Journal articles: 'Delay history'

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Ibrahim, Rouba, and Ward Whitt. "Real-Time Delay Estimation Based on Delay History." Manufacturing & Service Operations Management 11, no. 3 (July 2009): 397–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/msom.1080.0223.

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Gondhowiardjo, Soehartati, Sugandi Hartanto, Sigit Wirawan, Vito Filbert Jayalie, Ida Ayu Putri Astiti, Sonar Soni Panigoro, Sri Mutya Sekarutami, Andhika Rachman, and Adang Bachtiar. "Treatment delay of cancer patients in Indonesia: a reflection from a national referral hospital." Medical Journal of Indonesia 30, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.13181/mji.oa.204296.

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BACKGROUND Cancer is a complex disease requiring a multidisciplinary approach in establishing prompt diagnosis and treatment. Treatment in a timely manner is crucial for the outcomes. Hence, this study aimed to provide information on treatment delay including patient and provider delays and its associated factors. METHODS Cancer patients were recruited conveniently in the outpatient clinic of Department of Radiation Oncology, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Indonesia between May and August 2015. All patients were asked to fill a questionnaire and interviewed in this cross-sectional study. Treatment delay was explored and categorized into patient delay and provider delay. Patient delay could be happened before (patient-delay-1) or after (patient-delay-2) the patient was diagnosed with cancer. Provider delay could be due to physician, system-diagnosis, and system-treatment delays. RESULTS Among 294 patients, 86% patient had treatment delay. Patient delay was observed in 153 patients, and 43% of them had a history of alternative treatment. An older age (p = 0.047), lower educational level (p = 0.047), and history of alternative treatment (p<0.001) were associated with patient delay. Meanwhile, 214 patients had provider delay, and 9%, 36%, and 80% of them experienced physician, system-diagnosis, and system-treatment delays, respectively. All types of provider delay were associated with patient delay (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Most of the patient had treatment delay caused by either patient or provider.

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Appleby, John A. D., István Győri, and David W. Reynolds. "History-dependent decay rates for a logistic equation with infinite delay." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Section A Mathematics 141, no. 1 (February 2011): 23–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308210510000016.

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A logistic equation with infinite delay is considered under conditions that force its solution to approach a positive steady state at large times. It is shown that this rate of convergence depends on the initial history in some cases, and is independent of the history in others.

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Feng, Lin, Min Li, Wuxiang Xie, Aihua Zhang, Licheng Lei, Xian Li, R. Gao, and Yangfeng Wu. "Prehospital and in-hospital delays to care and associated factors in patients with STEMI: an observational study in 101 non-PCI hospitals in China." BMJ Open 9, no. 11 (November 2019): e031918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031918.

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ObjectivesTo describe the prehospital and in-hospital delays to care and factors associated with the delays among patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in non-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) hospitals in China.Design, setting and participantsWe analysed data from a large registry-based quality of care improvement trial conducted from 2011 to 2014 among 101 non-PCI hospitals in China. A total of 7312 patients with STEMI were included. Prehospital delay was defined as time from symptom onset to hospital arrival >120 min, first ECG delay as time from arrival to first ECG >10 min, thrombolytic therapy delay as time from first ECG to thrombolytic therapy >10 min and in-hospital delay as time from arrival to thrombolytic therapy >30 min. Logistic regressions with generalised estimating equations were preformed to identify the factors associated with each delay.ResultsThe rates of prehospital delay, first ECG delay, thrombolytic therapy delay and in-hospital delay were 67.1%, 31.4%, 85.8% and 67.8%, respectively. Patients who were female, older than 65 years old, illiterate, farmers, onset during late night and forenoon, had heart rate ≥100 beats/m at admission were more likely and patients who had history of myocardial infarction, hypertension or SBP <90 mm Hg at admission were less likely to have prehospital delay. First ECG delay was more likely to take place in patients arriving on regular hours. Thrombolytic therapy delay rate was lower in patients who had prehospital delay or first ECG delay but higher in those with heart rate ≥100 beats/m at admission. In-hospital delay rate was lower in patients with a history of dyslipidaemia and those who arrived during regular hours.ConclusionChinese patients with STEMI in low medical resource areas suffered severe prehospital and in-hospital delays to care. Future efforts should be made to improve the prehospital delay among vulnerable populations with low socioeconomic status.Trial registration numberNCT01398228; Post-results.

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Whitehurst, Grover J., David S. Arnold, Meagan Smith, Janet E. Fischel, Christopher J. Lonigan, and Marta C. Valdez-Menchaca. "Family History in Developmental Expressive Language Delay." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 34, no. 5 (October 1991): 1150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3405.1150.

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Familial aggregation of language deficits has been demonstrated in previous studies. However, researchers have typically failed to differentiate subgroups of language-impaired children. The present study used questionnaire data to assess the family history of speech, language, and school problems in a group of young children with developmental expressive language delay (ELD) and in a sample of normally developing children. In contrast to previous studies of language and speech problems, no strong familial component of ELD was found. Further, family history was not predictive of later language development in ELD children. These findings argue against genetic and familial causes of ELD and attest to the importance of differentiating subtypes of early language problems.

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Rahman, B. "Time-Delay Systems: An Overview." Nonlinear Phenomena in Complex Systems 23, no. 2 (July 9, 2020): 192–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/1561-4085-2020-23-2-192-195.

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Time-delay naturally arises in many real-world systems, due to the fact that the instantaneous rate of change of such systems does not only depend on their current time but rather on their previous history as well. Hence, time-delays are ubiquitous, their introduction often leads to suppression of oscillations, multistability and chaotic motion in the dynamical systems. This review presents some models with different kinds of time-delays such as discrete, distributed and combination of both discrete and distributed time-delays with special emphasis on the reason of incorporating such delays into the system.

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Girolametto, Luigi, Megan Wiigs, Ron Smyth, Elaine Weitzman, and Patsy Steig Pearce. "Children With a History of Expressive Vocabulary Delay." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 10, no. 4 (November 2001): 358–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2001/030).

