Academic literature on the topic 'Demand functions (Economic theory). Demand (Economic theory). Business logistics'

As environmental awareness and the patronage of logistics services grow, there is a growing demand for the logistics sector to provide more sustainable environmental services, and although the logistics sector performs functions such as reverse logistics, packaging, inventory management, transportation, warehousing, waste management, distribution, etc., which are very core to economic growth, they also significantly contribute to greenhouse effect and consume huge amounts of resources. This study, drawing on the institutional theory and the natural resource-based view, explores the framework through which sustainable logistics practices such as sustainable transportation, reverse logistics and management of waste, sustainable packaging and distribution, green monitoring and evaluation, and sustainable information sharing influence environmental reputation and financial performance. The study adopted partial least square structural equation modelling technique in analysing data due to it having more statistical power. The findings of the study showed that sustainable logistics practices had enormous influence on environmental reputation and financial performance. In terms of mediation, environmental reputation had no mediation effect between waste management and financial performance but partially mediated the relationships between sustainable transportation, sustainable information sharing and financial performance, while fully mediating the relationships between reverse logistics, sustainable packaging and distribution, green monitoring and evaluation, and financial performance. This study concentrated on the logistics sector; thus, this study results will provide vital data to both scholars and practitioners in comprehending the call and need to integrate sustainable policies and strategies into business and industrial operations to ensure environmental preservation.

The theories of project management are not well developed despite the existence of extensive literature on the topic. This paper derives a New Institutional Economic theory of project management. It is suggested that project management encompasses both the discipline of operational management and that of economics. The operational management part deals with optimization of project processes. The basic postulation of the economic part is that human beings will maximize their benefits under constraints. Constraints are converted to either price or cost to facilitate the application of the law of demand. Three examples are used to demonstrate how refutable hypotheses can be derived when changes in constraints lead to changes in behaviours. The functions of project management are discussed in the contexts of this theoretical framework. A synthesis with existing theories is also given.

The slowdown in Russian economy caused a drop in demand for exhibition business services. Operating in the segment of trade fairs organizing companies faced a decrease in the intensity of economic exchanges due to the outflow of customers. The paper considers modification of the exchange management in order to intensify the latter. The research methodology bases the provisions of the theory of bilateral markets, theories of management, marketing and logistics, methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as on the experience of exhibition activities. As a result of the study: the expediency of application by linear companies-organizers of the business model “two-sided market” was justified; the interpretation of business model determined by two-component functional two-stage system was given when the platform (service) is prepared within the linear fragment and then the main fragment turns on — two-sided market, providing intensification of exchanges management by means of asymmetric pricing strategies and network effects. Recommendations are formulated for practitioners who are puzzled by the problem of economic exchanges intensification. The combination of these theoretically and practically significant results develops the theory of two-sided exhibition markets, as well as provides scientific support in the format of recommendations and descriptions of tools that help exhibition business practitioners cope with the problem of managing economic exchanges.

With the development of the Internet and E-Commerce, logistics has maintained a sustained and rapid development trend since the 1980s. Its industry scale and service capacity have been significantly improved. It has become a new economic growth point in China, and logistics has become a pillar industry in the development of the national economy. With the vigorous development of logistics industry, more logistics talents are needed, and universities are the cradle of training talents. The logistics personnel training is far behind the logistics market demand, and those practice is weak during the process of the logistics professional teaching with the theory. Therefore, if there is chance to make a breakthrough, must rely on practical teaching to strengthen logistics theory and practice combination, with the help of practice process to improve the students’ practical ability, related handling problems and straining capacity, including effectively improvement the comprehensive ability of students, for achievement the effective docking of school education and enterprises. Production-University-Research Collaboration training is an important way to cultivate students’ practical ability and innovation ability, and it is also a new highlight of application-oriented universities, colleges and universities, as a new way to cultivate talents. School-enterprise integration practice teaching is the way to cultivate innovative talents and the core goal of higher education teaching reform in the new era. The collaborative cultivation mode of logistics talents provides an implementation plan for improving students’ practical ability, practical ability, problem-solving ability and strain ability, and also provides a specific realization path for logistics professionals, to provide comprehensive talents more in line with the needs of enterprises. Therefore, under the background of new business, it is necessary to strengthen the cooperation between logistics industry and enterprises, and strengthen the research mode of collaborative education of professional talents oriented by industry-university-research. On the one hand, it is conducive to the cultivation of applied talents in colleges and universities, and on the other hand, it lays a favorable foundation for our school to cultivate applied talents serving local areas.

