Academic literature on the topic 'Demand response programmes'
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Journal articles on the topic "Demand response programmes"
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Kumar, Sanjiv, S. Madheswaran, and B. P. Vani. "Response of Poverty Pockets to the Right-based Demand-driven MGNREGA Programme." Review of Development and Change 26, no. 1 (April 23, 2021): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09722661211005580.
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Forerunning programmes of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), which were designed as poverty elimination programmes, took notice of geographical pockets of poverty and incorporated formula-based fund allocation mechanisms to poorer states and regions. The MGNREGA programme, in contrast, used a right-based ‘self-selection’ approach— relying on the initiative of households’ demand-driven strengths—to allocate need-based resources to states and regions within states. This article examines how well the demand-driven, right-based programme with self-selection allocated resources to states and regions according to their respective needs, and to what extent the benefits reached the poverty pockets and catered to the poorest, weakest and neediest households. We find that adequate resources did not reach the poorest states and regions, substantial numbers of poor households remained outside the programme or were deemed underserved, and there was a pronounced programme capture by elite states. The article explores causes and consequences of capacity limitations and low absorption pulls among states, and points to policy implications and ways forward.
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Torriti, Jacopo, Mohamed G. Hassan, and Matthew Leach. "Demand response experience in Europe: Policies, programmes and implementation." Energy 35, no. 4 (April 2010): 1575–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2009.05.021.
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Lau, E. T., Q. Yang, L. Stokes, G. A. Taylor, A. B. Forbes, P. Clarkson, P. S. Wright, and V. N. Livina. "Carbon savings in the UK demand side response programmes." Applied Energy 159 (December 2015): 478–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.08.123.
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Buckle, J. S. "Water demand management - philosophy or implementation?" Water Supply 4, no. 3 (June 1, 2004): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2004.0040.
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This paper describes the introduction of water demand management in the southern African context. Originally a response to drought conditions, water demand management is now a key element in Rand Water's strategy of water cycle management - a mix of interventions that (holistically and continuously) keep the water industry viable and sustainable. This experience points to awareness and community education programmes being an essential companion to the technical interventions such as leakage reduction measures.
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Hamidpour, Hamidreza, Jamshid Aghaei, Shahab Dehghan, Sasan Pirouzi, and Taher Niknam. "Integrated resource expansion planning of wind integrated power systems considering demand response programmes." IET Renewable Power Generation 13, no. 4 (January 17, 2019): 519–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-rpg.2018.5835.
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Olczak, Piotr, Dominik Kryzia, Dominika Matuszewska, and Artur Halbina. "Analysis of financial risk of a hard coal mine participation in DSR mechanisms in Poland – a case study." E3S Web of Conferences 123 (2019): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912301005.
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The paper analyses possibilities of a hard coal mine operation as an electricity consumer capable of reducing instantaneous demand for electric power in the case of a Demand Side Response (DSR) call. The analyses considered the risk of service provision or non-provision based on the 2018 data on the electricity consumption and on parameters of the Polish power system. The analyses applied to two types of DSR participation programmes: guaranteed and current, and to an example of hard coal mine from the area of the Upper Silesia, which ordered power was 20 MW. For the current programme (without fines for service non-provision) the optimum value – from the financial risk point of view - was calculated as 6 MW, and for the guaranteed programme results were determined depending on the ratio of price for service provision to the fine for non-provision.
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Simorgh, Hamid, Hasan Doagou-Mojarrad, Hadi Razmi, and Gevork B. Gharehpetian. "Cost-based optimal siting and sizing of electric vehicle charging stations considering demand response programmes." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 12, no. 8 (April 30, 2018): 1712–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2017.1663.
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Panagiotidis, Paraskevas, Andrew Effraimis, and George A. Xydis. "An R-based forecasting approach for efficient demand response strategies in autonomous micro-grids." Energy & Environment 30, no. 1 (July 10, 2018): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x18787259.
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The main aim of this work is to reduce electricity consumption for consumers with an emphasis on the residential sector in periods of increased demand. Efforts are focused on creating a methodology in order to statistically analyse energy demand data and come up with forecasting methodology/pattern that will allow end-users to organize their consumption. This research presents an evaluation of potential Demand Response programmes in Greek households, in a real-time pricing market model through the use of a forecasting methodology. Long-term Demand Side Management programs or Demand Response strategies allow end-users to control their consumption based on the bidirectional communication with the system operator, improving not only the efficiency of the system but more importantly, the residential sector-associated costs from the end-users’ side. The demand load data were analysed and categorised in order to form profiles and better understand the consumption patterns. Different methods were tested in order to come up with the optimal result. The Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average modelling methodology was selected in order to ensure forecasts production on load demand with the maximum accuracy.
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Jafari, Farshad, Haidar Samet, Ali Reza Seifi, and Mohammad Rastegar. "Developing a two-step method to implement residential demand response programmes in multi-carrier energy systems." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 12, no. 11 (June 19, 2018): 2614–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2017.1557.
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Magni, Chiara, Alessia Arteconi, Konstantinos Kavvadias, and Sylvain Quoilin. "Modelling the Integration of Residential Heat Demand and Demand Response in Power Systems with High Shares of Renewables." Energies 13, no. 24 (December 15, 2020): 6628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13246628.
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The EU aims to become the world’s first climate-neutral continent by 2050. In order to meet this target, the integration of high shares of Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) in the energy system is of primary importance. Nevertheless, the large deployment of variable renewable sources such as wind and photovoltaic power will pose important challenges in terms of power management. For this reason, increasing the system flexibility will be crucial to ensure the security of supply in future power systems. This work investigates the flexibility potential obtainable from the diffusion of Demand Response (DR) programmes applied to residential heating for different renewables penetration and power system configuration scenarios. To that end, a bottom-up model for residential heat demand and flexible electric heating systems (heat pumps and electric water heaters) is developed and directly integrated into Dispa-SET, an existing unit commitment optimal dispatch model of the power system. The integrated model is calibrated for the case of Belgium and different simulations are performed varying the penetration and type of residential heating technologies, installed renewables capacity and capacity mix. Results show that, at country level, operational cost could be reduced up to €35 million and curtailment up to 1 TWh per year with 1 million flexible electric heating systems installed. These benefits are significantly reduced when nuclear power plants (non-flexible) are replaced by gas-fired units (flexible) and grow when more renewable capacity is added. Moreover, when the number of flexible heating systems increases, a saturation effect of the flexibility is observed.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Demand response programmes"
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Eng, Tseng Lau. "Quantification of carbon emissions and savings in smart grids." Thesis, Brunel University, 2016. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/12569.
