Relevant bibliographies by topics / Demand model; Price discrimination

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Demand model; Price discrimination'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 12 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Demand model; Price discrimination"

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D’Haultfœuille, Xavier, Isis Durrmeyer, and Philippe Février. "Automobile Prices in Market Equilibrium with Unobserved Price Discrimination." Review of Economic Studies 86, no. 5 (October 29, 2018): 1973–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdy064.

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Abstract In markets where sellers are able to price discriminate, individuals pay different prices that may be unobserved by the econometrician. This article considers the structural estimation of a demand and supply model of differentiated products with such price discrimination and limited information on prices taking the form of, e.g., observing list prices from catalogues or average prices. Within this framework, identification is achieved not only with usual moment conditions on the demand side, but also through supply-side restrictions. The model can be estimated by GMM using a nested fixed point algorithm that extends the usual contraction mapping algorithm to our setting. We apply our methodology to estimate the demand and supply in the French new automobile market. Our results suggest that discounting arising from price discrimination is important. The average discount is estimated to be 9.6%, with large variation depending on buyers’ characteristics and cars’ specifications. Our results are consistent with other evidence on transaction prices in France.
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Gao, Xing You. "The Second-Degree Price Discrimination of m Firms with n Demand Intervals Pricing Based on Cournot Model." Advanced Materials Research 971-973 (June 2014): 2432–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.971-973.2432.

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Under the condition of linear demand function, the distribution law of equilibrium segment points of firms enforcing second-degree price discrimination to maximize respective revenues is analyzed in the case of m firms with n intervals pricing by using complete information static game theory. This is a promotion for two firms pricing with n segment intervals and m firms pricing with two segment intervals. The results show that: when m firms divide demand to enforce second-degree price discrimination, the necessary condition of revenue maximization is to divide demand into some intervals and let the length of each interval become geometric series, whose common ratio is 1 / m. The unified formula of equilibrium production, equilibrium price and market equilibrium total revenue of all four kinds of markets under the condition of second-degree price discrimination are presented in the most general sense, further more, the nature of which are analyzed in detail.
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Colombo, Stefano. "Spatial price discrimination in the unidirectional Hotelling model with elastic demand." Journal of Economics 102, no. 2 (October 10, 2010): 157–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00712-010-0171-y.

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Zhang, Tong, Yixue Huo, Xin Zhang, and Jie Shuai. "Endogenous third-degree price discrimination in Hotelling model with elastic demand." Journal of Economics 127, no. 2 (September 24, 2018): 125–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00712-018-0635-z.

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Liu, Qihong, and Jie Shuai. "Price Discrimination with Varying Qualities of Information." B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 16, no. 2 (April 1, 2016): 1093–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2015-0091.

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Abstract Advances in information technology have greatly enhanced firms’ ability to collect, market and utilize consumer information. As the market for consumer information expands rapidly, businesses are armed with unprecedented means to target any group of consumers they desire. This has important and far-reaching impacts on consumer welfare. In this paper we analyze the welfare impacts of price discrimination facilitated by increasing qualities of consumer information. We employ a two-dimensional spatial differentiation model where consumer information is available on one dimension, and better information leads to more refined price discrimination. We find that as information quality improves, equilibrium prices and profits monotonically increase while consumer surplus and social surplus monotonically decrease. Price discrimination has a reduced demand elasticity effect which becomes stronger when consumer information becomes more precise. Our results suggest that regulators need to pay more attention to the potential damage to consumer welfare by the increasing collection and utilization of consumer information. We also endogenize firms’ information acquisition decisions.
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Khan, Romana J., and Dipak C. Jain. "An Empirical Analysis of Price Discrimination Mechanisms and Retailer Profitability." Journal of Marketing Research 42, no. 4 (November 2005): 516–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.2005.42.4.516.