The article is devoted to determining the role of economic and mathematical modeling and information technologies in conducting a marketing audit. The importance of a relatively new direction in marketing science – marketing audit – is emphasized. The main areas and directions of its implementation, in particular the audit of marketing environment, strategy, systems, products, as well as marketing functions – goods, prices, advertising, sales promotion, product promotion, sales staff – are identified. Emphasis is placed on key methods of marketing audit, in particular general scientific, general economic, marketing ones, and the directions of their use are determined. The importance of mathematical and statistical methods in making management decisions and solving marketing problems is noted. The main methods that play a key role in solving the tasks of marketing audit, in particular correlation-regression, dispersion, variational, discriminant, factor, cluster analysis methods, are named. It is noted that balance sheet, optimization, network planning methods, inventory management models, demand and consumption modeling, queuing theory, game theory, decision making in the conditions of uncertainty and risk are the main economic and mathematical models in marketing. It is emphasized that information technologies are a key tool in conducting a marketing audit. Modern capabilities of computer technology create the conditions for accurate, high-quality, timely information and provide its high-quality, scientifically sound processing. It is noted that information technologies provide the development and implementation of management decisions. It is substantiated that with the help of information technologies the access of audit specialists to the data and knowledge bases necessary for the analysis, as well as for the implementation of economic and mathematical models, without which it is impossible to imagine a modern marketing audit, is open. It is stated that information technologies have also become a key means of communication, transmission of information, holding operational business meetings and conferences.

Recent decades have seen a significant expansion of world oil trade, which contributes to development of appropriate transport infrastructure, improvement and deepening of business ties in world energy markets and acceleration of their globalization. Russia plays an increasingly important role in export of oil and oil products, thereby seriously affecting physical volumes of foreign trade operations, prices, and the level of supply and demand. At the same time, interest in Russian oil is obviously taking into account the use of the existing or planned transport infrastructure. Despite the featured significant fluctuations in prices, which are caused by various factors of economic, geopolitical, and political nature, it is obvious that the general tendencies towards increase in oil prices remain against the background of the expected increase in demand for liquid fuel. This conclusion can be made on the basis of the costs of extracting energy resources, organizing the logistics component, of growing relevant political risks, according to competitive realities. In this regard, selection of an optimal transport route is of particular importance. The objective of the study is to test the algorithm developed by the authors for solving the multicriteria problem of choosing a rational route of fuel delivery within the framework of logistics chains from an oil refinery to a consumer. Testing is carried out at the example of development of hypothetical oil shipments from Russia to the State of Palestine. The use of the methods of economic analysis, multicriteria problem solving, expert assessments, representation of tasks in a multi-criteria setting using the developed deterministic method allows in each case to objectively find the best practical solution.The results of the analysis based on a sample of four options, have confirmed the possibility of using the proposed algorithm for solving the multicriteria problem to select the optimal route. The developed theory allows to objectively select the best proposal among possible variants; to improve the quality of the result obtained not only by the digital values of the accepted criteria, but also by taking into account the significance of different criteria among themselves by their influence on the process under consideration; to refine the intermediate data by using linear and nonlinear interpolation; to consider possible financial, time and other risks; to pose and solve problems taking into account hypothetical ways of transporting liquid fuel and compare the results with existing schemes.