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In this research, carbon emissions and carbon savings in the smart grid are modelled and quantified. Carbon emissions are defined as the product of the activity (energy) and the corresponding carbon factor. The carbon savings are estimated as the difference between the conventional and improved energy usage multiplied by the corresponding carbon factor. An adaptive seasonal model based on the hyperbolic tangent function (HTF) is developed to define seasonal and daily trends of electricity demand and the resultant carbon emissions. A stochastic model describing profiles of energy usage and carbon emissions for groups of consumers is developed. The flexibility of the HTF for modelling cycles of energy consumption is demonstrated and discussed with several case studies. The analytical description to determine electricity grid carbon intensity in the UK is derived, using the available fuel mix data from the Elexon portal. The uncertain realisation of energy data is forecasted and assimilated using the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF). The numerical optimisation of carbon emissions and savings in the smart grid is further performed using the ensemble-based Closed-loop Production Optimisation Scheme (EnOpt). The EnOpt involves the optimisation of fuel costs and carbon emissions (maximisation of carbon savings) in the smart grid subject to the operational control constraints. The software codes for the based on the application of EnKF and EnOpt are developed, and the optimisation of energy, cost and emissions is performed. The numerical simulation shows the ability of EnKF in forecasting and assimilating the energy data, and the robustness of the EnOpt in optimising costs and carbon savings. The proposed approach addresses the complexity and diversity of the power grid and may be implemented at the level of the transmission operator in collaboration with the operational wholesale electricity market and distribution network operators. The final stage of work includes the quantification of carbon emissions and savings in demand response (DR) programmes. DR programmes such as Short Term Operating Reserve (STOR), Triad, Fast Reserve, Frequency Control by Demand Management (FCDM) and smart meter roll-out are included, with various types of smart interventions. The DR programmes are modelled with appropriate configurations and assumptions in power plants used in the energy industry. This enables the comparison of emissions between the business-as-usual (BAU) and the smart solutions applied, thus deriving the carbon savings. Several case studies involving the modelling and analysing DR programmes are successfully performed. Thus, the thesis represents novel analytical and numerical techniques applied in the fast-growing UK market of smart energy solutions.
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Aketi, Venkata Sesha Praneeth. "Prices in Wholesale Electricity Markets and Demand Response." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1388765872.
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Tavares, Miguel. "A Price-based Demand Response Programme for an Industrial Company : A Case Study of the Waste Management Industry." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-265671.
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Climate change mitigation and sustainable economic development areon the main agenda of many developed countries. Moreover, emerging economies,such as China which makes up 18.5% of the world’s population, are facingmajor problems of air and water pollution. These have led to serious investmentin renewable energy sources (RES) of power such as wind and solar.Increasing the capacity of RES leads to large power fluctuations, which can bedifficult to predict. If this fluctuation is not met by a balance in supply anddemand, power supply can be cut off leading to major economic losses. It isthen essential to develop techniques which allow for quick adjustments in thesupply and demand of power.Industrial consumers of power are one of the principal consumers ofelectricity. If exposed to market prices, they are seen as a great source to helpimplement RES into the power system. In this project, a short-term schedulingtool is developed which allows industrial companies with manufacturingprocesses and onsite power generation to schedule energy production andconsumption based on hourly day-ahead electricity prices. The tool integratesthe benefits of the price-based unit commitment (UC) problem with pricesensitivedemand response (DR) and uses the mixed integer linear programming(MILP) optimisation technique. It determines the operating points ofschedulable equipment and machines in manufacturing processes and thegeneration level of all controllable power generation units. Finally, it informsin a simplified manner the power needs of each location for each hour of theplanning period, stating how much power needs to be purchased or sold to thegrid.To test the developed tool a case study of a real waste management companyis used. In this case study the modelled industrial process is the materialrecycling facility and the power generation technologies are the municipal solidwaste incineration plant, landfill biogas gensets and solar photovoltaic (PV)system. Three zones are defined. The first has a material recycling facility(MRF) and onsite municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) plant, the seconda MRF and the third landfill gensets and a PV system. The results showedall zones with MRFs shifting demand from peak periods to off-peak periodsand zones with onsite generation shifting power supply from off-peak periodsto peak periods.Due to the particularity of the case study, a novel feature was added tothe short-term scheduling tool. The MSWI plant, considered to have low operatingcosts, needed a long-term price forecast mechanism to avoid operationat maximum capacity in the short-term. To tackle this issue, the future valueof municipal solid waste (MSW) in the storage bunkers of the MSWI plantwere considered.The results showed that the developed tool is capable of adapting thesupply and demand of power of an industrial company to market price, whichcan help in the integration of RES into the power system. Moreover, the toolcan also reduce the energy costs of manufacturing processes and increase therevenues from power generation assets.Klimatet och hållbar ekonomisk utveckling är centrala frågor för mångaindustriländer. Dessutom står tillväxtekonomier, som t.ex. Kina med 18.5% avvärldens befolkning, inför stora problem med luft- och vattenföroreningar.Detta har lett till stora investeringar i förnybara energikällor som t.ex. vindochsolkraft. Utbyggnad av förnybara energikällor leder till stora variationer ielproduktionen, som kan vara svåra att förutsäga. Om dessa variationer intebalanseras av annan elproduktion eller last så kan det bli strömavbrott, vilketleder till stora ekonomiska förluster. Det är därför väsentligt att utvecklateknik som gör det möjligt att snabbt ändra produktion och konsumtion av el.Industrier är betydande elkonsumter. Om de exponeras för marknadspriserkan de vara till stor hjälp för att inkludera förnybara energikällor i elsystemet.I detta projekt har ett verktyg för korttidsplanering utvecklats; meddetta verktyg kan industriföretag med tillverkningsprocesser och möjlighetertill egen elproduktion planera produktion och förbrukning utifrån elpriser pertimme. Verktyget kombinerar fördelarna med prisbaserad korttidsplaneringav enheter med förbrukningsflexibilitet och använder blandad heltalsprogrammering(MILP). Det bestämmer driftläge för flexibel utrustning ochmaskiner i tillverkningsprocessen samt produktionsnivå i alla styrbaraelproduktionsenheter. Slutligen redovisar den på ett förenklat sätt hur stortelbehov som finns vid varje plats för varje timme i planeringsperioden genomatt ange hur mycket som behöver köpas eller säljas via nätet.För att testa det framtagna verktyget används en fallstudie av ett verkligtavfallshanteringsföretag. Den modellerade industriprocessen i fallstuden är enmaterialåtervinningsanläggning och elproduktionen utgörs av en sopförbränningsanläggning,elgeneratorer som drivs av biogas från deponerade soporoch solcellsanläggningar. Tre zoner identifierades. Den första har en materialåtervinningsanläggningoch en sopförbränningsanläggning, den andraenbart en materialåtervinningsanläggning och den tredje biogas och solceller.Resultaten visar att zonerna med materialåtervinningsanläggningar flyttar lastfrån höglastperioder till låglastperioder och att zonerna med elproduktionflyttar produktion från låglastperioder till höglastperioder.En egenhet i fallstudien ledde till att en ny funktion lades till i korttidsplaneringsproblemet.Sopförbränningsanläggningen har låga driftkostnaderoch därför behövdes en långtidsprognos för elpriset för att undvika attanläggningen kördes på full kapacitet i hela korttidsplanerinigsproblemet. Föratt hantera denna fråga beaktas det framtida värdet för avfall som lagras ianläggningen.Resultaten visar att det framtagna verktyget kan användas för att anpassaproduktion och konsumtion av el i ett industriföretag till marknadspriset,vilket kan underlätta integrationen av förnybar elproduktion i elsystemet.Dessutom kan verktyget minska energikostnaderna för tillverkningsprocesseroch öka intäkterna från elproduktionstillgångar.
