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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Demand Survey'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 June 2025

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1

Zubimendi, Leire. "Survey on video-on-demand broadcasting protocols." Zürich : ETH, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Department of Computer Science, Institute for Pervasive Computing, Information and Communication Systems Research Group, 2008. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=dipl&nr=361.

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2

Esteves, Mario Augusto Matos Simon [UNESP]. "Gerencimento da demanda: um survey na cadeia de suprimentos automotiva brasileira." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/146741.

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Submitted by MARIO AUGUSTO MATOS SIMON ESTEVES (marioaugustoesteves@gmail.com) on 2016-12-21T01:17:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao de Mestrado - Mario Esteves - Final.pdf: 3642994 bytes, checksum: 14617df83472dcb04e1f218abfd26cd4 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-12-22T12:43:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 esteves_mams_me_guara.pdf: 3642994 bytes, checksum: 14617df83472dcb04e1f218abfd26cd4 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-22T12:43:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 esteves_mams_me_guara.pdf: 3642994 bytes, checksum: 14617df83472dcb04e1f218abfd26cd4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-21<br>Com o contínuo crescimento da competitividade global, o grande desafio é trabalhar de forma enxuta, mas sem prejudicar o nível de serviço ao cliente. Para isso, busca-se uma rápida e adequada integração das necessidades do mercado na direção dos fornecedores, de modo a balancear e alinhar estrategicamente a demanda com a capacidade operacional ao longo de toda a cadeia de suprimentos. Para a presente pesquisa, utilizou-se levantamento do tipo survey, e o objetivo geral é verificar o panorama atual das práticas de Gestão de Demanda e Previsão de Demanda nas indústrias da Cadeia de Suprimentos Automotiva Brasileira, identificando as principais práticas utilizadas e as principais dificuldades relacionadas à execução dos processos de gestão e previsão de demanda, bem como as consequências causadas pelas variações e incertezas de demanda. Para tanto, com base na revisão da literatura e no método hipotético dedutivo de Popper, foi elaborado um questionário que foi respondido por 37 empresas da cadeia de suprimento automotiva dos mais diversos setores. Os resultados mostram que as empresas da cadeira de suprimento automotiva fazem uso com predominância de técnicas mais simples como opiniões de executivos e da equipe de vendas e utilização de médias móveis. A falta de disponibilidade de dados, a necessidade de capacitação e treinamento da equipe e a deficiencia no conhecimento dos modelos e ferramentas de previsão de demanda aparecem como as maiores barreiras para elaboração das previsões de demanda.<br>With the continued growth of global competitiveness, the challenge is to work lean way, but without affecting the level of customer service. As a result, a quick and proper integration of the market requirements towards suppliers should be sought, in order to balance and strategically align the demand with the operational capacity along the entire supply chain. This research use the survey method and the overall objective is to find what the current situation of Demand Management and Demand Forecasting practices in the industries of Brazilian Automotive Supply Chain, identifying the main practices and the difficulties related to the implementation of the management and demand forecasting processes, as well as those caused consequences as a result of variations and demand uncertainties. Therefore, based on the literature review and popper´s hypothetico-deductive method, it has been designed a questionnaire that was answered by 37 companies in the automotive supply chain in various sectors. The results show that companies in the automotive supply chair make use predominantly of the simplest techniques as executive and sales force opinion methods and use of moving averages. The lack of availability of data, the need of professional training and deficiency of knowledge of the models and demand forecasting tools appear as major barriers to development of demand forecasts.
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Palmer, Django. "Estimating the LES demand system using Finnish household budget survey data." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statistiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-376293.

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4

Börjesson, Maria. "Communication technology and travel demand models." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Infrastructure, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-1640.