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine how the Islamic banks fix their mark-up for Murabaha contract strategically when traditional banks also co-exist in a country. This study also aims to investigate what role the varying degree of Iman (faith) plays in shaping the preferences of the consumers to choose between the services of Islamic banks and the traditional banks. Design/methodology/approach This paper constructs a mathematical model like the Bertrand competition in neo-classical economic theory. A religiosity parameter for the consumers has been inserted into their demand functions for their products. A simple optimization technique from mathematics has been used to arrive at the results. Findings This paper applies game theory to analyze how Islamic banks determine their mark-up when they are facing competition with traditional banks. It considers the demand functions of the consumers for the products of Islamic banks and traditional banks. The demand functions depend on the mark-up, as well as on the interest rate with the difference that they also depend on the religiosity of the consumers. The paper shows that Islamic, as well as the conventional banks charge lower prices for their loans if there is consideration of religiosity aspect of the consumers. Further, it shows that as religiosity increases in a country, the lending rates decrease. The theoretical result is also consistent with the real practices of the banks. Therefore, the dual banking system is welfare enhancing for the customers. Research limitations/implications The Islamic banks can leverage the religiosity aspect of the consumers and expand their business competitively by charging them lower mark-up. The adherence of religious customers to the services of Islamic banks creates some kind of loyalty premium for them. This could lead to the reduction of mark-up price triggering competition between both types of banks to attract more customers. Therefore, it is prudent for the government to develop a system for furthering the quality of honesty that is an integral part of Islam. Originality/value To the best of author’s knowledge, this is the first paper where it has been analyzed theoretically how the Islamic banks determine their mark-up for Murabaha contract strategically. This approach explains why the rate of return of Islamic banks hinges on the interest rates of traditional banks. One of the novel feature of this paper is that religiosity character of the consumer is good for banks because religiosity prohibits the people to default on their loans.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the diffusion dynamics of electric and hybrid commercial vans and its enabling factors in the city logistics (CL) contexts. The case of parcel delivery in Torino, Italy, is considered. Attention is paid to the influence on the choice of low impact vehicles of not only public strategies but also operational aspects characterizing urban freight distribution systems. Design/methodology/approach A System Dynamics model based on the Bass diffusion theory computes the number of adopters of low-emission vehicles together with the quantity of vans required and the associated economic savings. The model includes variables about freight demand, delivery frequency, van carrying capacity, routes, stops, distances traveled, and vehicle charging stations. A sensitivity analysis has been completed to identify the main diffusion levers. The focus is on advertising and other drivers, such as public contributions, taxes traditional polluting vehicles are subjected to, as well as on routing optimization strategies. Findings Advertising programs, green image, and word-of-mouth drive market saturation, although in a long time period. In fact, low-impact vehicles do not offer any economic advantage over traditional ones requiring higher investment and operating costs. Public incentives to purchase both green vehicles and charging stations, together with carbon taxes and a congestion charge affecting polluting vehicles, are able to shorten the adoption time. In particular, public intervention reveals to be effective only when it unfolds through a number of measures that both facilitate the use of environmentally friendly vehicles and discourage the adoption of traditional commercial vans. Route optimization also hastens the complete market saturation. Research limitations/implications This work fosters research about the mutual relationships between the diffusion of low-emission commercial vehicles and the operational and contextual CL factors. It provides a structured approach for investigating the feasibility of innovative good vehicles that might be part of assessments of CL measures and requirements. Finally, the model supports studies about the cooperation among stakeholders to identify effective commercial vehicle fleets. Practical implications This study fosters collaboration among CL players by providing a roadmap to identify the key factors for the diffusion of environmentally friendly freight vehicles. It also enables freight carriers to assess the operational and economic feasibility of adopting low-impact vehicles. Finally, it might assist public authorities in capturing the effects of new urban transportation policies prior to their implementation. Originality/value Most of the current CL literature defines policies and analyzes their effects. Also, there are several contributions on the diffusion of low emission cars. The present study is one of the first works on the diffusion of low-impact commercial vehicles in urban areas by considering the associated key operational factors. A further value is that the proposed model combines operational variables with economic and environmental issues.