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Retailers typically engage in some form of price discrimination to increase profitability. In this article, the authors compare the impact on retailer profitability of two price discrimination mechanisms: quantity discounts based on package size (second-degree price discrimination) and store-level pricing or micromarketing (third-degree price discrimination). Whereas the latter has been well addressed in the marketing literature, there is limited empirical research on the use of quantity discounts for price discrimination. Using store-level sales data, the authors estimate a structural demand model, accounting for parameter heterogeneity and price endogeneity. They combine the parameter estimates with a model of retailer pricing to conduct optimal pricing and profitability simulations under several scenarios, ranging from constraining the retailer not to engage in any form of price discrimination to the least restrictive scenario of setting nonlinear price schedules specific to each store. The pricing simulations enable the decomposition of profitability as a result of the different forms of price discrimination. Profits are greatest when retailers combine second- and third-degree price discrimination. The authors find that the ability to engage in second-degree price discrimination contributes more to retailer profitability than does third-degree price discrimination.
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Hendel, Igal, and Aviv Nevo. "Intertemporal Price Discrimination in Storable Goods Markets." American Economic Review 103, no. 7 (December 1, 2013): 2722–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.7.2722.

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We study intertemporal price discrimination when consumers can store for future consumption needs. We offer a simple model of demand dynamics, which we estimate using market-level data. Optimal pricing involves temporary price reductions that enable sellers to discriminate between price sensitive consumers, who stockpile for future consumption, and less price-sensitive consumers, who do not stockpile. We empirically quantify the impact of intertemporal price discrimination on profits and welfare. We find that sales (i) capture 25–30 percent of the gap between non-discriminatory profits and (unattainable) third-degree price discrimination profits, (ii) increase total welfare, and (iii) have a modest impact on consumer welfare. (JEL D11, D12, L11, L12, L81)
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Li, Jun, Sifan Wu, and Xiaoman Feng. "Optimization of On-Street Parking Charges Based on Price Elasticity of the Expected Perceived Parking Cost." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 20, 2021): 5735. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105735.

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Price discrimination is widely employed to regulate on-street parking behaviors to provide better service to users, and the prices are usually set according to the occupancy of parking spaces without direct consideration of user perception. A binary logit-style choice model is built to describe the parking choice between on-street parking and off-street parking. A new index, named the price elasticity of expected perceived parking cost, is proposed to evaluate users’ response to parking charge. Based on the theory of second-degree price discrimination, three user types are defined according to the parking duration, namely, the preferred users, the neutral users, and the non-preferred users. The optimized parking prices are calculated by the proposed index. A case study of Guangzhou’s on-street parking is presented. It is found that the current pricing scheme for Type-I Zones (High Demand Zones) is reasonable, while the pricing scheme for the Type-II Zones (Low Demand Zones) does not achieve the objectives of usage optimization of on-street parking spaces. An optimized price scheme for the Type-II Zones is proposed to achieve the usage optimization of on-street parking spaces for short-term parking.
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Veloso,, Merlita, and Jose Alkuino. "Demand for Sweetpotato Quality Using the Hedonic Price Model in Northwestern Leyte." Science and Humanities Journal 3, no. 1 (November 30, 2003): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.47773/shj.1998.031.1.

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Research conducted to estimate implicit prices of sweetpotato using the Hedonic Price Model revealed that consumers attach economic importance to sweetpotato quality. Both urban and rural consumers were responsive to changes in quality characteristics. The price paid by rural consumers is affected significantly by age of consumers and quality charactersitics such as color, shape and starch content. The price paid by urban consumers is strongly influenced by color, shape, protien, starch, sugar and fiber content of sweetpotatoes. Among income classes, low income consumers were more discriminating than high-income consumers.
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Rantzien, Vilhelm Horn af, and Anna Rude. "Peak-load pricing in public transport: a case study of Stockholm." Journal of Transport Literature 8, no. 1 (January 2014): 52–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2238-10312014000100004.

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This paper studies how the price affects the demand for public transport in the peak- and off-peak period in the public transport in Stockholm. Further, the study investigates how differences in price elasticities of demand in the peak- and off-peak period can enable an increase in revenues as well as the total number of passengers while dampening the peak-load problem through price discrimination. The data is set up to examine the effect of the price on the number of passengers travelling by subway from January 1999 to December 2008. A number of control variables are used to isolate the effect of a price change in our econometric model. Thereafter, the elasticities of demand for each period are calculated in order to find Ramsey prices that can be used when a monopoly firm maximizes profit and minimizes the welfare loss. The study concludes that the price elasticities of demand differ between the peak- and the off-peak period and that SL should charge a higher price in the peak-period and a lower price in the off-peak period to both increase their revenue, the total number of passengers, and reduce their problems associated with the peak-load demand.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Demand model; Price discrimination"

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Grindley, Peter Conrad. "A strategic analysis of the diffusion of innovations : theory and evidence." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308388.

