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1
Lee, Ho Min, Do Guen Yoo, Doosun Kang, Hwandon Jun, and Joong Hoon Kim. "Uncertainty quantification of pressure-driven analysis for water distribution network modeling." Water Supply 16, no. 3 (November 23, 2015): 599–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2015.168.
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The hydraulic analysis of water distribution networks (WDNs) is divided into two approaches: namely, a demand-driven analysis (DDA) and a pressure-driven analysis (PDA). In the DDA, the basic assumption is that the nodal demand is fully supplied irrespective of the nodal pressure, which is mainly suitable for normal operating conditions. However, in abnormal conditions, such as pipe failures or unexpected increase in demand, the DDA approach may cause unrealistic results, such as negative pressure. To address the shortcomings of DDA, PDA has been considered in a number of studies. For PDA, however, the head-outflow relation (HOR) should be given, which is known to contain a high degree of uncertainty. Here, the DDA-based simulator, EPANET2 was modified to develop a PDA model simulating pressure deficient conditions and a Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) was performed to consider the quantitative uncertainty in HOR. The developed PDA model was applied to two networks (a well-known benchmark system and a real-life WDN) and the results showed that the proposed model is superior to other reported models when dealing with negative pressure under abnormal conditions. In addition, the MCS-based sensitivity analysis presents the ranges of pressure and available discharge, quantifying service reliability of water networks.
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Choi, Young Hwan. "Qualification of Hydraulic Analysis Models for Optimal Design of Water Distribution Systems." Applied Sciences 11, no. 17 (September 2, 2021): 8152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11178152.
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The hydraulic analysis of water distribution systems (WDSs) is divided into two approaches, namely, a demand-driven analysis (DDA) and a pressure-driven analysis (PDA). In DDA, the basic assumption is that the nodal demand is fully supplied irrespective of the nodal pressure, which is mainly suitable for normal operating conditions. However, in abnormal conditions, such as pipe failures or unexpected increases in demand, the DDA approach may cause unrealistic results, such as negative pressure. However, despite these realistic hydraulic analysis approaches for WDSs being emphasized in the design process, this consideration was lacking in the design aspect. Therefore, in this study, the designs by the DDA-based design model and PDA-based design model are compared, and their design characteristics are analyzed to identify the efficiency of the WDSs design under abnormal system conditions. The developed PDA model was applied to three networks (a well-known benchmark system and a real-life WDN), and the results showed that the proposed model is superior to other reported models when dealing with negative pressure under abnormal conditions. In addition, the optimal design of WDN considered PDA is presented, and the optimal construction cost is decreased to increase the percentage of PDA.
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Mădulărea, Remus Alexandru, Petre-Ovidiu Ciuc, Andrei-Mugur Georgescu, and Sanda-Carmen Georgescu. "Speed factors computed for pumping schedules in Water Distribution Networks: DDA versus PDA formulations." E3S Web of Conferences 85 (2019): 06002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20198506002.
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This paper focuses on a methodology allowing to derive the pumping schedule in Water Distribution Networks (WDN), upon a time dependent water demand. The selected test case is a previously studied WDN. Two pumping algorithms give different pumping rules. By solving the nonlinear system of equations, consisting of energy balance equations, mass balance equations and pumping rules, one gets the pumps speed factors. Solutions attached to the Pressure Driven Analysis (PDA) correspond to energy and cost savings, with respect to the solutions given by the Demand Driven Analysis (DDA). The methodology described in this paper is simple and rapid, but the iterative numerical method used to solve the system of equations is highly dependent on the starting guess.
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Dewland, Jason C., and Andrew See. "Notes on Operations: Patron Driven Acquisitions: Determining the Metrics for Success." Library Resources & Technical Services 59, no. 1 (January 23, 2015): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/lrts.59n1.13.
