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Nüsser, Corinna. "Neuronale Korrelate von Delay Discounting." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-23427.
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Delay Discounting im Sinne eines Abwertens zukünftiger Belohnungen ist ein weit verbreitetes Phänomen. Es zeigt sich z. B. in persönlichen Angelegenheiten, wie der Entscheidung für den kurzfristigen Genuss von Süßigkeiten und gegen die langfristigen, durchaus größeren Vorteile einer schlanken Figur. Auch internationale wirtschaftliche und politische Diskussionen zum Klimaschutz oder der Finanzkrise werden von der Präferenz für sofortige, kleinere Belohnungen über verzögerte, größere Belohnungen getrieben. In der Psychologie wird Delay Discounting als Maß für Impulsivität bzw. Selbstkontrolle mit dem Auftreten von Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-Hyperaktivitäts-Syndromen und von Abhängigkeitserkrankungen in Verbindung gebracht.
Bezüglich der neuronalen Grundlagen von Delay Discouting ist mithilfe von sogenannten Intertemporal Choice Tasks bereits herausgefunden worden, dass die Entscheidung für eine sofortige Belohnung stärkere neuronale Aktivierung in belohnungsspezifischen Gehirnregionen evoziert als die Entscheidung für eine verzögerte Belohnung. Außerdem wurden sowohl theoretisch wie auch empirisch ein impulsives und ein reflektives System als Grundlage des Delay Discounting beschrieben, deren Existenz jedoch von manchen Wissenschaftlern angezweifelt wird. Ebenso wird angezweifelt, ob Delay Discounting unabhängig vom Einsatz von Intertemporal Choice Tasks und der damit verbundenen Entscheidung zwischen zwei Alternativen überhaupt besteht. Da die neuronalen Grundlagen des Delay Discounting und des impulsiven und reflektiven Systems bisher nicht unabhängig von einer Entscheidungsaufgabe erfasst wurden, konnten diese Zweifel nicht ausgeräumt werden. Ebenso ist zurzeit unbekannt, ob sich die neuronalen Korrelate des Delay Discounting bei Personen mit unterschiedlichen Persönlichkeitseigenschaften, bei Männern und Frauen, bei Rauchern und Nichtrauchern und in Abhängigkeit von verschiedenen Genvarianten unterscheiden.
Um diese Lücke zu schließen, ist im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit ein neuartiges Delay Discounting Paradigma zum Einsatz im Magnetresonanztomographen entwickelt worden. Dieses Paradigma ähnelt einem Monetary Incentive Delay Task und ermöglicht es, neuronale Aktivierung bei der Antizipation und bei dem Erhalt einer einzelnen Belohnung zu einem Zeitpunkt zu erfassen. Außerdem kann nach der Antizipation einer Belohnung, die sich durch eine bestimmte Höhe (0,05 €, 0,50 €, 1,00 €) und eine bestimmte Auszahlungsverzögerung (0 Tage, 10 Tage, 100 Tage) auszeichnet, in einer einfachen visuellen Diskriminationsaufgabe eine Reaktionszeit erfasst werden, die als behaviorales Maß für die inzentive Motivation fungiert. Zusammen mit einer Erfassung verschiedener Persönlichkeitseigenschaften und einer Genotypisierung für den COMT Val 158 Met Polymorphismus, den DRD2 Taq 1 A Polymorphismus und den DAT 1 Polymorphismus ist das Delay Discounting Paradigma an insgesamt 90 Probanden im Magnetresonanztomographen eingesetzt worden, so dass 84 auswertbare Datensätze gewonnen werden konnten. Diese 84 Datensätze stammten insgesamt von 42 Frauen und 42 Männern bzw. von 43 strikten Nichtrauchern, 38 starken Rauchern und drei Gelegenheitsrauchern.
Anhand der Auswertung der Gesamtstichprobe konnte bestätigt werden, dass das Delay Discounting Paradigma belohnungs- und verzögerungsspezifisch unterschiedliche Reaktionszeiten und unterschiedliche neuronale Aktivierung hervorruft. In belohnungsverarbeitenden Gehirnregionen wie dem ventralen Striatum zeigte sich sowohl stärkere Aktivierung für größere Belohnungen als auch für Belohnungen, die früher ausgezahlt wurden. Damit steht fest, dass Delay Discounting unabhängig von der Entscheidung zwischen zwei Alternativen auftritt. Außerdem konnte erstmalig ein Interaktionseffekt zwischen Belohnungshöhe und Belohnungsverzögerung aufgedeckt werden: Es zeigte sich eine Abnahme der Differenzen in der neuronalen Aktivierung zwischen größter und kleinster Belohnung über die Zeit, was auf eine Indifferenz gegenüber der Höhe verzögerter Belohnung hindeutet. Ein Einfluss der Belohnungsverzögerung wurde allerdings nur beim Erhalt von Belohnungen messbar, bei der Antizipation von Belohnungen zeigte sich kein Delay Discounting Effekt. Bezüglich der Kontroverse zur Existenz eines impulsiven und reflektiven Systems konnten Ergebnisse gewonnen werden, die beide Positionen integrieren. So wurde zwar die Beteiligung von zwei distinkten neuronalen Systemen beim Abwerten zukünftiger Belohnungen bestätigt, allerdings zeigte sich auch, dass beide Systeme – in einem unterschiedlichen Ausmaß – verzögerte Belohnungen abwerten. Trotzdem wird von den vorliegenden Ergebnissen die Annahme, dass sich aus der Interaktion von impulsivem und reflektivem System impulsives und selbstkontrolliertes Verhalten ergeben kann, gestützt. Im Hinblick auf die interindividuellen Unterschiede, die in der vorliegenden Arbeit aufgedeckt werden sollten, haben sich vor allem Zusammenhänge zwischen dem subjektiv berichteten allgemeinen Stress der Versuchspersonen (operationalisiert über das Selbststeuerungsinventar) und der neuronalen Aktivität von Gehirnregionen, die dem impulsiven und reflektiven System zugeordnet werden, gezeigt. So ist bei niedrigem Stress das impulsive System signifikant weniger aktiviert als das reflektive System, während sich bei hohem Stress dieser Zusammenhang umkehrt. Die relative Hyperaktivierung des impulsiven Systems bei Stress könnte erklären, warum unter Stress vermehrt Rückfälle bei abhängigkeitserkrankten Probanden beobachtet werden. Außerdem ging starkes neuronales Delay Discounting in medial präfrontalen Gehirnregionen mit hohem Stress, ebenso wie mit hoher nichtplanender Impulsivität (gemessen anhand der Barratt Impulsivitätsskala) und mit geringer Selbstkontrolle (gemäß des Selbststeuerungsinventars) einher. Dieses Ergebnis belegt unter anderem, dass das neu entwickelte Delay Discounting Paradigma neuronale Prozesse abbildet, die mit Impulsivität und Selbstkontrolle in Verbindung stehen. Darüber hinaus konnte kongruent mit entsprechenden Vorbefunden ein Einfluss des COMT Val 158 Met Polymorphismus auf das neuronale Delay Discounting im ventralen Striatum und erstmalig ein Zusammenhang zwischen dem DRD2 Taq 1 A A1-Allel und neuronalem Delay Discounting im posterioren Cingulum aufgedeckt werden. Damit ist die Bedeutung des Neurotransmitters Dopamin, der durch die untersuchten Polymorphismen beeinflusst wird, für die neuronalen Grundlagen des Delay Discounting bestätigt worden. Zusammengenommen deuten sowohl die beschriebenen Befunde als auch die sonstigen Ergebnisse der Arbeit darauf hin, dass sich neuronales Delay Discounting interindividuell unterscheidet. Im Hinblick auf Pathologien, die mit diesem Phänomen in Verbindung stehen, sollte daher weitere Forschung zu interindividuellen Unterschieden und zu spezifischen Behandlungsmethoden erfolgen.
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Smith, Lauren Marie. "Optimism, Delay Discounting, and Physical Exercise: The Role of Delay Discounting on Individual Levels of Exercise." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2010. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc30512/.
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Deciding to exercise requires trade-offs between immediate and delayed benefits. These momentary decisions may be moderated by personality such that patterns of individual behavior emerge. The aim of the current study was to determine if higher levels of optimism and lower levels of delay discounting were related to exercise frequency. A sample of 360 undergraduate students completed a survey study related to understanding the choices made by undergraduates and how other factors relate to their decision-making. The survey included measures of optimism, delayed discounting, and self-reported exercise frequency in four domains: cardiovascular, resistance, sports, active lifestyle. Hierarchical linear regression was used to examine optimism and delay discounting as predictors of exercise frequency. Optimism and delay discounting were negatively correlated, but neither was related to exercise frequency. Furthermore, optimism and delay discounting were not significantly related to frequency spent in cardiovascular, resistance, or active lifestyle exercise. However, women scoring higher in delay discounting were more likely to participate in physical sports. The present study helps inform future research by showing potentially important psychosocial variables related to optimism, delay discounting, and exercise.
