Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Delegated legislation'

This thesis presents an analysis of the South African Parliament’s attempts to create a mechanism to enable oversight of delegated legislation. The question sought to be addressed is, whether Parliament has done anything to create a mechanism to oversee the delegation of its law-making authority to the executive and if so, whether any of these efforts have been successful. This paper illustrated how the making of delegated legislation is not foreign to South Africa’s system of separation of powers as provided for in our Constitution and as interpreted by our courts. It is shown how, despite what the Constitution allows, recent law-making efforts have not strengthened Parliament’s ability to oversee delegated legislation. Instead legislators purposefully sought to curb attempts to improve rule-making and delegated legislation. Similarly, efforts to make delegated legislation more accessible to the public have been missing from government’s list of priorities. The South African Parliament’s efforts to scrutinise delegated legislation is contrasted with the efforts of the Gauteng Provincial Legislature and several foreign legislatures. Finally, it is indicated how Parliament, after more than 20 years since the promulgation of the final Constitution, has failed to create a permanent mechanism to enhance and strengthen its oversight of delegated legislation.

Defence date: 14 July 2022
Examining Board: Deirdre Curtin, Supervisor, (EUI); Joanne Scott, (EUI); Javier Barnes, (Universidad de Huelva/UPF); Joana Mendes, (University of Luxembourg)
The revised version of the PDF of 2023 contains the author acknowledgements.
In the context of a reconfigured public-private regulatory landscape, this thesis analyses, through the lenses of administrative law, regulatory activities with a public law impact. It critically assesses whether those activities are performed by non-state regulators in compliance with administrative law principles that are required for this kind of activity when performed by a public regulator. It proposes a tailored use of administrative law principles as public law control for such regulatory activities. Three separate levels of engagement with regulation are pin-pointed. First, the movement from private actors internalizing a public logic in regulation to private actors performing as regulation shapers; second, the progression from administrative law principles applied to public regulation to administrative law-like principles applied in non-conventional forms of regulation; third, the evolution from a preeminently subject-centered logic in administrative law to an increase in the use of a functional logic. These underlying trajectories will be demonstrated through three different examples of non-conventional forms of regulation: regulation through information, regulation through standards and regulation through professional codes. The presence of administrative law principles in these examples of non-conventional forms of regulation will be analysed with a focus on whether and how they contribute to governing the relationship between these non-conventional regulators and citizens. This work is structured as follows. Chapters two and three analyse administrative laws adaptative capacity, in domestic and beyond the state settings, respectively, providing the theoretical framework for administrative law. Chapter two will show how administrative law has developed in different national contexts to adapt to new phenomena over time. The adaptative capacity of administrative law will become more evident in chapter three in relation to new phenomena beyond the state, where nonstate actors are emerging as more relevant in regulatory and governance areas. Chapter four provides a theoretical framework for regulation and analyses it in relation to administrative law as portrayed in previous chapters. This chapter attempts to understand what is meant by regulation in the context presented in previous chapters. Chapter five presents three examples that illustrate the interplay between private and public rule-makers at different levels as well as the concerns that may arise from a public law point of view.