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Mulenga, Martin. "Barriers to implementation of the demand responsive approach (DRA) methodology in urban sanitation programmes : a study of Zambia and South Africa." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270382.
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Sten, Amanda, and Katja Åström. "Opportunities and barriers for an increased flexibility in residential consumers’ electricity consumption." Thesis, KTH, Energi och klimatstudier, ECS, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-191446.
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I Sverige står hushållen för en stor del av den slutliga elanvändningen och deras konsumtionsmönster bidrar till att skapa höga förbrukningstoppar, särskilt under vintermånaderna när elbehovet är som störst. Om hushållen kunde tänka sig att vara mer flexibla i när de använder el skulle förbrukningstoppar kunna dämpas avsevärt och balansen mellan elproduktion och elanvändning bli lättare att upprätthålla. Idag utnyttjas inte efterfrågeflexibilitet i någon större utsträckning, förutom den från vissa elintensiva industrier. Den flexibla kapacitet enskilda hushåll skulle kunna bidra med är naturligtvis lägre än hos industrier, men sammanslaget skulle hushållskunders flexibilitet kunna ge en substantiell inverkan på elsystemet. Vid låga utetemperaturer finns det en uppskattad potential att genomföra effektjusteringar om cirka 1 400 – 3 100 MW om värmelasten hos drygt hälften av samtliga eluppvärmda hus i Sverige omdisponeras till andra tidpunkter, och ytterligare några hundra MW om drygt hälften av samtliga hushåll i Sverige vore flexibla i när de använder hushållsel. Enligt en studie av Broberg m.fl. (2016) skulle drygt hälften av hushållen i Sverige kunna tänka sig att vara flexibla, beroende på vad flexibel innebär. Hushåll som använder el för uppvärmning kan vara flexibla genom att tillfälligt öka eller minska inomhustemperaturen, eller om de använder el i kombination med något annat uppvärmningssätt – genom att byta energikälla. Justeringen kan även ske automatiskt om uppvärmningssystemet är utrustat med central styrutrustning. Om ett stort antal kunders flexibla laster samlas ihop av en marknadsaktör skulle den totala flexibla lasten kunna säljas som kapacitet på grossistmarknaden för el eller erbjudas som upp- eller nedregleringsbud på reglermarknaden. Studien av Broberg m.fl. (2014) har även analyserat hur stor ekonomisk kompensation hushåll vill ha i utbyte mot att vara flexibla. Sett till den flexibla kapacitet hushållskunders efterfrågeflexibilitet bedöms motsvara, cirka 1 400 – 3 100 MW, är kompensationskraven legitimerade, åtminstone om den flexibla kapaciteten erbjuds på någon marknadsplats för elhandel. Styrtjänster som innebär att elanvändningen automatiskt optimeras efter elpriset kan dock vara dyra idag, vilket innebär att det främst tros vara hushåll med hög elförbrukning som utnyttjar dem och de bör därför subventioneras. En annan form av flexibilitet är att anpassa elanvändningen efter det timvarierande elhandelspriset. Den enda förutsättningen för att konsumenten ska tjäna på en sådan anpassning är att elförbrukningen mäts och debiteras på timbasis, vilket är fallet för de relativt få kunder som har valt att teckna timprisavtal. På grund av att konsumentpriset på el inte varierar särskilt mycket saknas incitament för att kunder ska vilja anpassa sin användning efter priset. Det behövs därför en mer effektiv prissättning som exempelvis förstärker volatiliteten eller gör det dyrare eller billigare att använda el vid vissa tidpunkter.In Sweden, residential consumers account for a large share of the final electricity consumption. Their consumption patterns pose great impact on the network power peaks, especially during the winter. If residential consumers were more flexible in their consumption, peaks would be alleviated considerably and the balance between electricity supply and demand would more easily be maintained. Today, demand side flexibility is not utilized to any greater extent, except the one from energy intensive industries. De flexible capacity a single household could contribute with is of course less than within industries, but if flexible capacity from a large number of households were bundled up it would provide a considerable impact on the electricity system. At low outdoor temperatures there is an estimated potential to reach power adjustments in the size of 1 400 – 3 100 MW if the heat load in just over half of the electric heated houses in Sweden were displaced, and a few hundred more if residential consumers were flexible in their consumption of domestic electricity. According to a study by Broberg et al (2016) approximately half the population would consider to be flexible in their electricity consumption under the right circumstances. Households that use electricity for heating can be flexible through temporarily adjust the indoor temperature, or – if they heat their homes with electricity in combination with another heat source – by switching heat source. The adjustment can also be automatic if the heating system is equipped with a central control unit. If flexible capacity from a large number of households is bundled up into grid worthy demand response by a market actor, the capacity could be offered as bids on organized electricity markets. The study by Broberg et al (2014) also analysed how much compensation households require in exchange for being flexible. The compensation levels are justified with regard to the flexible capacity that can be gathered form households, 1 400 – 3 100 MW, at least as long as the capacity is sold in an organized electricity market. Services for automatic control of heating systems, where the power output is optimized after the varying electricity price, can be expensive today, which indicates that mainly households with a high electricity consumption utilize them today. Hence, they need to be subsidized. Demand side flexibility can also be to manually change consumption patterns in response to price signals. The only precondition is that the electricity consumption is measured and billed on an hourly basis, which is the case for the relatively few consumers with hourly rate agreements. The volatility of the electricity price is however subdued due to the large share of fixed surcharges, which means there is lack of incentive for consumers to adapt their consumption in response to price variations. Hence, the volatility needs to be amplified through efficient pricing.
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Fourie, Kathryn. "A critical review of the response of the Environmental Literacy Skills Programme to learner capabilities, and to the demands of the Working for Water training setting in an emerging Green Economy." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/7879.