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De, Jager Alexis Kate. "Delay Discounting and Campus Speeding Behavior." OpenSIUC, 2020. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2656.
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TITLE: DELAY DISCOUNTING AND CAMPUS SPEEDING BEHAVIORMAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Ryan Redner Speeding, as defined by exceeding the speed limit posted in a designated area, is a problem that has a direct negative effect on a majority of America, college campuses not being exempt. A minimal amount of research has been conducted on specifically dangerous driving such as speeding on university campuses; this paper looks to expand upon the existing research. In addition, this study serves the purpose of attempting to correlate speeding and impulsivity. This was achieved by utilizing a survey in conjunction with delay discounting scenarios embedded within. Participants (n = 89) took a survey that involved questions about demographic information and past driving. The survey also included two hypothetical scenarios that encouraged participants to answer whether they would speed in the presented scenarios and at what point. To complete the survey the MCQ (Monetary Choice Questionnaire) was placed at the end. To assess the results the 89 participants were split into two groups two different times to be analyzed. One group was split into an impulsive group and non-impulsive group while the other group was split into speeders and non-speeders. As expected, both the impulsive and speeders were more likely to discount speed at a faster rate; this shown at higher rates in the penalty hypothetical scenario. The implications of this study include that those with that display higher impulsivity, shown through k-values, may have a higher tendency to engage in dangerous driving such as speeding, as well as understanding that penalty conditions, such as point loss, show a correlation with speeding.
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Collado, Carissa M. "DELAY DISCOUNTING AND TREATMENT OUTCOME PROBABILITY." OpenSIUC, 2019. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2553.
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The purpose of the current study is to apply the delay and probability discounting in the areas of parent training and probability of success of treatment. There was a total of 31 participants that completed one demographic questionnaire and two probability and delay discounting surveys either via computer or with paper and pencil. Participants had two options in the surveys: one was an immediate reward, and one with a probability delay. The first survey gave scenarios of hours of parent training, the second was a monetary probability discounting survey.
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Dai, Zhijie. "Delay Discounting, Probability Discounting, Reward Contrast and Gambling: A Cross-Cultural Study." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7128.
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Problem and pathological gambling has become an increasing public health concern worldwide in recent years, and individuals from China and East Asian countries may be especially vulnerable. Knowledge of how individuals make choices between outcomes that are delayed or uncertain, and of potential differences in decision making across cultures, may contribute to our understanding of factors which increase the risk of problem gambling. Our research is based on a discounting perspective in which the value of a delayed or uncertain reward decreases according to the time until or the odds against its receipt, respectively. We use experimental procedures in which individuals make a series of hypothetical choices so as to estimate an indifference point – an amount of money available immediately or with certainty – that is equal in subjective value to a delayed or uncertain reward. Our starting point is the hypothesis that reward contrast – in which the subjective value of a reward varies inversely with amount of a prior reward – plays a role in choice between delayed or probabilistic outcomes and might contribute to problem gambling. This thesis describes four experiments which investigate these ideas. Experiments 1 and 2 establish that reward contrast is a reliable phenomenon in choice. Indifference points for an intermediate reward ($475/$525) varied as predicted if its subjective value was larger when the individual had previously been making choices with a smaller amount ($50) and smaller when previously making choices with a larger amount ($5,000). Reward contrast was obtained for both delayed and probabilistic choice, using between-subjects (Experiment 1) and within-subjects (Experiment 2) designs. Experiment 3 used a computerized Card Playing Game (CPG) as an analogue gambling task and also measured delay discounting using the same task as Experiment 2. Participants began with an initial stake and could win or lose 10% of the stake with each card that they played. The critical aspect of the procedure was that the probability of winning for each card decreased as more cards were played. Participants played the CPG four times with stakes of $50, $500, $5,000 and $500 (order of $50 and $5,000 was counterbalanced). Results showed that performance on the CPG improved over successive trials, suggesting that participants learned the contingencies in the task. Although this confounded our attempt to measure reward contrast within-subjects, participants who had a $50 stake in the first deck performed better in the second deck with a $500 stake than those who had a $5,000 stake in the first deck, consistent with reward contrast. Results from the delay discounting task were correlated with CPG performance, showing that participants who had lower reward contrast and discounting rates, and greater magnitude effects won more money on the CPG task. Experiment 4 used a larger sample (N = 182) with both Chinese and Caucasian (New Zealand European) participants and recruited individuals with gambling histories, and compared performance on delay and probability discounting tasks and the CPG. Results showed that Chinese participants had higher delay discounting rates and lower probability discounting rates when data were analyzed according to the area under the discounting curve (AUC). Gamblers (those participants with scores on the South Oaks Gambling Screen [SOGS; Lesieur & Blume, 1987] > 1) were less risk averse in probability discounting and had reduced magnitude effects in delay discounting and performed more poorly on the CPG. Closer analysis of the probability discounting data showed that compared with Caucasians, Chinese were more risk averse for high probabilities of reward outcome, and less risk averse for low probabilities. Although results do not suggest that individual differences in reward contrast, as measured using our within-subjects delay discounting task, play a significant role in the maintenance of gambling behavior, the cross-cultural differences in delay and probability discounting in Experiment 4 suggest some factors that might contribute to gambling. In the General Discussion, we propose an account of the probability discounting results in terms of a tendency toward dialectical thinking and emotions in Chinese culture. Based on this result and previous research, we propose a framework for the cross-cultural analysis of risky decision making, and consider some of its broader implications for both research in decision making and issues of globalization.
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Garcia, Kurt Joseph. "EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DELAY DISCOUNTING, SOCIAL DISCOUNTING, AND SELF-REPORTED VALUES." OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2102.
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The present study examined the relationship between values-based living and delay and social discounting. Thirty-nine individuals acted as participants in the study. Participants were asked to choose between immediate and delayed monetary rewards to determine rates of discounting. They were also asked to make choices between giving way monetary rewards to people with different ranges of closeness or keeping the reward for themselves. A Valued Living Questionnaire was also completed, where participants rated the importance and their action within the past week related to specific values. The results of the study demonstrated numerous moderate positive correlations between valued living and functions of social and delay discounting, and it is suggested that there is a correlation between impulsivity and valued living. This data will be important moving forward in developing therapies in order to guide an individual into the direction of the values important to him or her.
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Galliford, Megan Elizabeth. "Discounting and Values." OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2101.
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The present study examines delay, probability, and social discounting with money in relations to self-reported values. The participants completed a values questionnaire including questions regarding God, sex, and politics, and were divided into a low values and a high values group with the low values group n=10 and high values group = 10 for a total n=20. These groups were compared in the delay, probability, and social discounting tasks. Results indicate little to no difference in discounting between groups with an AUC for the low values group (.47), (.322), (.196), respectively and the AUC for the high values group at (.494), (.411), (.288) respectively. Individual scores for area under the curve (AUC) were tested for degree of correlation to each values question. Results indicate moderate correlations between temporal discounting and 5 sex value questions. Moderate correlations between probability discounting and political and sex value questions were observed. Finally, correlations between social discounting and politics, religious, and sex values were observed. Keywords: delay discounting, probability discounting, social discounting, politics, sex, religion
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Pingolt, Ross Pingolt. "HEALTH DISCOUNTING SURVEY: MEASURING DELAY DISCOUNTING OF DIETARY OPTIONS RELATIVE TO WEIGHT CHANGE OUTCOMES." OpenSIUC, 2016. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1963.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of whether pounds are being lost or gained on the rate at which people discount the value of weight change outcomes, as well as determine the effects of whether pounds are being lost or gained and diet length on the value of access to higher calorie foods relative to weight change outcomes. This was accomplished by repeatedly asking participants to choose between two dietary options of the same length but which resulted in gaining or losing a certain number of pounds. Each question varied the length of the diet, how many pounds could be gained or lost, and whether those pounds were being gained when they chose the higher calorie diet or lost when they chose the lower calorie diet. The survey was administered with 30 participants. Whether pounds per being gained or lost did not have a significant effect on the rate at which weight change outcomes were discounted (t = 1.883, p = .07), but did have a significant effect on how many pounds needed to be at stake per day in order for the participant to choose the lower calorie diet (t = 4.995, p < .01). There was also a significant correlation between diet length and how many pounds needed to be at stake per day in order for the participant to choose the lower calorie diet (ρ = -.373, p <.01). The current investigation has implications for our understanding of choice and discounting behavior, and has specific implications for people who wish to make healthier dietary decisions.