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Patron Driven Acquisition (PDA) programs have been established in many libraries, but there is no agreed upon set of metrics to evaluate the programs’ performance. With that in mind, the University of Arizona (UA) formed the On-Demand Information Delivery (ODID) Metrics Team in January 2012 to establish metrics to evaluate their PDA program. This paper examines the results of the team’s findings and provides an extensive analysis of the purchases by Library of Congress (LC) classification, publisher, format, etc. The discussion includes an analysis of the process and challenges of measuring a PDA program based on UA’s experience. This paper also provides a list of key metrics that the authors argue that every library with a PDA program should monitor.
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Morosini, Attilio Fiorini, Olga Caruso, and Paolo Veltri. "Management of Water Distribution Systems in PDA Condition with Isolation Valves." Proceedings 2, no. 11 (July 31, 2018): 672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2110672.
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The correct management of Water Distribution Networks (WDNs) allows to obtain a reliable system. When a pipe failure occurs in a network and it is necessary to isolate a zone, it is possible that some nodes do not guarantee service for the users due to inadequate heads. In these conditions a Pressure Driven Analysis (PDA) is the correct approach to evaluate network behavior. This analysis is more appropriate than the Demand Driven Analysis (DDA) because it is known that the effective delivered flow at each node is influenced by the pressure value. In this case, it is important to identify a subset of isolation valves to limit disrupting services in the network. For a real network, additional valves must be added to existing ones. In this paper a new methodological analysis is proposed: it defines an objective function (OF) to provide a measure of the system correct functioning. The network analysis using the OF helps to choose the optimal number of additional valves to obtain an adequate system control. In emergency conditions, the OF takes into account the new network topology obtained excluding the zone where the broken pipe is located. OF values depend on the demand deficit caused by the head decrement in the network nodes for each pipe burst considered. The results obtained for a case study confirm the efficiency of the methodology.
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Fiorini Morosini, Attilio, Sina Shaffiee Haghshenas, Sami Shaffiee Haghshenas, Doo Yong Choi, and Zong Woo Geem. "Sensitivity Analysis for Performance Evaluation of a Real Water Distribution System by a Pressure Driven Analysis Approach and Artificial Intelligence Method." Water 13, no. 8 (April 18, 2021): 1116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13081116.
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Proper performance of water distribution networks (WDNs) plays a vital role in customer satisfaction. The aim of this study is to conduct a sensitivity analysis to evaluate the behavior of WDNs analyzed by a pressure-driven analysis (PDA) approach and the classification technique by using an appropriate artificial neural network, namely the Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH). For this purpose, this study is divided into four distinct steps. In the first and second steps, a real network has been analyzed by using a Pressure-Driven Analysis approach (PDA) to obtain the pressure, and α coefficient, the percentage of supplied flow. The analysis has been performed by using three different values of the design peak coefficient k*. In the third step, the Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH) has been applied and several binary models have been constructed. The analysis has been carried out by using input data, including the real topology of the network and the base demand necessary to satisfy requests of users in average conditions and by assuming that the demand in each single one-hour time step depends on a peak coefficient. Finally, the results obtained from the PDA hydraulic analysis and those obtained by using them in the GMDH algorithm have been compared and sensitivity analysis has been carried out. The innovation of the study is to demonstrate that the input parameters adopted in the design are correct. The analysis confirms that the GMDH algorithm gives proper results for this case study and the results are stable also when the value of each k*, characteristic of a different time hour step, varies in an admissible technical range. It was confirmed that the results obtained by using the PDA approach, analyzed by using a GMDH-type neural network, can provide higher performance sufficiency in the evaluation of WDNs.
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Conety Ravi, Suribabu, Neelakantan Thurvas Renganathan, Sivakumar Perumal, and Diego Paez. "Analysis of water distribution network under pressure-deficient conditions through emitter setting." Drinking Water Engineering and Science 12, no. 1 (March 14, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/dwes-12-1-2019.