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Wallace, Benjamin E. "ESSAYS ON PRICE DISCRIMINATION AND DEMAND LEARNING." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/economics_etds/40.

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This dissertation consists of three essays examining how and why firms set prices in markets. In particular, this dissertation shows how firms may utilize nonlinear pricing to price discriminate, how firms may experiment with the prices they set to learn about the demand function in the market they serve in later periods and the effects of these pricing strategies on consumer welfare. In Essay 1, I show how firms in the milk market use nonlinear price schedules -- quantity discounts -- to price discriminate and increase profits. I find that firms have a greater ability to price discriminate on their own ``private label'' products rather than regional branded that they sell alongside their own. Though some consumers benefit from a lower price as a result of the price discrimination, total consumer surplus is lower than if the store had to offer a fixed price per unit. Additionally, I compare my structural demand estimates, which using the Nielsen household panel data include consumer demographic information and actual household choices, to the standard approach in the literature on price discrimination that uses only market level data. By doing so I find that ignoring demographic information and actual consumer choices leads to biased parameter estimates. In the case of the milk market, the biased parameter estimates due to ignoring household demographic information and actual consumer choices lead to underestimating welfare harm to consumers on average. After finding that price discrimination harms consumers overall in this market, I quantify which consumer demographic are better off and which are worse off. I find that households with children and low income households with children are the only households to benefit from the price discriminatory practices of firms in this market. Since these groups are particularly vulnerable, I suggest that policymakers take no action to correct this market, as any action will directly hurt these consumer groups. In Essay 2, I study how firms learn about the demand in a new market by exploiting a significant change in Washington's state's liquor laws. In 2012, the state of Washington switched from a price-controlled state-store system of selling liquor to one in which private sellers could sell liquor with minimal restrictions on price and range of products. As a result, a heterogeneous group of firms entered the liquor market across the state with little knowledge of the regional demand for alcohol in the state of Washington across heterogeneous localities. Using the Nielsen retail scanner data I am able to observe the variation in pricing and offerings seasonally and over time to see if there is convergence in offerings and prices, and how quickly that convergence occurs across different localities depending on local demographics and competition. I also investigate the extent to which the variation is "experimentation'' by the firms, i.e., the firms purposely experimenting to learn more about demand and the extent that local demographics and competition can affect the experimentation and whether there are spill-overs from local competition (i.e. do firms learn from each other and does this effect how much they experiment and how quickly they learn). My main findings are that over time, firms within this market have learned better how to price discriminate over the holiday season; firms experiment more with prices for the pint sized products than the larger sizes; and that menu of options that firms have offered has been expanding but at a slower rate, suggesting that they are approaching a long-run steady state for the optimal menu of options.
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Fouché, Elizabeth Maria. "The impact of price discrimination on tourism demand / Elizabeth Maria Fouché." Thesis, North-West University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1162.