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This case study is guided by a social realist research approach. It is an investigation into if and how the Environmental Literacy Skills Programme (ESLP) responds to Working for Water learners' capabilities and the enabling and constraining factors that shape these, and to the demands of the WfW training setting in an emerging Green Economy. The context for the study is that of the Working for Water programme, an Expanded Public Works Programme (EPWP) run under the auspices of the Department of Environmental Affairs in South Africa. The study took place while piloting the newly created ELSP materials with a group of beneficiaries and contractors in Uitenhage, a town in South Africa's Eastern Cape Province. The study provides insights into the application of accredited training in an EPWP training environment, and critically considers the academic and practical suitability of the ELSP in the WfW context. It achieves this by considering how the ELSP seeks to respond to the education levels and experiences of contractors and beneficiaries, and the demands of the WfW training setting. To understand what underpins learner capabilities and experiences, it was necessary to investigate the conversion factors and enabling and constraining factors that influence WfW contractor and beneficiary capabilities and involvement in the ELSP training in the context of an emerging Green Economy. To develop these insights, data was gathered through participant observation, questionnaires, structured and semi-structured interviews, as well as document analysis. The theoretical framework of Amartya Sen's (1999) Capability Approach supports the study, which provides an alternative way of understanding the freedoms that people enjoy, or the lack of freedom they experience, in being able to live the kind of life they have reason to value. The Capability Approach provides the key concept of resource conversion, which is used in the study to discern the social, personal and environmental constraints and enablers that people experience in their lives. These either assist or dis-enable a person in converting a resource such as education, into a functioning such as desired employment. Through a social realist causal analysis model, key structures are identified that underpin the actions of beneficiaries and contractors in relation to their learning and career pathways. The study shows that while the ELSP does support the development of green skills and in part responds to learner capabilities (and enabling and constraining conversion factors), there is a lack of information as to where those skills can be applied in elementary green occupations, in part due to South Africa's focus on high-skills development linked to Green Economy objectives. The study makes recommendations for aligning environmental education with career guidance, as well as a recommendation for further detailed research into identifying elementary green occupations and associated learning pathways.
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Hajibandeh, Neda. "Investigation on electricity market designs enabling demand response and wind generation." Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.6/7150.
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Demand Response (DR) comprises some reactions taken by the end-use customers to decrease
or shift the electricity consumption in response to a change in the price of electricity or a
specified incentive payment over time. Wind energy is one of the renewable energies which
has been increasingly used throughout the world. The intermittency and volatility of
renewable energies, wind energy in particular, pose several challenges to Independent
System Operators (ISOs), paving the way to an increasing interest on Demand Response
Programs (DRPs) to cope with those challenges. Hence, this thesis addresses various
electricity market designs enabling DR and Renewable Energy Systems (RESs) simultaneously.
Various types of DRPs are developed in this thesis in a market environment, including
Incentive-Based DR Programs (IBDRPs), Time-Based Rate DR Programs (TBRDRPs) and
combinational DR programs on wind power integration. The uncertainties of wind power
generation are considered through a two-stage Stochastic Programming (SP) model. DRPs are
prioritized according to the ISO’s economic, technical, and environmental needs by means of
the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method. The
impacts of DRPs on price elasticity and customer benefit function are addressed, including
the sensitivities of both DR parameters and wind power scenarios. Finally, a two-stage
stochastic model is applied to solve the problem in a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP)
approach. The proposed model is applied to a modified IEEE test system to demonstrate the
effect of DR in the reduction of operation cost.A Resposta Dinâmica dos Consumidores (DR) compreende algumas reações tomadas por estes para reduzir ou adiar o consumo de eletricidade, em resposta a uma mudança no preço da eletricidade, ou a um pagamento/incentivo específico. A energia eólica é uma das energias renováveis que tem sido cada vez mais utilizada em todo o mundo. A intermitência e a volatilidade das energias renováveis, em particular da energia eólica, acarretam vários desafios para os Operadores de Sistema (ISOs), abrindo caminho para um interesse crescente nos Programas de Resposta Dinâmica dos Consumidores (DRPs) para lidar com esses desafios. Assim, esta tese aborda os mercados de eletricidade com DR e sistemas de energia renovável (RES) simultaneamente. Vários tipos de DRPs são desenvolvidos nesta tese em ambiente de mercado, incluindo Programas de DR baseados em incentivos (IBDRPs), taxas baseadas no tempo (TBRDRPs) e programas combinados (TBRDRPs) na integração de energia eólica. As incertezas associadas à geração eólica são consideradas através de um modelo de programação estocástica (SP) de dois estágios. Os DRPs são priorizados de acordo com as necessidades económicas, técnicas e ambientais do ISO por meio da técnica para ordem de preferência por similaridade com a solução ideal (TOPSIS). Os impactes dos DRPs na elasticidade do preço e na função de benefício ao cliente são abordados, incluindo as sensibilidades dos parâmetros de DR e dos cenários de potência eólica. Finalmente, um modelo estocástico de dois estágios é aplicado para resolver o problema numa abordagem de programação linear inteira mista (MILP). O modelo proposto é testado num sistema IEEE modificado para demonstrar o efeito da DR na redução do custo de operação.
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Machado, Bruno Amadeu Lopes. "Legislação e programas de incentivo para a gestão da procura de energia." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1822/70902.
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Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia CivilA energia está intrinsecamente ligada ao desenvolvimento tecnológico e social. Deste modo, não se justifica um crescimento irracional da sua procura e oferta. Assim, surge a necessidade de uma utilização racional dos recursos energéticos, promovendo, em todos os instantes, um pensamento crítico e construtivo do paradigma de utilização de energia. Com o aumento populacional e o desenvolvimento industrial, é cada vez mais notório o aumento de utilização de energia e, dada a procura irresponsável, o aumento de gases com efeito de estufa lançados para a atmosfera. Na União Europeia, os edifícios são responsáveis por 40% da energia utilizada e 36% das emissões de gases com efeito de estufa. Deste modo, esta tem vindo a desenvolver políticas e regulamentos para a construção mais eficiente de edifícios, de forma a mitigar os impactes ambientais e reduzir as necessidades energéticas desde a fase de conceção até à de demolição. O ambiente construído, sustentado nos princípios da economia circular, com edifícios concebidos de forma modular com materiais não tóxicos e transformando a energia de que necessitam, deve ser parte integrante das infraestruturas existentes. Assim, a gestão da procura de energia consiste na promoção da redução da procura em períodos de pico e da utilização racional da mesma, a eficiência energética e a procura responsável. Ou seja, pretende-se repensar a utilização da energia de acordo com a introdução de tarifas dinâmicas que trazem vantagens económicas para os utilizadores, promovendo as abordagens sociais e ambientais no longo caminho para a sustentabilidade. Contudo, os métodos de gestão da procura de energia são essencialmente focados na utilização de eletricidade. Assim, a legislação e políticas públicas necessitam de ser bem articuladas com as tecnologias existentes, a fim de promoverem a mudança de paradigma por parte de toda a sociedade. Consequentemente, os edifícios devem correlacionar-se com a rede elétrica de forma a otimizar o conceito das redes inteligentes de energia e interagir com os seus ocupantes para uma gestão energética eficiente, minimizando desperdícios, promovendo a sustentabilidade ao longo de todo o ciclo de vida, repensando toda a utilização de energia no setor da construção e edificado desde o ponto inicial de projeto. Atualmente as regulamentações e políticas públicas que consideram abordagens sustentáveis, estão constantemente a ser revistas e reformuladas, tentando mitigar as alterações climáticas e impulsionar a eficiência energética. Simultaneamente verifica-se o contínuo desenvolvimento tecnológico, onde a procura de energia e recursos continua a crescer de forma insustentável para o ambiente e por conseguinte para toda a humanidade. A realização de uma análise interpretativa, construtiva e sinergética de todos os conceitos, tendo em consideração uma abordagem holística é assim essencial, com o objetivo de se melhorar o ambiente e a forma como a sociedade se interessa pelo mesmo, melhorando assim o desenvolvimento sustentável da utilização de energia.