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Abstract. Pressure-driven analysis (PDA) of water distribution networks necessitates an assessment of the supplying capacity of a network within the minimum and required pressure ranges. Pressure-deficient conditions happen due to the uncertainty of nodal demands, failure of electromechanical components, diversion of water, aging of pipes, permanent increase in the demand at certain supply nodes, fire demand, etc. As the demand-driven analysis (DDA) solves the governing equations without any bound on pressure head, it fails to replicate the real scenario, particularly when the network experiences pressure-deficient situations. Numerous researchers formulated different head–discharge relations and used them iteratively with demand-driven software, while some other approaches solve them by incorporating this relation within the analysis algorithms. Several attempts have been made by adding fictitious network elements like reservoirs, check valves (CVs), flow control valves (FCVs), emitters, dummy nodes and pipes of negligible length (i.e., negligible pressure loss) to assess the supplying capability of a network under pressure-deficient conditions using demand-driven simulation software. This paper illustrates a simple way of assessing the supplying capacity of demand nodes (DNs) under pressure-deficient conditions by assigning the respective emitter coefficient only for those nodes facing a pressure-deficit condition. The proposed method is tested with three benchmark networks, and it is able to simulate the network without addition of any fictitious network elements or changing the source code of the software like EPANET. Though the proposed approach is an iterative one, the computational burden of adding artificial elements in the other methods is avoided and is hence useful for analyzing large networks.
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Bonora, Marco Amos, Fabio Caldarola, and Mario Maiolo. "A New Set of Local Indices Applied to a Water Network through Demand and Pressure Driven Analysis (DDA and PDA)." Water 12, no. 8 (August 6, 2020): 2210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12082210.
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In the analysis of drinking Water Distribution Networks (WDNs), performance indices are widely used tools for obtaining synthetic information about the WDN operating regime (pressures and flows). This paper presents applications of a series of local surplus indices that act in a new mathematical framework. This framework allows reworking many well-known performance and energetic indices and simultaneously allowing analysis of specific aspects of the WDN. The analyses are carried out using different resolutive hydraulic approaches: the Demand-Driven Analysis (DDA) and the Pressure-Driven Analysis (PDA), typical of software such as EPANET and WaterNetGen. The authors analyse the hypotheses necessary for the application of these models, and how these influence the results of both the hydraulic modeling and the resilience indices assessment. In particular, two resilience indices are reformulated through the new local surplus indices and all of them are then simulated in different conditions for a water network known in literature as the Kang and Lansey WDN. The solving model assumption effects are deepen, reporting graphical and numerical results for different consumption scenarios and the different hydraulic approaches used.
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Goedeken, Edward A., and Karen Lawson. "The Past, Present, and Future of Demand-Driven Acquisitions in Academic Libraries." College & Research Libraries 76, no. 2 (March 1, 2015): 205–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/crl.76.2.205.
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Demand-driven acquisitions (DDA) programs have become a well-established approach toward integrating user involvement in the process of building academic library collections. However, these programs are in a constant state of evolution. A recent iteration in this evolution of ebook availability is the advent of large ebook collections whose contents libraries can lease, but not own only if they choose to do so. This study includes an investigation of patron usage and librarian ebook selection by comparing call number data generated by usage of three entities: (1) an ebrary PDA; (2) Academic Complete, which is a leased collection of ebooks; and (3) subject librarian selections based on the YPB approval plan at Iowa State University. The context is provided through a description of the development and evolution of demand driven acquisitions programs with an analysis of where libraries have been and where they are going with enhancing the collection development in academic libraries.
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Fiorini Morosini, Attilio, Sina Shaffiee Haghshenas, Sami Shaffiee Haghshenas, and Zong Woo Geem. "Development of a Binary Model for Evaluating Water Distribution Systems by a Pressure Driven Analysis (PDA) Approach." Applied Sciences 10, no. 9 (April 26, 2020): 3029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10093029.
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Investigation of Water Distribution Networks (WDNs) is considered a challenging task due to the unpredicted and uncertain conditions in water engineering. When in a WDN, a pipe failure occurs, and shut-off valves to isolate the broken pipe to allow repairing works are activated. In these new conditions, the hydraulic parameters in the network are modified because the topology of the entire system changes. If the head becomes inadequate, the Pressure Driven Analysis (PDA) is the correct approach to evaluate the performance of water networks. Hence, in the present study, the water distribution system was evaluated in pressure-driven conditions for 100 different scenarios and then using a type of neural network called Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH) as a stochastic technique. For this purpose, several most notable parameters including the base demand, pressure, and alpha (the percentage of effective supplied flow) were calculated using simulations based on a PDA approach and applied to the water distribution network of Praia a Mare in Southern Italy. In the second stage, the output parameters were used in a developed binary classification model. Finally, the obtained results showed that the GMDH algorithm can be applied as a powerful tool for modeling water distribution networks.
