was conducted to determine whether jasmonate treatment could mitigate physiological responses to dehydration in postharvest sugarbeet roots. Methods Freshly harvested sugarbeet roots were treated with 10 µM methyl jasmonate (MeJA) or water and stored under dehydrating and non-dehydrating storage conditions. Changes in fresh weight, respiration rate, wound healing, leaf regrowth, and proline metabolism of treated roots were investigated throughout eight weeks in storage. Results Dehydrating storage conditions increased root weight loss, respiration rate, and proline accumulation and prevented leaf regrowth from the root crown. Under dehydrating conditions, MeJA treatment reduced root respiration rate, but only in severely dehydrated roots. MeJA treatment also hastened wound-healing, but only in the late stages of barrier formation. MeJA treatment did not impact root weight loss or proline accumulation under dehydrating conditions or leaf regrowth under non-dehydrating conditions. Both dehydration and MeJA treatment affected expression of genes involved in proline metabolism. In dehydrated roots, proline dehydrogenase expression declined 340-fold, suggesting that dehydration-induced proline accumulation was governed by reducing proline degradation. MeJA treatment altered proline biosynthetic and catabolic gene expression, with greatest effect in non-dehydrated roots. Overall, MeJA treatment alleviated physiological manifestations of dehydration stress in stored roots, although the beneficial effects were small. Postharvest jasmonate applications, therefore, are unlikely to significantly reduce dehydration-related storage losses in sugarbeet roots.

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Golovashov, I. A., D. I. Alekseev, and A. V. Shvaleva. "Electric dehydration of coal tar – a by-product of coke production for blast furnace smelting." iPolytech Journal 28, no. 2 (July 4, 2024): 360–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/1814-3520-2024-2-360-370.

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The aim of the study was to adapt the technology of electric dehydration of oil for use with coal tar (a by-product of coke production for blast furnace smelting) in order to remove ash (tar decanter sludge) and water. The research focuses on coal tar generated in coke ovens, which forms a colloidal system with water and ash. The method of electric dehydration was employed in the study, which is currently used to remove water from the oil–water colloidal system. The construction of the 2-EG-160-2 electric dehydrator was examined, along with the specifics of introducing coal tar into it in comparison to oil. It was demonstrated that, under the proposed operational conditions for the electric dehydrator, the coal tar and tar decanter sludge would settle at the bottom of the unit due to their higher density than that of water (the density of coal tar is approximately 1200 kg/m3 and higher). A scheme for integrating the electric dehydrator into the de-ashing process at a coke-chemical plant was proposed. The process of separating coal tar in the electric dehydrator was calculated. The results demonstrated that the efficiency of the equipment in the dehydration of coal tar, in comparison to oil, is considerably lower due to its higher density and viscosity (approximately 40 times higher at 80°C). Consequently, the performance of the electric dehydrator for coal tar would be approximately 40,000 tons, as opposed to approximately 1 million tons for oil. Nevertheless, the aforementioned performance per electric dehydrator is sufficient to meet the dehydration needs of AO “Ural Steel” for coal tar. Therefore, it is recommended that the electric dehydrator be integrated into the general coal tar dehydration scheme in order to ensure that the required quality standards for the tar are met, allowing it to be used and sold as a target product.

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Zlatkovic, Branislav, and Todor Vulic. "From a smokehouse to a vacuum dehydrator." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 49, no. 1 (2004): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas0401131z.

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The tradition of fruit dehydration in Serbia has been long and anviable. It seems that Serbian machine-building in the area of fruit processing technology has given its greatest contribution in this field. It has been one 100 years since the smoking house of Mr Stokovic, PhD was announced to be the best and the most promising plum dehydrator at the open competition organized in Topcider by the Ministry of Agriculture. It was the first real almost continual fruit dehydrator where plums were moved at certain intervals closer and closer to the source of heat. Such a concept of plum dehydration from lower to higher temperatures was held on even later in perhaps our most famous dehydrator CER. Even the smoky smell was retained but liquid fuel was used for technical purposes. For a long time, it has been a well- known fact that vacuum dehydration has many advantages. In our country there have been many attempts to make fruit dehydrator of greater capacities in which vacuum would be used. Of course, there have been many problems, both technical and technological, but today a hundred years after accepting Stojkovic?s smokehouse, it is our great honor to present to you the results of plum dehydration in a home-made vacuum condensation dehydrator. We hope that now path is widely open to high quality dehydration, and not only for that plum, but for fruit susceptible to oxidation which is the reason our food industry has not produced it so far. This is probably a farewell to the most dangerous, but for the product quality, the most necessary operation - sulphuration.

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Chen, Mei, Fu Quan Zhang, Yong Zhou Wang, Mao Fang Huang, and Wei Yong Deng. "Study on Dehydration Process of Wet Natural Rubber by Single Screw Dehydrator and Properties of Dry Natural Rubber." Advanced Materials Research 418-420 (December 2011): 544–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.418-420.544.

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In this work, one self-invented closed single screw dehydrator was used to dehydrate wet natural rubber, instead of current three opened crepers and one hammer mill at home and abroad. The dehydration technology and the properties of the obtained dry natural rubber were studied. The results show that single screw dehydrator can simplify dehydration process. The water consumption of single screw dehydrator is 20% of current productive technology, meaning a lower wastewater discharge and treatment cost of wastewater. The moisture content of dehydrated natural rubber is lower than 20%, a good dehydration effect. The dry natural rubber dehydrated with single screw dehydrator has an improved thermal-oxidation ageing resistance whether dried by hot-air or microwave. The thermal-oxidation ageing resistance of natural rubber dried by microwave is better than that of hot-air drying, the value of initial plasticity (P0) and plasticity retention index (PRI) are 29.3 unit value and 19.26 unit value greater than that of SCR5 in GB/T 8081, respectively.