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<p>Transportation planners have traditionally focused onphysical travel only, and disregarded the fact that other modesof communication may influence travel demand. However, moderntelecommunications are rapidly increasing the accessibility toactivities that previously only could be reached by physicaltransportation. This development calls for methods to analyseinteractions between telecommunications and transport systems.The objective of this thesis is to accomplish a betterunderstanding of if and how impacts of information technologycould be implemented in travel demand models. An important partof this issue is to investigate what kind of data that isneeded.</p><p>This thesis also aims at investigating whether theCommunication Survey, KOM, collected by Swedish Institute forTransport and Communications, SIKA, can be used to improvetransport modelling with respect to how moderntelecommunications influence travel demand. KOM is a one-daytravel and communication diary survey, including information onthe respondents telecommuting habits as well as socio-economicstatus. One problem was the small sample size in KOM, whichmade the analyses uncertain. Since KOM is collected on a yearlybasis, it is still possible to apply similar analysis methodswithin a few years, using a larger data set, which might enableextended analyses. The small sample in KOM available to date isbest suited for general descriptive analyses of communicationpatterns in Sweden. The main conclusions of the paper aretherefore connected to the methods and future datacollection.</p><p>The thesis includes three papers. The first paper tested amodel approach that assumes substitution between travel andnon-travel based communication, using the KOM database. Traveldemand models are in general constructed as nested logit modelswith frequency, mode and destination choice levels. In thepaper, non-travel based modes of communication were included inthe choice set of such a model. The non-travel based modes ofcommunication considered were Internet (and e-mail), ordinarymail and telephone contacts. The model was developed for postand bank activities only, since that was the only activity forwhich the numbers of contacts and trips were large enough toallow model estimation. Several conclusions could be drawn.Describing the utility of the non-travel based alternatives isdifficult and needs more research. The analysisis also verysensitive to how activities are defined. It is furtheressential that the data collection is more process orientedthan traditional cross-sectional data is when analysing traveland telecommunications interactions. That is, habits ofperforming particular activities, including both trips anddifferent types of contacts, must be studied. The second andthird papers investigate telecommuting. As a first step toreach the goal of forecasting telecommuting, the second paperexamined the characteristics of current telecommuters by use ofKOM. This was mainly accomplished by estimating a telecommutingadoption model of logit type. However, only 122 employees outof 7578 actually telecommutes full days at home. Thesetelecommuters work primarily in information- and service-basedindustrial sectors concerned with computers, finance orcommunication. The difficulties in describing the utility ofthe telecommunications based alternatives (representing”no travel”) concerned also the telecommutingadoption model. Also impacts on travel from telecommuting wereinvestigated. Comparing the average commuting distance showedthat employees who exclusively telecommute full days havelonger commuting distances than others, but that othertelecommuters do not have longer average commuting distances.Telecommuting in general does not seem to be influenced by lowaccessibility to the labour market.</p><p>The third paper used data collected from a working sitewithin the company Ericsson, located in the office district ofNacka Strand in Stockholm during the autumn 2002. Thetelecommuting frequency was substantially higher at Ericssonthan in the workforce as a whole. The propensity to adopttelecommuting was modelled as a function of socio-economicvariables and access to technical equipment, work tasksuitability and management attitudes, as perceived by theemployees. The focuswas to identify tools that the company canuse to promote telecommuting, and to find incentives for thecompany to promote telecommuting. Technical equipment, suitablework tasks and managers attitude were identified as constraintsfor telecommuting. The employees also perceived that theybecame more efficient and saved time when telecommuting.</p>
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Cox, Nathanael Christopher James. "Estimating demand for new modes of transportation using a context-aware stated preference survey." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/99588.

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Thesis: S.M. in Transportation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2015.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 123-129).<br>This thesis presents the design of a context-aware stated preference survey that will be used to estimate the demand for new transportation modes and services. It builds on the Future Mobility Survey, a smartphone-based prompted-recall survey that accurately gathers revealed preference information on respondents' travel patterns. By using this GPS data as the context for a hypothetical stated preference survey, we can present realistic travel scenarios to respondents that pivot off their actual behavior. The approach is the first of its kind to combine GPS and external data to generate hypothetical scenarios for a large number of modes. It does this by making use of freely available web services to gather information on travel times and distances on many modes, which then informs the presentation of these modes in the hypothetical scenario. The travel scenario is presented using a web interface that mimics trip-planning software, and the software can be readily applied across different cities and countries.<br>by Nathanael Christopher James Cox.<br>S.M. in Transportation
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Errabi, Khalid. "« Demand-Pull » ou « Technology-Push » : survey de la littérature récente et nouveaux tests économétriques." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO22005/document.