The purpose of this article is a theoretical and methodological analysis of strategic planning of the united territorial community in conditions of decentralization of power and local self-government reform. The methodological basis is the general aspects of the economic theory and theory of public administration. Methods of research are based on general scientific and special methods of cognition. System, structural and evolutionary approaches are used to identify the essence of the categories "territorial community", "the capacity of the territorial community" and "strategy of development of the territorial community"; the methods of analysis and synthesis allowed to reveal the peculiarities of strategic planning of the development of the united territorial communities, the abstract-logical method was used for theoretical generalization and formation of conclusions. The main aspects and results of the research are applied in the educational process in the development and teaching of normative and special courses "Economics and Governance", "Decentralization and development of territorial communities", "Public-private partnership" at the V.I. Vernadsky Taurida National University for the master's students Public Administration program. The scientific novelty is as follows: 1. With the addition of systemic, structural and evolutionary approaches, it is found that the definition of the term "territorial community" should take into account historical, territorial, ecological, sociological, selfgoverning, economic and political aspects. The concept of "capacity of a territorial community" is defined as the ability to perform the functions entrusted by the legislation directly to the community and local self-government authorities to ensure its life and development. The configuration of the capacity of the territorial community was substantiated, its components (internal and external capacity) were clarified. 2. The principles and stages of strategic planning of the development of a united territorial community under conditions of decentralization of power and local self-government reform, which are important for the success of the strategic planning of territorial development are considered. It is proved that the principles should be considered in close connection with a certain stage of the strategy of the development of the united territorial communities. The algorithm of strategic planning of the development of a united territorial community based on the principles of strategic planning of sustainable development of territories is proposed. 3. It is grounded that the effectiveness of the strategy of the development of united territorial communities depends to a large extent on the way of its development. Practical experience in creating strategies in Ukraine has identified five methods for developing strategic plans for the development of territories, of which the long-term partnership method (three partnerships between government, community and business) with the participation of experts is most effective. This description of each method is given, their strengths and weaknesses are determined. 4. It is grounded that in the conditions of the reform of local self-government the issue of formation of updated (project) competencies of local self-government employees becomes relevant. At the present stage, the demand for a new style of thinking of managers is being formed, the continuation of which is an updated organizational culture of management, the traditional qualifications of today's local government officials are not enough to work in new environments where the project becomes a leading tool for change, achievement of goals, funding unit and one the main means of attracting additional resources to the united territorial communities. The main results can be used by public authorities and authorities, local government authorities, research centres and institutes, and higher educational institutions (proposals for the organization of strategic planning of the development of united territorial communities through institutions of mediation of power, business and community).

