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Journal articles on the topic 'Delay discounting'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Leverett, Shelby, Christopher Garza, and Kendra Seaman. "The Effect of Delay Duration on Delay Discounting Across Adulthood." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 77, no. 3 (2021): 467–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbab198.

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Abstract Objectives Literature about the relationship between age and delay discounting, or the willingness to wait for delayed rewards, is mixed. We posit that some of this heterogeneity may be attributable to inconsistent delay durations across studies. Here we investigate how delay duration influences discounting across adulthood by systematically varying the duration of the delay between the smaller, sooner and the larger, later option. Methods 288 healthy participants (age range: 25–84 years) completed an online delay discounting task that probed 12 different time delays across 3 discount

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Rachlin, Howard, and Bryan A. Jones. "Social discounting and delay discounting." Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 21, no. 1 (2008): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bdm.567.

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Rosch, Keri S., and Stewart H. Mostofsky. "Increased Delay Discounting on a Novel Real-Time Task among Girls, but not Boys, with ADHD." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 22, no. 1 (2015): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617715001071.

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AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine delay discounting in girls and boys with ADHD-Combined type (ADHD-C) relative to typically developing (TD) children on two tasks that differ in the extent to which the rewards and delays were experienced by participants. Children ages 8–12 years with ADHD-C (n=65; 19 girls) and TD controls (n=55; 15 girls) completed two delay discounting tasks involving a series of choices between smaller, immediate and larger, delayed rewards. The classic delay discounting task involved choices about money at delays of 1–90 days and only some of the outcomes were a

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Harvey, Sophie, Greg Jensen, and Kristen G. Anderson. "Gamification and motivation: Impact on delay discounting performance." PLOS ONE 19, no. 4 (2024): e0299511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0299511.

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Delay discounting is a phenomenon strongly associated with impulsivity. However, in order for a measured discounting rate in an experiment to meaningfully generalize to choices made elsewhere in life, participants must provide thoughtful, engaged answers during the assessment. Classic discounting tasks may not optimize intrinsic motivation or enjoyment, and a participant who is disengaged from the task is likely to behave in a way that provides a biased estimate of their discounting function. We assessed degree of delay discounting in a task intended to vary level of participant motivation. Th

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Mahalingam, Vaishali, Michael Palkovics, Michal Kosinski, Iva Cek, and David Stillwell. "A Computer Adaptive Measure of Delay Discounting." Assessment 25, no. 8 (2016): 1036–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191116680448.

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Delay discounting has been linked to important behavioral, health, and social outcomes, including academic achievement, social functioning and substance use, but thoroughly measuring delay discounting is tedious and time consuming. We develop and consistently validate an efficient and psychometrically sound computer adaptive measure of discounting. First, we develop a binary search–type algorithm to measure discounting using a large international data set of 4,190 participants. Using six independent samples ( N = 1,550), we then present evidence of concurrent validity with two standard measure

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An, Yong-Dong, Guo-Xia Ma, Xing-Kui Cai, Ying Yang, Fang Wang, and Zhan-Lin Zhang. "Examining the association between delay discounting, delay aversion and physical activity in Chinese adults with type-2 diabetes mellitus." World Journal of Diabetes 15, no. 4 (2024): 675–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v15.i4.675.

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BACKGROUND The role of physical activity in diabetes is critical, influencing this disease's development, man-agement, and overall outcomes. In China, 22.3% of adults do not meet the minimum level of physical activity recommended by the World Health Organization. Therefore, it is imperative to identify the factors that contributing to lack of physical activity must be identified. AIM To investigate the relationship among delay discounting, delay aversion, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and various levels of physical activity in Chinese adults diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHO

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Green, Leonard, Astrid F. Fry, and Joel Myerson. "Discounting of Delayed Rewards: A Life-Span Comparison." Psychological Science 5, no. 1 (1994): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00610.x.