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Shirzad, Akbar, and Massoud Tabesh. "New indices for reliability assessment of water distribution networks." Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 65, no. 5 (June 16, 2016): 384–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2016.091.
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This paper presents new indices to evaluate the reliability of water distribution networks (WDNs) usable in the design, planning and management of these networks. Since the pressure-driven analysis (PDA) of WDNs produces more accurate results than the demand-driven analysis, the new indices are proposed based on the PDA. In the proposed measures, nodal pressures, nodal available discharges and the energy loss per unit length of pipes are considered as the main factors influencing the reliability of WDNs. The introduced network reliability index is a combination of two indices named total nodal reliability and total pipe reliability. These indices are equal to the weighted average of all of the nodal and pipe reliabilities, respectively. A sample network is used to evaluate the new proposed index and some of the available indices and to compare their efficiencies in assessing the reliability of WDNs. The results show that the new proposed index is more efficient and outperforms the others. The introduced index is normalized and is independent of the WDN size. This index considers the qualitative aspects of WDNs besides the hydraulic aspects in evaluating reliability.
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Schou, Arild. "Who benefits from demand-driven distribution of HIV/AIDS services? An analysis of the emerging CBO sector in Malawi." Public Administration and Development 29, no. 2 (May 2009): 155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pad.520.
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Budy, Gandhes Sembodro. "Akademi Lalare Orchestra Sebagai Pengembang Kreativitas Musik Pada Anak Di Kabupaten Banyuwangi." Virtuoso: Jurnal Pengkajian dan Penciptaan Musik 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/vt.v4n1.p11-19.
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Abstract: Creativity is a talent possessed by every individual and can be honed or nurtured through the right educational institutions. In a creativity formation, children need help to build their creativity. Supporting factors and the formation of creativity in children, namely with the full support of the people or the environment around them. The Lalare Orchestra Academy is an educational institution that teaches children to be more creative in playing musical instruments. This research uses descriptive qualitative method with data collection using observation and interview techniques, while the analysis technique uses the stages of reduction, presentation, and drawing conclusions. The research objective was to describe the background of the Lalare Academy Institute for orchestra and the process of developing musical creativity in children. The results showed that the background for the establishment of the Lalare Orchestra Academy was driven by the interest of the chairman of the Blambangan Arts Council, namely Syamsudin and Kadafi Kadiso as art enthusiasts to provide space and opportunities for academic music education to children. In its performances, the Lalare Orchestra Academy always presents Banyuwangi traditional music games with a number of musical instruments that are not only one device, but use many traditional musical instruments so that they are called orchestra music games. In its development, the Lalare Orchestra Academy is in great demand by children because children are given the opportunity to develop game techniques, thus motivating children to be creative. The process of developing creativity is carried out by teaching Banyuwangi traditional music playing techniques, improvisation, and its application when playing music in an orchestra. Thus children will be able to improvise existing songs and be able to play music well.Keywords: Lalare Orchestra Academy, Creativity
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Sudarmaji, A., A. Margiwiyatno, S. B. Sulistyo, and Saparso. "Measurement of Patchouli oil vapor using array of MOS gas sensors in various adulteration substances and concentrations." Food Research 5, S2 (July 4, 2021): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.5(s2).016.
