Academic literature on the topic 'Demand Curve Flattening'
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Journal articles on the topic "Demand Curve Flattening"
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Talarico, R. J., and J. F. Morrall. "The cost-effectiveness of curve flattening in Alberta." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 21, no. 2 (April 1, 1994): 285–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l94-030.
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Rehabilitation and restoration improvements on highways typically involve widening lane and shoulder widths, as well as revisions to the superelevation rate. This upgrading approach may sometimes neglect the possibility of flattening horizontal curves, which may result in safer, more cost-effective designs. Aside from the obvious safety benefits for highway travellers, additional benefits may occur in terms of improved traffic operations of intersections on curves. This paper describes the findings of a research project which was conducted to determine the maximum side friction available for a range of roadway curvatures, vehicle speeds, and vehicle types.A three-axis accelerometer and a ball bank indicator were installed in seven test vehicles. Lateral accelerations and ball bank readings were recorded as test vehicles traversed test curves at constant speeds. These data were used to determine the margin of safety provided on dry, wet, and icy pavements.It was found that motorists demand high levels of side friction on sharp curves. In fact, curvatures sharper than 500 m provide very low margins of safety against skidding. Since improved superelevation rates are unlikely to increase the margin of safety to a sufficient level, the cost-effectiveness of curve flattening for rural highways in Alberta was estimated for a range of traffic volumes and central angles. Key words: side friction, margins of safety, horizontal curves, 3-R projects, cost-effectiveness of curve flattening.
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Huang, Rongbing, and Donghang Zhang. "Managing Underwriters and the Marketing of Seasoned Equity Offerings." Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 46, no. 1 (November 10, 2010): 141–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022109010000712.
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AbstractUsing a sample of 2,281 seasoned equity offerings (SEOs) from 1995 to 2004, we show that the marketing of securities is important to issuers. The number of managing underwriters for an SEO is negatively related to the offer price discount, especially when the relative offer size is large and the stock return volatility is high. Larger investor networks of comanaging underwriters also lower offer price discounts. We argue that the evidence is supportive of the marketing hypothesis: The underwriters’ marketing efforts can lower the offer price discount by shifting up and flattening the demand curve of an SEO.
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Leite, Higor, Claire Lindsay, and Maneesh Kumar. "COVID-19 outbreak: implications on healthcare operations." TQM Journal 33, no. 1 (July 18, 2020): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tqm-05-2020-0111.
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PurposeThe COVID-19 pandemic is considered a major disruptive event of this decade, raising unforeseen socio-economic implications worldwide. This novel virus has increased the influx of patients in hospitals, and healthcare organisations are facing unprecedented constraints in their operations to deal with increased demand and pressed capacity. Thus, this article evaluates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare systems' demand, resources and capacity and provides research directions.Design/methodology/approachThis is a viewpoint article and uses timely information on healthcare operations from both scholars and managers, published by diverse sources during the COVID-19 outbreak.FindingsThe authors discuss the focus on “flattening the curve of infection” as a measure to protect healthcare, delay the impact of increased demand and reorientate healthcare supply chain practices. Furthermore, the authors evaluate the role of lean practices on managing demand and capacity and improving quality across healthcare operations and supply chain. Finally, the authors suggest research directions on modern operational issues that emerged during this pandemic, such as discussions around the sustainability of lean post-pandemic, “just in time” practices, inventory trade-offs and lack of organisational responsiveness during untenable events.Originality/valueIn this article, the authors provide a contemporary assessment of the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare operations, underscoring main economic and operational elements that can be affected, such as unforeseen demand, resources and capacity shortage. Therefore, the authors assess that healthcare organisations, practitioners and governments have to anticipate operational and economic impacts and, ultimately, to reassess their plans to deal with such adverse events.
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Scripcariu, Mircea, Ioan Sevastian Bitir-Istrate, Cristian Gheorghiu, Ştefăniţă Pluteanu, and Aida Maria Neniu. "Demand-side Management Programs – A joint environmental protection action. Case study: The lighting system in the Campus of the University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest." E3S Web of Conferences 112 (2019): 04006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911204006.