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In this study, children, young adults, and older adults chose between immediate and delayed hypothetical monetary rewards The amount of the delayed reward was held constant while its delay was varied All three age groups showed delay discounting, that is, the amount of an immediate reward judged to be of equal value to the delayed reward decreased as a function of delay The rate of discounting was highest for children and lowest for older adults, predicting a life-span developmental trend toward increased self-control Discounting of delayed rewards by all three age groups was well described by

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Scherbaum, Stefan, Simon Frisch, and Maja Dshemuchadse. "Step by step: Harvesting the dynamics of delay discounting decisions." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 4 (2018): 949–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1307863.

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People show a tendency to devalue rewards when they are delayed in time. This so-called delay discounting often happens to an extent that seems irrational from an economical perspective. Research studying outcomes of delay discounting decisions has successfully derived descriptive models for such choice preferences. However, this outcome-based approach faces limitations in integrating the influence of contextual factors on the decision. Recently, this outcome-centred perspective on delay discounting has been complemented by a focus on the process dynamics leading to delay discounting decisions

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Weatherly, Jeffrey N., Thomas V. Petros, Harpa L. Jόnsdόttir, Adam Derenne, and Joseph C. Miller. "Probability Alters Delay Discounting, but Delay Does Not Alter Probability Discounting." Psychological Record 65, no. 2 (2014): 267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40732-014-0102-3.

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10

Lu, Huazhang. "Investigating the Impact of Age and Education on Delay Discounting: A Predictive Random Forest Model for Personalized Marketing and Mental Health Risk Detection." Applied and Computational Engineering 109, no. 1 (2024): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/2024.17893.

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This study uses a random forest model to predict delay discounting rates, aiming to support mental health interventions and personalized marketing strategies. Delay discounting refers to the tendency to prefer smaller immediate rewards over larger delayed rewards, a behavior closely linked to impulsivity and relevant in both psychological and commercial contexts. Data from Garofalo et al., including 357 healthy Italian adults categorized by age and education level, were used. Two-way ANOVA showed that education significantly influences delay discounting rates, while age does not. The model was

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Jones, Jeb, Jodie L. Guest, Patrick S. Sullivan, Michael R. Kramer, Samuel M. Jenness, and Jessica M. Sales. "Concordance between monetary and sexual delay discounting in men who have sex with men." Sexual Health 15, no. 3 (2018): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh17111.

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Background Delay discounting has been found to be associated with numerous health-related outcomes, including risky sexual behaviour. To date, it is unclear whether delay discounting measured in different domains is associated within individuals. The goal of this study was to assess the concordance of monetary and sexual delay discounting in men who have sex with men. Methods: Participants completed an online survey, including the Monetary Choice Questionnaire and the Sexual Discounting Task. Linear regression models were used to assess the association between monetary and sexual discount rate

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Malesza, Marta, and Paweł Ostaszewski. "Relations between Cloninger's Dimensions of Temperament and Steepness of Delay and Effort Discounting of Monetary Rewards." Psychological Reports 112, no. 3 (2013): 694–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/09.14.pr0.112.3.694-705.

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The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between Cloninger's personality dimensions of temperament (Harm Avoidance, Novelty Seeking, Reward Dependence, and Persistence) and the steepness of delay and effort discounting, which refers to a decrease in the subjective value of a reward as its delay, or effort required to obtain the reward, increases. Participants ( N = 112; ages 19 to 29 years, M = 21.80, SD = 1.35) filled out two inventories: the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and the Discounting Questionnaire. The study revealed that the higher the Harm Avoidance and R

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Brown, Jeremiah M., Warren K. Bickel, Leonard H. Epstein, and Jeffrey S. Stein. "Episodic future thinking in type 2 diabetes: Further development and validation of the Health Information Thinking control for clinical trials." PLOS ONE 18, no. 8 (2023): e0289478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289478.

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Episodic Future Thinking (EFT) reduces delay discounting and may have the potential as a clinical tool to increase the likelihood of health-promoting behaviors. However, evaluations of EFT in clinical settings require control conditions that match the effort and frequency of cue generation, as well as participants’ expectations of improvement. The Health Information Thinking (HIT) control addresses these issues, but how this control affects delay discounting in individuals with diabetes and obesity when utilizing diabetes-management specific health-information vignettes is unknown. Moreover, l

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Karbowski, Adam, and Bartłomiej Wiśnicki. "Are there gender differences in delay discounting of monetary losses?" Kwartalnik Nauk o Przedsiębiorstwie 59, no. 2 (2021): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/knop.2021.59.2.2.