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Indonesia is one of the main suppliers of Patchouli oil in the world market. It has high economical value. Indonesian Patchouli oil is mostly produced by SMEs using the distillation technique. However, the high demand and price of Patchouli oil led to the fraud of adulteration. SMEs intentionally mixed Patchouli oil with cheaper oils. This paper presented the vapor measurement of Patchouli oil by using an array of metal oxide semiconductor gas sensors (MOS) which may apply to indicate the presence of adulteration substance in Patchouli oil. A total of nine MOS gas sensors were tested. All MOS are driven with temperature modulation technique. We built an acquisition unit based on the PSoC device to acquire the MOS outputs to a computer. We tested two adulteration substances (palm oil and biodiesel oil), and two compositions (1:3 and 1:5) on two levels of Patchouli oil. Individual response of MOS was examined. The Principle Component Analysis (PCA) method was used to show the classification performance to distinguish the adulteration types in Patchouli oil. We found that there was no single MOS that able to distinguish the adulteration individually, and there were many overlapping responses to adulteration substances and compositions. The PCA results showed that on each level of Patchouli oil, nine MOS gas sensors can distinguish clearly between the with and without adulteration substances (palm oil and biodiesel oil).
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Thombre, Mandar, Zawadi Mdoe, and Johannes Jäschke. "Data-Driven Robust Optimal Operation of Thermal Energy Storage in Industrial Clusters." Processes 8, no. 2 (February 5, 2020): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8020194.
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Industrial waste heat recovery is an attractive option having the simultaneous benefits of reducing energy costs as well as carbon emissions. In this context, thermal energy storage can be used along with an optimal operation strategy like model predictive control (MPC) to realize significant energy savings. However, conventional control methods offer little robustness against uncertainty in terms of daily operation, where supply and demand of energy in the cluster can vary significantly from their predicted profiles. A major concern is that ignoring the uncertainties in the system may lead to the system violating critical constraints that affect the quality of the end-product of the participating processes. To this end, we present a method to make optimal energy storage and discharge decisions, while rigorously handling this uncertainty. We employ multivariate data analysis on historical industrial data to implement a multistage nonlinear MPC scheme based on a scenario-tree formulation, where the economic objective is to minimize energy costs. Principal component analysis (PCA) is used to detect outliers in the industrial data on heat profiles, and to select appropriate scenarios for building the scenario-tree in the multistage MPC formulation. The results show that this data-driven robust MPC approach is successfully able to keep the system from violating any operating constraints. The solutions obtained are not overly conservative, even in the presence of significant deviations between the predicted and actual heat profiles. This leads to an energy-efficient utilization of the storage unit, benefiting all the stakeholders involved in heat-exchange in the cluster.
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Jakubowska, Dominika, and Monika Radzymińska. "Health and environmental attitudes and values in food choices: a comparative study for Poland and Czech Republic." Oeconomia Copernicana 10, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 433–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/oc.2019.021.
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Research background: Health and environmental concerns linked to food production and consumption have become crucial both for policy makers and for consumers for modern society. Some consumers are becoming increasingly careful about what they eat, giving value to the impacts of everyday food choices on their health and on the environment. There have been few studies that have jointly analyzed these consumption patterns and that have looked for their association.
Purpose of the article: The objective of the study is to develop a Polish (PL) and Czech (Cz) young-adult consumers’ segmentation based on health and environ-mental attitudes and values in food choices. The research is needed to diagnose consumption trends in this segment of the market to enable creating a market offer tailored to this group of consumers.
Methods: A total of 631 students from two Universities — one in Poland (University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn (323)) and on in the Czech Republic (University of South Bohemia (308)) were selected to participate in the research. The sample of students was chosen because of the importance of young-adult consumers as the participants of the market with a specified purchasing potential. The data were collected through a survey questionnaire, in which a Likert type scale was used to determine the health and environmental attitudes and values in food choices. The results obtained were analyzed statistically using Statistica 13.1 using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with Varimax rotation, cluster analysis using the k-means method and ANOVA.
Findings & Value added: The survey demonstrated that the students presented both health and environmental attitudes, and that their food choices were driven to a lesser extent by the environmental than by the health-related values. Results demonstrated that the two distinguished factors significantly differentiated both the Polish and the Czech students into two clusters, with the first cluster being represented by consumers presenting stronger health and environmental attitudes (PL N=58%, Cz N=48%) compared to the students from the second cluster. It adds value to recent young consumers’ behavior knowledge by jointly analyzing their attitudes toward health and environmental values in food choices. These findings may be useful in developing effective educational and marketing campaigns and understanding the demand for certain products.