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The primary goal of this study was to determine the impact of price discrimination on tourism demand. Four objectives were defined with reference to the primary research goal. The first objective was to analyse the concept of price discrimination and relevant theories by means of a literature study. In this regard it was found that price discrimination between markets is fairly common and that it occurs if the same goods were sold to different customers at different prices. Price discrimination is also possible as soon as some monopoly power exists and it is feasible when it is impossible or at least impractical for the buyers to trade among themselves. Three different kinds of price discrimination can be applied, namely first-degree, second-degree and third-degree price discrimination. The data also indicated that price discrimination is advantageous (it mainly increases profit) and that it has several other effects too. The second objective was to analyse examples of price discrimination by means of international case studies. In these different case studies it was found that demand and supply, therefore consumer and product, formed the basis of price discrimination. If demand did not exist, it would be impossible to apply price discrimination. The findings also indicated that, for an organisation to be able to practice price discrimination, the markets must be separated effectively and it will only be successful if there is a significant difference in demand elasticity between the different consumers. Furthermore, the ability to charge these different prices will depend on the consumer's ability and willingness to pay. If an organisation should decide to price discriminate, it would lead to a higher profit, a more optimal pricing policy and also to an increase in sales. The third objective was to analyse national case studies. This was done through comparing the data of a tourism organisation price discriminating (Mosetlha Bush Camp, situated in the North West) to two organisations that did not implement price discrimination (Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park in the Northern Cape and Golden Leopard Resort, also situated in the North West). It was found that a customer with low price elasticity is less deterred by a higher price than a customer with a high price elasticity of demand. As long as the customer's price elasticity is less than one, it will be very advantageous to increase the price: the seller will in this case get more money for less goods. With the increase in price the price elasticity tends to rise above one. The fourth objective was to draw conclusions and make recommendations. It was concluded that price discrimination could be applied successfully in virtually any organisation or industry. Furthermore, price discrimination does not always have a negative effect; but can have a positive ass well. It can have a positive effect on tourism demand. The findings emphasised that the main reason for implementing price discrimination is to increase profit at the cost of reducing consumer surplus. From the results it was recommended that more research on this topic should be conducted.
Thesis (M.Com. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.
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Eriksson, Rickard. "Price responses to changes in costs and demand." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Economic Research Institute, Stockholm School of Economics (Ekonomiska forskningsinstitutet vid Handelshögsk.) (EFI), 2001. http://www.hhs.se/efi/summary/554.htm.

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Kacina, Michal. "Možnosti stanovení ceny IT zboží." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-237122.

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The thesis contains the theoretical basis for study of possibilities of pricing information goods. The source areas are microeconomics, marketing, competitive advantage and economics of information goods. The model of market is created with constraints defined on the ground of theoretical basis. The thesis analyzes requirements that define the system that supports the choice of pricing strategy. It includes detailed design of the prototype of such system. The prototype is designed with robustness because of the future improvements. The design describes the prototype's input parameters and their transformation into useful outputs that cover basic characteristics of information goods. The designed prototype is implemented. The thesis includes demonstration of the prototype and possible directions for improvements that lead to validity of proposed model of market.
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Escobari, Urday Diego Alfonso. "Essays on pricing under uncertainty." Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/85918.

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This dissertation analyzes pricing under uncertainty focusing on the U.S. airline industry. It sets to test theories of price dispersion driven by uncertainty in the demand by taking advantage of very detailed information about the dynamics of airline prices and inventory levels as the flight date approaches. Such detailed information about inventories at a ticket level to analyze airline pricing has been used previously by the author to show the importance of capacity constraints in airline pricing. This dissertation proposes and implements many new ideas to analyze airline pricing. Among the most important are: (1) It uses information about inventories at a ticket level. (2) It is the first to note that fare changes can be explained by adding dummy variables representing ticket characteristics. Therefore, the load factor at a ticket level will lose its explanatory power on fares if all ticket characteristics are included in a pricing equation. (3) It is the first to propose and implement a measure of Expected Load Factor as a tool to identify which flights are peak and which ones are not. (4) It introduces a novel idea of comparing actual sales with average sales at various points prior departure. Using these deviations of actual sales from sales under average conditions, it presents is the first study to show empirical evidence of peak load pricing in airlines. (5) It controls for potential endogeneity of sales using dynamic panels. The first essay tests the empirical importance of theories that explain price dispersion under costly capacity and demand uncertainty. The essay calculates a measure of an Expected Load Factor, that is used to calibrate the distribution of demand uncertainty and to identify which flights are peak and which ones are off-peak. It shows that different prices can be explained by the different selling probabilities. The second essay is the first study to provide formal evidence of stochastic peak-load pricing in airlines. It shows that airlines learn about the demand and respond to early sales setting higher prices when expected demand is high and more likely to exceed capacity.
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Dudokh, Dana. "What factors affect the destination choice of Jordanian tourists?A panel data analysis." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Företagsekonomi, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-3725.