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The purpose of this master’s thesis is to analyze the subject of “regulatory competency” when inserted in the proper field of tax law, subdue, therefore, to the limitations and inflows of the constitutional tax subsystem. It is known that, not rare, the Government conveys generic and abstract commands that resume to the terms of tax laws with the scope to enable a correctly execute and application of them. In other cases, the Executive Power itself is enabled to reduce or reestablish, through regulations, the aliquots of certain and determinate extra-fiscal and regulatory taxes. On the other hand, the constitutional system establishes material limitations that assumes their own connotations when are aimed to disciplining issues related to taxation which, essentially, involves themselves directly with individual freedom and property. In effect, this thesis will attempt to examine the regulatory activity when included in the tax context for the purpose of defining it, elucidating its species and investigating how the rules and taxation constitutional principles discipline the exercise of this administrative normative function
A proposta da presente dissertação de mestrado é analisar o tema da competência regulamentar quando inserida no campo próprio do direito tributário, sujeita, portanto, às limitações e aos influxos do subsistema constitucional tributário. Sabe-se que, não raramente, a Administração Pública veicula comandos genéricos e abstratos que se reportam aos termos de leis tributárias com o escopo de lhes viabilizar uma correta execução e aplicação. Em outros casos, o próprio Poder Executivo figura como habilitado para reduzir ou restabelecer, via regulamentos, as alíquotas de certos e determinados tributos extrafiscais e regulatórios. Em contrapartida, o sistema constitucional fixa limitações materiais que assumem conotações próprias quando voltadas a disciplinar temas afeitos à tributação que, essencialmente, se envolvem diretamente com a liberdade e com a propriedade individuais. Com efeito, este estudo intentará examinar a atividade regulamentar quando incluída no contexto tributário com a finalidade de defini-la, elucidar suas espécies e averiguar como as regras e os princípios constitucionais tributários disciplinam o exercício dessa função normativa administrativa

El objeto de mi estudio son las formas de suspensión y sustitución de la ejecución de las penas privativas de libertad, medidas previstas y reguladas en el Capítulo III del Código Penal, en adelante CP, ex arts. 80 a 94 del mismo, así como los beneficios penitenciarios que pueden obtenerse a lo largo del cumplimiento de una pena privativa de libertad, esto es, las normas y leyes del Derecho Penitenciario. Procuro dar una orientación desde el punto de vista del ejercicio de la abogacía y, especialmente, bajo el prisma del derecho de defensa, reconocido no sólo durante el procedimiento penal, sino también en la fase final de la condena mediante los beneficios que prevé la legislación penal y penitenciaria para el cumplimiento efectivo de las penas. Coincidiendo con la realización del presente estudio, se ha llevado a cabo una profunda reforma del CP, en especial de su tercer capítulo, mediante la LO 1/2015, de 30 de marzo, que modifica la LO 10/1995, de 23 de noviembre, y que ocupará la mayor parte de mi investigación. Esta reforma ha comportado cambios sustanciales del CP, ya que el transcurso del tiempo y las nuevas demandas sociales evidenciaban la necesidad de incluir determinadas modificaciones. Entre otras cosas, se introduce como novedad el supuesto de la prisión permanente revisable, pero además se modifican las reglas penológicas, el régimen de suspensión, sustitución, libertad condicional, antecedentes penales y comiso aplicado, novedades todas ellas que analizo detalladamente. Igualmente, la reforma cambia el modo de valorar el cumplimiento de la responsabilidad civil y la sustitución de la prisión por expulsión del territorio nacional, aspectos ambos que también se estudian en la presente tesis. Todos estos cambios sustanciales en el CP me han obligado a reorientar todo el contenido de la investigación, que finalmente ha dado lugar a la presente tesis, que se ha estructurado en seis partes. La primera abarca los supuestos generales y especiales de suspensión; en la segunda analizo los beneficios de la sustitución de las penas privativas de libertad; la tercera lo es a razón del cumplimiento de las penas de prisión, a saber los beneficios penitenciarios y el régimen y tratamiento que prevé la ley penitenciaria; en la cuarta parte estudio la última etapa del cumplimiento de una pena privativa de libertad, a saber la libertad condicional; la quinta se centra en la libertad vigilada y, finalmente, la prisión permanente, contemplada en el nuevo CP, ocupa la última y sexta parte.