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The current development of Smart Grids, combined with the pressure enforced by national legislation as a direct effect of the 2012/27/EU and the 2018/844/EU Directives and the ever-growing energy demand lead to a new set of challenges for both the end-users and the utility companies, under the form of optimizing the EPIs (Energy Performance Indicators), reducing the Environmental Impact and flattening the Power Demand Curve. In this paper, the economical viability and the potential environmental impact reduction obtained by implementing a DSM (Demand–Side Management) program in the Campus of the University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest were analysed. The energy boundary consisted of all the 26 Student Dorms and the main Significant Energy Use) consisted of the lighting system. Four different scenarios were conceived, taking into account the initial investment and the energy savings sharing between the end-user and the Utility Company. Based on these scenarios, a technical-economic model is presented. Using the data gathered on-site and the DSM program mode, relevant results were obtained and a development solution for such projects was proposed. In the final part of the paper, the predicted Environmental Impact Reduction was quantified and analysed, under the form of the Carbon Footprint generated, respectively avoided by implementing the most economically efficient DSM program development solution.
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Abdalla, Modawy Adam Ali, Wang Min, and Omer Abbaker Ahmed Mohammed. "Two-Stage Energy Management Strategy of EV and PV Integrated Smart Home to Minimize Electricity Cost and Flatten Power Load Profile." Energies 13, no. 23 (December 3, 2020): 6387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236387.
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The efficient use of the incorporation of photovoltaic generation (PV) and an electric vehicle (EV) with the home energy management system (HEMS) can play a significant role in improving grid stability in the residential area and bringing economic benefit to the homeowner. Therefore, this paper presents an energy management strategy in a smart home that integrates an electric vehicle with/without PV generation. The proposed strategy seeks to reduce the household electricity costs and flatten the load curve based on time-of-use pricing, time-varying household power demand, PV generation profile, and EV parameters (arrival and departure times, minimum and maximum limit of the state-of-charge, and initial state-of-charge). The proposed control strategy is divided into two stages: Stage A, which operates in three operating modes according to the unavailability of PV power generation, and Stage B, which operates in five operating modes according to the availability of PV generation. In this study, the proposed strategy enables controlling the amount of energy absorbed by the EV from the grid and/or PV and the amount of energy injected from the EV to the load to ensure that the household electricity costs are minimized, and the household power load profile is flattened. The findings show that both household electricity costs reduction and flattening of the power load profile are achieved. Moreover, the corresponding simulation results exhibit that the proposed strategy for the smart home with EV and PV provides better results than the smart home with EV and without PV in terms of electricity costs reduction and power load profile flattening.
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Khemakhem, Siwar, Mouna Rekik, and Lotfi Krichen. "Double layer home energy supervision strategies based on demand response and plug-in electric vehicle control for flattening power load curves in a smart grid." Energy 167 (January 2019): 312–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.10.187.
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Wilson, Suze. "Pandemic leadership: Lessons from New Zealand’s approach to COVID-19." Leadership 16, no. 3 (May 26, 2020): 279–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1742715020929151.
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This case study analyses the leadership approach and practices of the New Zealand government, led by Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern, in the response thus far to the COVID-19 pandemic. It reports on how a shared sense of purpose has been established, that of minimizing harm to lives and livelihoods, for which the government has sought – and secured – New Zealanders’ commitment. Key leadership practices comprise the government’s willingness to themselves be led by expertise, its efforts to mobilise the population, and to enable coping, all of which serve to build the trust in leadership needed for transformative, collective action such as the pandemic demands. At the time of writing, New Zealand appears well on track to achieve its ambitious goal of achieving rapid and complete control over the COVID-19 outbreak – not just ‘flattening the curve’ as other countries are struggling to do – at least in part due to these leadership contributions. A framework of good practices for pandemic leadership is offered drawn from this case study, in the hope transferable lessons can be taken to aid others in the continuing struggle to limit the harm COVID-19 poses to lives and livelihoods throughout the world.