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Cette thèse s’inscrit au croisement de plusieurs domaines de la recherche économique de l’innovation. Notre démarche fait appel à des résultats empiriques issus de l’économétrie de l’innovation. Pour étudier la relation entre innovation et demande, l’outil le plus adapté nous semble être le modèle de la croissance endogène fondé sur l’innovation par opposition au modèle de la croissance exogène. La nature et la direction de cette relation ont été explorées par différents courants économiques qui peuvent être classés selon deux grandes écoles. Les premiers sont les tenants de la thèse dite de la poussée technologique de l’innovation (« Technology-Push Innovation ») que l’on peut considérer très globalement comme « tirés » par les travaux de Joseph Schumpeter. Les seconds sont les tenants de l’approche dite de l’impulsion par la demande de l’innovation (« Demand-Pull Innovation ») dont les travaux pionniers ont été baptisés par Jacob Schmookler. Les travaux de Kleinknecht et Verspagen (1990) nous ont fortement inspiré pour démarrer cette thèse. Notre démarche constitue un prolongement et une complexification de leur analyse. En effet, l’objectif de cette thèse est double : monter que la relation entre innovation et demande n’est pas unidirectionnelle et, ce constat vérifié, examiner la possibilité d’étudier l’hétérogénéité des industries au sens de ces deux approches en fonction de leurs niveaux technologiques.Il nous semble que notre travail contribue à la compréhension des déterminants de l’innovation tels qu’ils ressortent de la controverse « Demand-Pull » versus « Technology-push », de trois façons :1) En proposant un survey problématisé de la littérature sur l’innovation,2) En présentant de façon originale des données sur la R&amp;D et la productivité des industries des pays de l’OCDE,3) En suggérant que les modèles à correction d’erreur, maintenant très bien maîtrisés, peuvent apporter d’utiles éclairages à la question des modèles d’innovation (« Demand-Pull » versus « Technology-push »)<br>This thesis is at the intersection of several fields of economic research of innovation. Our approach uses empirical results from the econometrics of innovation. To study the relationship between innovation and demand, the most suitable seems to be the endogenous growth model based on innovation as opposed to the exogenous growth model. The nature and the direction of this relationship have been explored by various economic flows that can be classified into two major schools. The first are the proponents of so-called “Technology-Push Innovation” which may be regarded very broadly as “learned” by the work of Joseph Schumpeter. The latter are the proponents of the approach “Demand-Pull Innovation”, whose pioneering works have been baptized by Jacob Schmookler.The works of Kleinknecht and Verspagen (1990) have greatly inspired us to start this thesis. Our approach is an extension of this analysis. The purpose of this thesis is twofold: 1) showing that the relationship between innovation and demand is not unidirectional, 2) and this finding verified, examining the heterogeneity of industries within the meaning of these two approaches based on their technology levels.It seems to us that our work contributes to understanding the determinants of innovation as they emerge from the controversy “Demand-Pull” versus “Technology-push”, in three ways: 1) By offering a problematized survey of the literature on innovation, 2) By presenting, in an original way, data on R&amp;D and productivity of industries in OECD countries, 3) By suggesting that the error correction models, now very well controlled, can provide useful insights to the issue of innovation models (“Demand-Pull” versus “Technology-push”)
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Hrabovsky, Ellen E. "Global demand for certified hardwood products as determined from a survey of hardwood exporters." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2003. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=3074.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2003.<br>Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 61 p. : ill. (some col.), col. map. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 28-30).
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Jameson, Alan. "Obstacles and Opportunities for Microcredit Companies Developing in the Countryside." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1253543053.

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9

Fuchs, Alexander J. "San Luis Obispo Regional Transit Authority: Recommendations for Future Service Demand." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2013. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1011.

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Transit agencies at all levels of government monitor trends in services, operations, and ridership using performance indicators. Federal and state agencies use these performance indicators in the appropriation of funds to transit agencies. Public transportation is subsidized through federal, state and local programs while only a portion of the operating expenses are covered through rider fares. In order to gather information on riders and travel patterns, transit agencies primarily focus on current transit riders, many of which are transit dependent populations. By definition, these populations use public transit services as the primary or only means of transportation. As a result, this offers limited opportunity for ridership growth among transit dependent populations. One segment of a population that offers high opportunity for ridership growth is commuters. A commuter is considered a worker that travels from home to work on a regular basis. However, in the case of commuter oriented transit services, it is important to survey non-riders so that any new services will have the greatest potential of increasing ridership among commuters. This report explores the potential commuter demand for additional or express bus services provided by San Luis Obispo Regional Transit Authority (RTA). RTA operates countywide fixed-route bus services and para-transit services for San Luis Obispo County. This report focuses on RTA’s Route 9, which operates between the North County and the Central County. In order to collect data from non-riders, electronics survey instruments were created and distributed using employer e-mail addresses. The survey instruments were sent to three major employers in San Luis Obispo County: California State University, San Luis Obispo (Cal Poly), the City of San Luis Obispo, and the County of San Luis Obispo. A link to one of the surveys instruments was also included on San Luis Obispo Council of Government’s (SLOCOG) Rideshare’s March 2013 e-newsletter as a way to reach additional non-riders. Analysis of the survey responses resulted in the recommendations to RTA. Recommendations are separated into two categories: (1) Expansion of RTA Route 9 services and (2) Future RTA non-rider outreach.
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VIDALAKIS, LYCURGO. "Observing travel behaviour from GPS data - A tool comparison survey in the Torino metropolitan area." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2507454.