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Outcomes of 21 children who were previously identified as late talkers were investigated at 5 years of age. The model of service delivery used for these children included a parent program for preventive intervention when the children were 2 years old, followed by focused direct intervention for children whose gains in speech and/or language skills continued to be slow. Their outcomes at 5 years of age were investigated using general language measures as well as higher level language tasks designed to stress the language system. Late talkers’ results were compared to those of a comparison group of children with histories of typical language development. Scores on standardized tests of language development indicated that the majority of late-talking children (i.e., 86%) had ‘caught up’ to their age-matched peers in expressive grammar and vocabulary. However, weaknesses remained in a number of higher level language areas, including a standardized test designed to measure facility with teacher-child discourse, a novel task that examined the child's use of pragmatic cues for anaphora resolution of ambiguous sentences, and narrative tasks. The clinical implications of these findings include close monitoring of these children as they reach school age and intervention in key areas of weakness for children who continue to demonstrate language difficulties as they mature.

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Husein-ElAhmed, Husein, Maria-Teresa Gutierrez-Salmeron, Ramon Naranjo-Sintes, and Jose Aneiros-Cachaza. "Factors Related to Delay in the Diagnosis of Basal Cell Carcinoma." Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 17, no. 1 (January 2013): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/7750.2012.12030.

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Background: There is often a delay between the clinical emergence of a basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and the point in time at which the patient presents for definitive diagnosis and treatment. Previously published studies on delays regarding skin cancer have focused on melanoma rather than Bcc. We conducted a study aimed at identifying factors associated with the detection of Bcc and reasons for the delay in diagnosis. Method: A monocentric study was performed. Patients with a primary BCC diagnosed in 2010 were included in the study. They were asked about factors concerning BCC awareness and detection, tumor characteristics, previous history of nonmelanoma cutaneous cancer, family history of nonmelanoma cutaneous cancer, and the presence of comorbidities. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: The mean diagnostic delay for BCC in our hospital setting was estimated at 19.79 ± 14.71 months. Delayed diagnosis was significantly associated with patients over 65 years, those without a previous history of BCC, those without a family history of BCC, those with BCC located elsewhere than the head or neck, and those with lesions not associated with itching or bleeding. Conclusion: This study revealed considerable delay in the diagnosis of BCC. The main reason for delay in the diagnosis seems to be the initial decision of the patient to seek medical advice. These data suggest a need for greater information for the general public on the symptoms and signs that should prompt suspicion of a BCC.

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Eissa, Iman M., Nahla B. Abu Hussein, Ahmed E. Habib, and Yasmine M. El Sayed. "Examining Delay Intervals in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Open Angle Glaucoma in an Egyptian Population and Its Impact on Lifestyle." Journal of Ophthalmology 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7012826.

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Purpose. To examine causes as well as extent of delay in diagnosis and treatment of primary open angle glaucoma patients in a sample of Egyptians.Patients and Methods. 440 patients with primary open angle glaucoma were interviewed to evaluate delay in their diagnosis and treatment. The extent and cause of delay were investigated. The total delay interval, if any, was correlated with socioeconomic and other factors.Results. The median total delay was one year, with 50% of patients having a total delay of 1 year or less, of which 25% exhibited zero total delay. 25% of patients had a delay ranging from 1 to 3 years, and 25% had a total delay ranging from 3 to 27 years. Diagnostic delay accounted for 43.03% of cases. Longer delays were met in patients with certain socioeconomic factors. Patients with a positive family history of glaucoma displayed shorter delay periods.Conclusion. Significant delay in the diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma was found. Poor socioeconomic status seems to hinder timely diagnosis and treatment of POAG. Certain socioeconomic factors seem to correlate with the extent of delay. More effort is thus needed to subsidize the cost of investigations and treatment for glaucoma patients.

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Ponak, Allen, Wilfred Zerbe, Sarah Rose, and Corliss Olson. "Using Event History Analysis to Model Delay in Grievance Arbitration." ILR Review 50, no. 1 (October 1996): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399605000107.

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Applying event history analysis to data on a sample of arbitration awards in Alberta in 1985–88, the authors investigate the factors that contribute to delay in different stages of the grievance arbitration process. The analysis shows that a different combination of factors explains delay at each stage of the process. The length of time from the filing of a grievance to referral to arbitration is a function of the complexity and type of the issue; delay in arbitrator selection is associated with the use of legal counsel and the size of the arbitration board; scheduling delay is associated with the nature of the grievance and the use of outside legal counsel; and delay in preparing the decision is linked to the complexity and type of the issue, board size, the presence of legal counsel, and the arbitrator's workload.

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Curran, Bruce J. "Event History Analysis of Grievance Arbitration in Ontario: Labour Justice Delayed?" Articles 72, no. 4 (January 11, 2018): 621–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1043170ar.

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Summary A number of empirical studies from the early 1970s to the mid-1990s indicated that delay in Canadian grievance arbitration was becoming an increasing problem. There have been no further scientific studies on delay since then, despite developments that may exacerbate the issue like increased legalism and expanded arbitral jurisdiction. Academics and practitioners have recently voiced renewed concerns about the threat that delay poses to the viability of the grievance arbitration system. To address this gap in the scientific literature, the present study examines delay and its determinants in Ontario over the last two decades. Content analysis was conducted on a random sample of almost 400 Ontario grievance arbitrations from three reference years (1994, 2004, and 2012). I then performed event history analysis on the data to determine the various factors that were associated with delay. Consistent with common perception, my empirical results suggest that delay has become worse over the past two decades. I find that certain legalistic factors are indeed associated with delay, including the use of lawyers, the use of preliminary objections, the number of witnesses testifying, and attacks on credibility. In terms of expanded arbitral jurisdiction, I find that while delay has increased for grievances involving alleged Employment Standards Act violations, for all other non-traditional issues (including human rights complaints) there are no significant increases. The results also show that certain dispute resolution procedures, such as expedited arbitration and the use of sole arbitrators are related to shorter grievance durations, and this, combined with the other findings, suggests practical solutions to the issue of delay. However, the findings also suggest that the use of certain procedures involving additional steps, like settlement and mediation-arbitration, can also serve to increase grievance duration when used unsuccessfully.