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This paper investigates what factors affect the destination choice for Jordanian to 8 countries (Oman, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, Yemen, Egypt, Lebanon and Bahrain) using panel data analysis. Number of outbound tourists is represented as dependent variable, which is regressed over five explanatory variables using fixed effect model. The finding of this paper is that tourists from Jordan have weak demand for outbound tourism; Jordanian decision of traveling abroad is determined by the cost of traveling to different places and choosing the cheapest alternative.
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Rey, Diana. "A Gasoline Demand Model for the United States Light Vehicle Fleet." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2351.

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The United States is the world's largest oil consumer demanding about twenty five percent of the total world oil production. Whenever there are difficulties to supply the increasing quantities of oil demanded by the market, the price of oil escalates leading to what is known as oil price spikes or oil price shocks. The last oil price shock which was the longest sustained oil price run up in history, began its course in year 2004, and ended in 2008. This last oil price shock initiated recognizable changes in transportation dynamics: transit operators realized that commuters switched to transit as a way to save gasoline costs, consumers began to search the market for more efficient vehicles leading car manufactures to close 'gas guzzlers' plants, and the government enacted a new law entitled the Energy Independence Act of 2007, which called for the progressive improvement of the fuel efficiency indicator of the light vehicle fleet up to 35 miles per gallon in year 2020. The past trend of gasoline consumption will probably change; so in the context of the problem a gasoline consumption model was developed in this thesis to ascertain how some of the changes will impact future gasoline demand. Gasoline demand was expressed in oil equivalent million barrels per day, in a two steps Ordinary Least Square (OLS) explanatory variable model. In the first step, vehicle miles traveled expressed in trillion vehicle miles was regressed on the independent variables: vehicles expressed in million vehicles, and price of oil expressed in dollars per barrel. In the second step, the fuel consumption in million barrels per day was regressed on vehicle miles traveled, and on the fuel efficiency indicator expressed in miles per gallon. The explanatory model was run in EVIEWS that allows checking for normality, heteroskedasticty, and serial correlation. Serial correlation was addressed by inclusion of autoregressive or moving average error correction terms. Multicollinearity was solved by first differencing. The 36 year sample series set (1970-2006) was divided into a 30 years sub-period for calibration and a 6 year "hold-out" sub-period for validation. The Root Mean Square Error or RMSE criterion was adopted to select the "best model" among other possible choices, although other criteria were also recorded. Three scenarios for the size of the light vehicle fleet in a forecasting period up to 2020 were created. These scenarios were equivalent to growth rates of 2.1, 1.28, and about 1 per cent per year. The last or more optimistic vehicle growth scenario, from the gasoline consumption perspective, appeared consistent with the theory of vehicle saturation. One scenario for the average miles per gallon indicator was created for each one of the size of fleet indicators by distributing the fleet every year assuming a 7 percent replacement rate. Three scenarios for the price of oil were also created: the first one used the average price of oil in the sample since 1970, the second was obtained by extending the price trend by exponential smoothing, and the third one used a longtime forecast supplied by the Energy Information Administration. The three scenarios created for the price of oil covered a range between a low of about 42 dollars per barrel to highs in the low 100's. The 1970-2006 gasoline consumption trend was extended to year 2020 by ARIMA Box-Jenkins time series analysis, leading to a gasoline consumption value of about 10 millions barrels per day in year 2020. This trend line was taken as the reference or baseline of gasoline consumption. The savings that resulted by application of the explanatory variable OLS model were measured against such a baseline of gasoline consumption. Even on the most pessimistic scenario the savings obtained by the progressive improvement of the fuel efficiency indicator seem enough to offset the increase in consumption that otherwise would have occurred by extension of the trend, leaving consumption at the 2006 levels or about 9 million barrels per day. The most optimistic scenario led to savings up to about 2 million barrels per day below the 2006 level or about 3 millions barrels per day below the baseline in 2020. The "expected" or average consumption in 2020 is about 8 million barrels per day, 2 million barrels below the baseline or 1 million below the 2006 consumption level. More savings are possible if technologies such as plug-in hybrids that have been already implemented in other countries take over soon, are efficiently promoted, or are given incentives or subsidies such as tax credits. The savings in gasoline consumption may in the future contribute to stabilize the price of oil as worldwide demand is tamed by oil saving policy changes implemented in the United States.
M.S.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Civil Engineering MS
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Gimpl-Heersink, Lisa, Christian Rudloff, Moritz Fleischmann, and Alfred Taudes. "Integrating Pricing and Inventory Control: Is it Worth the Effort?" SpringerOpen, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03342705.