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Mui, Nicholas Ker Lik. "Examining delay discounting of hypothetical and real money /." Available to subscribers only, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1594477141&sid=16&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Kim, Miriam. "Discounting in Sex: How Sexual Choices are Impacted by Sexual Impulsivity and Gender." OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2243.
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The study examined how individuals make decisions on hypothetical sexual partners and hypothetical monetary rewards in delay and probability discounting. The participants (N-75, males=42 (M=34) and females=33(M=39)) completed an electronic survey via Qualtrics. The survey consisted of 6 tasks: 1. Multiple Stimulus without Replacement Preference Assessment that consisted of pictures of potential sex partners based on the individual’s gender preference (male, female, or both); 2. Sexual Risk Survey; 3. Monetary delay discounting task; 4. Monetary probability discounting task; 5. Delay discounting of hypothetical sexual partners; and 6. Probability discounting of hypothetical sexual partners. An analysis of area under the curve (AUC) were done for the discounting tasks. The results showed that males devalued delayed sexual partner choice rank higher rates than females (t (7.97) = 2.85, p<0.05). This was also observed in females with higher scores of the Sexual Risk Survey than the lower scorers (t (10.95) = 2.35, p<0.05). AUC reflected on the scores of the SRS and with measures of sexual risk behaviours. However, there were no significant difference in discounting monetary rewards between the genders (t (11.96) = 0.1623, p>0.05).
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Webb, Tara. "DELAY DISCOUNTING, SELF-CONTROL TRAINING, AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT CENTER UTILIZATION." OpenSIUC, 2020. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1818.
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The current project sought to examine the relationship between delay discounting, self-control training, and academic achievement center utilization. The first aim of this study was to assess the relationship between delay discounting and academic achievement. The second aim of this study was to determine if students who were more responsive to self-control training were more likely to utilize an academic achievement center. The third aim of this study was to evaluate self-reported probability, effort, time to degree, and magnitude expectations regarding academic decisions in relation to discounting and willingness to utilize an academic achievement center. Students completed a hypothetical money choice task, an escalating interest video game task, and a series of questionnaires related to academic behavior and future career expectations. The current study found no significant relationships between delay discounting, self-control training, academic achievement center utilization, academic variables or career expectations.
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Shannon, Kristy L. "Examining the relationship between delay discounting and self-reported values." OpenSIUC, 2016. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1959.
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The present study used a delay discounting task and the Valued Living Questionnaire to examine the relationship between delay discounting and self-reported values. Thirty-eight participants completed the study. Participants were asked to make choices between immediate and delayed monetary rewards to determine rates of discounting. An exponential function (R2=0.97) provided a strong fit for discounting scores. On the Valued Living Questionnaire, participants rated on a Likert-type scale of 1-10 both the importance and their action in the previous week toward the following values: Family, marriage, parenting, friends, work, education, recreation, spirituality, community, and physical well-being. A composite valued living scored was calculated and compared to participant discounting rates; results suggest that there was a significant relationship between participant valued living scores and K-values (p<0.01) and participant valued living scores and AUC (p<0.02). The results of this study, while preliminary, are important for beginning to understand how values impact decision making.
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Forst, Kimberly Nora. "Impulsivity and Delay Discounting Measures Among Smokers and Non-Smokers." OpenSIUC, 2018. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2292.
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The purpose of the current study is to measure whether delay discounting and impulsivity will differentiate between smokers and non-smokers. It is important to extend upon previous research to understand the effects of antecedent control of delay discounting and impulsivity. Research on this subject is important in developing effective interventions for impulsive behavior like smoking cigarettes. Two surveys were provided to participants: The Monetary Choice Questionnaire (MCQ-27) and the Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS-11). An unpaired t test was used to interpret results. Neither the MCQ-11 nor the BIS-11 had a significant difference. Further analysis was conducted comparing age differences using unpaired and paired t tests. There was significant data to support that self-ratings of impulsive behavior differed with age comparisons in the BIS-11. Smokers (ages 26-28) were more impulsive than non-smokers (ages 22-28), and smokers (ages 20-29) showed no statistical significance when compared to smokers (ages 52-68). The MCQ-27 did not show a significant difference in overt impulsive behavior.
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McPherson, Shawna K. "The Effect of Brief Mindfulness Exercises on Momentary Impulsivity." OpenSIUC, 2015. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1711.
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Delay discounting involves a hypothetical choice between a smaller-sooner value and a larger-later value. Past research has demonstrated the hypothetical choices made in delay discounting correlate with actual money choices and predict impulsivity with drug use, gambling, and food choices. Though delayed discounting has been studied widely, it is unknown whether impulsivity is a characteristic trait or is influenced by contextual cues. Mindfulness has been demonstrated to improve psychological well-being in various contexts. The present study explored the effect of brief mindfulness exercises on impulsivity through a multiple baseline design across 5 participants. Results were mixed, with some participant’s AUCs increasing post-treatment and others remaining the same or decreasing. The current study raised some questions for future research regarding the contextual control of mindfulness and impulsivity.
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Holecek, Megan Elizabeth. "The roles of values in discounting the use of plastic bags and harming ocean animals." OpenSIUC, 2019. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2554.
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A delay discounting survey was provided to 30 participants to assess hypothetical choices. Each question provided choices between using a complementary plastic bag and harming an ocean animal or purchasing a reusable bag and not harming an ocean animal. Participants were randomly assigned to complete a control or values-based activity. The values-based activity utilized Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to assist in identifying participants’ values and committed actions, whereas the control activity included a word association game. Discounting scores were calculated across delay discounting surveys conducted pre- and post-activity completion. The purpose of the study was to assess relationships between completion of activities (values-based or control) and discounting scores on items pertaining to environmental sustainability. Implications, limitations, and future directions are provided and discussed
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Waizmann, Jessica Page. "DELAY DISCOUNTING ACROSS TIP EARNING OCCUPATIONS: EXOTIC DANCERS VERSUS RESTAURANT WORKERS." OpenSIUC, 2016. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1950.
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Research on exotic dancers as a population indicates that exotic dancers may be a high risk population due to correlations of substance abuse and risky sexual behavior with the profession, (CDC, 2015; Sherman et. al, 2011; Reuben et. al, 2011; Forsyth & Deshotels, 1997). In delay discounting research, it has been demonstrated that populations of individuals who engage in risky sexual behavior and abuse substances have steeper rates of discounting on a delay discounting task compared to their peers (Moreira et. al, 2015; Jones et. al, 2015: Celio et al., 2016). Steeper rates of discounting indicate an increased degree of preference for smaller-sooner reward versus larger-later reward as measured by a discounting survey task with hypothetical monetary rewards and may indicate higher rates of impulsivity (Moller et al., 2001). This study sought to determine if exotic dancers delayed more steeply than restaurant worker peers. Results indicate that at longer delays, exotic dancers discount more steeply than their restaurant worker peers, which may indicate a higher degree of impulsivity among exotic dancers as a population..
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Bellows, Abby Gail. "Delay Discounting, Reinforcing Value of Food, and Components of Metabolic Health." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/83844.
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Background: According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), over one-third of US adults are obese. In order to assess causes of and treatments for obesity, researchers have evaluated a number of processes underlying health-related behaviors, one of which is delay discounting. Delay discounting is a cognitive process that describes the phenomenon by which individuals discount the value of a future reward compared to the value of an immediate reward. Researchers have associated delay discounting with drug addiction, alcoholism, and cigarette smoking. More recently, delay discounting has been studied with regards to health-related behaviors, such as body weight management, food intake, glucose control, and physical activity. While a number of studies have concluded that obese individuals tend to be greater discounters, the relationship between delay discounting and various health-related behaviors beyond smoking and drug use remains unclear. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between delay discounting and diet quality, glucose tolerance, physical activity, and fasting vs. non-fasting conditions.
Methods: Sixty-five males (n=20) and females (n=45) were recruited for the present study. Participants completed two lab sessions: one under non-fasting conditions, and one under fasting conditions which involved measurements of body mass and composition, blood pressure, blood glucose, blood lipids, and health-related questionnaires. Delay discounting and food purchase tasks were completed at both visits. Participants were asked to complete a four-day food intake record and wear a physical activity monitor for four days.
Results: Lower rates of discounting were found in those who consumed more total vegetables, and lower food reinforcement was observed in those who spent less time sedentary and more time physically active, had greater dietary Restraint, and had a lower resting heart rate. There were no significant differences between discounting rates and food reinforcement across fasting and non-fasting conditions.<br>Master of Science
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Poncinie, Chad A. "An Examination of Delay Discounting in Sex Offenders with Dual Diagnoses." OpenSIUC, 2013. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1294.