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Wu, Qian. "A Stochastic Characterization Based Data Mining Implementation for Airport Arrival and Departure Delay Data." Applied Mechanics and Materials 668-669 (October 2014): 1037–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.668-669.1037.

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The probabilistic distribution of Airport arrival and departure delays over a selected period of eight months was analyzed using an optimal Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) model in this paper. It is anticipated that quantitative stochastic characterizations of delay data out of our work would improve demand predictions in air traffic flow management systems. Analysis and verification through application of Beijing Capital International Airport’s history flight delay data demonstrate better Goodness of Fit of our optimal GEV based model.

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Johnson, G. D., G. Smith, A. Dramis, and R. J. Grimer. "Delays in Referral of Soft Tissue Sarcomas." Sarcoma 2008 (2008): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/378574.

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Introduction and aims. It is well established that soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) are more effectively treated in a specialist centre. However, delays in time taken for a patient to be referred to a specialist centre may lead to a poorer prognosis. This study aims to identify the length of these delays and where they occur.Patients and methods. Patients with a proven STS were included. They were recruited from both outpatient clinics and from the surgical ward of the Royal Orthopaedic Hospital (Birmingham, UK). A structured interview was used to take a detailed history of the patients' treatment pathway, before arriving at the specialist centre. Dates given were validated using the case notes.Results. The median time for the patient to present to a specialist centre from the onset of symptoms was 40.4 weeks. The median delay until presentation to a medical professional (patient delay) was 1.3 weeks. Median delay in referral to a specialist centre (service delay) was 25.0 weeks.Discussion. Medical professionals rather than patients contribute the greatest source of delay in patients reaching a specialist centre for treatment of STS. Adherence to previously published guidelines could decrease this delay for diagnosis of possible sarcoma. Steps should be taken to refer patients directly to a diagnostic centre if they have symptoms or signs suggestive of STS.

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Smolen, Paul, Douglas A. Baxter, and John H. Byrne. "Effects of macromolecular transport and stochastic fluctuations on dynamics of genetic regulatory systems." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 277, no. 4 (October 1, 1999): C777—C790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1999.277.4.c777.

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To predict the dynamics of genetic regulation, it may be necessary to consider macromolecular transport and stochastic fluctuations in macromolecule numbers. Transport can be diffusive or active, and in some cases a time delay might suffice to model active transport. We characterize major differences in the dynamics of model genetic systems when diffusive transport of mRNA and protein was compared with transport modeled as a time delay. Delays allow for history-dependent, non-Markovian responses to stimuli (i.e., “molecular memory”). Diffusion suppresses oscillations, whereas delays tend to create oscillations. When simulating essential elements of circadian oscillators, we found the delay between transcription and translation necessary for oscillations. Stochastic fluctuations tend to destabilize and thereby mask steady states with few molecules. This computational approach, combined with experiments, should provide a fruitful conceptual framework for investigating the function and dynamic properties of genetic regulatory systems.

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Poorvu, Philip D., Yue Zheng, Tal Sella, Shoshana M. Rosenberg, Kathryn Jean Ruddy, Shari I. Gelber, Rulla M. Tamimi, et al. "Diagnostic and treatment delays in young women with breast cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2019): 6575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.6575.

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6575 Background: Delays in diagnosis (dx) and treatment (tx) affect breast cancer (BC) outcomes. We sought to identify factors associated with delays among young women, who do not undergo routine screening and often have pregnancy or breastfeeding-related breast changes that may mask a BC. Methods: The Young Women’s Breast Cancer Study is a multicenter, prospective cohort that enrolled 1302 women with newly dx BC age ≤40 between 2006-2016. Women reported the method and timing of cancer detection on the baseline survey. 231 were ineligible or excluded due to missing information. Among those reporting self-detected cancers, using multivariable regression we evaluated factors associated with delays ≥90 days (d) from symptom to presentation (self delay) and presentation to dx (care delay); in stage 0-III BC we evaluated delays ≥60d from dx to tx (tx delay). Results: 1071 eligible women had median age at dx of 37 yrs (17-40) and 74% reported self-detected cancers. Self delay or care delay ≥90d was reported in 17% and 13%, respectively. Factors inversely associated with self delay included pregnancy at dx (vs nulliparous, OR 0.10, CI 0.01-0.78) and perceived financial comfort (vs not, OR 0.62, CI 0.41-0.93). Women dx ≤1 year post-partum who breastfed (vs nulliparous, OR 2.60, CI 1.14-5.93) and those with a family history of breast/ovarian cancer (vs none, OR 1.79, CI 1.00-3.19) were more likely to have a care delay. Age was inversely associated with care delays (OR 0.94, CI 0.89-0.99). Tx delay was reported by 10% (105/1015), and associated with being single (vs partnered, OR 1.61, CI 1.02-2.56 ), non-white (vs white, OR 1.85, CI 1.09-3.13) and having Stage 0 BC (vs stage 1, OR: 3.08, CI 1.65-5.77); women with stage 3 BC (vs stage 1, OR 0.13, CI 0.03-0.56) were less likely to have a tx delay. Conclusions: In this cohort, most young women with BC underwent timely dx and tx initiation. Women dx ≤1 year post-partum who breastfed were more likely to experience a care delay, likely because lactational changes may mask BC signs and symptoms. The associations of perceived financial status with self delay and non-white race with tx delay underscore the need for additional support to ensure timely care for underserved populations with the goal of eliminating disparities in outcomes.

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Rastogi, Shard, and Sachi Srivastava. "Quasi-Hyperbolicity and Delay Semigroups." Abstract and Applied Analysis 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1984874.

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We study quasi-hyperbolicity of the delay semigroup associated with the equation u′(t)=Bu(t)+Φut, where ut is the history function and (B,D(B)) is the generator of a quasi-hyperbolic semigroup. We give conditions under which the associated solution semigroup of this equation generates a quasi-hyperbolic semigroup.

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Thompson, Anna, Cathy Issakidis, and Caroline Hunt. "Delay to Seek Treatment for Anxiety and Mood Disorders in an Australian Clinical Sample." Behaviour Change 25, no. 2 (June 1, 2008): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/bech.25.2.71.