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Travel surveys help researchers to paint a clear picture of specific aspects of travel behaviour. In the transport field, data quality is largely dictated by the data requirements of mathematical models, and by the rising complexity of individuals' travel behaviour. Beginning with an illustration of the most common transport models, this thesis will first present an overview of traditional survey tools, in order to understand their structural biases and current developments in the transport survey field. One of the recent solutions to common data collection problems has been the implementation of passive data collection tools in household and personal travel surveys. Passive data collection tools allow researchers to derive travel behaviour information from positional and navigational data, collected with devices that use location-aware technologies, such as GPS, GSM, and RFid. Passive data collection tools – in particular, GPS devices – have proven useful in household and personal travel surveys, and have shown themselves capable of providing researchers with high-quality travel data. The objective of this research is to evaluate the use of GPS as a survey tool in household and personal travel surveys. Technological advances and decreasing costs have helped GPS to achieve wide use in the survey field. Furthermore, GPS-equipped devices allow surveyors to collect high-quality data on the time and position of individuals and vehicles – data that are more difficult to ascertain using traditional survey tools, such as self-administered questionnaires and telephonic interviews. A research team at the Politecnico di Torino designed and carried out a multi-instrumental personal travel survey, in order to assess the context-specific problems of a GPS-based survey in the metropolitan area of Torino. Survey methods included both a paper-and-pencil travel diary, and locational data collected using GPS devices. The survey effort consisted of a 4-day pilot survey with a sample of 4 individuals, and a successive 14-day GPS survey with a sample of 8 individuals. Results from self-administered travel diaries and GPS-derived data provided surveyors with valuable data for assessing the quality and completeness of travel information, and for determining the data’s ability to accurately describe respondents’ travel behaviour. The final outcomes of the GPS survey effort and of supplementary passive data collection tests allowed researchers to identify strengths and weaknesses of the implementation of passive data collection tools. Actual trends and future developments in the field will supplement the overview.
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Ahmed, Hassan. "Energy need assessment and preferential choice survey of rural people in Bangladesh." Thesis, KTH, Energi och klimatstudier, ECS, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-123399.

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This study is a part of a poly generation project which will use animal waste or agricultural waste to produce biogas and will provide cooking gas, electricity and arsenic free clean water for drinking in rural areas of Bangladesh.  The study mainly analyzes the cooking and lighting energy demand of households across different income groups in a village named “Pani Para” in the Faridpur district in Bangladesh and also looks at the potential of biogas in the village. It has been done by adopting case study method and conducting a survey in the village using a questionnaire. Fuel mix across different income groups for meeting their cooking and lighting energy needs have also been studied along with socio-economic situation of the villagers and their preferences to change their current cooking fuel utilization patterns. Various scenarios like variation in fuel consumption patterns, priority of income expenditure and access to fuel with income level have been examined. The study also focuses to analyze the awareness of the villagers about biogas technology and their willingness to contribute for the poly generation project along with the willingness of households to pay for embracing change in current cooking and lighting fuels. Biomass potential i.e. cow dung and agricultural waste is also calculated in the surveyed village along with the production of biogas from the available biomass resources. The scenarios to provide the cooking gas, electricity and clean water through biogas poly generation project from the available resources are also investigated. Analysis reveals that the total energy consumption (cooking and lighting) increases with the increase in the income level among the households. Average household cooking and lighting energy demand by low, medium and high income groups is 8492 kWh/yr, 9789 kWh/yr and 14806 kWh/yr respectively. Cooking energy demand and agricultural waste consumption also show an increasing trend with the increase in land holding size. Among the income expenditure priorities food is one of the most important priorities and energy being less important due to availability of biomass at little or no cost. Awareness of biogas technology among the households and willingness to contribute for the poly generation plant shows an increasing trend with the increase in education level. The study shows that there is a positive response of the villagers for being willing to embrace the change in the current cooking patterns as well as welcoming new technologies that could support such a change. It was found that the cow dung resource in the village is not enough to produce sufficient biogas for the poly generation project. With the incorporation of the agricultural waste with the cow dung, biogas production comes quite close to requirement of the poly generation plant but however could not suffice it completely due to the lack of raw material in the studied village. In that case the scenario of providing electricity and clean water to all the villagers and providing all the three facilities to the 2/3rd of households is investigated. 1/3rd of the low income households then could meet their cooking demands by provision of improved cooking stoves as cooking gas could not be provided to them due to limited feedstock. The study shows that despite of the fact that cooking and lighting energy needs increase with income but there is not much variation in the fuel mix and almost everyone in the village rely on biomass to meet their energy demand. It is because there is very limited access to the modern fuel for cooking and no electricity access in the village, so the households have to rely on the traditional fuels.<br><p>KTH School of Industrial Engineering and Management, Department of Energy Technology, Division of Energy and Climate studies</p>
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Öhman, Axel, and Bill Edwall. "Opportunities for the Jatuwa community biogas plant : An energy demand survey and a field site examinationMinor Field Study." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-233837.