Energy is intrinsically linked to technological and social development. In this way it is not justified the constantly increasing and unreasonable demand. Therefore, it is necessary to promote the rational use of the energy resources, with critical constructivism thinking about the paradigms of consumption. Nevertheless, given increasing energy consumption, growing global population and the industrial development the anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are consequentially increasing and obviously, the unsustainable demand. In the European Union, buildings are responsible for 40% of energy consumption and 36% of greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, it is constantly developing policies and legislation to sustainable buildings, to mitigate the environmental impacts, and reduce the energy demand during all the life cycle, increasing the energy performance of buildings. The built environment builds around circular economy principles, with modular buildings with a cradle-to-cradle approach and nontoxic materials producing energy to their demand should be integrated into the infrastructures. Therefore, demand-side management is a concept to promote energy demand reduction in the peak periods, energy efficiency and demand response. In other words, rethinking energy utilization according to dynamic tariffs which give benefits to all stakeholders, reducing the costs to the consumers, and at the same time improving social and environmental performance in the pathway to sustainability. However, the demand-side management methods are mainly focus on electricity consumption. Therefore, legislation and public policies should be well articulated with technologies to promote paradigm changes in all the society. Hence, buildings should relate to the electrical grid to maximize the concept of smart grids and interact with the occupants to the efficient energy management, minimizing waste, to promote sustainability during all the building lifecycle, rethinking all energy consumption in construction and building industry in first step process of projection. Nowadays, legislation and public policies which consider sustainability approaches are constantly improving, trying to fix the pathways to avoid climate changes and achieve energy efficiency, but at the same time, the energy and resources demand still increasing in a non-sustainable way to the social and environmental aspects and consequently to the humanity. An interpretative, constructive, and synergetic analysis around all the concepts, with a holistic approach, is necessary, with the goal to make the environment healthier and the way that society sees the same, improving the sustainable development.
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Talari, Saber. "Optimal Demand Response Strategy in Electricity Markets through Bi-level Stochastic Short-Term Scheduling." Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.6/7087.
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Current technology in the smart monitoring including Internet of Things (IoT) enables the
electricity network at both transmission and distribution levels to apply demand response (DR)
programs in order to ensure the secure and economic operation of power systems.
Liberalization and restructuring in the power systems industry also empowers demand-side
management in an optimum way.
The impacts of DR scheduling on the electricity market can be revealed through the concept of
DR aggregators (DRAs), being the interface between supply side and demand side. Various
markets such as day-ahead and real-time markets are studied for supply-side management and
demand-side management from the Independent System Operator (ISO) viewpoint or
Distribution System Operator (DSO) viewpoint.
To achieve the research goals, single or bi-level optimization models can be developed.
The behavior of weather-dependent renewable energy sources, such as wind and photovoltaic
power generation as uncertainty sources, is modeled by the Monte-Carlo Simulation method to
cope with their negative impact on the scheduling process. Moreover, two-stage stochastic
programming is applied in order to minimize the operation cost.
The results of this study demonstrate the importance of considering all effective players in the
market, such as DRAs and customers, on the operation cost. Moreover, modeling the
uncertainty helps network operators to reduce the expenses, enabling a resilient and reliable
network.A tecnologia atual na monitorização inteligente, incluindo a Internet of Things (IoT), permite que a rede elétrica ao nível da transporte e distribuição faça uso de programas de demand response (DR) para garantir a operação segura e económica dos sistemas de energia. A liberalização e a reestruturação da indústria dos sistemas de energia elétrica também promovem a gestão do lado da procura de forma otimizada. Os impactes da implementação de DR no mercado elétrico podem ser expressos pelo conceito de agregadores de DR (DRAs), sendo a interface entre o lado da oferta e o lado da procura de energia elétrica. Vários mercados, como os mercados diário e em tempo real, são estudados visando a gestão otimizada do ponto de vista do Independent System Operator (ISO) ou do Distribution System Operator (DSO). Para atingir os objetivos propostos, modelos de otimização em um ou dois níveis podem ser desenvolvidos. O comportamento das fontes de energia renováveis dependentes do clima, como a produção de energia eólica e fotovoltaica que acarretam incerteza, é modelado pelo método de simulação de Monte Carlo. Ainda, two-stage stochastic programming é aplicada para minimizar o custo de operação. Os resultados deste estudo demonstram a importância de considerar todos os participantes efetivos no mercado, como DRAs e clientes finais, no custo de operação. Ainda, considerando a incerteza no modelo beneficia os operadores da rede na redução de custos, capacitando a resiliência e fiabilidade da rede.
Books on the topic "Demand response programmes"
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Empson, Laura. Leadership and Ambiguity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198744788.003.0010.
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This chapter examines in detail the leadership dynamics of the plural leadership group: who they are, who has the power to decide who they are, how they work together under normal circumstances, and how their dynamics change in response to a crisis. The conventional view is that organizational crises demand a clear and decisive response from ‘strong’ leaders. Yet this approach is hard to reconcile with the extensive autonomy and contingent authority which determines the distinctive power dynamics of professional organizations. The chapter examines a global law firm’s partner restructuring programme during the global financial crisis and asks: how, when authority is ambiguous, are leaders able to respond effectively in a crisis? The answer is that, under the cloak of ambiguity, leaders may be able to exercise considerable informal power by mobilizing and exploiting the organization’s hidden hierarchy. In the process, they move from an intuitive to a more deliberate form of mutual adjustment. This chapter explains exactly how it is done.
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Babor, Thomas F., Jonathan Caulkins, Benedikt Fischer, David Foxcroft, Keith Humphreys, María Elena Medina-Mora, Isidore Obot, et al. Framing the issues. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198818014.003.0001.