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Liu, Hong Wei, Hai Tang Chen, Guang Yue Pu, and Chun Lei Pan. "The Research of Grading Dehydration Technology on Slurry Pipeline Grade Conveyor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 716-717 (December 2014): 67–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.716-717.67.

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To solve the confusing problem of different grades of slurry in the grades pipeline, this paper presents a new technology for slurry sizing dehydration. The method realizes the grading treatment by making full use of dehydrating station agitation tank and thickener buffer storage capacity. Research has shown that the method can effectively solve the grading dehydration process after the arrival terminal dehydration station in different grade slurry, and ensure the multi-grade mineral classification sequence transportation process completed successfully.

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Yeasmin, Sultana, S. M. Tafsir Hasan, Mohammod Jobayer Chisti, Md Alfazal Khan, A. S. G. Faruque, and Tahmeed Ahmed. "Factors associated with dehydrating rotavirus diarrhea in children under five in Bangladesh: An urban-rural comparison." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 26, 2022): e0273862. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273862.

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Introduction Rotavirus is the leading cause of dehydrating diarrhea in young children worldwide. This study aimed to identify the factors associated with dehydrating rotavirus diarrhea in children under five years of age in urban and rural Bangladesh. Methods The study analyzed data from 7,758 children under five who presented with rotavirus diarrhea to Dhaka (urban) and Matlab (rural) hospital of icddr,b during 2009–2018, and were enrolled in the Diarrheal Disease Surveillance System. Cases were defined as children having rotavirus isolated in stool specimens presented with dehydrating diarrhea. Controls were children infected with rotavirus have no dehydration. Multivariable logistic regression models were built to identify the factors associated with dehydrating diarrhea. Results Among the rotavirus-infected children, 1,784 (34%) in Dhaka and 160 (6%) in Matlab had diarrhea with some or severe dehydration. The female children and age group 24–59 months age was found to be at higher risk of dehydration compared to 6–11 months age. In the multivariable logistic regression model, maternal illiteracy, vomiting, the onset of diarrhea less than 24 hours prior to presenting to the hospital, monsoon months, stunting, and wasting were significantly associated with dehydrating rotavirus diarrhea among children aged 0–59 months in Dhaka. In Matlab, monthly income, duration less than 24 hours prior to attending the hospital, and wasting had an independent significant association with dehydrating rotavirus diarrhea episodes. Conclusions Considering factors diversity, educating parents and proper counselling by health care personnel during diarrhea, could lessen the severity of dehydration and the number of hospital visits later on by eliminating the modifiable risk factors among the children, which needs further studies.

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Fridrichová, Marcela, Iveta Hájková, and Karel Dvořák. "Production of Alpha Plaster Modification by Pressureless Method." Advanced Materials Research 1100 (April 2015): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1100.64.

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The goal of researching works was production of alpha hemihydrate of calcium sulphate by pressureless dehydration method in different solution of chloride salts at same molal concentration. Production was done in innovated dehydration device and main watched parameter was influence of dehydrating solutions based on KCl, NaCl and CaCl2 on properties of produced alpha plaster.

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Lobley, Carina M. C., James Sandy, Juan Sanchez-Weatherby, Marco Mazzorana, Tobias Krojer, Radosław P. Nowak, and Thomas L. Sorensen. "A generic protocol for protein crystal dehydration using the HC1b humidity controller." Acta Crystallographica Section D Structural Biology 72, no. 5 (April 26, 2016): 629–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2059798316003065.

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Dehydration may change the crystal lattice and affect the mosaicity, resolution and quality of X-ray diffraction data. A dehydrating environment can be generated around a crystal in several ways with various degrees of precision and complexity. This study uses a high-precision crystal humidifier/dehumidifier to provide an airstream of known relative humidity in which the crystals are mounted: a precise yet hassle-free approach to altering crystal hydration. A protocol is introduced to assess the impact of crystal dehydration systematically applied to nine experimental crystal systems. In one case, that of glucose isomerase, dehydration triggering a change of space group fromI222 toP21212 was observed. This observation is supported by an extended study of the behaviour of the glucose isomerase crystal structure during crystal dehydration.

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Madár, Viktor, János Gubó, and László Tóth. "Dehydrating Using Combined Energy Intake Method." Hungarian Agricultural Engineering, no. 41 (2022): 24–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17676/hae.2022.41.24.

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Our paper introduces the research and development of a new, continuously operational food dehydrator, and the prototype of said machine. Conditions related to heating technology are required for dehydrators that prevent the vegetables and fruits from suffering too much damage to their internal components. In the new system, traditional convective heat transfer was combined with microwave dehydration, which is well-known for its better efficiency. The final goal is to create an industrial system that can satisfy both small works and industrial demands, while being more energy efficient than traditional solutions, and has faster dehydration potential. However, at the same time, due to dehydrating on lower temperature, it should end up in a gentler drying process. It is fundamental to keep the valuable components of the products intact. The system is continuously operational. The material is sent via conveyor belt through the canal, while magnetrons are operating, and low- heat and moisture airflow is moving above it. Materials dried with the machine were evaluated by the Institute of Horticulture, at the Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences s (MATE).

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Ikhsan, Liyana Nabihah, Kok-Yong Chin, and Fairus Ahmad. "Methods of the Dehydration Process and Its Effect on the Physicochemical Properties of Stingless Bee Honey: A Review." Molecules 27, no. 21 (October 25, 2022): 7243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27217243.

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Stingless bee honey (SLBH) has a high moisture content, making it more prone to fermentation and leading to honey spoilage. Dehydration of SLBH after harvest is needed to reduce the moisture content. This review compiles the available data on the dehydration methods for SLBH and their effect on its physicochemical properties. This review discovered the dehydration process of vacuum drying at 60 °C and 5% moisture setting, freeze-drying at −54 °C and 5% moisture setting for 24 h, and using a food dehydrator at 55 °C for 18 h could extract >80% water content in SLBH. As a result, these methods could decrease moisture content to <17% and water activity to <0.6. These will prevent the fermentation process and microorganism growth. The hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) contents remain within the permissible standard of <40 mg/kg. The total phenolic content increased after dehydration by these methods. Therefore, dehydration of SLBH is recommended to increase its benefits.