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AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF CHAD A. PONCINIE. For the Master of Science degree in Behavior Analysis and Therapy, presented on 21 June 2013. TITLE: AN EXAMINATION OF DELAY DISCOUNTING IN SEX OFFENDERS WITH DUAL DIAGNOSES MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Mark R. Dixon Discounting of delayed rewards by sex offenders with dual diagnoses was compared to discounting of delayed rewards by matched control non-offenders with dual diagnoses. All participants completed a hypothetical choice task in which they made repeated choices between 10 dollars/servings after a delay and an equal or lesser amount available immediately. The delay to the large reward was varied from 1 day to 2 years across conditions. Indifference points between immediate and delayed rewards were identified at each delay condition by varying the amount of immediate money across choice trials. Overall, those identified as sex offenders discounted the delayed reward more steeply than did the control non-offenders.
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DeHart, W. Brady. "Identifying the Underlying Components of Delay Discounting Using Latent Factor Modeling." DigitalCommons@USU, 2017. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6339.
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Many problematic behaviors can be conceptualized as choosing a smaller, immediate outcome over a larger, delayed outcome. For example, drug abuse involves choosing between the immediate euphoric effects of the drug and the delayed health and legal consequences of drug abuse. Individuals that consistently choose the smaller outcome are said to behavior “impulsively.” The goal of this dissertation was to understand how to change impulsive choice. Chapters 2 and 3 successfully demonstrate that impulsive choice can be altered by reframing how the choice is presented. For example, framing a delayed outcome using a specific date instead of a duration of time (e.g., 1 year) reduced impulsive choice. However, these findings do not explain why impulsive choice changed. The goal of Chapter 4 was to identify the underlying processes that result in impulsive choice with the hopes that by understanding these processes, impulsive choice can be reduced. Latent factor modeling was used to understand the role if three proposed processes in impulsive choice: marginal utility, cardinal utility, and nonlinear time perception. The results of the latent factor model indicated that nonlinear time perception does relate to how delayed outcomes are valued but not marginal utility and cardinal utility.
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Baumann, Neves Ana Amelia L. "Are Delay Discounting, Probability Discounting, Time Perception, and Time Perspective Related? A Cross-Cultural Study Among Latino and White American Students." DigitalCommons@USU, 2008. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/978.
Full textAbstract:
The present study aimed to evaluate (a) the extent to which different impulsivity measures would be related to each other and to a risk taking measure, (b) the extent to which impulsivity, risk taking, time perception and time perspective are related to each other, and (c) the extent to which these processes differ in Latino and White American students. Experiment I was conducted at Utah State University. One hundred and fortythree participants were exposed to the delay discounting, probability discounting and temporal bisection procedures, and answered the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) and the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI). Results showed that (a) the AUC for delay discounting was related to the scores on the BIS-11 scale, (b) the AUCs for delay and probability discounting were positively and significantly correlated, (c) the mean of the temporal bisection procedure was correlated with the AUC of the delay discounting procedure, (d) the scores on the ZTPI were correlated with the impulsivity measures, and (e) the scores on the ZTPI subscales were also correlated with the risk taking measure. These results suggest that different impulsivity measures may be evaluating similar decision-making processes, that impulsivity and risk taking may be different decision- making processes, and that time perception and time perspective are related to impulsivity and risk taking. Experiment II was conducted at Washington University in St. Louis, with 18 Latinos and 16 White Americans. Results show that while Latinos were more impulsive in the delay discounting procedure, their scores did not differ from the White Americans on the BIS-11. Interestingly, Latinos and White Americans did not differ on time perception, but they did differ on time perspective: Latinos scored higher on fatalism compared to White Americans.
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Woelz, Thomas Anatol da Rocha. "A Comparison of Discounting Parameters Obtained Through Two Different Adjusting Procedures: Bisection and Up-Down." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5108/.
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The study compared delay discounting in adult humans using two different methods of adjustments. Both methods used hypothetical choices of monetary outcomes. One involved adjustments using a fixed sequence of ascending or descending amounts, the other used a bisection algorithm in which the changes in amounts varied as a function of the subjects' choices. Two magnitudes of delayed outcomes were used: $1,000 and $10,000. A within subject design was used to compare indifference curves and discounting measures across the two adjusting procedures. Twenty four subjects were divided in two groups and exposed to the procedures in opposite order, to account for sequence effects. Results from within subject comparisons showed no systematic differences between procedures.
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Bidewell, John William. "Decision making in personal investment." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/517.
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Personal investors must postpone gratification and manage risk. This thesis examines the effects of delay and risk on personal investment decisions. The delay discounting literature is employed in developing a new parameter �ki� which integrates an investment�s term and interest rate with the hyperbolic delay discounting model. By indicating the extent to which compound interest growth compensates for hyperbolic delay discounting, ki should strongly predict the subjective appeal of prospective investment returns. Six binary-choice experiments test this hypothesis, especially via a subsidiary hypothesis that exponential growth from compound interest will eventually compensate for delay, given a sufficient term. Analyses include a novel application of signal detection principles, which found ki a superior predictor of investment appraisals compared to the normative exponential delay discounting model. Subject to boundary conditions of term and investment amount, results support the predictive capacity of ki for gross returns, implying a hitherto unrecognised degree of predictability for investment decisions. To investigate perceptions of risk with delay, three additional experiments compared preferences among hypothetical investments with varying risk and term. Risk seeking and risk aversion were detected, consistent with individual differences in hyperbolic probability discounting rates. Excessive risk aversion proved the greater problem, encouraging unnecessarily conservative investment decisions. Unexpectedly, no evidence of delay discounted risk was found. Responses consistent with higher probability discounting of larger amounts occurred, but only for a longer rather than a shorter investment term. A survey of postgraduate finance students examined how investment past performance is interpreted. Participants evaluated annual returns from hypothetical 10-year investments that varied in their mean return, volatility, and sequence of high and low returns. Evaluations generally reflected underlying investment properties. Maladaptive appraisal tendencies included unwarranted attention to the order in which high and low returns occurred within a series. Overall for this dissertation, results suggest that delay and probability discounting theory has practical relevance for understanding personal investment decisions. The principles and methodology in this dissertation are applicable to other varieties of financial and consumer behaviour.
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Bidewell, John William. "Decision making in personal investment." University of Sydney. Psychology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/517.
Full textAbstract:
Personal investors must postpone gratification and manage risk. This thesis examines the effects of delay and risk on personal investment decisions. The delay discounting literature is employed in developing a new parameter �ki� which integrates an investment�s term and interest rate with the hyperbolic delay discounting model. By indicating the extent to which compound interest growth compensates for hyperbolic delay discounting, ki should strongly predict the subjective appeal of prospective investment returns. Six binary-choice experiments test this hypothesis, especially via a subsidiary hypothesis that exponential growth from compound interest will eventually compensate for delay, given a sufficient term. Analyses include a novel application of signal detection principles, which found ki a superior predictor of investment appraisals compared to the normative exponential delay discounting model. Subject to boundary conditions of term and investment amount, results support the predictive capacity of ki for gross returns, implying a hitherto unrecognised degree of predictability for investment decisions. To investigate perceptions of risk with delay, three additional experiments compared preferences among hypothetical investments with varying risk and term. Risk seeking and risk aversion were detected, consistent with individual differences in hyperbolic probability discounting rates. Excessive risk aversion proved the greater problem, encouraging unnecessarily conservative investment decisions. Unexpectedly, no evidence of delay discounted risk was found. Responses consistent with higher probability discounting of larger amounts occurred, but only for a longer rather than a shorter investment term. A survey of postgraduate finance students examined how investment past performance is interpreted. Participants evaluated annual returns from hypothetical 10-year investments that varied in their mean return, volatility, and sequence of high and low returns. Evaluations generally reflected underlying investment properties. Maladaptive appraisal tendencies included unwarranted attention to the order in which high and low returns occurred within a series. Overall for this dissertation, results suggest that delay and probability discounting theory has practical relevance for understanding personal investment decisions. The principles and methodology in this dissertation are applicable to other varieties of financial and consumer behaviour.
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Werderitch, Joseph. "Impulsiveness and Self-Reported Values." OpenSIUC, 2016. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2024.