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Yulisti, Maharani, and Hertria Maharani Putri. "SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS PENGEMBANGAN BUDIDAYA PATIN PASUPATI DI TULUNG AGUNG, JAWA TIMUR." Jurnal Kebijakan Sosial Ekonomi Kelautan dan Perikanan 3, no. 1 (February 22, 2016): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jksekp.v3i2.323.
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Pengembangan budidaya patin pasupati didorong oleh besarnya permintaan daging patinberwarna putih. Patin produksi Indonesia seperti patin siam dengan daging berwarna merah kurangdisukai di pasar Internasional, untuk itu diperlukan pengembangan patin pasupati yang memiliki dagingberwarna putih. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari supply chain patin Pasupati yang telahdikembangkan di Tulungagung. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan analisis supplydan value chain. Data yang dikumpulkan adalah data primer dan data sekunder melalui studi literatur dansurvei terhadap pembudidaya, pedagang serta informan kunci seperti peneliti dan pejabat dinas terkait.Analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif dan kuantitatif. Berdasarkan hasilanalisis, perbandingan rantai nilai patin pasupati dan patin siam dari pembudidaya dengan luasan lahansebesar 530 m2 ke pabrik fillet ikan ditunjukkan oleh nilai keuntungan yang diterima oleh pembudidayapatin siam lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan pembudidaya patin pasupati. Sementara itu pada simpulpedagang pengumpul ke pabrik fillet ikan, patin pasupati lebih menguntungkan dibandingkan patin siam.Hal ini terjadi karena patin pasupati mempunyai harga relatif lebih tinggi dibandingkan denan hargapatin siam. Beberapa strategi pengembangan Patin di Tulungagung adalah: 1) penetapan kawasansentra patin pasupati di Tulungagung, 2) mengoptimalkan fasilitas Balai Bemih Ikan (BBI) denganBalai Penelitian Pemuliaan Ikan (BPPI) Sukamandi untuk produksi benih patin, 3) penguatan teknologibudidaya patin pasupati berdasarkan Cara Budidaya Ikan yang Baik (CBIB), 4) penguatan kapasitasSDM untuk pengolahan limbah patin, 5) membuka kembali pabrik pakan mandiri berbasis masyakaratdengan pemanfaatan limbah patin itu sendiri, serta 6) market intelligence untuk penetapan harga,sehingga usaha patin pasupati di pembudidaya tidak kalah dibandingkan dengan patin siam.Title: Supply Chain Analysis for Pangasius Pasupati AquacultureDevelopment at Tulungagung, East JavaAquaculture development of Pangasius sp. were driven by high demand of white meat ofpangasius. Indonesian Pangasius production such as Siamese conjoined with red meat is less preferredin the International market, it is necessary for the development of Pangasius aquaculture which haswhite meat. This research aimed to analyzed supply chain of Pasupati catfish that has been developedin Tulungagung. The method used is supply and value chain analysis approached. Data collected wereprimary and secondary data through literature studies and surveys of fish farmer , traders and keyinformants such as researchers and officers of relevant agencies . Data analysis in this research weredescriptive and quantitative. Based on the analysis, comparison of pasupati and siamese pangasiusvalue chain from farmers with land area of 530 m2 to fish fillet factory indicated that Siamese catfishfarmers gain more than pasupati catfish farmer. The value chain comparison of Pasupati and Siamesepangasius trading conjoined from the traders to the fillet factories is that Pasupati gained more profit ofselling. It happened because the price of Pasupati is better in fillet factories. Some development strategiesin Pangasius Development are: 1) Establishing The regional center of Pangasius at Tulungagung,2 ) Optimizing the facility of Fish Breeding Center owned the Agency with Sukamandi Fish Breeding Research Center (Marine and Fisheries Research and Development Agency) for seed production ofPangasius, 3) Strengthening the Pasupati aquaculture technology based on Standard of Aquaculture, 4)Strengthening the human resource capacity for pangasius waste treatment, 5) Reopen the independentfeed mills based on society with the raw material from the pangasius waste, and 6) Market intelligencefor pricing, untill the Pasupati business at farmers are not less than Siamese pangasius.