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Huang, Qingqiu, and Doletha M. E. Szebenyi. "Improving diffraction resolution using a new dehydration method." Acta Crystallographica Section F Structural Biology Communications 72, no. 2 (January 28, 2016): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053230x16000261.

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The production of high-quality crystals is one of the major obstacles in determining the three-dimensional structure of macromolecules by X-ray crystallography. It is fairly common that a visually well formed crystal diffracts poorly to a resolution that is too low to be suitable for structure determination. Dehydration has proven to be an effective post-crystallization treatment for improving crystal diffraction quality. Several dehydration methods have been developed, but no single one of them is suitable for all crystals. Here, a new convenient and effective dehydration method is reported that makes use of a dehydrating solution that will not dry out in air for several hours. Using this dehydration method, the resolution ofArchaeoglobus fulgidusCas5a crystals has been increased from 3.2 to 1.95 Å and the resolution ofEscherichia coliLptA crystals has been increased from <5 to 3.4 Å.

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Ganesan, Muthupandian. "Methods for Direct Conversion of Primary Nitroalkanes to Nitriles." Current Organic Chemistry 25, no. 24 (December 22, 2021): 2990–3003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1385272825666211126124835.

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In recent years, reductive dehydration of primary nitro compounds has been demonstrated as an attractive and alternative approach for the direct synthesis of nitriles. Although scattered information on the conversion of alkyl nitrites and/or nitroalkanes to the corresponding nitriles has been reported in the literature, a research paper describing comprehensive information at one place is scarce. The present review has attempted to focus on the uncatalyzed as well as catalyzed reductive dehydration of nitro compounds directly into nitriles in the presence of dehydrating reagents. Non-metal and metal-catalyzed dehydration of nitro compounds and the use of radical chemistry in accessing nitriles have been highlighted in this review article.

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Sitorus, M., S. Ibrahim, H. Nurdin, and D. Darwis. "STUDI PENGARUH WAKTU, SUHU DAN JUMLAH DEHIDRATOR PADA DEHIDRASI RISINOLEAT MINYAK JARAK DENGAN P2O5." Jurnal Riset Kimia 4, no. 1 (February 11, 2015): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jrk.v4i1.70.

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The aims of study are to optimize the reaction’s parameters i.e. time, temperature, and amount of dehydrator’s agent on the dehydration of ricinoleic of castor oil into dehydrated castor oil (DCO) by mean P2O5. DCO is the mixed of linoleic acid (LA) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Dehydration were carried out using various of time, temperature, and amount of dehydrator. The reaction medium was maintained under vacuum, gentle bubbling with nitrogen, magnetically stirred and used Zn’s powder as antipolymerization’s agent. The changes composition of DCO were analyzed by GC, and identification by FTIR and GC-MS and compared to CLA’s standard. Best result were obtain for 4 h, at 200°C and 3% (w/w) P2O5. DCO compositions were : 1.02% of (9c/t – 12c/t) linoleic; 41.97% of (9c/t – 12t/c) linoleic ; 19.50% of (9c/t – 11t/c) CLA ; 19.79% of (9t – 11t) CLA; and 0.90% of residual’s of ricinoleic. The yields of dehydration was 98.98%, and the decreased 92.98% intensities of –OH wives number in FTIR spectra’s castor oil comparison with DCO to indicated transform of ricinoleic by dehydration. Both wave number of alkenes (C=C) at FTIR DCO spectra was indicated to formed of conjugated alkenes (CLA). The ratio of CLA : linoleic was 0.92 : 1 with achievement of 63.5% relatively to CLA standard with ratio of CLA : linoleic was 1.45 : 1. Keywords: Time, Temperature, Amount of dehydrator, Dehydration of ricinoleic

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Uyazán, Ana María, Iván Dario Gil, Jaime Aguilar, Gerardo Rodríguez Niño, and Luis A. Caicedo Mesa. "Producing fuel alcohol by extractive distillation: Simulating the process with glycerol." Ingeniería e Investigación 26, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v26n1.14675.

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Downstream separation processes in biotechnology form part of the stages having most impact on a product's final cost. The tendency throughout the world today is to replace fossil fuels with those having a renewable origin such as ethanol; this, in turn, produces a demand for the same and the need for optimising fermentation, treating vinazas and dehydration processes. The present work approaches the problem of dehydration through simulating azeotropic ethanol extractive distillation using glycerol as separation agent. Simulations were done on an Aspen Plus process simulator (Aspen Tech version 11.1). The simulated process involves two distillation columns, a dehydrator and a glycerol recuperation column. Simulation restrictions were ethanol's molar composition in dehydrator column distillate and the process's energy consumption. The effect of molar reflux ratio, solvent-feed ratio, solvent entry and feed stage and solvent entry temperature were evaluated on the chosen restrictions. The results showed that the ethanol-water mixture dehydration with glycerol as separation agent is efficient from the energy point of view.

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Lobley, Carina, Juan Sanchez-Weatherby, James Sandy, Marco Mazzorana, Tobias Krojer, and Thomas Sorensen. "When protein crystal dehydration helps." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314096624.

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A typical protein crystal contains 30-60% solvent. For a naked crystal, this solvent is distributed between solvent shells, where water and solvent molecules make specific interactions with the crystalline protein, and solvent channels filled with disordered solvent molecules. This internal solvent map of the crystal can be modified by placing the crystal in a dehydrating environment. This may in turn induce changes to the crystal lattice and affect mosaicity, resolution and quality of diffraction data. A dehydrating environment can be generated around a crystal in several ways with various degrees of precision and complexity. In this study we have used the HC1 device (Maatel) to mount crystals an air stream of known relative humidity – a precise yet hassle-free approach to altering crystal hydration. We set out to analyse a range of different crystals to establish usable protocols that will allow one to explore to crystal hydration space, either by preparing samples before synchrotron beamtime or by undertaking the experiments during beamtime. Our results, considered in the light of the literature surrounding crystal dehydration, provide guidance for when dehydration can help diffraction.