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In this paper we first show that the gains achievable by integrating pricing and inventory control are usually small for classical demand functions. We then introduce reference price models and demonstrate that for this class of demand functions the benefits of integration with inventory control are substantially increased due to the price dynamics. We also provide some analytical results for this more complex model. We thus conclude that integrated pricing/inventory models could repeat the success of revenue management in practice if reference price effects are included in the demand model and the properties of this new model are better understood. (authors' abstract)
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Moreno, Cherry. "Urban water demand model: the case study of Emilia Romagna (Italy)." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/5938/.

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Water is the driving force in nature. We use water for washing cars, doing laundry, cooking, taking a shower, but also to generate energy and electricity. Therefore water is a necessary product in our daily lives (USGS. Howard Perlman, 2013). The model that we created is based on the urban water demand computer model from the Pacific Institute (California). With this model we will forecast the future urban water use of Emilia Romagna up to the year of 2030. We will analyze the urban water demand in Emilia Romagna that includes the 9 provinces: Bologna, Ferrara, Forli-Cesena, Modena, Parma, Piacenza, Ravenna, Reggio Emilia and Rimini. The term urban water refers to the water used in cities and suburbs and in homes in the rural areas. This will include the residential, commercial, institutional and the industrial use. In this research, we will cover the water saving technologies that can help to save water for daily use. We will project what influence these technologies have to the urban water demand, and what it can mean for future urban water demands. The ongoing climate change can reduce the snowpack, and extreme floods or droughts in Italy. The changing climate and development patterns are expected to have a significant impact on water demand in the future. We will do this by conducting different scenario analyses, by combining different population projections, climate influence and water saving technologies. In addition, we will also conduct a sensitivity analyses. The several analyses will show us how future urban water demand is likely respond to changes in water conservation technologies, population, climate, water price and consumption. I hope the research can contribute to the insight of the reader’s thoughts and opinion.
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Books on the topic "Demand model; Price discrimination"

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Wolak, Frank A. A model of homogenous input demand under price undertainty. [Urbana, Ill.]: College of Commerce and Business Administration, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1988.

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Farm, Ante. A model of the price mechanism. Stockholm: Stockholm Universitet, 1986.

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McCallum, Bennett T. A semi-classical model of price level adjustment. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1994.

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Seeley, Ralph M. Price elasticities from the IIASA world agricultural model. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, International Economics Division, 1985.

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Seeley, Ralph M. Price elasticities from the IIASA world agricultural model. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, International Economics Division, 1985.

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Seeley, Ralph M. Price elasticities from the IIASA world agricultural model. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, International Economics Division, 1985.

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Hirschberg, Joseph G. A model of relative price elasticities from the second moments of demand. Guildford: Surrey Energy Economics Centre, 1994.

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Graddy, Kathryn Jo. A dynamic model of price discrimination and inventory management at the Fulton fish market. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2009.

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School desegregation in the twenty-first century: The focus must change. Lewiston, N.Y: E. Mellen Press, 1997.

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United States. Dept. of Agriculture. Economic Research Service, ed. Forecasting consumer price indexes for food: A demand model approach. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Demand model; Price discrimination"

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Fang, Fang, and Andrew Whinston. "Capacity Management and Price Discrimination under Demand Uncertainty Using Option Contracts." In Supply Chain Coordination under Uncertainty, 189–217. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19257-9_8.

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Benassi, Corrado, Alessandra Chirco, and Caterina Colombo. "A Simple Analysis of Price and Output Determination: A Model with Imperfect Competition." In Aggregate Demand and Supply, 177–208. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26293-9_11.