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We investigate gender differences in delay discounting of monetary losses. 203 participants solved a discounting task based on the titration algorithm. The individual rates of delay discounting of losses were calculated with the use of AUC (Area Under the Curve) method. The results show that there is no statistically significant impact of gender on delay discounting of monetary losses. We briefly discuss possible biological and social explanations of the above finding.

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Heerey, Erin A., Benjamin M. Robinson, Robert P. McMahon, and James M. Gold. "Delay discounting in schizophrenia." Cognitive Neuropsychiatry 12, no. 3 (2007): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13546800601005900.

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16

Madden, Gregory J., Monica T. Francisco, Adam T. Brewer, and Jeffrey S. Stein. "Delay discounting and gambling." Behavioural Processes 87, no. 1 (2011): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2011.01.012.

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Odum, Amy L. "Delay discounting: Trait variable?" Behavioural Processes 87, no. 1 (2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2011.02.007.

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18

Lempert, Karolina M., Joanna E. Steinglass, Anthony Pinto, Joseph W. Kable, and Helen Blair Simpson. "Can delay discounting deliver on the promise of RDoC?" Psychological Medicine 49, no. 2 (2018): 190–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291718001770.

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AbstractThe National Institute of Mental Health launched the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative to better understand dimensions of behavior and identify targets for treatment. Examining dimensions across psychiatric illnesses has proven challenging, as reliable behavioral paradigms that are known to engage specific neural circuits and translate across diagnostic populations are scarce. Delay discounting paradigms seem to be an exception: they are useful for understanding links between neural systems and behavior in healthy individuals, with potential for assessing how these mechanisms

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Bailey, Allen J., Ricardo J. Romeu, and Peter R. Finn. "The problems with delay discounting: a critical review of current practices and clinical applications." Psychological Medicine 51, no. 11 (2021): 1799–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291721002282.

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AbstractDelay discounting paradigms have gained widespread popularity across clinical research. Given the prevalence in the field, researchers have set lofty expectations for the importance of delay discounting as a key transdiagnostic process and a ‘core’ process underlying specific domains of dysfunction (e.g. addiction). We believe delay discounting has been prematurely reified as, in and of itself, a core process underlying psychological dysfunction, despite significant concerns with the construct validity of discounting rates. Specifically, high delay discounting rates are only modestly r

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Epstein, Leonard H., Ashfique Rizwan, Rocco A. Paluch, and Jennifer L. Temple. "Delay Discounting and the Income-Food Insecurity-Obesity Paradox in Mothers." Journal of Obesity 2023 (September 19, 2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/8898498.

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Food insecurity, defined as unpredictable access to food that may not meet a person’s nutritional needs, is paradoxically associated with higher BMI (kg/m2) and obesity. Research has shown delay discounting, a behavioral economic measure of the preference for immediate rather than delayed rewards, is related to higher BMI, and moderates the relationship between income and food insecurity. Based on this research, we used regression models to test whether delay discounting, consideration of future consequences, and perceived stress were atemporal mediators of the food insecurity-BMI relation in

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Felton, Julia W., Anahi Collado, Katherine M. Ingram, Kelly Doran, and Richard Yi. "Improvement of Working Memory is a Mechanism for Reductions in Delay Discounting Among Mid-Age Individuals in an Urban Medically Underserved Area." Annals of Behavioral Medicine 53, no. 11 (2019): 988–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/abm/kaz010.