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Manthilake, Geeth, Julien Chantel, Nicolas Guignot, and Andrew King. "The Anomalous Seismic Behavior of Aqueous Fluids Released during Dehydration of Chlorite in Subduction Zones." Minerals 11, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11010070.

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Dehydration and fluid circulation are integral parts of subduction tectonics that govern the dynamics of the wedge mantle. The knowledge of the elastic behavior of aqueous fluid is crucial to understand the fluid–rock interactions in the mantle through velocity profiles. In this study, we investigated the elastic wave velocities of chlorite at high pressure beyond its dehydrating temperature, simulating the progressive dehydration of hydrous minerals in subduction zones. The dehydration resulted in an 8% increase in compressional (Vp) and a 5% decrease in shear wave (Vs) velocities at 950 K. The increase in Vp can be attributed to the stiffening of the sample due to the formation of secondary mineral phases followed by the dehydration of chlorite. The fluid-bearing samples exhibited Vp/Vs of 2.45 at 950 K. These seismic parameters are notably different from the major mantle minerals or hydrous silicate melts and provide unique seismic criteria for detecting mantle fluids through seismic tomography.

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Mikolášek, Peter. "Dehydration." Pediatrie pro praxi 19, no. 5 (October 25, 2018): 252–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.36290/ped.2018.050.

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Edwards, Andrew M., and Timothy D. Noakes. "Dehydration." Sports Medicine 39, no. 1 (2009): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200939010-00001.

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Friebele, Elaine. "Dehydration." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 78, no. 31 (1997): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/eo078i031p00318-03.

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Weinberg, Andrew D. "Dehydration." JAMA 274, no. 19 (November 15, 1995): 1552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1995.03530190066035.

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Sitorus, Marham, S. Ibrahim, H. Nurdin, and D. Darwis. "TRANSFORMATION OF RICINOLEIC OF CASTOR OIL INTO LINOLEIC (OMEGA-6) AND CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID BY DEHYDRATION." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 9, no. 2 (June 22, 2010): 278–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21543.

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The ricinoleic of Castor Oil was dehydrated by various dehydrator agent (P2O5, K2CO3, H3PO4, NaHSO4, Al2O3, molecular sieve and activated bentonite at 450 °C - HCl) on the same condition (150 °C, mol ratio 1:1 and 2 hours ). The compositions of Refined Ricinus Castor Oil as starting material were : 0.92% palmitic , 5.56% linoleic , 4.07% octadecanoic , 1.22% stearic and 85.06% ricinoleic. The spesific wave number of IR was bandwith 3411 cm-1 caused of hydroxyl (-OH) group of ricinoleic at C-12 as main component. The product was Dehydrated Castor Oil (DCO) mixed of linoleic (omega 6) [C18 : 2 (9,12)] and Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) [C18: 2 (9,11)]. The best dehydrator was P2O5 based on three parameters were : Free Fatty Acid (FFA) nearly the same (1.855% of Castor oil and 2.139% of DCO), the most increased of Iodium value (49.860 mg/g of Castor oil in to 63.090 mg/g of DCO), and the most decresed of hydroxyl number (28.27 mg of Castor oil in to 17.75 mg/g of DCO). To optimized the dehydration was done by various number of P2O5 (3g, 5g and 7g), tempereture (room, 100 °C and 150 °C) and time (2h, 2.5h, 3h, and 3.5h). The optimal conditon of dehydration was not found yet. Some of sugestted or idea for dehydration were: dehydration must be done by base or netral, non oxydator dehydrator, mol ratio 1:1, temperature (100-150 °C) and 2-3.5 h. Based on GC-MS the best DCO (7g P2O5, 150 °C and 3.5 h) were showed that the decrease of ricinoleic 14.13% (85.08% of Castor Oil in to 70.93% of DCO), increased linoleic 2.09% (5.56 of Castor oil in to 7.65% of DCO) and conducted of 9.09% CLA. Some new peaks between linoleic and ricinoleic are maybe isomer's of linoleic and CLA. The wave number of cunjugated alkene (C=C) (1666.3 cm-1) of IR spectra of DCO together with GC-MS chromatogram's to indicated that linoleic and CLA were conducted. Keywords: castor oil, risinoleic, dehydration, omega 6 dan CLA

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Kowalski, Stefan, and Dominik Mierzwa. "Influence of preliminary osmotic dehydration on drying kinetics and final quality of carrot (Daucus carota L.)." Chemical and Process Engineering 32, no. 3 (September 1, 2011): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10176-011-0014-6.

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Influence of preliminary osmotic dehydration on drying kinetics and final quality of carrot (Daucus carotaL.)This paper concerns convective drying of carrot preliminary dehydrated in aqueous solutions of three types of osmotic agents (sucrose, fructose, glucose). Three solution concentrations (20, 40 and 60%) were examined to work out efficient conditions of osmotic dewatering. The parameters such as water loss (WL), solid gain (SG) and osmotic drying rate (ODR) indicating the real efficiency of osmotic dehydrations (OD) were determined. The samples dehydrated with osmotic solutions underwent further convective drying to analyze influence of dehydration process on drying kinetics and final products quality. The quality of products was assessed on the basis of visual appearance of the samples and colorimetric measurements. It was found that osmotic pretreatment improves significantly the final product quality as the samples were less deformed and their colour was better preserved compared to samples, which had not been preliminarily dehydrated. Preliminary dehydration, however, did not influence significantly the overall drying time of the samples.

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Close, TJ, and PM Chandler. "Cereal Dehydrins: Serology, Gene Mapping and Potential Functional Roles." Functional Plant Biology 17, no. 3 (1990): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9900333.