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De klimatförändringar som idag orsakar allt större problem för länder i Himalayaregionen har ökat beslutsfattares medvetenhet kring konsekvenserna som de ökande temperaturerna för med sig. När människor konsumerar energi från fossila bränslekällor ökar koncentrationen av bland annat koldioxid i atmosfären vilket bidrar till den växthuseffekt som sakta värmer upp jordens klimat. Detta påverkar ekosystem och ökar risken för naturkatastrofer. Nepal är ett av länderna som ser konsekvenserna av den globala uppvärmningen från nära håll och landet satsar därför på att utveckla energisektorn genom implementeringen av fossilfria energislag. En av de mest framgångsrika satsningarna är användandet av biogasteknologi. Idag har över 350 000 småskaliga biogasanläggningar installerats över hela landet. Alternative Energy Promotion Centre (AEPC), den verkställande myndighetsorganisationen för främjande av ren och hållbar energi satsar nu på att utveckla den storskaliga biogassektorn för att öka landets inhemska och hållbara energiutvinning.   Shree Krishna Gau Sewa Sadan (SKGSS) är en hinduisk stiftelse belägen i byn Jatuwa i sydöstra Nepal vars syfte är att ta hand om och betjäna kor, djur som inom hinduism är betraktade som heliga. Stiftelsen siktar nu på att bli ekonomiskt självförsörjande genom att sälja biogas och rötslam från en nyligen byggd biogasanläggning till närliggande hushåll. Gasen ska produceras från dynga insamlat från stiftelsens kor och distribueras genom ett gasnät som ännu inte är byggt. Syftet med denna studie var att utreda möjligheterna för SKGSS att framgångsrikt driva biogasanläggningen och fokuserade på två områden som var av intresse för AEPC, projektets huvudsponsor. Det första var att primärt beräkna hushållens energibehov för matlagning, deras nuvarande energikostnader för matlagning och deras inställning att byta till biogas som matlagningsbränsle för att assistera planeringen av det framtida gasnätet. Det andra var att lokalisera och identifiera potentiella förbättringsområden inom biogassystemet och baserat på detta ge förslag på huvudsakligen tekniska förbättringar som kan hjälpa SKGSS att framgångsrikt driva biogasanläggningen. Studien genomfördes med hjälp av en litteraturstudie, semi-konstruerade intervjuer, enkätundersökning av hushållen och en inspektion av biogasanläggningen.   Enkätundersökningen visade att hushållens intresse att byta till biogas är stort. De flesta var dessutom villiga att betala för att anslutas till gasnätet. Den positiva inställningen till biogas härrör möjligen delvis från en ökad medvetenhet kring klimatfrågor samt energisäkerhet. Undersökningen visade även att det närliggande området inte är en trolig marknad för försäljning av rötslam. Dock är Nepal en växande marknad för organiskt och högkvalitativ gödsel så möjligheterna för en lyckad försäljning av rötslam är ändå stora. De primära beräkningarna visade att anläggningen med dess idag tillgängliga mängd organiskt material inte kan förse mer än 50 hushåll med biogas. Vid planläggningen av gasnätet måste dock beräkningar baserade på faktiska mätningar av biogassystemet göras. Denna studie rekommenderar även ett antal förbättringar av biogassystemet som skulle kunna hjälpa stiftelsens biogasanläggning att fungera bättre.<br>As climate change becomes an ever-bigger issue for countries in the south-Himalayan region, policy makers become more aware of the problems associated with increasing temperatures. As countries consume more energy extracted from fossil fuels the climate becomes warmer, affecting ecosystems and increasing the risk of natural disasters. Nepal is one of the countries seeing the effects of global warming from close range and the country is now seriously aiming to develop its energy sector through the implementation of sustainable energies. One of the more successful stories of the Nepali energy sector is the implementation of biogas technology. As of today, more than 350 000 small scale biogas systems for single household use are operating all over Nepal. The Alternative Energy Promotion Centre (AEPC), the focal governmental agency for the promotion of sustainable and clean energy, is now aiming to develop the large-scale biogas sector. This would increase the amount of domestic sustainable energy as well as the country’s energy security.   The Shree Krishna Gau Sewa Sadan (SKGSS) is a Hindu trust located in south-eastern Nepal with the purpose of taking in and serving cows. It now aims to become economically self-sufficient by selling biogas and slurry produced from a newly constructed large-scale biogas plant to the nearby community households. The biogas will be produced from cow dung collected on the property and distributed to the households through a gas grid that is yet to be designed and built. The purpose of study was to investigate the opportunities for the trust to successfully operate the biogas plant and was focused on two areas of interest to the AEPC, which is the key sponsor of the community biogas project. The first was to primarily calculate the energy cooking demand of the nearby households, their current cost of cooking and their attitude towards a switch to biogas usage which would assist the planning of the future gas grid. The second was to localize and identify potential areas of improvements within the biogas system and based on that offer suggestions of improvements focused on technical aspects that would help the SKGSS to successfully operate the biogas plant.The study was conducted using a literature study, semi-constructed interviews, household surveys and on-site inspections of the biogas plant.   The household survey showed that the nearby households’ interest in switching to biogas is high. Most of the households also showed to be willing to pay extra money to be connected to the biogas grid. The positive attitude towards biogas partly stems from a raised awareness about climate issues as well as increased security in energy security. The survey also showed that the nearby urban and semi-urban community is not a viable market for the produced slurry. However, Nepal is a big and growing market for organic high value fertilizer so the potential of a successful sale of slurry is still high. The primary calculations show that with the feedstock available, the community biogas plant cannot suffice more than 50 households’ energy demand for cooking. When designing the gas grid, proper calculations based on actual measurements of the biogas system need to be done. This study also recommends various improvements of the biogas system that will help the SKGSS biogas plant to operate successfully.
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Wilson, Filipa Barahona da Fonseca Valdez. "Determinants of demand for voluntary private health insurance in Europe." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/8220.