This study aims to explain the strength of Encim batik existence in cultural production arenas including limited-production arenas and large-scale production arenas. The theory of the cultural production arena by Pierre Bourdieu helped in this study in particular, include: 1) material and symbolic aspects of the production of cultural works, 2) the role of mediators who have a role in the use of works. The research method used is qualitative research is descriptive and the method of data retrieval through observation, documents, interviews, and triangulation. Analysis methods include data reduction, data presentation, and data verification. The results of this study explain that the existence of Encim batik in the production-limited arena is strengthened by the consistency of entrepreneurs and batik artists from Peranakan China by maintaining the quality of Encim batik both in terms of visual beauty, technical manufacturing, and usefulness functions. Entering the large-scale production arena, the excellenge of quality are simplified, because it follows the demand of the Encim batik market tastes. Therefore, batik industry entrepreneurs in Pekalongan reproduce Encim batik with all its creativity, so that it has an impact on the birth of innovative forms of creative industry products such as batik products Encim write, stamp, night screen printing, and printing. The of Encim batik is influenced by economic capital, cultural capital, social capital, and symbolic capital used as a force to survive in batik business competition.Keywords: existence, batik encim, cultural production.AbstrakKajian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan kekuatan eksistensi batik Encim dalam arena produksi kultural mencakup arena produksi terbatas dan arena produksi skala besar. Teori arena produksi kultural oleh Pierre Bourdieu membantu dalam kajian ini khususnya meliputi: 1) aspek material maupun simbolis dari produksi karya-karya kultural, 2) peran mediator yang mempunyai andil dalam pemaknaan karya. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu penelitian kualitatif bersifat deskriptif dan metode pengambilan data melalui observasi, dokumen, wawancara, dan triangulasi. Metode analisis meliputi reduksi data, penyajian data, dan verifikasi data. Hasil kajian ini menjelaskan bahwa eksistensi batik Encim dalam arena produksi terbatas diperkuat dengan adanya konsistensi pengusaha dan seniman batik dari Cina Peranakan dengan menjaga kualitas batik Encim baik dari aspek keindahan visual, teknis pembuatannya, dan fungsi kegunaanya. Memasuki arena produksi skala besar, maka keunggulan kualitas tersebut mengalami penyerderhanaan, karena mengikuti permintaan selera pasar batik Encim. Oleh karena itu, para pengusaha industri batik di Pekalongan mereproduksi batik Encim dengan segala kreativitasnya, sehingga berdampak pada lahir inovasi bentuk produk-produk industri kreatif yang beraneka ragam seperti produk batik Encim tulis, cap, sablon malam, maupun printing. Eksistensi batik Encim dipengaruhi adanya modal ekonomi, modal budaya, modal sosial, dan modal simbolik yang digunakna sebagai kekuatan untuk bertahan dalam persaingan usaha batik.Kata Kunci: eksistensi, batik encim, produksi kultural. Author: Tri Wulandari : Institut Seni Indonesia Yogyakarta References:Amidjaja, N. T. (1966). Batik. Jakarta: Djambatan.Bourdieu, P. (2009). An Introduction to the Work of Pierre Bourdieu: The Practice Theory, (Habitus x Modal) + Ranah = Praktik; Pengantar Paling Komprehensif kepada Pemikiran Bourdieu, Terjemahan Pipit Maizer. Yogyakarta: Jalasutra.___________. (2015). The Field of Cultural Production: Essay on Art and Literatur, Arena Produksi Kultural: Sebuah Kajian Sosiologi Budaya, Terjemahan Yudi Santosa. Yogyakarta: Kreasi Wacana.Djomena, N. S. (1990). Batik dan Mitra. Jakarta: Djambatan.Fashri, F. (2014). Pierre Bourdieu Menyingkap Kuasa Simbol. Yogyakarta: Jalasutra.Ishwara, H., L. R.Yahya, & Moeis, X. (2011). Batik Pesisir Pusaka Indonesia, Koleksi Hartono Sumarsono. Jakarta: KPG Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia.Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1992). Analisis Data Kualitatif: Buku Sumber Tentang Metode-Metode Baru. Jakarta: UI Press.Soedarso. (2006). Trilogi Seni: Penciptaan Eksistensi Dan Kegunaan Seni. Yogyakarta: BP ISI Yogyakarta.Susanto, S. (1984). Seni dan Teknologi Kerajinan Batik. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah, Direktorat Pendidikan Menengah Kejuruan.Wulandari, Tri. (2017). “Koleksi Museum Batik Danar Hadi”. Hasil Dokumentasi Pribadi: 17 Desember 2017, Solo.

Thesis (Ph.D)--Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.
Committee Chair: Keskinocak, Pinar; Committee Co-Chair: Vande Vate, John; Committee Member: Ferguson, Mark; Committee Member: Griffin, Paul; Committee Member: Swann, Julie. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.