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Abstract Background Delay discounting, or the tendency to devalue rewards as a function of their delayed receipt, is associated with myriad negative health behaviors. Individuals from medically underserved areas are disproportionately at risk for chronic health problems. The higher rates of delay discounting and consequent adverse outcomes evidenced among low-resource and unstable environments suggest this may be an important pathway to explain health disparities among this population. Purpose The current study examined the effectiveness of a computerized working memory training program to dec

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Swan, Julia, Joshua L. Gowin, Matthew E. Sloan, Reza Momenan, and Vijay A. Ramchandani. "2226 Influence of alcohol use disorder and comorbid psychopathology on discounting of delayed rewards." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 2, S1 (2018): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2018.169.

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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Alcohol use disorder (AUD) has been associated with greater discounting of delayed rewards relative to healthy controls. The relationship, however, has been inconsistent, likely because previous studies had relatively small sample sizes and inadequately controlled for comorbid psychopathology and substance use. In the present study, we analyzed one of the largest clinical research samples to date to assess the influence of alcohol use on delay discounting, and examine the influence of confounding variables including substance use disorder. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: In

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Wang, Miao. "Differences in Nicotine Dependence and Delay Discounting between Traditional and E-cigarette Users." Transactions on Social Science, Education and Humanities Research 7 (May 6, 2024): 411–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.62051/avjejx53.

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The present study attempts to explore the differences in nicotine dependence and delay discounting between traditional cigarette and e-cigarette users. According to the Competing Neurobehavioral Decision Systems Theory, this study will also discuss the characteristics of impulsive decisions exhibited by smokers with these two different tobacco products. Study 1 used the Fagerström Nicotine Dependence Test (FTND) to investigate the nicotine dependence levels of traditional and e-cigarette users respectively. Based on study 1, study 2 adopted the Delay Discounting Task (DDT) to compare the diffe

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Nicolai, Jennifer, and Morten Moshagen. "Dissociating Pathological Buying From Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms Using Delay Discounting." Zeitschrift für Psychologie 225, no. 3 (2017): 244–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000308.

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Abstract. Pathological buying (PB) has been associated with elevated impulsivity in personality inventories, yet limited research has considered components of behavioral impulsivity. This study examined the relationship between discounting of delayed rewards, symptoms of PB, comorbid disorders (including obsessive-compulsive disorder, OCD), and trait impulsivity. One hundred three participants completed two delay discounting tasks (DDT). In addition to the traditional DDT, a loan variant assessing the preference to receive a certain amount of money immediately when a fixed amount has to be ret

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Erfanian Abdoust, Mani, Monja Isabel Froböse, Alfons Schnitzler, Elisabeth Schreivogel, and Gerhard Jocham. "Dopamine and acetylcholine have distinct roles in delay- and effort-based decision-making in humans." PLOS Biology 22, no. 7 (2024): e3002714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3002714.

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In everyday life, we encounter situations that require tradeoffs between potential rewards and associated costs, such as time and (physical) effort. The literature indicates a prominent role for dopamine in discounting of both delay and effort, with mixed findings for delay discounting in humans. Moreover, the reciprocal antagonistic interaction between dopaminergic and cholinergic transmission in the striatum suggests a potential opponent role of acetylcholine in these processes. We found opposing effects of dopamine D2 (haloperidol) and acetylcholine M1 receptor (biperiden) antagonism on spe

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Aparicio, Carlos F. "DELAY DISCOUNTING AND POLYDIPSIA IN SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE (SHR) AND LEWIS (LEW) RATS." CONDUCTUAL 11, no. 1 (2023): 12–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.59792/gsdu1779.

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This study compared the performance of the Spontaneously Hypertensive rat (SHR) on a delay discounting task with the performance of the Lewis rat (LEW) to suggest that both strains of rats are potential models of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). It measured choice in the initial link of a concurrentchains procedure with presses on two levers arranging entries to two terminal links, one delivering 1-food pellet after a 0.1-s delay and the other 4-food pellets with delays of 0.1, 5, 10, 20, 40 or 80 seconds presented in random order during the session. A bottle with tap water cou

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Sofis, Michael J., Ale Carrillo, and David P. Jarmolowicz. "Maintained Physical Activity Induced Changes in Delay Discounting." Behavior Modification 41, no. 4 (2016): 499–528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145445516685047.