L’objectif de notre thèse était d’analyser l’état de départ puis l’évolution de la législation marocaine dans le domaine de la gestion déléguée du service public. L'appel au secteur privé dans le cadre de partenariats public-privés pour la gestion des services de distribution d’eau, d’électricité, d’assainissement liquide a été initié au Maroc dès 1997 et pris souvent la forme juridique de la "gestion déléguée" via la loi 54-05 de 2006. Nous examinerons dans cette thèse le cas de la France comme exemple pionnier en Europe, et celui d’un pays arabo-africain, le Maroc. L’étude de ces deux expériences permet d’avoir une vision comparative de la problématique de la gestion déléguée.Dans le cas français, il s’agit de voir les fondements d’un système devenu un modèle exporté. En prenant en compte dans le cas marocain d’abord ce qu’était le service public dans la tradition marocaine et islamique, puis ce qu’elle est devenue lors du protectorat français et enfin, en analysant ce que fut l’étape de la propriété publique lors de la décolonisation puis l’impact du « modèle français de gestion déléguée ». En étudiant ce modèle né d’abord assez spontanément au Maroc en l’absence de cadre juridique cohérent, puis son adaptation progressive mais néanmoins accélérée. Nous avons étudié l’évolution du droit et de son esprit au Maroc et les défis qui s’imposent désormais au législateur face aux exigences d’une société jeune, exigeante et consciente des formes que prend l’évolution de l’économie et du droit dans le monde entier. Ce qui impose aujourd’hui une nouvelle transformation de la législation marocaine devant prendre en compte la nécessité de former de nouveaux équilibres juridiques
The objective of our thesis was to analyse the initial state and then the evolution of the Moroccan legislation in the field of delegated public service management. The call made to the private sector within the framework of public-private partnerships for the management of water supply, electricity and liquid sanitation services was initiated in Morocco in 1997 and often took the legal form of "delegated management" via the Law 54-05 of 2006. In this thesis, we will examine the case of France as a pioneering example in Europe, and the one of an Arab-African country, Morocco. The study of these two experiments provides a comparative view of the problem of delegated management.In the French case, it is a question of observing the foundations of a system that has become an exported model. By taking into account in the Moroccan case first what public service was in the Moroccan and Islamic tradition, then what it became during the French protectorate and finally, by analysing what was the stage of public ownership during decolonisation and then the impact of the "French model of delegated management". By studying this model, which was first born quite spontaneously in Morocco in the absence of a coherent legal framework, and then its gradual but nevertheless accelerated adaptation. We studied the evolution of the law and its spirit in Morocco and the challenges that legislators now face in meeting the requirements of a young, demanding and conscious society aware of the forms that the evolution of the economy and law is taking throughout the world. What now requires a new transformation of the Moroccan legislation that must take into account the need to form new legal check and balances

As the percentage of school children with chronic conditions such as diabetes continues to rise, funding for school nurses to keep those students healthy and safe is decreasing. This dissertation includes three studies: (1) a systematic review of the literature on the role and impact of American elementary school nurses, (2) a focus group study that further examined the role of Kentucky school nurses and described their reaction to a new regulation that necessitates delegation of diabetes-related nursing tasks to unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP), and (3) a quantitative study that examined Kentucky school nurses’ past behaviors and future intentions regarding the delegation of diabetes-related tasks. A systematic review of the literature revealed that activities of school nurses can be conceptualized into four major areas: (a) health promotion and disease prevention; (b) triage and treatment of acute issues (e.g., injuries and infectious diseases); (c) management of chronic conditions; and (d) psychosocial support. School nursing activities are associated with increased attendance, higher quality schools, and cost savings. Focus groups in three regions of Kentucky found that Kentucky school nurses fulfill the same major roles as their counterparts across the nation, and face similar challenges such as lack of time, limited resources, language barriers, and communication issues with families. School nurse participants described their biggest impact on students as identifying and addressing students’ physical and psychosocial barriers to learning. While recent legislation was passed in Kentucky necessitating the delegation of insulin administration to UAP, school nurses had not experienced many changes at the time