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TITLE: IMPULSIVNENESS AND SELF-REOPRTED VALUES MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Mark R. Dixon Towards developing an applied behavior technology that treats vales as the dependent variable of interest, there is a necessity for understanding the relationship between impulsiveness and self-reported values. The purpose of this study was to evaluate how values affected social and delay discounting. Thirty participants were given two surveys, one was a social discounting survey, and the other was a delay discounting survey. Finally, participants were given a valued-living questionnaire. In the social discounting survey, participants were asked to mentally make a list of people they knew from 1-100, 1 being the closest to them and 100 being a distant acquaintance. They were then asked to pick between two choices involving hypothetical money. Starting with the choice of keeping $85 for themselves, or giving $75 to the 1st person on their list. The second choice was to keep $75 for themselves, or give $75 to the #1 person on their list. The monetary value continued to decrease by 10, while the value to give to another person remained the same, these were continued for person #2, # 5, #10, #20, and #50 on their list. The delay discounting instructed participants to choose between two hypothetical choices. The first was receiving $85 today or $75 in 1 week. The second choice was to receive $75 today, or $75 in 1 week. The hypothetical monetary value was decreased by $10, until it reached $5. The valued living questionnaire used a Likert-scale from 1-10 with 1 being ‘not at all important and ’10 being ‘extremely important’ across 10 areas (family-other than marriage or parenting, i marriage/couples, intimate relations, parenting, friends/social life, work, education/training, recreation/fun, spirituality, citizenship/community life, and physical self-care (diet, exercise, sleep). The second section of the questionnaire evaluated committed action, and asked participants to rate how consistent their actions have been with each of these value areas within the past week. A Likert-scale was also used from 1-10, with 1 being ‘not at all consistent with my value’ and 10 being ‘completely consistent with my value’. A Pearson product-movement correlation coefficient was composed to access the relationship between the switch point of discounting and rating of each area of valued living. There were to valued living areas with significant findings. There was a positive correlation between Social AUC and VLQ: Importance- Social/Friends (r=.503, n=30, p=.005). There was also a positive correlation between Delay AUC and VLQ: Importance- Physical self-care (r=.448, n=30, p=.013). There was no correlation between either social AUC and delay AUC and any of the committed action values. The results have implications for a translational understanding of the influence of discounting on reported values and committed action processes.
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Hampton, William Heyward. "TO WAIT OR TO LOSE? FRAMING ATTENUATES DELAY DISCOUNTING ACROSS THE LIFESPAN." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2018. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/522868.
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Psychology<br>Ph.D.<br>Every day to we make decisions that require us to reconcile our desire to be satisfied immediately with our desire to improve upon our current situation, which often requires waiting. People tend to devalue future rewards as a function of the time they must wait receive them, a phenomenon known as a delay discounting. Nearly all species exhibit delay discounting, yet there is a striking level of inter-individual variability in discounting severity. In humans, discounting rate predicts a wide array of outcomes such as academic achievement, drug addiction, salary, and obesity. Such correlational relationships have led some to argue that discounting is a stable trait. Contrary to this perspective, several studies have shown that discounting rates may gradually decrease with age. There is also evidence that contextual factors can more immediately alter an individual's discounting rate. One such factor is how information is presented, or "framed". The way in which options are framed-even if they are logically equivalent-can influence choice. Framing a choice as a loss often leads to avoidance that option, i.e. to loss aversion. Delay discounting and susceptibility to loss framing have thus far only been studied in isolation, yet in day to day life we regularly must consider both temporal and loss information, particularly as we become older. This study seeks to the bridge delay discounting, framing, and normative aging literatures to examine (1) whether reframing choices can reduce delay discounting; (2) what factors drive individual differences in discounting and framing susceptibility; (3) to what extent these phenomena interact with age; and (4) a potential application of these findings in the context of Social Security claiming.<br>Temple University--Theses
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Baumann, Neves Ana Amelia L. "Are Delay Discounting, Probability Discounting, Time Perception, and Time perspective Related? A Cross-Cultural Study among Latino and White American Students." DigitalCommons@USU, 2009. http://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/281.
Full textAbstract:
The present study aimed to evaluate (a) the extent to which different impulsivity measures would be related to each other and to a risk taking measure, (b) the extent to which impulsivity, risk taking, time perception and time perspective are related to each other, and (c) the extent to which these processes differ in Latino and White American students. Experiment I was conducted at Utah State University. One hundred and fortythree participants were exposed to the delay discounting, probability discounting and temporal bisection procedures, and answered the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) and the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI). Results showed that (a) the AUC for delay discounting was related to the scores on the BIS-11 scale, (b) the AUCs for delay and probability discounting were positively and significantly correlated, (c) the mean of the temporal bisection procedure was correlated with the AUC of the delaydiscounting procedure, (d) the scores on the ZTPI were correlated with the impulsivity measures, and (e) the scores on the ZTPI subscales were also correlated with the risk taking measure. These results suggest that different impulsivity measures may be evaluating similar decision-making processes, that impulsivity and risk taking may be different decision- making processes, and that time perception and time perspective are related to impulsivity and risk taking. Experiment II was conducted at Washington University in St. Louis, with 18 Latinos and 16 White Americans. Results show that while Latinos were more impulsive in the delay discounting procedure, their scores did not differ from the White Americans on the BIS-11. Interestingly, Latinos and White Americans did not differ on time perception, but they did differ on time perspective: Latinos scored higher on fatalism compared to White Americans.
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Enoch, Mary Rachel. "USING MINDFULNESS TO INCREASE DIRECTED ATTENTION, SELF-CONTROL, AND PSYCHOLOGICAL FLEXIBILITY IN CHILDREN." OpenSIUC, 2015. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1143.
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Over the past decade children have been facing increasingly large deficits towards their ability to pay attention. The inability to pay attention impacts children in every facet of their lives from focusing at school, in their home life, after school activities, etc. Inattention may impact children’s school performance, formation of social bonds, and the inability to pick up on appropriate social cues. Recently, more research has been conducted looking at attention processes in children and how they impact their daily functioning. However, a void lies in the treatments to help increase these deficits. The impact inattention has on children may be potentially harmful to their development and overall well-being. One type of treatment that may be beneficial in decreasing attention deficits is mindfulness. Mindfulness is the non-judgmental observation of the ongoing stream of internal and external stimuli as they arise. Mindfulness is a treatment that has been recently gaining popularity in youth populations. Mindfulness is a type of treatment that differs from traditional approaches. The aim of mindfulness is to modify how a person interacts with their environment, teaching them to be aware of the stimuli in their environment, being in contact with their present moment, and helping to increase their overall attention. Experiment I sought to examine the effects of a 6 session, 120-minute Mindfulness Based Intervention utilizing mindfulness activities for children versus that of a Control Group when engaging in various attention tasks. The tasks targeted different attention processes (i.e. sustained attention and inhibitory control) and were presented to the participants at pre and posttest. Participants were selected for the Mindfulness Group or the Control Group based on age. Each participant completed four attention tasks (CPT-X Task, Go-No/Go Task, Visual Cancellation Task, and Crossword Puzzle Task) at the beginning of the study. After completion of the tasks, the Mindfulness Group participated in mindfulness activities and the Control Group continued with treatment as usual (their standard after school/summer curriculum). After the mindfulness training, all participants completed the attention tasks again. Experiment I results were indicative of statistically significant differences with respect to a number of dependent measures across groups. On the CPT-X task, a significant difference was shown at posttest in the experimental (M=1.90, SD=3.12) compared to the control (M=6.4, SD=5.18) group; t (40)=(-3.32), p= .002 on the total false alarms and targets missed. A significant difference was also shown at posttest in the experimental (M=1.55, SD=2.98) compared to the control (M=4.95, SD=4.75) group; t (40)= (-2.71), p= .01 for false alarms in the CPT-X task. When analyzing the Visual Cancellation Task outcomes, a significant difference was shown at posttest in the experimental (M=1.90, SD=3.12) compared to the control (M=6.4, SD=5.18) group; t (40)=(-3.32), p= .002 for total missed. A significant difference was also shown at posttest in the experimental (M=1.55, SD=2.98) compared to the control (M=4.95, SD=4.75) group; t (40)=(-2.71), p= .01 for false alarms on the Visual Cancellation Task. When both sustained attention tasks were compared to determine task outcomes, significant correlations were found between False Alarms on the CPT-X Task and the Visual Cancellation Task: r= .675, p= < .01. Significant correlations were also found between Total Missed on the CPT-X Task and the Visual Cancellation Task: r= .487, p< .05. These results suggest that on multiple attention tasks, sustained attention increased after exposure to mindfulness. Taken altogether, these results indicate that the introduction of a Mindfulness Based Intervention for children served to increase sustained attention. In order to compare the impact of a mindfulness-based training approach on impulsiveness, a multiple probe experimental design across participants was utilized in Experiment II with five participants formally diagnosed with ADHD. During baseline, the participants participated in the delay-discounting task and completed two questionnaires (AFQ-Y and CAMM). The training phases included mindfulness activities from Dixon (2014), ACT for Children with Autism and Emotional Disorders. After participating in the mindfulness activity, the participants were presented with the discounting task and the two questionnaires. Overall, increases in the participant’s discounting scores as measured by their AUC (Area Under the Curve) improved. This suggests that after receiving the mindfulness activities, the participants made less impulsive decisions towards monetary outcomes. Moderate changes on the CAMM self-report measure occurred for 3 out of 5 participants. The introduction of the mindfulness activities showed to increase self-control decision making and mindful awareness. Experiment III sought to examine the effects of a 5 day, 6 hour intensive mindfulness based camp utilizing mindfulness activities versus that of a control group. Participants for the experimental group were recruited via the community and the control group participants were age matched with the experimental group. Participants in the mindfulness camp participated in mindfulness activities across a 5 day period and completed two questionnaires (AFQ-Y and CAMM) before the camp began and again at the end of the last day. The AFQ-Y and CAMM questionnaires are empirically validated questionnaires used to measure psychological flexibility and mindful awareness outcomes with children. The control group did not receive any mindfulness training and completed the same two questionnaires 5 days apart. Results of Experiment III were indicative of statistically significant differences with respect to both dependent measures (AFQ-Y and CAMM) when analyzed within and across the experimental and control group. When analyzing the CAMM outcomes, a significant difference was shown at posttest in the experimental (M=29.66, SD=7.16) compared to the control (M=21.26, SD=8.22) group, t (30)= (2.98), p=.006. Additionally, a significant difference at posttest was shown in the experimental (M=17.13 SD=7.64) compared to the control (M=27.4, SD=12.30) group, t (30) = (-2.74), p= .010 on the AFQ-Y. Visual analysis of the AFQ-Y measure within the mindfulness group from pretest to posttest denotes a decrease in scores across 80% of the participants suggesting increases in psychological flexibility. Visual analysis of the CAMM measure within the mindfulness group from pretest to posttest shows an increase in scores across 67% of the participants suggesting increases in mindful awareness. Previous research has investigated the efficacy of mindfulness interventions with children with the total training contact hours varying. Results of the current study showed that in Experiment I, after a total of 120 minutes of mindfulness training, increases in attention were demonstrated across the experimental group. Experiment II demonstrated that mindfulness training was effective in altering decision making in children with ADHD and Experiment III results showed that after 30 hours of the mindfulness training, mindfulness served to facilitate increases in psychological flexibility and mindful awareness. Additionally, across experiments I and III, a greater influence on attention, mindful awareness, and psychological flexibility was shown compared to the control groups, suggesting the importance of mindfulness training with children.