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AbstractEffective treatments for common anxiety and mood disorders exist, yet epidemiological studies reveal that the unmet need for treatment in the community remains high. This study investigates the significance of the initial delay to first seek professional help in this unmet need for treatment in an Australian sample. Help-seeking history was retrospectively reported by 273 new referrals to a specialist anxiety treatment clinic who had a primary diagnosis of an anxiety (78%) or mood disorder (22%). Clinical, demographic and attitudinal variables were tested as potential predictors of length of the delay. Average help-seeking delay was 8.2 years (range 0–72 years). Younger age at symptom onset and slower problem recognition were associated with delayed help-seeking, and older people were more likely to report longer delays. We conclude that delays to first seek treatment are long and contribute significantly to the unmet need for treatment for anxiety and mood disorders, and that lack of problem recognition is a significant barrier to help-seeking.

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Ibrahim, Rouba, and Ward Whitt. "Real-Time Delay Estimation Based on Delay History in Many-Server Service Systems with Time-Varying Arrivals." Production and Operations Management 20, no. 5 (November 15, 2010): 654–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1937-5956.2010.01196.x.

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Ponak, Allen, Wilfred Zerbe, Sarah Rose, and Corliss Olson. "Using Event History Analysis to Model Delay in Grievance Arbitration." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 50, no. 1 (October 1996): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2524392.

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Iachina, M., M. M. Brønserud, E. Jakobsen, O. Trosko, and A. Green. "History of Depression in Lung Cancer Patients: Impact of Delay." Clinical Oncology 29, no. 9 (September 2017): 585–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clon.2017.03.014.

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Basu, Abhishek, Debjit Ghosh, Bidyut Mandal, Pratyusha Mukherjee, and Avik Maji. "Barriers and explanatory mechanisms in diagnostic delay in four cancers – A health-care disparity?" South Asian Journal of Cancer 08, no. 04 (October 2019): 221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/sajc.sajc_311_18.

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Abstract Introduction: Most cancer disparities research has traditionally focused on two key outcomes, access to appropriate treatment and survival, but they do not encompass important aspects of patient-centered care such as the timeliness of diagnosis and treatment. Prolonged time intervals between symptom onset and treatment initiation increase the risk of poorer clinical outcomes and are associated with worse patient experience of subsequent cancer care. This study aims to assess the delay from symptom onset to the start of definitive treatment and to identify the possible contributory factors and its impact on response in cancers of head and neck, breast, cervix, and lung. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study of patients enrolled between 2015 and 2017. A questionnaire was filled in about socioeconomic aspects, patient history, tumor data, professionals who evaluated the patients, and the respective time delays. Statistical test included Mann–Whitney U test, univariate and multivariate test, and one-way ANOVA to evaluate the correlations. Results: Stage migration was significant with patient delay (P < 0.01). In head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and Carcinoma lung, a significant correlation was found between referral delay and residence (P < 0.01) and treatment delay and reason for referral (HNSCC only) (P = 0.04). Referral delay and treatment delay were correlated to response in breast and cervix, respectively (P < 0.01). Conclusion: Social awareness, regularly updating primary care physicians about alarming symptoms of cancer, developing guidelines to identify these symptoms, promoting continuity of care, and enabling access to specialist expertise through prompt referral should all help prevent delays in cancer diagnosis.

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Hassanien, M., E. Talaat, and H. Abdellatif. "THU0268 NEURO-DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOME IN CHILDREN BORN TO MOTHERS WITH SLE AND APS." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (June 2020): 360.1–361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.240.

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Background:Systemic Lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid disease are very common autoimmune diseases in women at reproductive age.Objectives:Evaluate the neuro-developmental outcome in children born to mothers with SLE or APS and to assess and characterize memory impairment in children’s born to mother with systemic lupus erythematosus or APS using children’s memory scale and the relation between tetrahydrobiopterin concentration range of children with developmental and neurological disorders.Methods:Women attending rheumatology clinics University of Asyut, SLE patients were eligible if they met the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria for SLE and APL prior to pregnancy, and had at least one live birth following SLE diagnosis. Maternal history Data collected using a structured format that included medical and obstetric history. A detailed history of medication exposures and the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) during pregnancy was obtained. Offspring history Medical and developmental histories of the offspring including antenatal, delivery, prenatal and pediatric histories, as child’s cognitive, physical or social maturity compared with established age-appropriate norms. Speech or hearing delays, diagnosis of attention- deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or any special educational needs (eg, occupational or speech therapy, behavioral counseling) was recorded. Assessment and characterization of memory impairment using children’s memory scale by neurologists. Tetrahydrobiopterin was measured by ELISA compared to children born to control healthy subjects of the same age and sex.Results:Data on 38 mothers and 60 offspring were analysed: ADHD was reported for 15 of 60 (25%) offspring. Recent memory delay was detected in 93% (14/15) Speech delay 40% (6/15). Maternal APS history was significantly associated with increased use special educational need among offsprings, including after adjustment for lupus anticoagulant (LA) positivity (39.4% for delays age >2 years; p<0.05). Anticardiolipin and anti-BETA2GP1 were not detected to be associated with delays. Recent memory delay was associated with increased Tetrahydrobiopterin level (P=0.01).Conclusion:The prevalence of neurodevelopmental abnormalities in children born to mothers with SLE or APS seems to be higher than normal population and more educational attention is important in these children, and need long-term follow-up.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

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Brandfonbrener, Alice G. "Dorothy DeLay: 1917-2002." Medical Problems of Performing Artists 17, no. 3 (September 1, 2002): 103–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.21091/mppa.2002.3015.

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Dorothy DeLay died on March 24, 2002, and with her passing the world lost much more than a Master Teacher of violin. She was arguably the shaper not only of current violin solo playing, but also of a significant percentage of the playing of the violin sections of most of our major orchestras. Beyond their music, she had a profound influence on her students and on the rest of us who were lucky enough to be able to call her a friend. She was larger than life and is one of those people of influence whose passing is difficult to accept as final. It is hard to conjure up a Juilliard, or an Aspen Music School, or the world of violin pedagogy without Dottie.