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Those who discount the subjective value of delayed rewards less steeply are more likely to engage in physical activity. There is limited research, however, showing whether physical activity can change rates of delay discounting. In a two-experiment series, treatment and maintenance effects of a novel, effort-paced physical activity intervention on delay discounting were evaluated with multiple baseline designs. Using a lap-based method, participants were instructed to exercise at individualized high and low effort levels and to track their own perceived effort. The results suggest that treatme

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Bounoua, Nadia, Leah D. Church, Melanie A. Matyi, Jeremy Rudoler, Kaleigh Wieand, and Jeffrey M. Spielberg. "Assessing the utility of a novel cortical marker of delay discounting (C-DD) in two independent samples of early adolescents: Links with externalizing pathology." PLOS ONE 18, no. 9 (2023): e0291868. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0291868.

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Delay discounting is a well-established risk factor for risky behaviors and the development of externalizing spectrum disorders. Building upon recent work that developed a novel cortical marker of delay discounting (C-DD) in adult samples, the objective of this study was to test whether the C-DD relates to delay discounting and subsequently externalizing pathology in adolescent samples. The current study used two samples: 9992 early adolescents participating in the ABCD study (Mage = 9.93 years old, 48.7% female), and 56 early adolescents recruited from the community (Mage = 12.27 years old, 5

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Doyle, John R. "Survey of time preference, delay discounting models." Judgment and Decision Making 8, no. 2 (2013): 116–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1930297500005052.

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AbstractThe paper surveys over twenty models of delay discounting (also known as temporal discounting, time preference, time discounting), that psychologists and economists have put forward to explain the way people actually trade off time and money. Using little more than the basic algebra of powers and logarithms, I show how the models are derived, what assumptions they are based upon, and how different models relate to each other. Rather than concentrate only on discount functions themselves, I show how discount functions may be manipulated to isolate rate parameters for each model. This ap

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Dixon, Mark R., Janice Marley, and Eric A. Jacobs. "DELAY DISCOUNTING BY PATHOLOGICAL GAMBLERS." Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 36, no. 4 (2003): 449–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1901/jaba.2003.36-449.

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da Matta, Adriana, Fábio Leyser Gonçalves, and Lisiane Bizarro. "Delay discounting: Concepts and measures." Psychology & Neuroscience 5, no. 2 (2012): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3922/j.psns.2012.2.03.

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Shamosh, Noah A., Colin G. DeYoung, Adam E. Green, et al. "Individual Differences in Delay Discounting." Psychological Science 19, no. 9 (2008): 904–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02175.x.

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Moreira, Diana, and Fernando Barbosa. "Delay Discounting in Impulsive Behavior." European Psychologist 24, no. 4 (2019): 312–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000360.

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Abstract. Delay discounting (DD) is the process of devaluing results that happen in the future. With this review, we intend to identify specificities in the processes of DD in impulsive behavior. Studies were retrieved from multiple literature databases, through rigorous criteria (we included systematic reviews and empirical studies with adult human subjects), following the procedures of the Cochrane Collaboration initiative. Of the 174 documents obtained, 19 were considered eligible for inclusion and were retained for in-depth analysis. In addition, 13 studies from the manual search were incl

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Weatherly, Jeffrey N., Heather K. Terrell, and Adam Derenne. "Delay Discounting of Different Commodities." Journal of General Psychology 137, no. 3 (2010): 273–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221309.2010.484449.

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Wulff, Dirk U., and Wouter van den Bos. "Modeling Choices in Delay Discounting." Psychological Science 29, no. 11 (2017): 1890–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797616664342.

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Moody, Lara, Chris Franck, Laura Hatz, and Warren K. Bickel. "Delay discounting in polysubstance dependence." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 146 (January 2015): e44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.491.

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Holt, Daniel D., Joseph D. Carlson, Victoria L. Follett, et al. "Response factors in delay discounting: Evidence for Pavlovian influences on delay discounting in pigeons." Behavioural Processes 98 (September 2013): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2013.04.009.