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Mestrado em Finanças<br>A presente tese analisa os determinantes da procura individual de seguro de saúde privado e de seguros privados de saúde com cobertura diferente (acesso a especialistas, a escolha estendida de médicos, cuidados dentários e cuidados de enfermagem em casa em caso de doença crónica ou deficiência). Os cincos tipos de seguros são analisados de forma independente. Os determinantes da procura individual de seguro de saúde privado são testados empiricamente analisando os dados da Survey of Health Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) utilizando o modelo Probit. Os resultados sugerem que viver num país com o sistema de financiamento da saúde Beveridge não incentiva a procura por seguros privados de saúde. A educação, o rendimento e uma boa auto-avaliação do estado de saúde têm efeitos positivos sobre a procura individual do seguro de saúde privado. O efeito positivo encontrado entre a procura individual e a boa auto-avaliação do estado de saúde poderá ser uma pré-condição para a selecção adversa e o risco moral. Ser portador de deficiência ou ter uma doença crónica poderá ter influência na procura individual.<br>This dissertation investigates the determinants of the individual demand for private health insurance and private health insurance with different coverage ( access to specialists, extended choice of doctors, dental care and nursing care at home in case of chronic disease or disability). The five types are analyzed independently. The determinants of the individual demand for private health insurance are tested empirically using micro data from Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), and adopting a Probit model. The results suggest that living in a country with Beveridge financial health system don?t incentive the demand for private health insurance. Education, income and a good self-evaluation of the health status have positive effects on private health insurance. The positive effect found from self-assessed health give the precondition for adverse selection and moral hazard. Being disabled or having a chronic disease putatively influences the individual demand.
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Wickham, Cheryl E. "Government pharmaceutical subsidy policy and the demand for health care in Russia : evidence from the Russia longitudinal monitoring survey /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7513.

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Xu, Yanzhi. "Effective GPS-based panel survey sample size for urban travel behavior studies." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/33843.

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This research develops a framework to estimate the effective sample size of Global Positioning System (GPS) based panel surveys in urban travel behavior studies for a variety of planning purposes. Recent advances in GPS monitoring technologies have made it possible to implement panel surveys with lengths of weeks, months or even years. The many advantageous features of GPS-based panel surveys make such surveys attractive for travel behavior studies, but the higher cost of such surveys compared to conventional one-day or two-day paper diary surveys requires scrutiny at the sample size planning stage to ensure cost-effectiveness. The sample size analysis in this dissertation focuses on three major aspects in travel behavior studies: 1) to obtain reliable means for key travel behavior variables, 2) to conduct regression analysis on key travel behavior variables against explanatory variables such as demographic characteristics and seasonal factors, and 3) to examine impacts of a policy measure on travel behavior through before-and-after studies. The sample size analyses in this dissertation are based on the GPS data collected in the multi-year Commute Atlanta study. The sample size analysis with regard to obtaining reliable means for key travel behavior variables utilizes Monte Carlo re-sampling techniques to assess the trend of means against various sample size and survey length combinations. The basis for the framework and methods of sample size estimation related to regression analysis and before-and-after studies are derived from various sample size procedures based on the generalized estimating equation (GEE) method. These sample size procedures have been proposed for longitudinal studies in biomedical research. This dissertation adapts these procedures to the design of panel surveys for urban travel behavior studies with the information made available from the Commute Atlanta study. The findings from this research indicate that the required sample sizes should be much larger than the sample sizes in existing GPS-based panel surveys. This research recommends a desired range of sample sizes based on the objectives and survey lengths of urban travel behavior studies.
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Ramesh, Chirania Saloni. "Forecasting Model for High-Speed Rail in the United States." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76878.