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The use of psychoactive substances is commonplace in many parts of the world, despite the efforts of policymakers, government officials, public health advocates, and concerned citizens to prevent, eliminate, or control it. If previous experience can serve as a guide, in the future many countries will face periodic drug-use epidemics, followed by aggressive policy responses to suppress them. Continued endemic drug use generates a patchwork of policy responses that never quite keep up with the problem. The scientific evidence on the impact of policy constitutes the core interest of this book and consists of three broad approaches: programmes to prevent drug use, treatment and harm-minimization services that help heavy drug users change their behaviour, and supply control programmes to restrict access to illicit substances. This book suggests that public health concepts provide an important vehicle to coordinate supply control and demand reduction.
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Kritz, Mary M., and Douglas T. Gurak. International Student Mobility. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815273.003.0011.
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This chapter examines the role that sending country structural factors play in influencing the proportion of tertiary students studying abroad. It examines how outbound mobility ratio (OMR) responds to sending county supply and demand for tertiary education, population size, per capital GDP, development, education expenditures, and other factors. In all Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and fixed-effect model specifications, the OMR had a negative relationship to tertiary supply. While countries with larger populations send more students abroad, they have smaller OMRs. Fixed-effects models also showed that changes in tertiary supply and the percentage of GDP spent on tertiary education were negatively related to OMRs. The chapter reviews government scholarship programmes sponsored by Global South countries and the practices they pursue to encourage student return and strengthen tertiary capacity in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). These programmes in developing countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America are changing international student flows.
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Samuel, Boris. Illegal Prices. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794974.003.0014.
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Between 2005 and 2010, Mauritania and Guadeloupe faced massive social mobilizations against the high cost of living. The widespread use of illegal practices was blamed for the unjust pricing of some of the most important consumer goods. While state responses to illegality had limited success, the interfaces between legality and illegality in markets appeared to shape social and political relations. In Guadeloupe, a wave of audits responded to the social demands for transparency and the unveiling of illegal practices. But illegalities remained largely unsanctioned, enabling the continued coexistence of legality and illegality in price formation. In Mauritania, public interventions were necessary to contain the social and political consequences of price hikes. But circumvention of the rules was so common in the public administration that fraudulent practices characterized the implementation of such social programs too. Illegal market transactions became one of the means by which the government organized redistribution.
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Nell, Dawn D’Arcy. Africa. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574797.003.0025.
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With branches in South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya, and several smaller offices in other countries, OUP books were marketed and distributed throughout the African continent. A number of challenges, differing in scope and essence, confronted publishers operating in Africa, but the enormous potential of the market, especially for schoolbooks, offered the opportunity for significant growth. The African branches developed some innovative programmes of general and academic publishing and represented some high-profile authors, but their primary and continuing mission was to anticipate and supply the demand for schoolbooks. The chapter considers the individual branches’ publications, sales, distribution, financial positions, and management, as well as their interactions with one another and with Oxford. The chapter also assesses the responses of the Press and its African branches to regime change, corruption, government educational policies, currency fluctuations, and indigenization movements.
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Dalton, Russell J. Realignment and Beyond. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830986.003.0010.
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Affluent democracies have experienced tremendous socio-economic changes since the mid- twentieth century, which has reshaped public opinion, party programs, and electoral choices. This chapter first summarizes the societal changes that have been a driving force behind the political changes described in this study. One pattern involves the longstanding economic issues of contemporary democracies, and shifting social positions on these issues. In addition, an evolving cultural cleavage and its ties to broader attitudes toward social change have altered citizen policy preferences. In most affluent democracies, the parties’ responses to these changing citizen demands have produced a realignment to represent both economic and cultural positions. The chapter concludes by discussing the implications of the findings for the working of electoral systems and the democratic process more broadly.
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America, Carina, Nazeem Edwards, and Maureen Robinson, eds. Teacher Education for Transformative Agency: Critical perspectives on design, content and pedagogy. African Sun Media, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18820/9781928480938.
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Many teacher education programs globally are undergoing significant changes in response to government policy, imperatives driven by global competitiveness, as well as local conditions. This is particularly relevant in the South African context where teacher education seeks to navigate from the ravages of apartheid education towards addressing the developmental needs of the majority of its citizens. This book records and explores efforts by academic staff members within the Faculty of Education at Stellenbosch University, South Africa, responding to the demands of a new program in initial teacher education. It brings together diverse views seeking to present a coherent program in the Postgraduate Certificate in Education (PGCE). It examines how curriculum design unfolds across disciplines in the program, and crucially, the commonalities in the presentation of course material. Lecturers examine the purpose, structure and content of their teaching as they engage with putting democratic policy goals into practice in the core, as well as subject-specific modules of the program.
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Cate, Fred H., and James X. Dempsey, eds. Bulk Collection. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190685515.001.0001.
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In June 2013, Edward Snowden revealed a secret US government program that collected records on every phone call made in the country. Further disclosures followed, detailing mass surveillance by the UK as well. Journalists and policymakers soon began discussing large-scale programs in other countries. Over two years before the Snowden leaks began, Cate and Dempsey had started researching systematic collection. Leading an initiative sponsored by The Privacy Projects, they commissioned a series of country reports, asking national experts to uncover what they could about government demands that telecommunications providers and other private-sector companies disclose information about their customers in bulk. Their initial research found disturbing indications of systematic access in countries around the world. These programs, often undertaken in the name of national security, were cloaked in secrecy and largely immune from oversight, posing serious threats to personal privacy. After the Snowden leaks, the project morphed into something more ambitious: an effort to explore what should be the rules for government access to data and how companies should respond to those demands within the framework of corporate responsibility. This volume concludes the nearly six-year project. It assembles 12 country reports, updated to reflect recent developments. One chapter presents both descriptive and normative frameworks for analyzing national surveillance laws. Others examine international law, human rights law, and oversight mechanisms. Still others explore the concept of accountability and the role of encryption in shaping the surveillance debate. In their conclusion, Cate and Dempsey offer recommendations for both government and industry.
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Lansford, Jennifer E., and Prerna Banati, eds. Handbook of Adolescent Development Research and Its Impact on Global Policy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190847128.001.0001.
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Of 1.2 billion adolescents in the world today, 90% live in low- and middle-income countries. These adolescents not only face many challenges but also represent a resource to be cultivated through educational opportunities and vocational training to move them toward economic independence, through initiatives to improve reproductive health, and through positive interpersonal relationships to help them avoid risky behaviors and make positive decisions about their futures. This volume tackles the challenges and promise of adolescence by presenting cutting-edge research on adolescent social, emotional, behavioral, cognitive, and physical development; promising programs from different countries to promote adolescents’ positive development; and policies that can advance adolescents’ rights within the framework of international initiatives, such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child and Sustainable Development Goals, which are guiding the international development agenda through 2030. This volume seeks to provide actionable strategies for policymakers and practitioners working with adolescents. Disconnects between national-level policies and local services, as well as lack of continuity with early childhood responses, present a significant challenge to ensuring a coherent approach for adolescents. Increasingly, adolescent participation and demands for rights-based approaches are seen and often unfortunately conflated with violence. This volume adopts a positive framing of adolescence, representing young people as opportunities rather than threats, and a valued investment both at individual and societal levels, contributing to a positive shift in discourses around young people.