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Barley and maize seedlings exposed to a non-lethal dehydration treatment were previously shown to synthesise dehydration-induced protein (dehydrins). Antibodies against maize dehydrin react immunologically with polypeptides in dehydrating barley and wheat seedlings. Barley dehydrin cDNA hydridises to RNA present in dehydrating wheat, and other grass seedlings. These results indicate similarity of dehydrin epitopes, mRNA sequences, and gene regulation amongst dehydrins of several grasses, including wheat and barley. Two barley dehydrin genes were assigned to barley chromosome 6 (dhn3 and dhn4) and two to chromosome 7 (dhn1 and dhn2) using barley dehydrin cDNA clones and DNA from wheat-barley addition lines. Genes on the same chromosome have greater similarity in sequence than between chromosomes. Analysis of several different barley cultivars with one of the dehydrin cDNA clones revealed restriction fragment length polymorphism.

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Mejia Sanchez, Ronald, José Araruna Júnior, Roberto Avillez, Hongtao Wang, and Shuguang Liu. "Dehydrating subsurface clayey soils using plastic electrodes: a simple, fast, and yet reliable technique." Soils and Rocks 46, no. 3 (May 4, 2023): e2023074721. http://dx.doi.org/10.28927/sr.2023.074721.

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The electrokinetic process seems to be interesting to the earthwork portion on the construction of buildings, and transportation projects since this simple, fast, yet reliable technique could expedite dehydrating of soil and reduce delays in the construction schedule. This paper examined the technical feasibility and a brief cost analysis of using plastic electrodes for electrokinetically dehydrating clayey soils with high moisture content were also carried out. The results from the experimental program carried out on a marine clayey soil with copper and plastic electrodes showed a great deal of soil improvement since positive changes in undrained shear strength occur due to the free water dehydration process induced by electroosmosis and to the adsorbed water dehydration process induced by electromigration. It was also observed that values of the undrained shear strength remained stable at the final stages of the electrokinetic process indicating a permanent soil improvement. Finally, it was noticed that dehydrating could be achieved at lower costs by employing plastic electrodes.

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Mollenhauer, Hilton H. "Artifacts caused by dehydration and epoxy embedding in TEM." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 49 (August 1991): 338–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042482010008599x.

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Various means have been devised to preserve biological specimens for electron microscopy, the most common being chemical fixation followed by dehydration and resin impregnation. It is intuitive, and has been amply demonstrated, that these manipulations lead to aberrations of many tissue elements. This report deals with three parts of this problem: specimen dehydration, epoxy embedding resins, and electron beam-specimen interactions. However, because of limited space, only a few points can be summarized.Dehydration: Tissue damage, or at least some molecular transitions within the tissue, must occur during passage of a cell or tissue to a nonaqueous state. Most obvious, perhaps, is a loss of lipid, both that which is in the form of storage vesicles and that associated with tissue elements, particularly membranes. Loss of water during dehydration may also lead to tissue shrinkage of 5-70% (volume change) depending on the tissue and dehydrating agent.

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Yang, Tao, Chengjie Huang, Jingyang Jia, Fan Wu, and Feng Ni. "A Facile Synthesis of 2-Oxazolines via Dehydrative Cyclization Promoted by Triflic Acid." Molecules 27, no. 24 (December 19, 2022): 9042. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27249042.

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2-oxazolines are common moieties in numerous natural products, pharmaceuticals, and functional copolymers. Current methods for synthesizing 2-oxazolines mainly rely on stoichiometric dehydration agents or catalytic dehydration promoted by specific catalysts. These conditions either generate stoichiometric amounts of waste or require forcing azeotropic reflux conditions. As such, a practical and robust method that promotes dehydrative cyclization while generating no byproducts would be attractive to oxazoline production. Herein, we report a triflic acid (TfOH)-promoted dehydrative cyclization of N-(2-hydroxyethyl)amides for synthesizing 2-oxazolines. This reaction tolerates various functional groups and generates water as the only byproduct. This method affords oxazoline with inversion of α-hydroxyl stereochemistry, suggesting that alcohol is activated as a leaving group under these conditions. Furthermore, the one-pot synthesis protocol of 2-oxazolines directly from carboxylic acids and amino alcohols is also provided.

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Ernovitania, Yuvienta, and Sri Sumarmi. "HUBUNGAN ANTARA PENGELUARAN UNTUK MINUM DAN POLA KONSUMSI AIR DENGAN STATUS HIDRASI PADA SISWI SMP UNGGULAN BINA INSANI SURABAYA." Indonesian Journal of Public Health 12, no. 2 (February 8, 2018): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ijph.v12i2.2017.276-285.

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Currently many teenagers only drinking when they are thirsty, while the thirst is a sign of dehydration. Moreover they have another habit, they didn’t allocate their money for buying drink and they also didn’t bring a tumblr at school. That unhealthy habit can lead dehydration. One of the dehydration’s impact was fatigue and lost of focus. The purpose of this research was to analyze the relationship between d rink’s expense and water consumption patterns with the h ydration status at SMP Unggulan Bina Insani Surabaya. This study was an observational study with cross sectional design using simple random sampling technique. The sample was 50 students. The variables were drink’s expense, water consumption patterns, and hydration status. This study was conducted at SMP Unggulan Bina Insani Surabaya. Data analysis using spearman/pearson and chi-square test with α = 0.05. The result of this study showed that most of the student had average drink’s expense, less water consumption patterns, and Minimal Dehydration. There was a relationship between d rink’s expense (p = 0.047), and d rinking pattern (p = 0.000) with h ydration status. The conclusion of this study was the two independent variables such d rink’s expense and water consumption patterns show a significant relationship with h ydration status at SMP Unggulan Bina Insani Surabaya. Suggestions for the school was to provide counseling about the definition, signs, impact, and how to prevent dehydration in students in order to avoid the incidence of dehydration.