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Wu, Zezhong. "The Supply Chain Network Equilibrium Model with Fuzzy Demand Price." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 367–83. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47241-5_32.

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Qin, Yanhong, and Xinghong Qin. "Two-Stage Inventory Model with Price Discount under Stochastic Demand." In Advances in Intelligent and Soft Computing, 465–70. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25989-0_75.

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Chai, Wenlong, Huijun Sun, Wei Wang, and Jianjun Wu. "Price Competition Model in Centralized and Decentralized Supply Chains with Demand Disruption." In LISS 2012, 1025–31. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32054-5_144.

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Shah, Nita H., and Chetansinh R. Vaghela. "Optimal Preservation Technology Investment and Price for the Deteriorating Inventory Model with Price-Sensitivity, Stock-Dependent Demand." In Predictive Analytics, 89–98. First edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, LLC, 2021. | Series: Advanced research in reliability and system assurance engineering: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003083177-6.

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Agrawal, Swati, Rajesh Gupta, and Snigdha Banerjee. "EOQ Model Under Discounted Partial Advance—Partial Trade Credit Policy with Price-Dependent Demand." In Asset Analytics, 219–37. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9698-4_13.

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Morris, Michael H., and Duane L. Davis. "The Use of Price Discrimination as a Demand Management Technique in the Service Sector: The Case of Tourism." In Proceedings of the 1986 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference, 204–7. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11101-8_43.

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Vazirani, Vijay V. "Non-separable, Quasiconcave Utilities are Easy – in a Perfect Price Discrimination Market Model (Extended Abstract)." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 563–70. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-17572-5_51.

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Goel, Gagan, and Vijay Vazirani. "A Perfect Price Discrimination Market Model with Production, and a (Rational) Convex Program for It." In Algorithmic Game Theory, 186–97. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16170-4_17.

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Conference papers on the topic "Demand model; Price discrimination"

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Xiang, Ding, and Ermin Wei. "DYNAMIC PRICE DISCRIMINATION IN DEMAND RESPONSE MARKET: A BILEVEL GAME THEORETICAL MODEL." In 2018 IEEE Global Conference on Signal and Information Processing (GlobalSIP). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/globalsip.2018.8646567.

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Benhui, Gong, Wang Xiuli, Dang Can, Liu Chang, and Bai Huiyuan. "Layered-price model of resident demand response." In 2016 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution (CICED). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ciced.2016.7576297.

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Su, Juan, Yuxuan Zhang, Chuankang Yang, Guangjin Xing, and Songhuai Du. "Price Demand Response Model Based on Consumer Psychology." In 2020 IEEE 4th Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ei250167.2020.9347342.

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Guo-min, Fang, and Zeng Pai-xing. "Notice of Retraction: Research of second degree price discrimination based on linear stochastic demand." In 2011 International Conference on E-Business and E-Government (ICEE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icebeg.2011.5886888.

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Xuemin Li, Qingqing Xu, Yinhua Mai, and Lixin Miao. "Newsboy model with price- and time-sensitive uncertainty demand." In 2008 IEEE International Conference on Service Operations and Logistics, and Informatics (SOLI). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/soli.2008.4682986.

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Huang, Zhongxiang, and Aiwu Kuang. "Elastic Demand Traffic Assignment Model by Price-Quantity Regulation." In First International Conference on Transportation Engineering. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40932(246)123.

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Mahmud, A. S. M. Ashraf, and Paul Sant. "Real-time price savings through price suggestions for the smart grid demand response model." In 2017 5th International Istanbul Smart Grid and Cities Congress and Fair (ICSG). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sgcf.2017.7947603.

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Feng, Y., X. Q. Cai, and F. S. Tu. "A two-commodity deteriorating inventory model with price-dependent demand." In 2007 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieem.2007.4419460.

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Ming Xu and You Chen. "The effect of demand uncertainty in a price setting newsvendor model." In 2008 International Conference on Service Systems and Service Management (ICSSSM 2008). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsssm.2008.4598494.

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Juan, Li, Pei-qing Huang, and Jing-yan Ge. "Demand Uncertainty and Supplier's Buybacks in the Price Dependent Newsvendor Model." In 2006 International Conference on Management Science and Engineering. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmse.2006.313901.