of the focus groups. However, some nurses said that their districts were not planning to delegate insulin administration and intended to keep a nurse in every school. Others appreciated the prospect of having more trained staff in schools to recognize signs of distress in chronically ill students. A statewide survey of 111 Kentucky school nurses indicated that nurses’ past delegation behaviors and future intentions related to delegation are rooted in the level of skilled decision-making that must occur and the risk to the student if the wrong decision is made. Unfortunately, school nurses’ intentions to delegate higher-stakes tasks (e.g. carbohydrate counting, insulin dose verification, and insulin administration) were significantly stronger than their support for (attitude related to) delegation of those tasks, which is disconcerting both for the safety of students as well as for the liability retained by delegating nurses. This disparity between support and intentions indicated that school nurses anticipate that they will have to delegate certain tasks to UAP despite their discomfort with delegating them, most likely due to high workload and lack of resources. Additional studies should be undertaken to determine the impact of legislative changes on the delivery of school health services in Kentucky and other states, particularly once school districts and nurses have had adequate time to adjust to new laws. Such studies should investigate to whom nurses are delegating health services, what tasks are being delegated, and the extent and process of training that UAP receive. Future surveys should utilize perceived behavioral control items that assess situational control (e.g. policy, workload) over delegation rather than, or in addition to, efficacy of individual skills required for delegation of nursing tasks. Researchers must further explore the discrepancies between attitude and intentions; that is, why are nurses planning to delegate tasks to UAP if they do not support the delegation of those tasks? Kentucky school nurses are champions of health promotion for children, not only in their provision of health services and health education, but also in the area of school health policy. School nurses should train UAP so that more school staff can recognize signs of distress in students with diabetes, but at the same time should continue to advocate and seek funding for a nurse in every school with the help of the Every Student Succeeds Act.

Phénomène classique en droit privé du travail, l’évolution d’une activité et le sort réservé aux salariés de droit privé qui y sont affectés figure parmi les thèmes fondamentaux du droit social contemporain, et fait, à ce titre, l’objet d’une jurisprudence relativement stabilisée et d’une littérature abondante. La problématique sociale des évolutions d’activités publiques, pour être tout aussi essentielle sinon plus que celle qui irrigue le secteur économique classique, souffre à l’inverse d’un manque d’analyse globale et approfondie, du moins de l’absence d’une mise en perspective de l’ensemble des hypothèses où elle est amenée à être soulevée. L’approche de la présente recherche est donc d’envisager la problématique sociale liée aux évolutions d’activités publiques dans sa globalité, en embrassant l’ensemble des hypothèses génériques concernées tant d’un point de vue organique – nature des personnels concernés comme nature des entités d’origine et d’accueil – que matériel – externalisation d’activités publiques, reprise en régie, décentralisation de compétences, transfert intercommunal de compétences, privatisation d’établissements publics, etc. L’ambition est ici de révéler le caractère primordial de la donnée sociale dans la conduite des évolutions d’organisation ou de gestion des activités publiques, et d’apporter, dans la démarche pratique qui est la nôtre, les clés essentielles à la résolution de la problématique sociale qu’elle peut engendrer, quelque soit l’hypothèse sur laquelle elle porte. Il s’agit, en premier lieu, en fonction de la nature publique et/ou privée des personnels concernés, d’identifier clairement les obligations de transfert des personnels de nature légales - d’ordre interne comme communautaire - ou conventionnelles, et de les confronter à la volonté politique de conserver ou réaffecter ces personnels. Il convient, en deuxième lieu, de préciser les modalités de transfert des personnels concernés. Il s’agit tout particulièrement de vérifier la nécessité d’obtenir un accord exprès de leur part, de formaliser le transfert par la signature par un contrat de travail ou encore de solliciter les institutions représentatives du personnel pour procéder au transfert effectif des agents. Il est, en troisième et dernier lieu, important d’envisager précisément les conséquences du transfert des personnels tant pour la structure d’accueil que pour les agents eux-mêmes, en termes financiers (niveau de rémunération, avantages individuels acquis, etc.) et opérationnels (organisation interne des ressources humaines, répartition des pouvoirs hiérarchiques entre structure d’origine et d’accueil pour les personnels mis à disposition, etc.)