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Slezak, Jonathan Michael. "Effects of variable training, signaled and unsignaled delays, and [delta]-amphetamine on delay-discounting functions obtained within session." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2008. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5650.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2008.<br>Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 52 p. : ill. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 44-48).
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Ritschel, F., J. A. King, D. Geisler, et al. "Temporal delay discounting in acutely ill and weight-recovered patients with anorexia nervosa." Cambridge University Press, 2015. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A39027.
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Background. Patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) are characterized by a very low body weight but readily give up immediate rewards (food) for long-term goals (slim figure), which might indicate an unusual level of self-control. This everyday clinical observation may be quantifiable in the framework of the anticipation-discounting dilemma. Method. Using a cross-sectional design, this study compared the capacity to delay reward in 34 patients suffering from acute AN (acAN), 33 weight-recovered AN patients (recAN) and 54 healthy controls. We also used a longitudinal study to reassess 21 acAN patients after short-term weight restoration. A validated intertemporal choice task and a hyperbolic model were used to estimate temporal discounting rates. Results. Confirming the validity of the task used, decreased delay discounting was associated with age and low selfreported impulsivity. However, no group differences in key measures of temporal discounting of monetary rewards were found. Conclusions. Increased cognitive control, which has been suggested as a key characteristic of AN, does not seem to extend the capacity to wait for delayed monetary rewards. Differences between our study and the only previous study reporting decreased delay discounting in adult AN patients may be explained by the different age range and chronicity of acute patients, but the fact that weight recovery was not associated with changes in discount rates suggests that discounting behavior is not a trait marker in AN. Future studies using paradigms with disorder-specific stimuli may help to clarify the role of delay discounting in AN.
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Singer, Codi. "EVALUATING THE CONVERGENT VALIDITY OF DELAY DISCOUNTING SURVEYS: DEVELOPING AN ALTERNATIVE METHOD OF ASSESSING IMPULSIVITY." OpenSIUC, 2018. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2429.
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Convergent validity has been used to evaluate the correlation between measurement tools. Delayed discounting has been used in order to determine the impulsivity in a variety of populations. Delayed discounting tasks have historically consisted of long, time consuming surveys. These tasks present participants with questions that relate to smaller sooner, or larger later rewards following various temporal delays. The purpose of the present study was to determine the convergent validity between a brief delayed discounting survey and a long, traditional version of the survey. The traditional survey consisted of 189 questions that contained 7 temporal delays and hypothetical money amounts. The brief survey was created based on the long survey but consisted of only 7 questions. Results from this study indicate that convergent validity did not exist between the two surveys. Keywords: delayed discounting, convergent validity, impulsivity
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Parthasarathi, Trishala, Mairead H. McConnell, Jeffrey Luery, and Joseph W. Kable. "The Vivid Present: Visualization Abilities Are Associated with Steep Discounting of Future Rewards." FRONTIERS MEDIA SA, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622999.
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Humans and other animals discount the value of future rewards, a phenomenon known as delay discounting. Individuals vary widely in the extent to which they discount future rewards, and these tendencies have been associated with important life outcomes. Recent studies have demonstrated that imagining the future reduces subsequent discounting behavior, but no research to date has examined whether a similar principle applies at the trait level, and whether training visualization changes discounting. The current study examined if individual differences in visualization abilities are linked to individual differences in discounting and whether practicing visualization can change discounting behaviors in a lasting way. Participants (n = 48) completed the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ) and delay discounting task and then underwent a 4-week intervention consisting of visualization training (intervention) or relaxation training (control). Contrary to our hypotheses, participants who reported greater visualization abilities (lower scores) on the VVIQ were higher discounters. To further examine this relationship, an additional 106 participants completed the VVIQ and delay discounting task. In the total sample (n = 154), there was a significant negative correlation between VVIQ scores and discount rates, showing that individuals who are better visualizers are also higher discounters. Consistent with this relationship but again to our surprise, visualization training tended, albeit weakly, to increase discount rates, and those whose VVIQ decreased the most were those whose discount rates increased the most. These results suggest a novel association between visualization abilities and delay discounting.
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Ortner, Catherine Nicole Marie. "Alcohol myopia and alcohol-induced impulsivity, a re-examination of the delay discounting paradigm." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ63349.pdf.
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Holton, Bethany. "The use of contextual cues to alter choice preference in a delay discounting task /." Available to subscribers only, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1328054761&sid=6&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Lopez, Alexa Ashley. "Examining Delay Discounting and Response to Incentive-Based Smoking-Cessation Treatment Among Pregnant Women." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2014. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/272.
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Delay discounting is considered by many to be a risk factor for substance use disorders and other health-related behavior problems. While these health-related behavior problems are often treated with incentive-based interventions, little is known about whether delay discounting (DD) moderates response to that treatment approach. The present study examined how response to incentive-based smoking-cessation treatment varied as a function of baseline DD scores among pregnant women participating in randomized controlled clinical trials examining the efficacy of financial incentives. Women were assigned to a condition wherein they earned vouchers exchangeable for retail items contingent on abstinence from recent smoking or to a control condition wherein they received vouchers of comparable value but independent of smoking status. Individual differences in DD of hypothetical monetary rewards were measured at the study intake and follow-up assessments. We examined whether individual differences in baseline scores on that instrument predict antepartum and postpartum smoking status using logistic regression, and if sustaining abstinence caused changes in DD scores from intake to 24-weeks postpartum. We did not see any significant main effects of DD or interactions of DD with treatment on antepartum or postpartum smoking status. Treatment condition, baseline smoking rate (cigs/day), a history of quit attempts pre-pregnancy, and educational attainment were all associated with increased odds of abstaining from smoking at the late-pregnancy antepartum assessment, and treatment condition was the only significant predictor of abstaining from smoking at 24-weeks postpartum, three months after the treatment formally ended. We saw no discernible evidence that sustained abstinence from smoking was associated with post-treatment decreases in DD. Overall, we saw no evidence that being a steeper discounter is associated with a lack of success in quitting smoking in either treatment condition. Being assigned to the incentives condition was the only predictor of antepartum and postpartum abstinence. The observed associations of a lower baseline smoking rate, higher educational attainment, and a history of having attempted to quit smoking previously with increased odds of success in achieving antepartum smoking abstinence is consistent with results from previous reports on predictors of response to this treatment underscoring the reliability of these relationships.