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Xiang, Zhuo Yuan, Ying Li, and Zhi Tao Tang. "TD / GSM History of Adjacent Areas to Optimize Selection Algorithm." Advanced Materials Research 403-408 (November 2011): 2713–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.403-408.2713.

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In the current neighborhood switching algorithm, the mobile device to the adjacent areas of all measured signals, switching delay resulting connection may be lost, adjacent areas of rapid change as a key commercial TD. Adjacent areas based on the choice of optimization algorithm to switch at some stage in the database area of the district the highest success rate statistics, and dynamically adjust the priority of the cell sorting to select the optimal cell handoff history. The algorithm can reduce the search time measured adjacent areas, thereby reducing the overall process of switching delay.

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Sloan, Phillip R. "The long delay." Biology & Philosophy 10, no. 4 (October 1995): 475–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00857596.

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Neul, Jeffrey L., Jane B. Lane, Hye-Seung Lee, Suzanne Geerts, Judy O. Barrish, Fran Annese, Lauren Baggett, et al. "Developmental delay in Rett syndrome: data from the natural history study." Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders 6, no. 1 (2014): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1866-1955-6-20.

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Dornelas, Lílian F., Neuza M. C. Duarte, Nívea M. O. Morales, Rogério M. C. Pinto, Renata R. H. Araújo, Sílvia A. Pereira, and Lívia C. Magalhães. "Functional Outcome of School Children With History of Global Developmental Delay." Journal of Child Neurology 31, no. 8 (March 2, 2016): 1041–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883073816636224.

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Charan, Goli Sri, and Jayant Vagha. "Study of perinatal factors in children with developmental delay." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 4, no. 1 (December 21, 2016): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20164602.

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Background: Birth history gives important information in children with developmental delay. Developmental challenge in children is an emerging problem across the globe, which is largely associated with improved neonatal survival. The present study highlights the importance of birth history in children with developmental delay in our hospital. The objective of this study was to study the perinatal events in children with developmental delay.Methods: Observational descriptive study was conducted on children between 6 months to 5 years who were admitted in Pediatric wards with suspected history of developmental delay. DDST II scale was performed on these children and children who failed on Denver II scale were recruited into the study. Birth history was noted in detail, if available, documentation of birth events was asked for and noted. Developmental history with developmental quotient (DQ), were noted in detail.Results: 135 children had developmental delay, 113 (83.70%) were born by vaginal delivery and 22 (16.30%) were born by caesarian section, 46 (34.18%) had no cry at birth and remaining 89 (65.92%) had normal cry at birth. 104 (77.04%) were born by term gestation and 31 (22.96%) were born preterm. Birth weight was normal in 78 (57.7%) children, LBW was seen 47 (34.81%) and 5 children each with VLBW and ELBW and 35 (25.93%) were IUGR. On comparing the children born gestational age and birth body weight with all four domains, there was no significant difference.Conclusions: Global developmental delay was more common in children born at preterm, low birth weight, IUGR and children who had birth asphyxia. Birth weight and gestational age did not significantly affect any particular domain of development.

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Dulal, Soniya, Bishnu D. Paudel, Prakash C. Neupane, Bibek Acharya, Sandhya Chapagain Acharya, Ramila Shilpakar, Bishal Paudel, Albira Acharya, Rameej Revanta Thapa, and Michael Gary Martin. "Time delay barriers in diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal cancer in Nepal." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2020): e19085-e19085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.e19085.

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e19085 Background: Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers represent a major health challenge worldwide including in Nepal where patients (pts) often present with advanced disease and outcomes are poor. The purpose of this study was to quantify and to determine the causes of delay in diagnosis and treatment of GI cancer pts in Nepal. Methods: An IRB-approved cross sectional study was performed in pts with GI cancers at safety net Bir Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. All diagnosed consenting pts, both in- and out-pts, were enrolled. Pts were interviewed with a standardized questionnaire from July 2018 to June 2019. The caregivers were allowed to answer on behalf of illiterate pts. Diagnosis delay was defined as days from first symptoms to pathological diagnosis. Patient delay was defined as days from first symptoms to first medical consultation. Treatment delay was defined as days from diagnosis to surgery and/or treatment by medical/radiation oncologist. Differences in median times to delay were compared with two-tailed t-tests (Prism 8.0) based on the identified potential causes of delays. Results: The median age at diagnosis was 53.5 (22-77) years and 62% were males; 46% were farmers, 29% were housewives, and the rest had various occupations. 73% were outpatient at diagnosis. 46% had gastroesophageal cancer (gastric – 38%; esophagus – 8%) and 54% had colorectal cancer (left sided colon - 23%, right sided colon -13%; rectum 18%). No patients with anal or small bowel cancer were identified. 84% presented with Stage III/ IV disease. 68% were illiterate, 89% had a history of self-medication prior to first medical consultation, 74% were from rural areas with limited healthcare facilities and 79% were unaware of causes of GI cancers. Only self-medication was associated with delays in diagnosis and patient delays (Table). Conclusions: Self-medication rather than seeking help from medical professionals led to significant delays in the diagnosis of GI cancers in Nepal. Reasons for these decisions will be explored in future studies and may be amenable to efforts such as lay navigation. [Table: see text]

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Unger, Benjamin. "Discontinuity Propagation in Delay Differential-Algebraic Equations." Electronic Journal of Linear Algebra 34 (February 21, 2018): 582–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/1081-3810.3759.

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The propagation of primary discontinuities in initial value problems for linear delay differential-algebraic equations (DDAEs) is discussed. Based on the (quasi-) Weierstra{\ss} form for regular matrix pencils, a complete characterization of the different propagation types is given and algebraic criteria in terms of the matrices are developed. The analysis, which is based on the method of steps, takes into account all possible inhomogeneities and history functions and thus serves as a worst-case scenario. Moreover, it reveals possible hidden delays in the DDAE and allows to study exponential stability of the DDAE based on the spectral abscissa. The new classification for DDAEs is compared to existing approaches in the literature and the impact of splicing conditions on the classification is studied.

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Sok, Phearin, Sueng Hwan Lee, and Kee Cheon Kim. "DPRoPHET Routing in Delay Tolerant Network." Advanced Materials Research 684 (April 2013): 543–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.684.543.