Orientador: Antonio Batocchio
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
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Resumo: Tendo em vista o cenário moderno globalizado, onde as organizações buscam um planejamento mais adequado de suas operações, torna-se importante realizar uma previsão da demanda dos produtos acabados, ou simplesmente demanda de vendas, que se aproxime dos números reais o máximo possível. Este trabalho tem como objetivo a proposição de um método para a criação de um processo de previsão de vendas, apoiado nas técnicas modernas de previsão de demanda, e nas ferramentas de gestão de processos. É feita uma discussão a respeito de como as técnicas de previsão de demanda podem ser analisadas, e até mesmo adaptadas, sob a ótica e conceitos de gestão de processos. Propõe-se então tal método, baseado em passos oriundos de boas práticas observadas, para o estabelecimento de um processo de previsão de vendas. Com a finalidade de verificar a potencialidade desta metodologia, apresenta-se um estudo de caso em uma empresa química da região de Campinas. Os passos para a criação deste processo foram cumpridos, desde a formação de um time de trabalho, passando pela análise do comportamento das demandas, escolha das técnicas de previsão e indicadores de desempenho, até a aplicação do piloto com proposição de melhorias e automatizações diversas. O método aplicado a este estudo de caso específico mostrou-se eficaz
Abstract: Based on the current modern and globalized scenario, within organizations look for a more adequate planning for its operations, it becomes important realizing a finished goods demand forecast, or simply sales forecast, which closes as possible to real sales numbers. This work objective is proposing a method for designing a sales forecast process, based on both modern demands forecast techniques and process management tools. A discussion was done regarding how demand forecast techniques can be analyzed, and even adapted under the process management concepts focus. This method, based on steps supported by good practices observed, is proposed for designing a sales forecast process. It is presented a case study at a Campinas region chemical industry with the objective of checking the potentially of this method. All steps for creating this process were completed, since the working team creation, passing through demand behavior analysis, forecast technique and performance indicator choosing, to the initial application with improvements and automations proposing. This method applied to this specific case study was considered efficient
Mestrado
Materiais e Processos de Fabricação
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Este trabalho considera uma cadeia de suprimentos (CS) que opera com logística reversa. A modelagem da CS foi adaptada de um modelo de Programação Linear Inteira Mista (PLIM) da literatura que maximiza o valor presente líquido (VPL) esperado para o caso de uma empresa brasileira. Esta adaptação considera uma CS de menor complexidade, com um número menor de nós e produtos em relação à aplicação da literatura. A estrutura da CS considerada é formada por duas fábricas, dois centros de distribuição, dois pontos varejistas e quatro mercados consumidores, assim como fluxos de transporte direto e reverso de produtos. A modelagem da CS considera ainda incertezas na demanda e cenários com e sem tributação. Os resultados mostram os fluxos de transporte de produtos no sentido direto e reverso, estoques ao longo da CS, assim como aspectos econômicos segundo regras tributárias e incentivos fiscais. Estes aspectos econômicos são utilizados para justificar o investimento na logística reversa. Embora a incerteza na demanda altere o VPL esperado, que é maior quando cenários otimistas de demanda são considerados, resultados obtidos para diversos cenários de demanda mostram que esta alteração não é significativa.
This dissertation considers a supply chain (SC) with reverse logistics. The SC modeling has been modified for a Brazilian company from a MILP model which maximizes the expected net present value (NPV) found in the literature. This modification considers a low complexity SC with fewer number of nodes and products than the application of the literature.The SC structure is composed by two factories, two warehouses, two retailers, and four markets as well as direct and reverse flows of products. The SC modeling also considers demand uncertainty and cenarios with and without taxes. The results show direct and reverse flows of products, inventories, and economic aspects according to tax rules and incentives. These economic aspects are used to justify the investment in reverse logistics. Although the demand uncertainty changes the expected NPV, which is big for cenarios with optimistic demand, the results obtained for several cenarios of demand show that the expected NPV is not quite affected.