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Zajic, Daniel E., Jonathon P. Nicholson, and Jason E. Podrabsky. "No water, no problem: stage-specific metabolic responses to dehydration stress in annual killifish embryos." Journal of Experimental Biology 223, no. 18 (August 10, 2020): jeb231985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.231985.

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ABSTRACTAnnual killifish survive in temporary ponds by producing drought-tolerant embryos that can enter metabolic dormancy (diapause). Survival of dehydration stress is achieved through severe reduction of evaporative water loss. We assessed dehydration stress tolerance in diapausing and developing Austrofundulus limnaeus embryos. We measured oxygen consumption rates under aquatic and aerial conditions to test the hypothesis that there is a trade-off between water retention and oxygen permeability. Diapausing embryos survive dehydrating conditions for over 1.5 years, and post-diapause stages can survive for over 100 days. Diapausing embryos respond to dehydration stress by increasing oxygen consumption rates while post-diapause embryos exhibit the same or reduced rates compared with aquatic embryos. Thus, water retention does not always limit oxygen diffusion. Aerial incubation coupled with hypoxia causes some embryos to arrest development. The observed stage-specific responses are consistent with an intrinsic bet-hedging strategy in embryos that would increase developmental variation in a potentially adaptive manner.

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29

Heping Li and Hosahalli S Ramaswamy. "Osmotic dehydration." Stewart Postharvest Review 1, no. 4 (2005): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2212/spr.2005.4.3.

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30

Blache, C., and A. Verhaeghe. "WALNUTS DEHYDRATION." Acta Horticulturae, no. 705 (March 2005): 563–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2005.705.83.

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31

Lewis, Robin. "Addressing dehydration." Nursing Standard 28, no. 51 (August 20, 2014): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.28.51.74.s59.

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Uyazán, Ana María, Iván Dario Gil, J. L. Aguilar, Gerardo Rodríguez Niño, and Luis Alfonso Caicedo. "Ethanol dehydration." Ingeniería e Investigación 24, no. 3 (September 1, 2004): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v24n3.14610.

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This review outlines ethanol dehydration processes and their most important characteristics. It also deals with the main operating variables and some criteria used in designing the separation scheme. A differentiation is made between processes involving liquid-steam balance in separation operations and those doing it by screening the difference in molecule size. The last part presents a comparison between the three main industrial processes, stressing their strengths and weaknesses from the operational, energy consumption and industrial services points of view.

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33

Haverkamp, Richard G., Katie H. Sizeland, Hannah C. Wells, and Christina Kamma-Lorger. "Collagen dehydration." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 216 (September 2022): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.180.

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34

Grisanti, Kathleen A., and David M. Jaffe. "Dehydration Syndromes." Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 9, no. 3 (August 1991): 565–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8627(20)30188-7.

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35

Dameron, Carrie M. "Spiritual Dehydration." Journal of Christian Nursing 17, no. 2 (2000): 16–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005217-200017020-00006.

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36

Brennan, J. G. "Practical Dehydration." Food Chemistry 68, no. 4 (March 2000): 487–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0308-8146(99)00214-9.

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Moloney, Edward, Siobhan O'Sullivan, Thomas Hogan, Leonard W. Poulter, and Conor M. Burke. "Airway Dehydration." Chest 121, no. 6 (June 2002): 1806–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.121.6.1806.

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38

Simmons, Susan. "Acute dehydration." Nursing 40, no. 1 (January 2010): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nurse.0000365928.03169.ca.

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39

Davies, Alexandria, Ashley Paul Akerman, Nancy Jane Rehrer, Simon N. Thornton, and James David Cotter. "Limited Effect of Dehydrating via Active vs. Passive Heat Stress on Plasma Volume or Osmolality, Relative to the Effect of These Stressors Per Se." Nutrients 15, no. 4 (February 10, 2023): 904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15040904.

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The physiological, perceptual, and functional effects of dehydration may depend on how it is incurred (e.g., intense exercise releases endogenous water via glycogenolysis) but this basic notion has rarely been examined. We investigated the effects of active (exercise) heat- vs. passive heat-induced dehydration, and the kinetics of ad libitum rehydration following each method. Twelve fit participants (five females and seven males) completed four trials in randomised order: DEHydration to −3% change in body mass (∆BM) under passive or active heat stress, and EUHydration to prevent ∆BM under passive or active heat stress. In all trials, participants then sat in a temperate-controlled environment, ate a standard snack and had free access to water and sports drink during their two-hour recovery. During mild dehydration (≤2% ∆BM), active and passive heating caused comparable increases in plasma osmolality (Posm: ~4 mOsmol/kg, interaction: p = 0.138) and reductions in plasma volume (PV: ~10%, interaction: p = 0.718), but heat stress per se was the main driver of hypovolaemia. Thirst in DEHydration was comparably stimulated by active than passive heat stress (p < 0.161) and shared the same relation to Posm (r ≥ 0.744) and ∆BM (r ≥ 0.882). Following heat exposures, at 3% gross ∆BM, PV reduction was approximately twice as large from passive versus active heating (p = 0.003), whereas Posm perturbations were approximately twice as large from EUHydration versus DEHydration (p < 0.001). Rehydrating ad libitum resulted in a similar net fluid balance between passive versus active heat stress and restored PV despite the incomplete replacement of ∆BM. In conclusion, dehydrating by 2% ∆BM via passive heat stress generally did not cause larger changes to PV or Posm than via active heat stress. The heat stressors themselves caused a greater reduction in PV than dehydration did, whereas ingesting water to maintain euhydration produced large reductions in Posm in recovery and therefore appears to be of more physiological significance.

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Hebbel, R. P., P. A. Ney, and W. Foker. "Autoxidation, dehydration, and adhesivity may be related abnormalities of sickle erythrocytes." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 256, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): C579—C583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1989.256.3.c579.