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MORTAZAVI, Seyed Ali Reza, Abdolkarim GHADIMI-MOGHADAM, Masoud HAGHANI, Azim KAVEH-AHANGAR, Seyed Mohammad Javad MORTAZAVI, and Abdollah JAFARZADEH. "Health Care Policy Makers’ Response to COVID-19 Pandemic; Pros and Cons of “Flattening the Curve” from the “Selective Pressure” Point of View: A Review." Iranian Journal of Public Health, June 22, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v49i6.3356.
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COVID-19, a respiratory infection caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2, causes a variety of symptoms in infected people. We have recently addressed our concerns over unintentional “Directed Accelerated Evolution” of the SARS-CoV-2 and introduced a modified treatment method for ARDS associated with COVID-19. COVID-19 outbreak could last for a long time in communities. Due to growing requests for medical equipment such as ventilators and ICU beds, “flattening the epidemic curve” has been considered as an effective strategy to adjust the level of health care demand to potential capacity of the system. In this paper, we compare possible outcomes of “Without Precaution” and “With Precaution” epidemic models. When there are no precautions, a higher number of people would be infected. RNA viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 have extremely high mutation rates. Accordingly, the combination of a higher number of infected people and any effort for inactivation of the viruses is expected to exert a strong selective pressure on SARS-CoV-2 that can lead to more mutations. These mutations can be either pathogenicity attenuating mutations (PAMs) or pathogenicity promoting mutations (PPMs). On the other hand, when flattening strategy is used, the number of infected people will be lower than the previous model, but both type of mutations may occur, although with lower frequency. Although the occurrence of PAMs helps the development of herd immunity, possible occurrence of PPMs needs serious tracking, especially in patients with severe COVID-19, to prevent new endemic with more virulent mutant viruses.
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Ridwan, Endrizal, and Besti Novianda. "Mandatory Social Distancing for Covid-19 Outbreak and Its Economic Consequences in West Sumatera - Indonesia." Jurnal Ekonomi Kesehatan Indonesia 6, no. 1 (July 22, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.7454/eki.v6i1.4548.
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The Governor of West Sumatra Province of Indonesia imposed a mandatory social distancing (PSBB) to slow down the Covid-19 outbreak from 22 April to 7 June 2020. The cons argued that PSBB was ineffective because of the impossibility to limit people’s movements. The pros, on the other hand, viewed PSBB as a training facility to increase people’s awareness about the pandemic. Our research aims at evaluating the effectiveness of PSBB by using the Kermack-McKendrick SIR pandemic model and the NLSUR non-linear least square estimation. Using daily data published by the Covid-19 task force, we found that PSBB had a positive impact on flattening the curve. Assuming that vulnerable people were around 30% of the population, PSBB has reduced the rate of spread of Covid-19 from around 2 persons to less than 1 person for every infected. We also found that the economic consequences of PSBB on commodities varied by their demand and supply characteristics. We, therefore, suggest that policy interventions related to price control and subsidy should consider these characteristics. For future research, as data more available, the effect of PSBB on broader economic variables such as poverty and growth in the province needs to be examined.
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Siempos, Ilias I., Eleni Xourgia, Theodora K. Ntaidou, Dimitris Zervakis, Eleni E. Magira, Anastasia Kotanidou, Christina Routsi, and Spyros G. Zakynthinos. "Effect of Early vs. Delayed or No Intubation on Clinical Outcomes of Patients With COVID-19: An Observational Study." Frontiers in Medicine 7 (December 23, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.614152.
