Academic literature on the topic 'Delaware County (Ind.) – Economic conditions'

In mid-August 2020, small circular tan-colored lesions were detected in leaves of corn, Zea mays, in Sussex county Delaware. Symptoms were observed in many fields, affecting multiple hybrids that were at approximately the dough growth stage (R4). Lesions were present on most plants and individual ear leaf severity ratings ranged from 3 to 14 %. Symptomatic corn leaves were selected from the field and kept in a moist chamber for 24 hrs at 25 °C. In lesions, melanized spores were observed ranging from 21.94 µm to 30.51 µm in length and 7.83µm to 11.70µm in width (n=20). One cm2 leaf sections were extracted and sterilized in a 0.85% sodium hypochlorite solution for 30s followed by a sterile water rinse for 30s. Leaf pieces were then plated onto potato dextrose agar amended with 50µg/ml penicillin-G-sodium salt and streptomycin sulfate. Petri dishes were incubated at 25 °C with a 12-hr photoperiod for 14 days. Colonies were brown-black to lighter gray in color. Media was stained from orange, to dark brown, or not at all. Conidia were melanized and curved with three transverse septa matching the size above. Colony and spore morphology were consistent with the description of Curvularia lunata (Garcia-Aroca et al. 2018). Pure cultures were obtained, and a representative isolate was sequenced to confirm fungal identity by amplifying the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region with primers ITS4 and ITS5. BLAST search results confirmed 100% similarity (483/531 bp) to the C. lunata reference sequence (MK623264). The sequence was deposited in GenBank as accession number MW794323. To complete Koch’s postulates, corn (hybrid: Hubner H6187RCSS) was planted into 10 cm pots and maintained at 25°C and a 12 hr photoperiod. A conidial suspension was made by soaking a Petri dish of a 3-week-old fungal colony with 20 ml of sterile water and a drop of Tween-20 solution then, scraping mycelia to dislodge spores. The conidial concentration was calibrated to 5 x 105 spores/ml and 15 ml were applied to each whorl of four three-collar stage plants using a Preval sprayer (Nakoma Products, Bridgeview, IL). Four plants were inoculated with 15 ml sterile DI water as a control. This experiment was repeated twice. Each plant was moved to an incubator and covered with a plastic bag for 24 hr to maintain humidity. Conditions in the incubator were maintained at 25 °C with a 12-hr photoperiod. Inoculated plants displayed small, oval-shaped lesions within four days. No symptoms were observed on the control plants. Symptomatic leaves were harvested and placed into a moist chamber for 24 hrs to sporulate and lesions were plated onto PDA as described above. Culture morphology was consistent with the original isolate, with spores slightly larger ranging from 22.35 µm to 39.29 µm in length, and 8.36 µm to 11.69 µm in width (n=20). Isolates obtained from inoculated plants were sequenced and maintained 100% identity with the reference sequence described above. C. lunata was first reported in Louisiana in 2017 (Garcia-Aroca et al. 2018) and in Kentucky in 2018 (Anderson et al. 2019). This is the first report of Curvularia leaf spot on corn in Delaware. Symptoms developed late in the season, so it is unlikely that yield was affected in 2020. However, the economic impact of this disease in the United States is still unclear, it will be important to monitor potential impacts of this disease in Delaware corn production. References 1.Anderson NR, et al., 2019, Plant Disease, 103, 2692, doi: 0.1094/PDIS-03-19-0629-PDN. 2. Garcia-Aroca T, et al., 2018, Plant health progress, 19, 140, doi: 10.1094/PHP-02-18-0008-BR.

This thesis identifies the housing affordability in Muncie metropolitan areas through the interaction of the major housing market components, of supply and demand for housing units. The purpose of this work has been the investigation of the historical housing performance that Muncie has experienced from 1970 through 1990, in order to determine whether housing affordability problem exists in Muncie and how it has been developed over the study period. Two major approaches are used, cross-sectional and cohort analysis, to examine the relationships among several variables. The main variables are population, households , and housing characteristics which represent the demand and supply of housing stock.The findings from this study have determined that the housing affordability problem in Muncie has escalated more than the other areas within Delaware County since 1970. The major causes of accelerating affordability problem were the real decline of family incomes and the increase of the numbers of low-income populaion, families and households. The lack of employment opportunities, and low payroll were underlying the decline of real income. The decline in number of mortgages was also one of the causes of the afforadability problem over the course of the study period.
Department of Urban Planning

Climatic conditions (precipitation, evapotranspiration, available soil moisture, and temperature) are important variables when considering cumulative storm streamflow for a watershed. The objective of this study was to determine what climatic conditions, if any, could be used to mathematically model cumulative storm streamflow for an extensively-drained small agricultural watershed in northwest Delaware County, Indiana. A water-level recorder was installed in Killbuck Creek during autumn 2002, spring, summer, and autumn 2003 and 2004. To determine discharge, velocity measurements were collected following US Geological Survey (USGS) methods and two rating curves (high and low flow) were constructed. Simple linear regressions were performed using cumulative streamflow as the dependent variable and precipitation, evapotranspiration, available soil moisture, temperature, and runoff as independent variables. Multiple linear regressions were used to examine combinations of the independent variables. Cumulative streamflow was most related to precipitation (r2 = 0.23 and p < 0.001) and least related to temperature (r2 = 0.03 and p < 0.5). The multiple linear regression from the combination of precipitation, runoff, and temperature provided the most accurate cumulative streamflow simulation (R2 = 0.53 and p < 0.001). Multiple linear regressions using climatic variables can be used to estimate cumulative streamflow for an agricultural watershed.
Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
A foreign concept to most twenty-first century individuals, a saddletree provides support and acts as the framework to saddles, giving saddlers a base on which to add cushioning, stretch leather, and create beautiful or functional saddles. Saddletree factories were an integral part of Madison, Indiana’s late nineteenth-century economy. As one of the Ohio River town’s leading industries, saddletree shops employed approximately 125 men during 1879, Madison’s peak saddletree production year, and made Madison a national center of saddletree production. However, the industry faded into oblivion as the beginning of the twentieth century, leaving the men drawn to these shops in the 1870s and 1880s to find new opportunities. While past historians contributed to the fields of industrial and economic history by studying large industries engaged in mass production in major urban areas, Madison’s saddletree workers represent a view of nineteenth-century specialized production. This thesis examines the saddletree industry’s place in Madison during the late nineteenth century and the lives of saddletree workers during and after the industry’s peak. My findings, based off extensive digital research and tools utilized in earlier social mobility studies, create a nuanced view of Madison’s relationship to the saddletree industry, saddletree makers, and what the industry’s collapse meant to saddletree factory employees.