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The sickle gene has remarkably pleiotropic effects. In an attempt to understand the complex pathobiology of sickle disease, we have searched for potential relationships between various cellular abnormalities. In the present studies, we treated normal erythrocytes (RBCs) with phenazine methosulfate to stimulate intracellular generation of superoxide and thereby stimulate the excessive autoxidation characteristic of sickle RBCs. In response, RBCs show a dose-dependent increase in adherence to endothelium, easily achieving the degree of abnormal adherence typical of unmanipulated sickle RBCs. This is mediated by adverse effects of oxidant on cellular hydration, as evidenced by amelioration of abnormal adhesivity if the drug's dehydrating effect is inhibited. Consistent with potential relevance of this to sickle pathobiology, the abnormal endothelial adherence of sickle RBCs can be worsened or improved by dehydrating or hydrating these cells, respectively. These data suggest an intimate relationship between three abnormalities of sickle RBCs previously thought to be unrelated (autoxidation, dehydration, and adhesivity). Although multiple mechanisms may contribute to abnormal cell-cell interactions in sickle disease, the potentiation of sickle RBC adhesivity by cellular dehydration may help explain why clinical dehydration has been identified as a precipitant of vasocclusive crisis. Insofar as abnormal adhesivity participates in the sickle vasocclusive process, these data provide further rationale for attempting to manipulate RBC hydration as a therapeutic maneuver in this disease.

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López, F. A., H. Tayibi, I. García-Díaz, and F. J. Alguacil. "Thermal dehydration kinetics of phosphogypsum." Materiales de Construcción 65, no. 319 (June 24, 2015): e061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/mc.2015.07214.

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Atamanyuk, V. M., V. V. Kochubei, D. P. Kindzera, and N. Y. Tsiura. "Investigation of the dehydration process of iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate by filtration method." Voprosy Khimii i Khimicheskoi Tekhnologii, no. 5 (October 2022): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32434/0321-4095-2022-144-5-24-32.

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The filtration method of dehydrating iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate was proposed to involve the formed compounds in the production process of fabrication of iron oxide pigments. Using the method of complex thermal analysis, the influence of the heating rate on the temperature limits and the intensity of the dehydration process was revealed. Based on the results of the differential thermal analysis, the heat agent temperature was chosen to be 3350.5 K, which is lower than the melting point of the sample. The effects of increasing the speed of the heat agent on the kinetics of dehydration of iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate by the filtration method and on the intensity of the heat exchange process were determined. The values of the heat transfer coefficients were calculated based on experimental data in a thin layer and from the calculated dependence. The calculated coefficients were generalized using a dimensionless dependence within the range of Reynolds numbers of 20 to 100. The equation for forecasting heat energy costs at the stage of designing equipment for dehydration was proposed.

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43

Lindinger, Michael Ivan. "Oral electrolyte supplementation and prevention of dehydration in horses." UK-Vet Equine 8, no. 1 (January 2, 2024): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/ukve.2024.8.1.45.

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Dehydration is common in equine disciplines and can be avoided by effective oral rehydration strategies. Thermoregulatory loss of heat in horses requires sweating which, in turn, can result in considerable loss of water and electrolytes. Maintenance of hydration and prevention of dehydration requires the continuous replacement of lost electrolytes and water. The stomach and small intestine can function as reservoirs to facilitate the uptake of water and electrolytes consumed 1–2 hours prior to competitions, training and transport. Ions and water are rapidly absorbed in the small intestine and taken up by muscles and the skin, where they serve to replace losses resulting from muscle contraction and sweating. An effective electrolyte supplement replaces electrolytes in the proportion that they are lost through sweating; failure to do this results in an electrolyte imbalance. Electrolyte solution osmolality must be maintained at less than that of bodily fluids to promote gastric emptying and intestinal absorption. Palatability of the electrolyte supplement should be high, and horses should be trained to drink the solution voluntarily before any dehydrating event to try to prevent dehydration from occurring.

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44

Krukoff, T. L., and D. H. Vincent. "Regional alterations in hexokinase activity within rat brain during dehydration and rehydration." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 256, no. 5 (May 1, 1989): R1050—R1055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1989.256.5.r1050.

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Histochemical localization and photodensitometric quantification of the metabolic enzyme, hexokinase (HK), were used to study changes in brain metabolic activity that occur during the development of (5 days) and recovery from (7 days) dehydration. In water-deprived (WD) rats, HK activity increased after 2 days in the subfornical organ (SFO, 22%), nucleus circularis (NC, 36%), parvo- and magnocellular divisions of the paraventricular nucleus (pPVH, 17%; mPVH, 46%) and supraoptic nucleus (SON, 46%). Activity in SFO declined to control levels at 3 days but increased again thereafter. In pPVH, mPVH, and SON, activity was elevated until the end of the experiment. In NC, activity returned to control levels within 2 days of drinking by the rats. In salt-loaded (2% NaCl in water) rats, changes were similar to those of WD rats up to 2 days of dehydration (SFO, 25%; NC, 20%; pPVH, 16%; mPVH, 38%; SON, 50%). Activity in SFO and pPVH returned to control levels after 3 days and remained unchanged. In mPVH, SON, and NC, activity remained elevated and declined to control levels when salt-free water was provided. Results confirm that water deprivation is a stronger dehydrating stimulus than salt loading. In addition, metabolic activity, as measured by HK activity, varies daily during periods of dehydration and rehydration. These changes cannot always be predicted from results obtained only at the end of a period of dehydration. It is concluded that it is necessary to study dehydration-induced changes in brain metabolism on a daily basis to more fully understand the roles of discrete brain regions in the regulation of body fluids.

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45

Morawski, Marcin, Marcin Malec, and Beata Niezgoda-Żelasko. "Effective Condensing Dehumidification in a Rotary-Spray Honey Dehydrator." Energies 15, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15010100.