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A tool to model both current rail and future high-speed rail (HSR) corridors has been presented in this work. The model is designed as an addition to the existing TSAM (Transportation System Analysis Model) capabilities of modeling commercial airline and automobile demand. TSAM is a nationwide county to county multimodal demand forecasting tool based on the classical four step process. A variation of the Box-Cox logit model is proposed to best capture the characteristic behavior of rail demand in US. The utility equation uses travel time and travel cost as the decision variables for each model. Additionally, a mode specific geographic constant is applied to the rail mode to model the North-East Corridor (NEC). NEC is of peculiar interest in modeling, as it accounts for most of the rail ridership. The coefficients are computed using Genetic Algorithms. A one county to one station assignment is employed for the station choice model. Modifications are made to the station choice model to replicate choices affected by the ease of access via driving and mass transit. The functions for time and cost inputs for the rail system were developed from the AMTRAK website. These changes and calibration coefficients are incorporated in TSAM. The TSAM model is executed for the present and future years and the predictions are discussed. Sensitivity analysis for cost and speed of the predicted HSR is shown. The model shows the market shift for different modes with the introduction of HSR. Limited data presents the most critical hindrance in improving the model further. The current validation process incorporates essential assumptions and approximations for transfer rates, short trip percentages, and access and egress distances. The challenges for the model posed by limited data are discussed in the model.<br>Master of Science
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Bhargava, Vibha. "Demand for complementary and alternative medicine an economic analysis /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1181736111.

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Sundbäck, Magnus. "DEN HÄLSOFRÄMJANDE BETYDELSEN AV SOCIALT STÖD FÖR ARBETSRELATERAD STRESS : En kvantitativ studie." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hälsa, vård och välfärd, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-28967.