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da Silva, Jackeline Laurentino, Walisson Ferreira da Silva da Silva, Luiz Eduardo Monteiro Lopes, Maria Jussara dos Santos Silva, Janaíne Rossane Araújo Silva-Cabral, Jaqueline Figueredo de Oliveira Costa, Gaus Silvestre de Andrade Lima, and Iraildes Pereira Assuncao. "First report of Colletotrichum tropicale causing anthracnose on Passiflora edulis in Brazil." Plant Disease, January 20, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-20-1440-pdn.
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Brazil is the world's largest producer and consumer of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa), mainly for the manufacture of concentrate and frozen juice as well as for fresh consumption (Faleiro et al. 2005). Between June and July 2018, passion fruit plants with symptoms of anthracnose were observed in commercial planting in the municipality of Coruripe (20 ha), northeastern state of Alagoas, Brazil. Approximately 70% of the plants showed leaves with relatively large, watery, circular spots that affected 30% of the leaf surface. Small fragments taken from the transition region of symptomatic tissue were superficially disinfected in 70% ethanol for 30 s and in 1% NaClO for 1 min, rinsed in sterile distilled water (SDW), dried on filter paper, plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA-Kasvi) incubated at 25°C under white light and 12 h photoperiod, for 3 days. Two isolates were obtained and deposited in the Collection of Phytopathogens at the Universidade Federal de Alagoas (COUFAL0281 and COUFAL0282). To identify the isolates, partial sequences of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and β-tubulin (TUB2) genes and of the rDNA-ITS (ITS) region were amplified by PCR. The partial sequences were deposited at GenBank (MT299339, MT334694, MT310553, MT299340, MT334695 and MT310554). Based on the BLASTn analysis, sequences of the PCR products showed high nucleotide similarity with sequences of the species C. tropicale (CBS 124949/ex-type and ICMP 18672), for GAPDH (98.94% and 100%), TUB2 (99 and 100%) genes and ITS (100%). This result was also confirmed in the phylogenetic tree of Bayesian Inference assembled with concatenated data (GAPDH, TUB2 and ITS). The colonies of the isolates were white with a white reverse, with dense mycelium, and mean growth rate of 7.54 mm/day, after 7 days on PDA medium at 25° C. Conidia were subcylindrical with rounded ends, hyaline, smooth walls and measured 13.63-20.59μm (= 17.54μm; n= 50) in length and 4.40-7.93 μm (= 5.88 μm; n= 50) in width. Appressoria were melanized, subglobose, irregular and measured 7.44 - 18.57 μm (= 10.04 μm; n= 50) in length and 5.49-10.16 μm (= 7.66 μm; n= 50) in width. These morphological characteristics were consistent with those described for Colletotrichum tropicale E.I. Rojas, S.A. Rehner & Samuels (Rojas et al. 2010). To confirm pathogenicity, 30 µL of a 106 conidia/mL sterile distilled water (SDW) conidia suspension, together with a drop of 20% Tween were deposited on the adaxial surface of passion fruit leaves wounded with a sterile needle, with four repetitions. The control consisted of leaves inoculated only with SDW. The leaves were placed in a plastic Gerbox box with sterilized filter paper moistened with SDW and maintained in a Biochemistry Oxygen Demand (BOD) incubator stove at 25 ºC and photoperiod of 12 h. After 7 days, typical anthracnose symptoms were observed on inoculated leaves. The pathogen was re-isolated and confirmed by morphological characterization, according to Koch's postulates. No symptoms were observed in the negative control. The occurrence of this species has been frequently reported in several other crops grown in northeastern Brazil (Silva et al. 2017; Veloso et al. 2018; Vieira et al. 2018; Costa et al. 2019). Additionally, many of these crops are grown in close proximity to the passion fruit orchards, thus favoring pathogen movement between hosts, probably, due to the anthropic influence, circulation of animals and insects, as well as wind driven rain splashes. However, this is first report of C. tropicale in Passiflora edulis in the world.