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This paper presents a mathematical model of the heat and mass transfer processes for a rotary-spray honey dehydrator with a heat pump and a closed air circuit. An analytical calculation model, based on the energy balance equations of the dehydrator and heat pump, was used to model the transient dehydration process of honey in a dehydrator. The presented article includes a different approach to modelling both the dryer and the heat pump assisting the drying process. The novel quality of this study lies in the use of original equations to determine the heat and mass transfer coefficients between honey and air and using an actual model of a cooling unit to model the honey dehydration process. The experimentally verified calculation algorithm enables an analysis of the effects of air flow rate, mixer rotation speed, and cooling unit power on the efficiency of the drying process. The dehydrator calculation model was used to minimize the drying time by selecting the optimal evaporative temperature values of the cooling unit. For fixed mixer speed and air flow rates, optimal values of evaporation temperatures allow for 8–13% reduction in honey drying time and an increase in the specific moisture extraction rate (SMER) by 4–32%.

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46

Fatma Tugce Senberber Dumanli, Azmi Seyhun Kipcak, and Emek Moroydor Derun. "Microwave Dehydration of Borax: Characterization, Dehydration Kinetics, and Modelling." Glass Physics and Chemistry 48, no. 3 (June 2022): 210–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1087659622030087.

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47

Adhikari, Raju, Dionne Jones, Andris J. Liepa, and Maureen F. Mackay. "An Adventitious Synthesis of 2,2′-Dipyrryl Disulfides." Australian Journal of Chemistry 52, no. 1 (1999): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/c98112.

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Condensation of 1,2-diketones and a cyanothioacetamide gave hydroxy thiolactams which failed to give the expected 3-cyano methylene thiolactams on dehydration. Disulfides and a thiosulfonate were obtained from the dehydrations. A possible mechanism for their formation is proposed. The crystal structure of the disulfide 4,4′,5,5′-tetramethyl-1,1′-diphenyl-2,2′-disulfanediyldi-1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile (9) has been determined by X-ray diffraction.

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48

Campos, Camila Dalben Madeira, Ana Carla Kawazoe Sato, Renata Valeriano Tonon, Míriam Dupas Hubinger, and Rosiane Lopes da Cunha. "Effect of process variables on the osmotic dehydration of star-fruit slices." Food Science and Technology 32, no. 2 (March 20, 2012): 357–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-20612012005000034.

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The objective of this work was to study the effect of blanching and the influence of temperature, solution concentration, and the initial fruit:solution ratio on the osmotic dehydration of star-fruit slices. For blanching, different concentrations of citric and ascorbic acids were studied. The samples immersed in 0.75% citric acid presented little variation in color in relation to the fresh star-fruit. Osmotic dehydration was carried out in an incubator with orbital shaking, controlled temperature, and constant shaking at 120 rpm. The influence of process variables was studied in trials defined by a complete 23 central composite design. In general, water loss and solids gain were positively influenced by temperature and by solution concentration. Nevertheless, lower temperatures reduced water loss throughout the osmotic dehydration process. An increase in the amount of dehydrating solution (initial fruit:solution ratio) slightly influenced the evaluated responses. The process carried out at 50 ºC with a solution concentration of 50% resulted in a product with lower solids gain and greater water loss. Under these conditions, blanching minimized the effect of the osmotic treatment on star-fruit browning, and therefore the blanched fruits showed little variation in color in relation to the fresh fruit.

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Puvion-Dutilleul, F., E. Pichard, M. Laithier, and E. H. Leduc. "Effect of dehydrating agents on DNA organization in herpes viruses." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 35, no. 6 (June 1987): 635–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/35.6.3033063.

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With routine procedures of Epon- or GMA-embedding and a stain specific for DNA, the nucleoid of mature herpes simplex virus-type 1 (HSV-1) assumes the well-known form of a short, compact, hollow cylinder or torus. A new, more complex organization of DNA filaments in encapsidated HSV-1 was found in infected cells after aldehyde fixation, methanol dehydration, and Lowicryl embedment. We have determined that it is the use of methanol as dehydrating agent that permits visualization of this internal structure. The same new spatial organization of DNA can be seen in Epon and GMA sections when methanol dehydration is used. This organization is lost in a methanol-ethanol sequence of dehydration but can be restored in an ethanol-methanol sequence. Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) is the only other agent among several reviewed here which resembles methanol in its effect on HSV-1 DNA. Methanol had the same effect on five subfamilies of the herpes group (HSV-1, HSV-2, CCV, CMV, CTHV) but did not alter the nucleoid ultrastructure in simian virus 40 (SV40) and adenovirus type 5 (Ad 5). Therefore, it may sometimes, but not always, provide additional information about the organization of biological structures.

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Holmes, Christopher J., Elliott S. Brown, Dhriti Sharma, Matthew Warden, Atit Pathak, Blaine Payton, Quynh Nguyen, et al. "Dehydration Alters Transcript Levels in the Mosquito Midgut, Likely Facilitating Rapid Rehydration following a Bloodmeal." Insects 14, no. 3 (March 9, 2023): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14030274.

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The mosquito midgut is an important site for bloodmeal regulation while also acting as a primary site for pathogen exposure within the mosquito. Recent studies show that exposure to dehydrating conditions alters mosquito bloodfeeding behaviors as well as post-feeding regulation, likely altering how pathogens interact with the mosquito. Unfortunately, few studies have explored the underlying dynamics between dehydration and bloodmeal utilization, and the overall impact on disease transmission dynamics remains veiled. In this study, we find that dehydration-based feeding in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, prompts alterations to midgut gene expression, as well as subsequent physiological factors involving water control and post-bloodfeeding (pbf) regulation. Altered expression of ion transporter genes and aquaporin 2 (AQP2) in the midgut of dehydrated mosquitoes as well as the rapid reequilibration of hemolymph osmolality after a bloodmeal indicate an ability to expedite fluid and ion processing. These alterations ultimately indicate that female A. aegypti employ mechanisms to ameliorate the detriments of dehydration by imbibing a bloodmeal, providing an effective avenue for rehydration. Continued research into bloodmeal utilization and the resulting effects on arthropod-borne transmission dynamics becomes increasingly important as drought prevalence is increased by climate change.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Dehydration'

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