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Olson, Elizabeth A., Paul F. Collins, Catalina J. Hooper, Ryan Muetzel, Kelvin O. Lim, and Monica Luciana. "White Matter Integrity Predicts Delay Discounting Behavior in 9- to 23-Year-Olds: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 7 (2009): 1406–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21107.

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Healthy participants (n = 79), ages 9–23, completed a delay discounting task assessing the extent to which the value of a monetary reward declines as the delay to its receipt increases. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was used to evaluate how individual differences in delay discounting relate to variation in fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) within whole-brain white matter using voxel-based regressions. Given that rapid prefrontal lobe development is occurring during this age range and that functional imaging studies have implicated the prefrontal cortex in discounting behavi

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Reynolds, Brady, Harriet de Wit, and Jerry B. Richards. "Delay of gratification and delay discounting in rats." Behavioural Processes 59, no. 3 (2002): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0376-6357(02)00088-8.

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Kim, Bokyung, Young Shin Sung, and Samuel M. McClure. "The neural basis of cultural differences in delay discounting." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1589 (2012): 650–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0292.

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People generally prefer to receive rewarding outcomes sooner rather than later. Such preferences result from delay discounting, or the process by which outcomes are devalued for the expected delay until their receipt. We investigated cultural differences in delay discounting by contrasting behaviour and brain activity in separate cohorts of Western (American) and Eastern (Korean) subjects. Consistent with previous reports, we find a dramatic difference in discounting behaviour, with Americans displaying much greater present bias and elevated discount rates. Recent neuroimaging findings suggest

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Matsuyama, Yusuke, Takeo Fujiwara, Yasuyuki Sawada, Junko Yagi, Hirobumi Mashiko, and Ichiro Kawachi. "Delay discounting in children exposed to disaster." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (2020): e0243994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243994.

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Delay discounting is an important predictor of future health and academic success in children but can change in environmental uncertainty situations. Here we show that the experience of loss of housing in the Great East Japan Earthquake 2011—but not other psychological trauma such as loss of loved ones—was correlated delay discounting of children. In 2014, we assessed delay discounting in children (N = 167; mean age = 8.3 years-old), who were preschool age at the time of the earthquake (mean age at the time of disaster = 4.8 years-old) in a time-investment exercise where children allocated fiv

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Gilroy, Shawn P., Christopher T. Franck, and Donald A. Hantula. "The discounting model selector: Statistical software for delay discounting applications." Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 107, no. 3 (2017): 388–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jeab.257.

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Ritschel, F., J. A. King, D. Geisler, et al. "Temporal delay discounting in acutely ill and weight-recovered patients with anorexia nervosa." Psychological Medicine 45, no. 6 (2015): 1229–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291714002311.

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Background.Patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) are characterized by a very low body weight but readily give up immediate rewards (food) for long-term goals (slim figure), which might indicate an unusual level of self-control. This everyday clinical observation may be quantifiable in the framework of the anticipation-discounting dilemma.Method.Using a cross-sectional design, this study compared the capacity to delay reward in 34 patients suffering from acute AN (acAN), 33 weight-recovered AN patients (recAN) and 54 healthy controls. We also used a longitudinal study to reassess 21 acAN patients

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Skrynka, Jordan, and Benjamin T. Vincent. "Hunger increases delay discounting of food and non-food rewards." Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 26, no. 5 (2019): 1729–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13423-019-01655-0.

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Abstract How do our valuation systems change to homeostatically correct undesirable psychological or physiological states, such as those caused by hunger? There is evidence that hunger increases discounting for food rewards, biasing choices towards smaller but sooner food reward over larger but later reward. However, it is not understood how hunger modulates delay discounting for non-food items. We outline and quantitatively evaluate six possible models of how our valuation systems modulate discounting of various commodities in the face of the undesirable state of being hungry. With a repeated

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Yu, Xue, Edmund Sonuga-Barke, and Xiangping Liu. "Preference for Smaller Sooner Over Larger Later Rewards in ADHD: Contribution of Delay Duration and Paradigm Type." Journal of Attention Disorders 22, no. 10 (2015): 984–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054715570390.