Classical phenomenon in labour law, the changes which happens in an activity’s management or organisation and the resulting question of the employee’s fate appears like one of the most important contemporary labour law’s subject. Despite it concerns public undertakings engaged in economic activities, whether or not they are operating for gain, as well as private undertakings, this dimension is nevertheless well known and characterised by a lack of detailed analysis, at least by a putting in perspective’s lack of all hypothesis concerned. Consequently, this study chooses to consider the social issue following public activities changes in its globality by including all cases concerned, as well in an organic point of vue (employees nature, original structure or welcoming structure nature) then in a material point of vue (public activities externalization, return of an activity under a public control, decentralization, powers’ transfers between local authorities, privatization of public ownerships, etc.). This study’s aim is to reveal the importance of the human element in the event of a change on activity’s management or organisation and to give, in a practical view, the keys to resolve the social issue which belongs to each activity’s changes, whatever is the working hypothesis concerned. First, depending on the public or private nature of the personnel, it should be clearly identified the tranfer’s obligations which could exist according to labour legislation or a collective agreement and to bring them face to political decision to keep or redeploy employees. Then, it must be explained the procedure of transfer. More particularly, it should be confirmed if the transfer needs to be accepted by each employee, to be formalized by a contract signature or as well to be submitted to union companies. Finally, it is important to envisage precisely the transfer consequences as for employers then for employees, in financial (wages, individual or collective benefits, etc.) and operational terms (human resources organisation, management rules between original employer and new employer in case of provided civil servant, etc.)

Tant pour la jurisprudence (constitutionnelle et administrative) que pour une partie de la doctrine, l’encadrement de la passation et de l’exécution des contrats administratifs de l’État et de ses établissements publics ainsi que des marchés des collectivités territoriales et de leurs établissements relève du domaine du règlement. Et ce, car à l’origine, l’association du droit de la commande publique aux matières relevant traditionnellement du pouvoir réglementaire autonome, telles que la procédure administrative non contentieuse et l’organisation des services publics est un fait établi. Pourtant, le désordre normatif dans les sources législatives et réglementaires du droit des contrats de la commande publique est largement dû à la place marquée du pouvoir réglementaire. Malgré la consolidation jurisprudentielle de cette dernière, des textes législatifs destinés à s’articuler avec les textes réglementaires se sont multipliés, accentuant la complexité de la matière. En général, le mouvement ascendant des sources du droit des contrats administratifs de la commande publique dans la hiérarchie des normes ces dernières années, y compris sa dimension communautaire, exige l’intervention préalable du législateur. De la sorte, la réorganisation des sources textuelles du droit des contrats de la commande publique s’impose avec la plus grande acuité par la ré-détermination des fondements constitutionnels des compétences normatives en la matière et, consécutivement, des rapports entre la loi et le règlement en faveur de la première dans l’encadrement du régime de la passation et d’exécution des contrats respectifs. L’unification du fondement constitutionnel de la compétence de la loi en matière contractuelle sur le fondement de l’article 34 qui attribue au législateur le soin de déterminer les principes fondamentaux des obligations civiles contribuera décisivement à la cohérence et à la systématisation des sources du droit de la commande publique. Une fois la compétence de la loi sauvegardée, le règlement se limitera à son rôle habituel, à savoir, un rôle secondaire et subordonné à l’égard de celle-ci
According to the case law of the Constitutional Council and the administrative courts as well as to some public law theorists, the definition of the rules governing the award and the performance of Government administrative contracts, administrative contracts of State-depended public bodies and public contracts of local authorities falls within the scope of the regulatory powers of Government. More specifically it is argued that public procurement law is part of the rules governing the procedure of administrative decision making and the organisation of public services which are matters traditionally reserved to the autonomous regulatory power. The lack of coherence within the legislative and regulatory sources of public procurement law is mainly due to the predominant role of regulations. Despite the latter’s consolidation by the French courts, the growing number of legislative texts intended to build a coherent set of rules in this field has become a source of complexity. The transformation of the sources of the law of administrative contracts in the last few years – including the Community law dimension – requires the prior intervention of the Legislature. Therefore, the provisions governing the law of public procurement contracts should necessarily be restructured. This could be achieved through the redefinition of the constitutional basis of legislative and regulatory powers in the field of public contract law and consequently through a new balance between law and regulation with the intention of safeguarding the predominance of the former. Drafting the rules on the basis of Article 34 of the French Constitution which enables the Legislature to define the fundamental principles of civil obligations will clearly contribute to a more coherent and systematic approach regarding the sources of public procurement law.. Should the powers of the Legislature be safeguarded, the regulations will then be confined to their usual role, which is secondary and subordinate to Parliamentary Acts