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Reports on the topic "Demand model; Price discrimination"

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Graddy, Kathryn, and George Hall. A Dynamic Model of Price Discrimination and Inventory Management at the Fulton Fish Market. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w15019.

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Vélez-Velásquez, Juan Sebastián. Banning Price Discrimination under Imperfect Competition: Evidence from Colombia's Broadband. Banco de la República de Colombia, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1148.

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Economic theory is inconclusive regarding the effects of banning third-degree price discrimination under imperfect competition because they depend on how the competing firms rank their market segments. When, relative to uniform pricing, all competitors want higher prices in the same market segments, a ban on price discrimination will reduce profits and benefit some consumers at the expense of others. If, instead, some firms want to charge higher prices in segments where their competitors want to charge lower prices, price discrimination increases competition driving all prices down. In this case, forcing the firms to charge uniform prices can increase their profits and reduce consumer surplus. We use data on Colombian broadband subscriptions to estimate the demand for internet services. Estimated preferences and assumptions about competition are used to simulate a scenario in which firms lose their ability to price discriminate. Our results show large effects on consumer surplus and large effects on firms’ profits. Aggregate profits increase but the effects for individual firms are heterogeneous. The effects on consumer welfare vary by city. In most cities, a uniform price regime causes large welfare transfers from low-income households towards high-income households and in a few cities, prices in all segments rise. Poorer households respond to the increase in prices by subscribing to internet plans with slower download speed.
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Kim, Changmo, Ghazan Khan, Brent Nguyen, and Emily L. Hoang. Development of a Statistical Model to Predict Materials’ Unit Prices for Future Maintenance and Rehabilitation in Highway Life Cycle Cost Analysis. Mineta Transportation Institute, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2020.1806.

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The main objectives of this study are to investigate the trends in primary pavement materials’ unit price over time and to develop statistical models and guidelines for using predictive unit prices of pavement materials instead of uniform unit prices in life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) for future maintenance and rehabilitation (M&R) projects. Various socio-economic data were collected for the past 20 years (1997–2018) in California, including oil price, population, government expenditure in transportation, vehicle registration, and other key variables, in order to identify factors affecting pavement materials’ unit price. Additionally, the unit price records of the popular pavement materials were categorized by project size (small, medium, large, and extra-large). The critical variables were chosen after identifying their correlations, and the future values of each variable were predicted through time-series analysis. Multiple regression models using selected socio-economic variables were developed to predict the future values of pavement materials’ unit price. A case study was used to compare the results between the uniform unit prices in the current LCCA procedures and the unit prices predicted in this study. In LCCA, long-term prediction involves uncertainties due to unexpected economic trends and industrial demand and supply conditions. Economic recessions and a global pandemic are examples of unexpected events which can have a significant influence on variations in material unit prices and project costs. Nevertheless, the data-driven scientific approach as described in this research reduces risk caused by such uncertainties and enables reasonable predictions for the future. The statistical models developed to predict the future unit prices of the pavement materials through this research can be implemented to enhance the current LCCA procedure and predict more realistic unit prices and project costs for the future M&R activities, thus promoting the most cost-effective alternative in LCCA.
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Berlinski, Samuel, María Marta Ferreyra, Luca Flabbi, and Juan David Martin. Child Care Markets, Parental Labor Supply, and Child Development. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002872.

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We develop and estimate a model of child care markets that endogenizes both demand and supply. On the demand side, families with a child make consumption, labor supply, and child-care decisions within a static, unitary household model. On the supply side, child care providers make entry, price, and quality decisions under monopolistic competition. Child development is a function of the time spent with each parent and at the child care center; these inputs vary in their impact. We estimate the structural parameters of the model using the 2003 Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, which contains information on parental employment and wages, child care choices, child development, and center quality. We use our estimates to evaluate the impact of several policies, including vouchers, cash transfers, quality regulations, and public provision. Among these, a combination of quality regulation and vouchers for working families leads to the greatest gains in average child development and to a large expansion in child care use and female labor supply, all at a relatively low fiscal cost.
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