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Graham, Patricia Albjerg. Schooling America. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195172225.001.0001.
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In this informative volume, Patricia Graham, one of America's most esteemed historians of education, offers a vibrant history of American education in the last century. Drawing on a wide array of sources, from government reports to colorful anecdotes, Graham skillfully illustrates Americans' changing demands for our schools, and how schools have responded by providing what critics want, though never as completely or as quickly as they would like. In 1900, as waves of immigrants arrived, the American public wanted schools to assimilate students into American life, combining the basics of English and arithmetic with emphasis on patriotism, hard work, fair play, and honesty. In the 1920s, the focus shifted from schools serving a national need to serving individual needs; education was to help children adjust to life. By 1954 the emphasis moved to access, particularly for African-American children to desegregated classrooms, but also access to special programs for the gifted, the poor, the disabled, and non-English speakers. Now Americans want achievement for all, defined as higher test scores. While presenting this intricate history, Graham introduces us to the passionate educators, scholars, and journalists who drove particular agendas, as well as her own family, starting with her immigrant father's first day of school and ending with her own experiences as a teacher. Invaluable background in the ongoing debate on education in the United States, this book offers an insightful look at what the public has sought from its educational institutions, what educators have delivered, and what remains to be done.
Book chapters on the topic "Demand response programmes"
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Du, Pengwei, Ning Lu, and Haiwang Zhong. "Basic Control Approach for Aggregated Demand Response Programs." In Demand Response in Smart Grids, 51–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19769-8_3.
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Hadayeghparast, Shahrzad, and Hadis Karimipour. "Comprehensive Modeling of Demand Response Programs." In Demand Response Application in Smart Grids, 21–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31399-9_2.
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Akbari-Dibavar, Alireza, Amir Farahmand-Zahed, and Behnam Mohammadi-Ivatloo. "Concept and Glossary of Demand Response Programs." In Demand Response Application in Smart Grids, 1–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31399-9_1.
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Vahidi, Behrooz, and Hamed Dehghani. "Linear and Nonlinear Modeling of Demand Response Programs." In Demand Response Application in Smart Grids, 79–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31399-9_3.
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Farahmand-Zahed, Amir, Alireza Akbari-Dibavar, Sayyad Nojavan, and Kazem Zare. "Demand-Side Management Programs of the International Energy Agency." In Demand Response Application in Smart Grids, 139–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31399-9_6.
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Jabari, Farkhondeh, Mousa Mohammadpourfard, and Behnam Mohammadi-Ivatloo. "Implementation of Demand Response Programs on Unit Commitment Problem." In Demand Response Application in Smart Grids, 37–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32104-8_2.
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Zare, Kazem, and Saber Makhandi. "Optimal Operation of the Microgrid Considering Network Losses and Demand Response Programs Under Condition of Uncertainty." In Demand Response Application in Smart Grids, 217–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32104-8_10.
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Nourollahi, Ramin, Kazem Zare, and Sayyad Nojavan. "Energy Management of Hybrid AC-DC Microgrid Under Demand Response Programs: Real-Time Pricing Versus Time-of-Use Pricing." In Demand Response Application in Smart Grids, 75–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32104-8_4.
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Yazdandoust, Maedeh, and Masoud Aliakbar Golkar. "Participation of Aggregated Electric Vehicles in Demand Response Programs." In Electric Vehicles in Energy Systems, 327–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34448-1_14.
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Arias, Luis A., Edwin Rivas, Francisco Santamaria, and Andres D. Quevedo. "Integration of Distributed Generation in Demand Response Programs: Study Case." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 561–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00350-0_46.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Demand response programmes"
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Holyhead, James C., Sarvapali D. Ramchurn, and Alex Rogers. "Consumer Targeting in Residential Demand Response Programmes." In e-Energy'15: The Sixth International Conference on Future Energy Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2768510.2768531.
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Esnaola-Gonzalez, Iker, Francisco Javier Diez, Lazar Berbakov, Nikola Tomasevic, Pavel Storek, Miguel Cruz, and Peter Kirketerp. "Semantic Interoperability for Demand-Response programs: RESPOND project’s use case." In 2018 Global Internet of Things Summit (GIoTS). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/giots.2018.8534568.
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Barreto, Carlos, and Alvaro A. Cardenas. "Detecting fraud in demand response programs." In 2015 54th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc.2015.7403034.
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Cabrera, N. G. "Evaluating demand response programs based on demand management contracts." In 2012 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting. New Energy Horizons - Opportunities and Challenges. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesgm.2012.6345567.
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Falvo, Maria Carmen, Giorgio Graditi, and Pierluigi Siano. "Electric Vehicles integration in demand response programs." In 2014 International Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion (SPEEDAM 2014). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/speedam.2014.6872126.
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Nikzad, Mehdi, Mahdi Bashirvand, Babak Mozafari, and Ali Mohamad Ranjbar. "Prioritizing demand response programs from reliability aspect." In 2012 11th International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering (EEEIC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eeeic.2012.6221578.
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Barreto, Carlos, Eduardo Mojica-Nava, and Nicanor Quijano. "Design of mechanisms for demand response programs." In 2013 IEEE 52nd Annual Conference on Decision and Control (CDC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdc.2013.6760148.
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Peinado-Guerrero, Miguel A., Nicolas A. Campbell, Jesus R. Villalobos, and Patrick E. Phelan. "A Framework for Demand-Side Management With Demand Response Input." In ASME 2020 Power Conference collocated with the 2020 International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2020-16635.
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Abstract A framework is proposed for demand-side load management (DSLM) of manufacturers participating in demand response (DR) programs. Utilities are increasingly focused on enticing their portfolios of energy end-users to adjust their energy use patterns in a mutually beneficial manner such as with DR programs. DR programs allow the utility to receive bulk peak load reduction and the participating end-user to receive credit towards their electricity bills. Once an end-user is enrolled in a DR program, they receive periodic requests for some amount of load reduction, typically the day before. Failing to respond to a DR signal will usually cost the end-user handsomely. The end-user is often left to their own discretion on how to attain the level of load reduction requested by the utility. For a manufacturer, this means if the request in load reduction is high enough, they will need to figure out how to curtail production. On the other hand, if the load reduction requested is small enough to need no disruption to production, the utility may be missing out on untapped DR capabilities that could be offered from the ability of the manufacturer to reschedule their production. In either case, the availability of an optimal plan for the manufacturer to best schedule its production in response to a DR event can maximize the benefits for both parties. Most of the research found in literature addresses production scheduling with minimal energy use or cost with respect to a time-of-use price tariff. A system that communicates the desires of the utility to the end-user for a DR event and provides the end-user with support in the decision-making process remains to be developed. The framework proposed addresses these shortcomings, considering the introduction of IoT capabilities and the physical constraints of the manufacturer.