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PRoPHET uses its delivery predictability of node encounters and transitivity to forward bundles to its neighbor node. Regardless of their distance, it faces delivery dilemmas in a source node and drawbacks of low delivery ratio and high delay in case two or more neighbor nodes carry equal delivery predictability. To solve such consequences, we propose a Distance and Probabilistic Routing Protocol using History of Encounters and Transitivity (DPRoPHET) with the use of cross layer implementation for distance value retrieval. Our simulation results show that, by adding distance metric to the existing delivery predictability vector, DPRoPHET outperforms PRoPHET.

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Yang, B. R., R. C. K. Chan, N. Gracia, X. Y. Cao, X. B. Zou, J. Jing, J. N. Mai, J. Li, and D. Shum. "Cool and hot executive functions in medication-naive attention deficit hyperactivity disorder children." Psychological Medicine 41, no. 12 (June 1, 2011): 2593–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291711000869.

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BackgroundThis study aimed to compare ‘cool’ [working memory (WM) and response inhibition] and ‘hot’ (delay aversion) executive functions (EFs) in children with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).MethodA total of 100 ADHD children (45 with family history of ADHD and 55 with no family history) and 100 healthy controls, all medication free, were tested on tasks related to the ‘hot’ (i.e. two choice-delay tasks) and ‘cool’ domains of EF (i.e. Digits backward, Corsi Block Task backward, Go/No-Go Task, Stop-Signal Task, and the Stroop).ResultsCompared with the controls, children with ADHD were found to perform significantly worse on one or more measures of response inhibition, WM, and delay aversion after controlling for co-morbidities and estimated IQ. In addition, comparisons between ADHD children with family history of ADHD and those with no family history found significant differences on measures of response inhibition and WM but not delay aversion. These results are largely supported by results of two logistic regressions.ConclusionsADHD was found to be associated with deficits on both cool and hot EFs. There is also evidence to suggest that cool EFs impairment is related to a family history of ADHD. Findings of this study have helped to elucidate the nature and extent of EF deficits in children with ADHD.

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Sobel, E. "Cerebral gigantism (Sotos' syndrome). A rare cause of delayed walking and awkward gait." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 85, no. 9 (September 1, 1995): 497–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-85-9-497.

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A case history of an 8-year-old girl with cerebral gigantism (Sotos' syndrome) has been presented. Throughout her life, this child has demonstrated all of the common features of Sotos' syndrome including large size at birth, excessive growth during childhood, dysmorphic craniofacial features, delay in motor and speech development, generalized clumsiness, and awkward gait. Family history was contributory with delays in early language development and the possibility that the child's father had Sotos' syndrome. When evaluating a pediatric patient for pes planus, delayed walking, and gait problems, the practitioner should consider the entire clinical profile and unusual etiologies.

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GERDAN, VEDAT, SERVET AKAR, DILEK SOLMAZ, YAVUZ PEHLIVAN, AHMET MESUT ONAT, BUNYAMIN KISACIK, MEHMET SAYARLIOGLU, et al. "Initial Diagnosis of Lumbar Disc Herniation Is Associated with a Delay in Diagnosis of Ankylosing Spondylitis." Journal of Rheumatology 39, no. 10 (August 1, 2012): 1996–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.120106.

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Objective.There is often a considerable delay in diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis (AS). In this multicenter study, we analyzed the delay and possible associated factors, including an initial diagnosis of lumbar disc herniation (LDH), which we frequently encounter in daily clinical practice.Methods.The study included 393 consecutive patients [258 men (65.6%), mean age 39.3 ± 10.8 yrs] with AS according to the modified New York criteria. Face-to-face interviews were done using a structured questionnaire, addressing all the potentially relevant factors.Results.The mean diagnostic delay was 8.1 ± 8.6 years in the whole study population. The shortest delay was observed when rheumatologists were the first physicians consulted (2.9 ± 5.3 yrs). An initial diagnosis of LDH was reported by 33% of the patients. The diagnostic delays in patients with an initial diagnosis of LDH and those without were 9.1 ± 8.5 years and 6.2 ± 7.4 years, respectively (p = 0.002). In a regression model, predictive factors for delay in diagnosis were age at onset of spondyloarthritic symptoms, back pain, education level, prior diagnosis of LDH, and surgical history for LDH.Conclusion.These results indicate the need to increase awareness of the concept of axial spondyloarthritis among specialists who might be the first physicians consulted by patients with AS for their back pain. There is also a need to develop strategies for early referral of such patients to rheumatologists.

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S Patel, Pravesh, Hemal Shah, and Yogeshwar Kosta. "CHBR: Contact History Based Routing in Time Varying Approach." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 13, no. 2 (April 16, 2014): 4237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v13i2.2911.

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In Delay tolerant network having intermittent connectivity so there is no guarantee of finding a complete communication path that connecting the source and destination. There no any end to end connectivity for delay-tolerant network selection of routing protocol is important to deliver the message in an efficient way and increases chance to deliver a message to the destination. Some existing routing protocols improve the delivery ratio but it also increases the overhead. Our paper proposed Contact History Based Routing (CHBR) that use Neighborhood Index and Time varying properties such as temporal distance, Temporal Diameter and centrality for benchmarking the existing routing protocol. First, temporal metrics are evaluated for synthetic and real trace data. Then CHBR protocol is compared with the Epidemic and PROPHET for delivery ratio, overhead and the number of messages dropped. This has been carried using Opportunistic Network Environment simulator under real and synthetic datasets.

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Carpinteiro, Eduardo Palma, and Andre Aires Barros. "Natural History of Anterior Shoulder Instability." Open Orthopaedics Journal 11, no. 1 (August 31, 2017): 909–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874325001711010909.