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Walsh, Ashley Marie. "DELAY DISCOUNTING OF TREATMENT SUCCESS AND STAFF WILLINGNESS TO IMPLIMENT BEHAVIOR ANALYTIC TRAINING PROCEDURES." OpenSIUC, 2018. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2358.
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A delay discounting questionnaire was administered where the commodity manipulated was treatment success that occurred immediately or was delayed. The delay to treatment success was exponentially manipulated and in terms of reasonable time estimates expected for a behavioral intervention to typically achieve successful outcomes with the individual. The cost titrated was the amount of time per week that staff would be willing to implement a typical behavior change strategy. Results from 32 direct care staff currently employed at a day treatment facility for adult clients suggest the subjective value of treatment outcomes is discounted as a function of the delay to treatment success. All participants had some experience implementing behavior analytic treatment strategies. The decay is appropriately modelled using a hyperbolic curve function fit to the data that was obtained and is consistent with the results of prior research in the field. The values obtained for each delay included the median indifference point at each delay, an r2 value of 0.92 was observed. The median indifference points that were determined for each delay indicate steep discounting of the subjective value of willingness to implement treatment as a function of the delay. The results can provide additional research to support the level of predicting and influencing staff buy in of behavior analytic programs by determining estimates of response cost and delay to outcome. Keywords: Delay discounting, direct care staff, treatment programs, treatment outcomes
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Rung, Jillian M. "Changing Delay Discounting: Identification and Evaluation of Ecologically Valid Methods for Reducing Impulsive Choice." DigitalCommons@USU, 2018. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7079.
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Impulsivity takes many forms, one of which is termed impulsive choice. Impulsive choice entails preference for an outcome due to its immediacy relative to more optimal outcomes that take longer to come to fruition. For example, one may wish to have another serving of a decadent dessert after dinner—but doing so may undermine a longer-term goal of improved health and nutrition. If having the extra serving becomes a habit, the consequences of that choice compound and may lead to, for example, obesity. A high degree of impulsive choice such as this is indeed related to issues such as obesity, drug addictions (e.g., alcohol, opiates), and more; it may also cause these conditions.
Because impulsive choice may lead to the development of poor health conditions, being able to reduce impulsive choice may reduce the occurrence of these conditions and/or help treat them. To date, a variety of studies have been conducted to examine ways to reduce impulsive choice, but it was unclear what methods may be most useful for clinical use in humans. Thus, the first portion of the enclosed research was a literature review in which successful methods for reducing impulsive choice were identified. A particular intervention called Episodic Future Thinking (EFT), which entails vivid imagination of one’s future, was one of the most promising found. However, it was unclear if its positive effects on impulsive choice were due to EFT itself or a placebo-like effect, which can arise from being able to guess the purpose of the intervention.
The remaining portions of this dissertation focused on determining whether people are able to identify the purpose of EFT, and subsequently, if this awareness accounts for the positive effects of EFT on impulsive choice. Across three experiments, we demonstrated that naïve individuals are able to figure out the purpose of EFT (Experiments 1a and 1b), but that being aware of its purpose is unrelated to its positive effects (Experiment 3). These findings give hope that this intervention could be clinically useful, but it did appear that its benefits did not generalize well to novel settings (Experiment 2). Overall, the results of the research showed that EFT produces genuine changes in impulsive choice, but that further research will need to be conducted to understand why it works, and ultimately, how its generalizability can be increased.
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Seward, Rebecca. "The relationship between discounting immediate and former life statuses related to quality of life." OpenSIUC, 2020. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2691.
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The purpose of the current study is to evaluate the relationship between discounting immediate and former life statuses prior to death related to quality of life across the lifespan. A discounting survey was completed by 83 participants in which they were asked to make hypothetical choices regarding returning back to an age they preferred or remaining at their current age prior to dying. In addition, participants completed surveys measuring quality of life, death depression, and death anxiety. Results indicated that participants who reported low quality of life and experienced high depression and anxiety towards death responded more impulsively to the discounting survey, engaging in steeper discounting. Additionally, results indicated that a positive correlation between participants aged 30 to 50 years old and AUC exists, indicating that as age increases, impulsivity decreases. However, this same trend was not evident in participants over the age of 65, yielding no correlation. Strengths and limitations, implications of the current study’s findings, and opportunities for future research are discussed.
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Lew, Alyssa J. C. "Cognitive Contributions to Academic Procrastination: Investigating Individual Differences of Personality and Delayed Discounting of Rewards." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/806.
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The prevalence of procrastination in the college environment is extremely high with estimates that 80–90% of college students procrastinate when completing academic tasks. Since it impacts the majority of college students, early identification of an individual’s personality traits and behavioral delay discounting tendencies that may contribute to academic procrastination can lead to improved productivity and overall, a better college experience. The present study reviews what is already known about the relationships between personality and delay discounting with academic procrastination. Based on the review of the current literature, this study strives to reinforce and extend what is known about the relationships between these variables, improve the methodology used to examine these relationships, and provide a possible neural basis of procrastination. The proposed study will be conducted with first-year undergraduate student participants who attend Scripps College, over three academic terms (three participant samples). The study materials consist of two self-report personality measures (Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and Revised NEO Personality Inventory), a delay discounting task involving choices between hypothetical monetary rewards, and two measures of academic procrastination: a self-report measure (Procrastination Assessment Scale—Students) and a behavioral measure through course assignment submission. The study predicts that the typical academic procrastinator is introverted, perceptive, neurotic, and impulsive. In addition, an academic procrastinator has tendencies toward poor self-discipline, non-conscientious behavior, and preferences for discounted future rewards. Limitations of this study and future directions are also discussed.
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Skogsholm, Lauren. "Distractibility, Impulsivity, and Activation of Top-down Control Resources." Thesis, Boston College, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/1977.
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Thesis advisor: Elizabeth Kensinger<br>Thesis advisor: Katherine Mickley Steinmetz<br>Distractibility and impulsivity have long been thought of as two separate psychological processes; however, there is currently evidence that suggests otherwise. The aim of this study was to gain a better understanding on the behavioral level of the interaction between these two traits. I proposed a model in which some individuals have a higher than average threshold for activation of the top-down cognitive control resources that are important for directing and maintaining attention as well as for regulating impulsive behaviors. To test the strength of this model I used an experimental paradigm that combined two different types of tasks—a spatial working memory task and a delay discounting of a primary reward (juice) task. Participants were administered the Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scale in order to be classified in terms of their trait distractibility and trait impulsivity subscale scores. The results suggest that there is indeed an association between the traits of distractibility and impulsivity, and that they may be linked by a common mechanism involving a variable threshold of activation of top-down control resources to regulate these behaviors<br>Thesis (BS) — Boston College, 2011<br>Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences<br>Discipline: College Honors Program<br>Discipline: Psychology
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Bown, Debbie. "Binge Eating and Impulsivity: The Use of a Delay Discounting Procedure to Elucidate the Relationship." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.494375.
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Woo, Yuri. "Two Essays Analyzing the Behavioral Economics Underlying Health Decisions: Delay Discounting and Crowding Out Effect." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/83504.
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This thesis is composed of two essays that study behavioral economics to motivate health-promoting behaviors. The first paper, "Does Nutrition Education Reduce Delay Discounting?," studies delay discounting, or delayed gratification, which is an important research topic because it plays a role in producing numerous health outcomes, such as obesity. It is important to understand how the delay discounting process relates to unhealthy diets. People who discount the value of future outcomes prefer immediate rewards (e.g., enjoyment/taste) even though a larger reward from delaying exists (e.g., good health status). In this paper, we aim to provide evidence over whether nutrition education reduces delay discounting. Our analysis, therefore, provides guidance for designing more effective interventions to help increase overall health. The second paper, "Are We Reaching Those Most In Need?: Motivation Profiles and Willingness-to-Participate," explores the potentially negative psychological spillover effects (i.e., "crowding out" effects), which can complicate incentives' effectiveness because it can make targeted behavior (i.e., the aim to improve one's health) less desirable. To understand this "crowding out" effect, our paper examines how different types of motivations (i.e., intrinsic and extrinsic motivations) influence people's willingness-to-participate in a weight control program with and without incentives. This analysis provides further guidance for designing more effective interventions by considering different recruitment strategies to target different individuals, which can minimize the negative spillover of incentives.<br>Master of Science
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Grady, Eric S. "Delay discounting in adolescent substance abuse and juvenile delinquency a comparison of measures of impulsive behavior /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2008. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5733.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2008.<br>Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 101 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 45-53).
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Eggeling, Jonas Hermann [Verfasser]. "Der Einfluss von Körpergewicht und Blutglukose auf Delay Discounting, Kalorienaufnahme und hormonelle Gegenregulation / Jonas Hermann Eggeling." Lübeck : Zentrale Hochschulbibliothek Lübeck, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1193102944/34.