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Bakhtiyor, Ghoziev, Vladislav O. Samoylenko, and Andrew V. Pazderin. "Demand Response Programs Influence On A Load Pattern." In 2020 Ural Smart Energy Conference (USEC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/usec50097.2020.9281259.
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Martinez, V. J., and H. Rudnick. "Design of Demand Response programs in emerging countries." In 2012 IEEE International Conference on Power System Technology (POWERCON 2012). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/powercon.2012.6401387.
Full textReports on the topic "Demand response programmes"
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Boisvert, Richard N., and Bernard F. Neenan. Social Welfare implications of demand response programs in competitive electricity markets. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/816220.
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Piette, Mary A., Oren Schetrit, Sila Kiliccote, Iris Cheung, and Becky Z. Li. Costs to Automate Demand Response - Taxonomy and Results from Field Studies and Programs. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1373278.
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Lowell, Jon, and Henry Yoshimura. ISO New England: Results of Ancillary Service Pilot Programs, Alternative Technology Regulation Pilot Program and Demand Response Reserves Pilot Program. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1219542.
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Weller, G. H. Review of current Southern California edison load management programs and proposal for a new market-driven, mass-market, demand-response program. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/822264.
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Goldman, Charles, Grayson Heffner, and Michael CW Kintner-Meyer. Impact of Enabling Technologies on Customer Load Curtailment Performance Summer 2001 Results from NYSERDA's PON 585 and 577 Programs and NYISO's Emergency Demand Response Program. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15010040.
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Goldman, Charles, Grayson Heffner, and Michael Kintner-Meyer. Impact of enabling technologies on customer load curtailment performance: Summer 2001 results from NYSERDA's PON 585 and 577 programs and NYISO's emergency demand response program. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/795362.
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Lavadenz, Magaly, Elvira Armas, and Natividad Robles. Bilingual Teacher Residency Programs in California: Considerations for Development and Expansion. Loyola Marymount University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15365/ceel.policy.7.
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Public interest, research and policies about dual language education and the multiple benefits of bilingualism and biliteracy have led to shortages of bilingual education teachers in the state and nation. School districts and educator preparation programs are actively looking for pathways of bilingual teacher preparation to meet local demands for more dual language programs. Modeled after medical residencies, teacher residencies are deeply rooted in clinical training, typically placing residents in classrooms with experienced teachers in high-needs schools where they are supported in their development. Teacher residencies allow for the recruitment of teachers, offer strong clinical preparation, connect new teachers to mentors and provide financial incentives to retain teachers in the school/district of residency. Little is known however, about bilingual teacher residencies in the state. Following a review of various data sources, researchers find that, to date, there are few bilingual teacher residencies offered and that there is a need to expand and study bilingual teacher residencies as one of the most viable pathways to respond to this shortage.
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Financial Stability Report - Second Semester of 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.sem2.eng-2020.
Full textAbstract:
The Colombian financial system has not suffered major structural disruptions during these months of deep economic contraction and has continued to carry out its basic functions as usual, thus facilitating the economy's response to extreme conditions. This is the result of the soundness of financial institutions at the beginning of the crisis, which was reflected in high liquidity and capital adequacy indicators as well as in the timely response of various authorities. Banco de la República lowered its policy interest rates 250 points to 1.75%, the lowest level since the creation of the new independent bank in 1991, and provided ample temporary and permanent liquidity in both pesos and foreign currency. The Office of the Financial Superintendent of Colombia, in turn, adopted prudential measures to facilitate changes in the conditions for loans in effect and temporary rules for rating and loan-loss provisions. Finally, the national government expanded the transfers as well as the guaranteed credit programs for the economy. The supply of real credit (i.e. discounting inflation) in the economy is 4% higher today than it was 12 months ago with especially marked growth in the housing (5.6%) and commercial (4.7%) loan portfolios (2.3% in consumer and -0.1% in microloans), but there have been significant changes over time. During the first few months of the quarantine, firms increased their demands for liquidity sharply while consumers reduced theirs. Since then, the growth of credit to firms has tended to slow down, while consumer and housing credit has grown. The financial system has responded satisfactorily to the changes in the respective demands of each group or sector and loans may grow at high rates in 2021 if GDP grows at rates close to 4.6% as the technical staff at the Bank expects; but the forecasts are highly uncertain. After the strict quarantine implemented by authorities in Colombia, the turmoil seen in March and early April, which was evident in the sudden reddening of macroeconomic variables on the risk heatmap in Graph A,[1] and the drop in crude oil and coal prices (note the high volatility registered in market risk for the region on Graph A) the local financial markets stabilized relatively quickly. Banco de la República’s credible and sustained policy response played a decisive role in this stabilization in terms of liquidity provision through a sharp expansion of repo operations (and changes in amounts, terms, counterparties, and eligible instruments), the purchases of public and private debt, and the reduction in bank reserve requirements. In this respect, there is now abundant aggregate liquidity and significant improvements in the liquidity position of investment funds. In this context, the main vulnerability factor for financial stability in the short term is still the high degree of uncertainty surrounding loan quality. First, the future trajectory of the number of people infected and deceased by the virus and the possible need for additional health measures is uncertain. For that reason, there is also uncertainty about the path for economic recovery in the short and medium term. Second, the degree to which the current shock will be reflected in loan quality once the risk materializes in banks’ financial statements is uncertain. For the time being, the credit risk heatmap (Graph B) indicates that non-performing and risky loans have not shown major deterioration, but past experience indicates that periods of sharp economic slowdown eventually tend to coincide with rises in non-performing loans: the calculations included in this report suggest that the impact of the recession on credit quality could be significant in the short term. This is particularly worrying since the profitability of credit establishments has been declining in recent months, and this could affect their ability to provide credit to the real sector of the economy. In order to adopt a forward-looking approach to this vulnerability, this Report presents several stress tests that evaluate the resilience of the liquidity and capital adequacy of credit institutions and investment funds in the event of a hypothetical scenario that seeks to simulate an extreme version of current macroeconomic conditions. The results suggest that even though there could be strong impacts on the credit institutions’ volume of credit and profitability under such scenarios, aggregate indicators of total and core capital adequacy will probably remain at levels that are above the regulatory limits over the horizon of a year. At the same time, the exercises highlight the high capacity of the system's liquidity to face adverse scenarios. In compliance with its constitutional objectives and in coordination with the financial system's security network, Banco de la República will continue to closely monitor the outlook for financial stability at this juncture and will make the decisions that are necessary to ensure the proper functioning of the economy, facilitate the flow of sufficient credit and liquidity resources, and further the smooth operation of the payment systems. Juan José Echavarría Governor