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Background:The shoulder is the most complex joint in the body. The large freedom of motion in this joint is the main cause of instability. Instability varies in its degree, direction, etiology and volition and there is a large spectrum of conditions.Methods:Based on literature research and also in our own experience, we propose to elucidate the reader about the natural history of instability and its importance for the appropriate management of this pathology, by answering the following questions:What happens in the shoulder after the first dislocation? Which structures suffer damage? Who are the patients at higher risk of recurrence? How does the disease evolve without treatment? Will surgical treatment avoid future negative outcomes and prevent degenerative joint disease? Who should we treat and when?Results:80% of anterior-inferior dislocations occur in young patients. Recurrent instability is common and multiple dislocations are the rule. Instability is influenced by a large number of variables, including age of onset, activity profile, number of episodes,delay between first episode and surgical treatment.Conclusion:Understanding the disease and its natural evolution is determinant to decide the treatment in order to obtain the best outcome. It is crucial to identify the risk factors for recurrence. Delay in surgical treatment, when indicated, leads to worse results. Surgical technique should address the type and severity of both soft tissue and bone lesions, when present.

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Battista, Renaldo N., and Matthew J. Hodge. "The “natural history” of health technology assessment." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 25, S1 (July 2009): 281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646230909076x.

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The collective experience of health technology assessment (HTA) in different countries delineates a pattern of development, a “natural history,” of HTA in three phases: emergence, consolidation, and expansion. This study examines the rationale for HTA, definitions of its scope and breadth, its methods and organizational models, and its knowledge translation strategies, as HTA moves from one phase to the next. The study then identifies factors that facilitate or delay the transitions.

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Chen, Shaochang, and Ming Yin. "A History of Encounters Probabilistic Routing Novel Scheme in Delay Tolerant Networking." Information Technology Journal 12, no. 22 (November 1, 2013): 6980–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/itj.2013.6980.6985.

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Blanco-Cocom, Luis, Angel G. Estrella, and Eric Avila-Vales. "Solving delay differential systems with history functions by the Adomian decomposition method." Applied Mathematics and Computation 218, no. 10 (January 2012): 5994–6011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2011.11.082.

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Norman, R. M. G., A. K. Malla, R. L. Manchanda, R. Harricharan, and S. Northcott. "0137 IS A FAMILY HISTORY OF PSYCHOSIS ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED TREATMENT DELAY?" Schizophrenia Research 86 (October 2006): S117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(06)70349-8.

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Rowe, Peter C., Stephen L. Newman, Mark L. Batshaw, and Saul W. Brusilow. "1252 NATURAL HISTORY AND DIAGNOSTIC DELAY IN PARTIAL ORNITHINE TRANSCARBAMYLASE DEFICIENCY (POTCD)." Pediatric Research 19, no. 4 (April 1985): 319A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-198504000-01282.

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Agarwal, S., and D. Bahuguna. "Exact and approximate solutions of delay differential equations with nonlocal history conditions." Journal of Applied Mathematics and Stochastic Analysis 2005, no. 2 (January 1, 2005): 181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/jamsa.2005.181.

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We study the exact and approximate solutions of a delay differential equation with various types of nonlocal history conditions. We establish the existence and uniqueness of mild, strong, and classical solutions for a class of such problems using the method of semidiscretization in time. We also establish a result concerning the global existence of solutions. Finally, we consider some examples and discuss their exact and approximate solutions.

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Yoshikawa, Reina, Lisa Kawatsu, Kazuhiro Uchimura, and Akihiro Ohkado. "Delay in health-care-seeking treatment among tuberculosis patients in Japan: what are the implications for control in the era of universal health coverage?" Western Pacific Surveillance and Response Journal 11, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5365/wpsar.2019.10.1.010.

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Objectives: To study the trends in and risk factors for patient delay (the time from the onset of symptoms to the initial doctor visit) in pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) using three temporal categories − short (2 weeks to <2 months), medium (2 months to <6 months) and long (≥6 months) − and discuss implications for social protection measures. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted by analysing Japanese TB surveillance data from patients with symptomatic PTB registered between 2007 and 2017 (n = 88 351). Results: While the proportion of patients with short delay has decreased significantly (P < 0.001), the proportions of those with medium or long delays have decreased slightly (P = 0.0015 and P < 0.001, respectively). Not having health insurance, receiving public assistance, being a temporary worker, and having a history of homelessness were some of the risks identified for patient delay. Being male and working full-time were two risks specifically associated with long delay (for males, the adjusted odds ratio = 1.17, P < 0.05; for being a full-time worker, the adjusted odds ratio = 1.72, P < 0.05). Discussion: Despite the implementation of universal health coverage decades ago, patient delay remains a challenge in Japan. Our study identified various risk factors, many of which could have been resolved if appropriate social protection measures were in place, indicating shortcomings in universal health coverage in Japan and the need for continued effort to ensure that no one is left behind.

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Buchanan, Roderick D., and James Bradley. "“Darwin’s Delay”: A Reassessment of the Evidence." Isis 108, no. 3 (September 2017): 529–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/694183.

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GUNAWAN, YOICE EMILIA, and PRIJANTI EKA POERWANTININGROEM. "Profil Penderita Keterlambatan Bicara Dengan Pemeriksaan ASSR di TOA Jala Puspa Rumkital Dr. Ramelan Surabaya Tahun 2016 - 2017." Hang Tuah Medical journal 16, no. 2 (June 13, 2019): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.30649/htmj.v16i2.151.

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Background: Speech and language delay is experienced by 5-8% of preschoolers and 17% of 5-year-olds. Delay in speech can be caused by hearing loss, brain disorders (such as mental retardation, receptive and / or expressive language-specific disorders), autism or disorders of the mouth organs that make it difficult for children to pronounce words (known as articulation disorders). The procedure for delay in speech depends on the cause, and also involves cooperation between pediatricians, other related specialists, speech therapists and of course parents.Aim: to investigate the profile of patients with speech delay with ASSR examination at TOA Jala Puspa RUMKITAL DR. RAMELAN SurabayaResearch methods: This research is a descriptive research. 57 medical record data are recorded, checked for completeness, analyzed in descriptive form then presented in the form of diagrams and tables.Results: The average age of people with speech delay is 2.67 years. Most patients are male. The most prenatal history experienced by people with delayed speech is Rubella infection. The most history of Christmas is hyperbilirubinemia. Most postnatal history is autism. Hearing examination using ASSR mostly shows profound hearing loss.Keywords: Speech delay, ASSR, TOA Jala Puspa

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Howard, Sasha R. "Genetic regulation in pubertal delay." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 63, no. 3 (October 2019): R37—R49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/jme-19-0130.