Les actes délégués ont été introduits en droit de l’Union européenne à la suite de l’adoption du traité de Lisbonne. Définis à l’article 290 TFUE comme des « actes non législatifs de portée générale qui complètent ou modifient certains éléments non essentiels de l'acte législatif », les actes délégués apparaissent prima facie comme un instrument d’exécution du droit de l’Union, dans la continuité de la comitologie préexistante au traité de Lisbonne. Ils se distinguent pourtant des actes d’exécution de l’article 291 TFUE, qui sont adoptés « lorsque des conditions uniformes d'exécution des actes juridiquement contraignants de l'Union sont nécessaires ». Les actes délégués semblent ainsi formellement exclus de la fonction d’exécution. Par déduction, ils devraient alors participer à l’exercice de la fonction législative. Cette conclusion n’a cependant rien d’évident dès lors que les actes délégués sont qualifiés « d’actes non législatifs ». L’étude des actes délégués a pour objectif de clarifier cette apparente contradiction et démontrer que l’objet de la procédure de délégation de pouvoir induite par l’article 290 TFUE est de transférer des compétences de nature législative entre le Parlement européen et le Conseil d’une part, et la Commission d’autre part. Cette étude conduit à observer les incidences institutionnelles et substantielles des actes délégués pour évaluer leurs effets sur la production normative de l’Union
Delegated acts have been introduced into European Union law following the adoption of the Lisbon treaty. Defined by article 290 TFEU as “non-legislative acts of general application to supplement or amend certain non-essential elements of the legislative act”, delegated acts appear prima facie as an instrument of implementation of EU law, in continuity with the comitology that existed before the Lisbon treaty. However, delegated acts differ from the implementing acts as defined by article 291 TFEU which are adopted “where uniform conditions for implementing legally binding Union acts are needed”. Delegated acts thereby seem to be excluded from executive function. Instead, they should by deduction take part in the exercise of legislative function. This hypothesis is however not evident since delegated acts are referred to as “non-legislative acts”. The purpose of this thesis is to clarify this apparent contradiction and demonstrate that the aim of the delegation procedure under article 290 TFEU is to transfer a legislative power from the European Parliament and the Council to the Commission. This thesis assesses the institutional and substantive implications of delegated acts and their effects on the normative production of the Union

碩士
東吳大學
法律學系
105
Mainland China adopts a system of people's congresses for the integration of law and order.The National People's Congress, which is the highest authority in the country, enjoys the legislative power. But the actual operation of the National People's Congress on the legislative speed can not meet the real needs.The National People's Congress formulated the "Basic Laws", the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress formulated the "laws other than the ones to be enacted by the National People's Congress", the State Council enacted the "Administrative Regulations", the local people's congresses and their standing committees formulated the "Local Regulations, Autonomous Regulations ,Separate Regulations and regulations of the special economic zones".And the legislative power of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, the State Council, local people's congresses and their standing committees is based on the conferment of the National People's Congress to construct an authorized legislative system. As the legal system became more complete, the socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics was gradually constructed. However, the change of the society is always ahead of the change of legal system. In order to meet the needs of social reality, the reform measures need to break through the stipulations of the existing law and cause the conflict between the change of reform and development and the stability of legal system. In order to reconcile the contradictions between the two, the major reforms are made lawfully and the National People's Congress or its Standing Committee makes a decision to "temporarily adjust or stop the application of the law" in a specific geographical area for a certain period of time , Adjust or stop the application of the provisions of the law, by the practical operation of the results, as the future revision of the reference. Based on the development of authorization legislation, this article discusses the appropriateness of Article 13 of "Legislation Law", "Temporarily Adjusting or Stopping the Application of Law", and exploring the relationship between the two.