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Objective: Individuals with ADHD preferentially choose smaller sooner (SS) over larger later (LL) rewards, termed impulsive choice. This has been observed to different degrees on single-choice and more complex discounting tasks using various types of rewards and durations of delays. There has been no direct comparison of performance of ADHD children using these two paradigms. Method: Two experimental paradigms, single-choice and temporal discounting, each including two delay conditions (13 and 25 s), were administered to 7- to 9-year-old children with ADHD ( n = 17) and matched controls ( n =

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Białaszek, Wojciech, Bartłomiej Swebodziński, and Paweł Ostaszewski. "Intertemporal Decision Making After Brain Injury: Amount-Dependent Steeper Discounting after Frontal Cortex Damage." Polish Psychological Bulletin 48, no. 4 (2017): 456–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ppb-2017-0052.

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Abstract Traumatic brain injuries to the frontal lobes are associated with many maladaptive forms of behavior. We investigated the association between brain damage and impulsivity, as measured by the rate of delay discounting (i.e., the extent to which future outcomes are devalued in time). The main aim of this study was to test the hypothesis of steeper discounting of different amounts in a group of patients with frontal lobe damage. We used a delay discounting task in the form of a structured interview. A total of 117 participants were divided into five groups: three neurological groups and

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Garofalo, Sara, Luigi A. E. Degni, Manuela Sellitto, et al. "Unifying Evidence on Delay Discounting: Open Task, Analysis Tutorial, and Normative Data from an Italian Sample." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 4 (2022): 2049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042049.

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Despite the widespread use of the delay discounting task in clinical and non-clinical contexts, several task versions are available in the literature, making it hard to compare results across studies. Moreover, normative data are not available to evaluate individual performances. The present study aims to propose a unified version of the delay discounting task based on monetary rewards and it provides normative values built on an Italian sample of 357 healthy participants. The most used parameters in the literature to assess the delay discount rate were compared to find the most valid index to

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Rotschedl, Jiri, and Jiri Rotschedl. "Study of Intertemporal Discounting According to Age Groups." International Journal of Economic Sciences 10, no. 2 (2021): 126–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.52950/es.2021.10.2.008.

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The paper focuses on the topic of intertemporal discounting of individuals according to age groups. Using the sample of examined individuals, it aims to verify the hypothesis that the patience of individuals decreases with their increasing age. The study included a total of 599 individuals with an average age of 38.3 years (min. 16 and max. 82 years) who answered classical questions focused on time discounting and impulsive behaviour. In total, four possible scenarios were analysed: a small reward (CZK 100) with a delay of 1 day, a small reward with a delay of 1 month, a large reward (CZK 100,

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Thomas, Katie B., Adam Derenne, and Jeffrey N. Weatherly. "Delay and probability discounting in the context of gambling function and expectancies." Journal of Gambling Issues, no. 30 (May 1, 2015): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4309/jgi.2015.30.6.

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The current study investigated the relationship between two forms of discounting (delay and probability) and two measures of factors that may maintain gambling behavior (behavioral contingencies and expectancies). Participants (272 undergraduates) completed discounting questions for scenarios of gaining or losing $1,000 or $100,000 with uncertain or delayed outcomes. They also filled out the South Oaks Gambling Screen, the Gambling Functional Assessment -Revised, and the Gambling Expectancies Questionnaire. Results showed that gambling for positive reinforcement was consistently the best predi

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Stolarski, Maciej, Joanna Bitner, and Philip G. Zimbardo. "Time perspective, emotional intelligence and discounting of delayed awards." Time & Society 20, no. 3 (2011): 346–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0961463x11414296.

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Although the tendency to delay gratification is by definition the core feature of twoincreasingly popular—within the scope of individual differences at least—constructs: emotional intelligence (EI) and time perspective (TP), the role of the latter two in its development has never been investigated before. Moreover, none of existing research reports consider mutual relationships between EI and TP. Our research investigated relationships between TP, EI and the rate of discounting of delayed awards, understood as one of the forms of gratification delay. We also applied a new method of assessing b

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