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Delayed puberty represents the clinical presentation of a final common pathway for many different pathological mechanisms. In the majority of patients presenting with significantly delayed puberty, there is a clear family history of delayed or disturbed puberty, and pubertal timing is known to be a trait with strong heritability. Thus, genetic factors clearly play a key role in determining the timing of puberty, and mutations in certain genes are recognised as responsible for delayed or absent puberty in a minority of patients. Through the identification of causal genetic defects such as these we have been able to learn a great deal about the pathogenesis of disrupted puberty and its genetic regulation. Firstly, deficiency in key genes that govern the development of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone system during fetal development may result in a spectrum of conditions ranging from isolated delayed puberty to absent puberty with anosmia. Secondly, a balance of inhibitory and excitatory signals, acting upstream of GnRH secretion, are vital for the correct timing of puberty. These act to repress the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis during mid-childhood and allow it to reactivate at puberty, and alterations in this equilibrium can cause delayed (or precocious) puberty. Thirdly, disturbances of energy metabolism inputs to the kisspeptin–GnRH system may also lead to late onset of puberty associated with changes in body mass.

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Just, Andreas, Reza Moetazedian, and Evgeny Polyachenko. "Star formation history and dynamical evolution of the solar neighbourhood." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 14, S344 (August 2018): 90–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921318005768.

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AbstractBased on cosmological re-simulations we have shown that the impact of satellite galaxies has a minor effect on the thin disc heating. In contrast satellite galaxies can generate long-lived warps of the outer disc and they can advance or delay bar formation significantly.

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Sari, Cut Yulia Indah, Faisal Yunus, and Elisna Sjahruddin. "Proportion of Patients Pulmonary Cancer With History of Slow Diagnosis Due to Diagnosis as Lung Tuberculosis." Jurnal Respirologi Indonesia 39, no. 2 (April 3, 2019): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.36497/jri.v39i2.60.

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Background: In tuberculosis (TB) endemic countries, the diagnosis delay in lung cancer is due to initially misdiagnosed as pulmonary tuberculosis. The major concern that rose since early diagnosis of lung cancer could improve survival by tumor resectability chance and chemo-radiotherapy modality options. This study objective was to find out the proportion of lung cancer diagnosis delay due initially to misdiagnosed as pulmonary TB. Method: The cross-sectional study was held in Persahabatan Hospital and the subjects were histopatologically proven lung cancer patients between September 2012 to February 2013 involving totally 100 patients. The diagnosis delay were determined as whether the patients had been diagnosed as pulmonary tuberculosis and received anti-tuberculosis treatment (ATT) more than one month since current symptoms onset. All patients were interviewed and all chest X-rays were documented. Results: Fourty one of 100 patients were diagnosed as pulmonary TB and 29 of 41 patients received ATT more than one month. It consisted of 21 men and 8 women with the mean age of 51.5 years old. The cytology and histopatological biopsy revealed 28 Non Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) cases, and One Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) case with all case were in end stage condition (6 cases in stage III and 22 cases in stage IV). Pre-referral sputum Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB) was conducted in only 9 cases with all negative results. Mean duration of ATT taken was 4.5±0.4 months. The ATT were given by 13 general practitioners, 12 pulmonologists and 4 internists. Discussion: Similar radiological findings in highly incidence of pulmonary TB could cause a large number of diagnosis delay in lung cancer due to initially diagnosed as pulmonary tuberculosis. Without proper investigation based on International Standard of TB Care, starting ATT with inadequate evaluation leads to diagnosis delay and lung cancer progression. (J Respir Indo 2019; 39(2))

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A, Chunxiang, and Yi Shao. "Worst-Case Investment Strategy with Delay." Journal of Systems Science and Information 6, no. 1 (March 26, 2018): 35–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21078/jssi-2018-035-23.

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AbstractThis paper considers a worst-case investment optimization problem with delay for a fund manager who is in a crash-threatened financial market. Driven by existing of capital inflow/outflow related to history performance, we investigate the optimal investment strategies under the worst-case scenario and the stochastic control framework with delay. The financial market is assumed to be either in a normal state (crash-free) or in a crash state. In the normal state the prices of risky assets behave as geometric Brownian motion, and in the crash state the prices of risky assets suddenly drop by a certain relative amount, which induces to a dropping of the total wealth relative to that of crash-free state. We obtain the ordinary differential equations satisfied by the optimal investment strategies and the optimal value functions under the power and exponential utilities, respectively. Finally, a numerical simulation is provided to illustrate the sensitivity of the optimal strategies with respective to the model parameters.

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Dale, Philip S., Thomas S. Price, Dorothy V. M. Bishop, and Robert Plomin. "Outcomes of Early Language Delay." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 46, no. 3 (June 2003): 544–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2003/044).

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Parent-based assessments of vocabulary, grammar, nonverbal ability, and use of language to refer to past and future (displaced reference) were obtained for 8,386 twin children at 2 years of age. Children with 2 year vocabulary scores below the 10th centile were designated the early language delay (ELD) group, and their outcomes at 3 and 4 years were contrasted with the remainder of the sample, the typical language (TL) group. At 3 and 4 years old, children were designated as language impaired if their scores fell below the 15th centile on at least 2 of the 3 parent-provided language measures: vocabulary, grammar, and use of abstract language. At 3 years, 44.1% of the ELD group (as compared to 7.2% of the TL group) met criteria for persistent language difficulties, decreasing slightly to 40.2% at 4 years (as compared to 8.5% of the TL group), consistent with previous reports of frequent spontaneous resolution of delayed language in preschoolers. Although relations between language and nonverbal abilities at 2 years and outcome at 3 and 4 years within the ELD group were highly statistically significant, effect sizes were small, and classification of outcome on the basis of data on 2-year-olds was far too inaccurate to be clinically useful. Children whose language difficulties persisted were not necessarily those with the most severe initial difficulties. Furthermore, measures of parental education and the child's history of ear infections failed to substantially improve the prediction.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Delay history'

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