The rule-making power of the European Commission, dissertation Mgr. Mgr. Jiří Lenfeld, M.A.; supervisor: doc. JUDr. Richard Král, Ph.D., LL.M. Charles University, Faculty of Law, Department of European Law Prague, March 2013 The aim of the dissertation is to analyse the role of the European Commission in the legislative process of the European Union with the focus on procedures for adoption of legally binding Union acts. The European Commission is one of the main institutions of the European Union. It represents and upholds the interests of the EU as a whole and manages the day-to-day business of implementing EU policies. However, to limit the role of the European Commission to that of an executive body would be misleading. Its role in the EU institutional system is much broader than that. The European Commission is the most important legislator among the EU institutions and is also empowered with an almost exclusive power to submit drafts of EU legal acts. The rule-making power of the European Commission could be seen from two different points of view. In a narrow sense of the word it could be seen as a power conferred on the European Commission by the Treaties to propose drafts and to adopt EU legal acts implementing legally binding Union acts. However, the exercise of the rule-making power may...

Afrikaans text
The Canadian and South African legal systems established equivalent constitutional values and principles pertaining to searches conducted with or without a valid search warrant. It creates the basis for a comparative study on this particular aspect. The Supreme Court of Canada held in R v A. M 2008 S.C.C 19 random sniffer dog searches conducted without neither a reasonable suspicion nor any legislative authority on learners enrolled in public schools, is unconstitutional due to its infringement of a learner's reasonable expectation to privacy, as protected in section 8 of the Canadian Charter of rights and Freedoms. South African learners are randomly search by law enforcement officers by using sniffer dogs for purposes of detecting the possession of illegal drugs in instances without neither a reasonable suspicion nor statutory authority. The search is subsequently conducted in terms of the common law. The common law is not regarded as law of general application to limit a fundamental right in terms of the limitation clause. By taking into consideration the ratio in R v A. M (supra) the conclusion is subsequently that random sniffer dog searches conducted on learners in South African public schools, without neither a reasonable suspicion nor statutory authority, is unconstitutional which infringes section 14 of the Constitution of South Africa of 1996.
Die basis vir hierdie studie is ontleen aan die ooreenstemmende vereistes en beginsels in die Kanadese en Suid Afrikaanse reg ten aansien van deursoekings met of sonder 'n wettige lasbrief uitgevoer. In die Kanadese beslissing van R v A.M 2008 SCC 19 is die grondwetlikheid van ewekansige deursoekings met behuip van snuffelhonde op leerders sonder statutere magtiging uitgevoer, deur die Supreme Court of Canada as ongrondwetlik bevind aangesien 'n leerder wel oor 'n redelike verwagting op privaatheid beskik. Indien leerders sonder 'n redelike vermoede en statutere magtiging met behuip van snuffelhonde deursoek word, geskied dit ingevolge die gemenereg en dit word nie beskou as 'n algemeen geldende reg om 'n fundamentele reg kragtens die beperkingsklousule te beperk nie. Met inagneming van die ratio in R v A.M (supra) kan daar dus tot die gevolgtrekking gekom word dat ewekansige deursoekings met behulp van snuffelhonde op Suid Afrikanse leerders in die afwesigheid van 'n redelike vermoede asook sonder statutere magtiging uitgevoer, tans ongrondwetlike optrede daarstel wat op artikel 14 van die Grondwet van 1996 inbreuk maak.
Law (College)
LL.M.