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Background: Optimal timing of initiation of invasive mechanical ventilation in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure due to COVID-19 is unknown. Thanks to early flattening of the epidemiological curve, ventilator demand in Greece was kept lower than supply throughout the pandemic, allowing for unbiased comparison of the outcomes of patients undergoing early intubation vs. delayed or no intubation.Methods: We conducted an observational study including all adult patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 consecutively admitted in Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece between March 11, 2020 and April 15, 2020. Patients subsequently admitted in the intensive care unit (ICU) were categorized into the “early intubation” vs. the “delayed or no intubation” group. The “delayed or no intubation” group included patients receiving non-rebreather mask for equal to or more than 24 h or high-flow nasal oxygen for any period of time or non-invasive mechanical ventilation for any period of time in an attempt to avoid intubation. The remaining intubated patients comprised the “early intubation” group.Results: During the study period, a total of 101 patients (37% female, median age 65 years) were admitted in the hospital. Fifty-nine patients (58% of the entire cohort) were exclusively hospitalized in general wards with a mortality of 3% and median length of stay of 7 days. Forty-two patients (19% female, median age 65 years) were admitted in the ICU; all with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. Of those admitted in the ICU, 62% had at least one comorbidity and 14% were never intubated. Early intubation was not associated with higher ICU-mortality (21 vs. 33%), fewer ventilator-free days (3 vs. 2 days) or fewer ICU-free days than delayed or no intubation.Conclusions: A strategy of early intubation was not associated with worse clinical outcomes compared to delayed or no intubation. Given that early intubation may presumably reduce virus aerosolization, these results may justify further research with a randomized controlled trial.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Demand Curve Flattening"
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Al-Hadban, Yehya. "Demand-side management in office buildings in Kuwait through an ice-storage assisted HVAC system with model predictive control." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/3885.
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Examining methods for controlling the electricity demand in Kuwait was the main
objective and motivation of this researchp roject. The extensiveu se of air-conditioning
for indoor cooling in office and large commercial buildings in Kuwait and the Gulf
States represents a major part of the power and electricity consumption in such
countries. The rising electricity generation cost and growing rates of consumption
continuously demand the construction new power plants. Devising and enforcing
Demand-SideM anagemen(t DSM) in the form of energye fficient operations trategies
was the response of this research project to provide a means to rectify this situation
using the demand-side management technique known as demand levelling or load
shifting. State of the art demand-sidem anagementte chniquesh ave been examined
through the developmenot f a model basedp redictive control optimisations trategyf or
an integrateda ndm odulara pproachto the provisiono f ice thermals torage.
To evaluate the potential of ice-storage assisted air-conditioning systems in flattening
the demand curve at peak times during the summer months in Kuwait, a model of a
Heating, Ventilation, and Air-conditioning (HVAC) plant was developed in Matlab. The
model engaged the use of model based predictive control (MPQ as an optimisation tool
for the plant as a whole. The model with MPC was developed to chose and decide on
which control strategy to operate the integrated ice-storage HVAC plant. The model
succeeded in optimising the operation of the plant and introduced encouraging
improvement of the performance of the system as a whole.
The concept of the modular ice-storage system was introduced through a control zoning
strategy based on zonal orientation. It is believed that such strategy could lead to the
modularisation of ice-storage systems. Additionally, the model was examined and tested
in relation to load flattening and demonstrated promising enhancement in the shape of
the load curve and demonstrated flattened demand curves through the employed
strategy. When compared with measured data from existing buildings, the model
showed potential for the techniques utilised to improve the load factor for office
buildings.
Book chapters on the topic "Demand Curve Flattening"
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Kreps, David M. "Monopoly." In A Course in Microeconomic Theory, 299–324. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691202754.003.0009.
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This chapter describes the theory of monopoly. In a monopoly market, there are many buyers and a single vendor of a good. The single vendor is called the monopoly. Buyers are assumed to be price takers, and their demand as a function of price is given, as in the case of perfect competition, by an aggregate demand function. One reason one might find a monopoly industry is because, while other companies can enter this industry, the monopoly acts in a way that forestalls potential competitors. If substitute products are produced and sold, they restrain the monopoly's market power by flattening and shifting-in the monopoly's demand curve. The idea of substitutes for a monopoly product comes up in another context — that of multigood monopolies. The chapter then looks at nonlinear pricing.