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Hahn, Hunter Hahn. "Sexual Discounting of Condom Use with Delay by Men: Implications of Relationship Status and Sexual Orientation." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1510157695060385.
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Deshpande, Harshawardhan Umakant. "Univariate and Multivariate fMRI Investigations of Delay Discounting and Episodic Future Thinking in Alcohol Use Disorder." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101551.
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Alcohol use disorder (AUD) remains a major public health concern globally with substantially increased mortality and a significant economic burden. The low rates of treatment and the high rates of relapse mean that excessive alcohol consumption detrimentally affects many aspects of the user's life and the lives of those around them. One reason for the low efficacy of treatments for AUD could be an unclear understanding of the neural correlates of the disease. As such, the studies in this dissertation aim at elucidating the neural mechanisms undergirding AUD, which could lead to more efficacious treatment and rehabilitation strategies.
The propensity for impulsive decision making (choosing smaller, sooner rewards over larger, later ones) also known as delay discounting (DD), is an established risk-factor for a variety of substance abuse disorders, including AUD. Brain mapping of DD routinely uses modalities such as blood-oxygenation-level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD fMRI). However, the extent to which these brain activation maps reflect the characteristics of impulsive behavior has not been directly studied. To examine this, we used multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA) methods such as multivariate classification using Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithms and trained accurate classifiers of high vs. low impulsivity with individual fMRI brain maps. Our results demonstrate that brain regions in the prefrontal cortex encode neuroeconomic decision making characterizing DD behavior and help classify individuals with low impulsivity from individuals with high impulsivity.
Individuals suffering from addictive afflictions such as AUD are often unable to plan for the future and are trapped in a narrow temporal window, resulting in short-term, impulsive decision making. Episodic future thinking (EFT) or the ability to project oneself into the future and pre-experience an event, is a rapidly growing area of addiction research and individuals suffering from addictive disorders are often poor at it. However, it has been shown across healthy individuals and disease populations (addiction, obesity) that practicing EFT reduces impulsive decision making. We provided real-time fMRI neurofeedback to alcohol users while they performed EFT inside the MR scanner to aid them in successfully modulating their thoughts between the present and the future. After the scanning session, participants made more restrained choices when performing a behavioral task outside the scanner, demonstrating an improvement in impulsivity.
These two neuroimaging studies interrogate the brain mechanisms of delay discounting and episodic future thinking in alcohol use disorder. Successful classification of impulsive behavior as demonstrated in the first study could lead to accurate prediction of treatment outcomes in AUD. The second study suggests that rtfMRI provides direct access to brain mechanisms regulating EFT and highlights its potential as an intervention for impulsivity in the context of AUD. The work in this dissertation thus investigates important cognitive process for the treatment of alcohol use disorder that could pave the way for novel therapeutic interventions not only for AUD, but also for a wide spectrum of other addictive disorders.<br>Doctor of Philosophy
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Bruner, Natalie R. "Effects of prenatal stress on lever-press acquisition, delay discounting, and ethanol self-administration in rats." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10450/10882.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2010.<br>Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 67 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-67).
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Renda, C. Renee. "Changing Nonhuman Impulsive Choice." DigitalCommons@USU, 2018. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7014.
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Preference for smaller-sooner over larger-later rewards characterizes one type of impulsivity—impulsive choice. Impulsive choice is related to a number of maladaptive behaviors including substance abuse, pathological gambling, and poor health behaviors. As such, interventions designed to reduce impulsive choice may have therapeutic benefits. The purpose of this dissertation was to explore two methods to change nonhuman impulsive choice. In doing so, we hope to provide a baseline that future research can use to assess variables that are less amenable to human research (e.g., drug self-administration following reductions in impulsive choice). In Chapter 2, we failed to reduce nonhuman impulsive choice using working-memory training, a finding both inconsistent and consistent with the extant human literature. Chapters 3-5 sought to better understand a training regimen that generates large between-group differences in nonhuman impulsive choice—delay- and immediacy-exposure training. The results from Chapters 3 and 4 suggest that prolonged exposure to delayed food rewards produces large and long-lasting reductions in impulsive choice. Chapter 5 showed that the delay-exposure training effect can be obtained in fewer sessions than has previously been employed. A better understanding of the effects of delay-exposure training on nonhuman impulsive choice may have implications for the design and implementation of a human analog.
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Yuan, Chengan. "Preference in Asynchronous Presentation of Stimuli." The University of Waikato, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2795.
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A self-control procedure that involved a later onset of a stimulus signalling a small reinforcer within the waiting time for a larger reinforcer was investigated to determine a point of shifting preference and a discounting function as the delay varied. The results from Experiment 1 to Experiment 3 showed exclusive impulsive choices regardless of the delay. In order to examine if the results were due to the procedure and the parameters, or the species used, Experiment 4 attempted to obtain shifts in preference using simultaneous onset of stimuli with the same species. The results demonstrated no changes in preference but an increase in proportion of self-control choices was shown. Due to the limited information from the replicated studies, the accounts for the results could not be concluded. The explanations derived from choice models seemed most plausible, but limitations of the choice models were discussed.
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Blackburn, Marianna Carmen. "Decision making under uncertainty : differentiating between 'if', 'what' and 'when' outcomes occur." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/decision-making-under-uncertainty-differentiating-between-if-what-and-when-outcomes-occur(70679727-6773-458c-9833-36ecbbc97d64).html.
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Why is it difficult to save for a pension or maintain a healthy diet? Choosing between options that have future or delayed consequences presents a challenge for a decision maker. When faced with such intertemporal choices the tendency to favour choices with immediate or short term outcomes, otherwise known as delay discounting, can lead to suboptimal consequences in the long-term. However, the mechanisms underlying the devaluation of future outcomes are poorly understood. This is due to the lack of a consistent framework for the representation of delays and delayed outcomes. One perspective is to represent delays as uncertainty. However, current conceptions of uncertainty are limited, by and large, to the dimension of probability, and are therefore inadequate. This thesis adopts a delay discounting model and emphasises different types of uncertainties within choice. Unifying these components, a framework that considers intertemporal choice as decision making under uncertainty is proposed. A series of behavioural and electrophysiological studies is presented to demonstrate that: it is the perceived uncertainty about 'if' and 'when' outcomes occur that contributes to behavioural discounting (chapters 2 and 3); the perception and evaluation of 'what' is delayed is underlined by emotional processes (chapter 4); and that generally, uncertainties about 'if' and 'what' outcomes differentially characterise risky and impulsive choices (chapter 5), and can be distinguished in terms of their informational qualities (chapter 6). Collectively, these findings present a deconstruction of uncertainty into components of 'if', 'what' and 'when', that could be mapped to delayed outcomes. I discuss them within the context of judgement and decision making, individual differences, and neural aspects of reward processing. These results allow me to argue that 1) all decision making is a process of information availability; 2) behaviour is motivated to reduce uncertainty; 3) choice is the manifestation of acquired information gathered from a decision-maker's internal and/or external environment. In conclusion, this thesis demonstrates that decision making under uncertainty can be qualified beyond a single dimension of probability; and that uncertainty can be characterised as a state of incomplete information about 'if' 'what' and 'when' outcomes will occur. Accordingly, intertemporal and risky choices can be accommodated within a single framework, subject to the same cognitive and neural processes. Consequently, this framework allows for the design of behavioural interventions that specifically target reducing uncertainties of 'if', 'what' or 'when'.
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Wilson, Courtney. "EVALUATING THE COMPOUNDING EFFECTS OF WEIGHT LOSS AND WEIGHT GAIN IN CHOOSING TO EXERCISE." OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2271.
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The present study used healthy questionnaires to evaluate the compounding effects of weight loss and weight gain in choosing to exercise. The questionnaire was distributed to 31 participants via social media outlets. Demographic information was also recorded such as height, weight, ethnicity, and income. The height and weight recorded was used to correlate the BMI with the AUC values. This data did not show a strong correlation between body mass index with high or low AUC values, these values were evenly distributed between underweight, normal/average weight, and overweight participants. . The questionnaires designed to assess how people view exercise and to determine if there is a pattern with sequencing delays with the calculated switch point and AUC. Statistical and visual analyses were conducted at the group and participant level. The switch points, were documented from each delay and was calculated to determine the compounding sequence that was preferred from each participant. The results from the study indicated that participants chose to exercise immediately within the first day, when the consequence was to lose weight. The results for the gain condition indicated that participants would gain weight instead of exercise, to a certain limit (100 days), when they chose to then engage in exercise behavior regularly. The conclusion of this study shows that the longer the delay the less valued the outcome is. This is important when understanding the obesity epidemic within the United States.