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Förändringar på arbetsmarknaden på grund av nedskärningar och effektiviseringar har för individen inneburit mer ansvar, tyngre arbetsbörda och högre krav i arbetsuppgiften. Med denna utveckling har stressrelaterade sjukdomar ökat i Sverige de senaste åren. Det framkommer att det sociala stödet kan fungera som en hälsofrämjande resurs i förhållande till graden av arbetsrelaterad stress. Vidare kan en hög belastning i arbetslivet och i privatlivet kan ha en negativ effekt och bidra till en högre skadlig stressnivå. Syftet med studien är därefter att undersöka i vilken utsträckning socialt stöd och dubbelbelastning kan kopplas till arbetsrelaterad stress. Resultatet har analyserats med teoretisk ansats utifrån Krav-kontroll-stödmodellen och socialt stöd som hälsofrämjande resurs. För att undersöka sambandet mellan socialt stöd och dubbelbelastning i förhållande till arbetsrelaterad stress tillämpades en kvantitativ enkätstudie. Insamlad data analyserades i univariata samt multivariata linjära regressionsanalyser. Analysen visade inte att arbetsrelaterad stress hade något signifikant samband med socialt stöd i arbetslivet, i privatlivet och dubbelbelastning. Dock framkom det att kön var associerat med graden av arbetsrelaterad stress.<br>Changes in the labor market because of downsizing and efficiency improvements for the individual meant more responsibility, workload and the increasing demands of the job. With this development, stress-related diseases have increased in Sweden in recent years. It appears that social support can serve as a health resource in relation to the degree of work-related stress. Furthermore, a high load at work and in private life may have an adverse effect and contribute to a higher distress levels. The purpose of this study is then to examine the extent to which social support and the double burden can be linked to work-related stress. The results have been analyzed with the theoretical approach based on the Demand-Control-Support model and social support that health promotion resource. To examine the relationship between social support and the double burden in relation to work-related stress a quantitative survey has been applied. Collected data were analyzed in univariate and multivariate linear regression analyzes. The analysis revealed that work-related stress had no significant correlation with social support at work, in private and double load. However, it emerged that gender was associated with the rate of work-related stress.
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Santos, Mariana Manardo dos. "Eficiência do processo de produção e comercialização de sementes de trigo um estudo de caso." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2011. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br/handle/ri/1353.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:44:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_mariana_manardo_dos_santos.pdf: 317539 bytes, checksum: 480a9d98e38706d765e235ae33338837 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-02<br>The correct planning of all steps involved in seed production, particularly post-harvest, is extremely important for maintaining a company in a competitive market. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of processes related to wheat seed production, from the field to the final commercialization of seeds of a producer with self-certification, from Paraná State, in the period of 2006 - 2010. The study was conducted in a company of São Sebastião da Amoreira, Paraná. The amount of wheat seeds received by the Seed Processing Unit, seeds processed, seeds approved for sale and seeds sold were recorded and analyzed for each cultivar processed by the company. On average, the company discarded 30% of all seeds processed; therefore only 70% of seeds processed were effectively sold as seeds. It is important for the company to do a market survey in order to know the customer demand for each cultivar, before sowing the field, in order to minimize losses due to lack of market demand. The preventive control of diseases in the production field is important to avoid losses due to diseases known to compromise the quality and yield of the seeds.<br>O correto planejamento de todas as etapas envolvidas na produção de sementes, em especial as de pós-colheita, é de extrema importância para a manutenção de uma empresa de forma competitiva no mercado. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência dos processos relacionados à produção de sementes de trigo desde a produção a campo até a comercialização final de um produtor de certificação própria de sementes do Paraná, no período compreendido entre 2006 a 2010. O estudo foi realizado em uma empresa de São Sebastião da Amoreira, Paraná. Foram analisadas as informações referentes à quantidade de sementes de trigo recebida pela Unidade de Beneficiamento de Sementes, quantidade beneficiada, quantidade de sementes aprovadas para comercialização e a quantidade de sementes comercializadas. Em relação à quantidade de semente recebida, calculou-se a percentagem de sementes beneficiadas, da mesma forma para a quantidade beneficiada em relação à aprovada e para a aprovada em relação à comercializada. Todos os registros obtidos na empresa foram selecionados a partir do ano de 2006 para todas as cultivares produzidas pela empresa e agrupados em tabelas por ano de produção. Verificou-se que a eficiência nos processos varia acentuadamente em função das cultivares. A realização de pesquisas de mercado para conhecer a demanda dos clientes por variedade, antes da sua semeadura nos campos da empresa, ou campanhas de vendas antecipadas, possibilita à mesma evitar descartes de variedades pela baixa procura. O controle preventivo de doenças nos campos de produção é importante para evitar perdas de trigo por doenças atualmente conhecidas e que são comprometedoras da qualidade e da produtividade. Na média dos anos, a empresa apresentou um descarte de 30% de toda a produção obtida, sendo assim, 70% da produção comercializada como semente.
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Nilsson, Klaudia. "En marknadsundersökning för ett apotek." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekonomi och organisation (Inst.), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-33662.

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Sedan apoteksmarknaden avreglerades har många nya aktörer etablerats, både stora apotekskedjor och privatägda apotek. Alla slåss de om samma marknad, den marknad som Apoteket AB hade innan avregleringen. P/S Apotek är ett nyöppnat apotek på Sankt Eriksplan och deras uppdrag var att ta reda på vad kunderna efterfrågade hos ett apotek. P/S Apotek hade tänkt erbjuda två unika tjänster som inte finns på andra apotek, hälsokväll och specialistrådgivning. Syftet med denna uppsats är därmed: Att undersöka vad ett nyöppnat apotek skall erbjuda för produkter, service och tjänster samt vilka kunder de skall satsa på för att erhålla marknadsandelar.   Fyra olika metoder har använts för att kunna nå fram till målet med examensarbetet: benchmarking, dold observation, kvalitativa intervjuer och enkätmetodik. Resultatet av undersökningarna blev att de potentiella kunderna ville ha längre öppettider på vardagskvällar. Det viktigaste kriteriet som de potentiella kunderna värdesatte hos ett apotek var sortimentet. Produkter som de gärna vill ha på apoteket är bl.a. hudvårdsprodukter, självtester, träningsrelaterade produkter och hjälpmedel för äldre och handikappade. Bland de kvinnliga tillfrågade var hälsokvällen relativt populär. Tjänsten specialistrådgivning fick positiv respons hos 3 av de 5 segment. För att bestämma vilka kunder P/S Apotek skall satsa på har segmentering genomförts. Det segment som P/S Apotek bör satsa på är segment 4 (kvinnor i åldern 41 - 65 år) med avseende på de tjänster de vill erbjuda, hälsokväll och specialistrådgivning.<br>After the marked deregulation, many new players have entered the Swedish pharmacy business. Both major pharmacy companies and small privately owned companies have entered the new market. Before the deregulation this entire market was owned by Apoteket AB, which had a monopoly on the market. This report is about a newly opened pharmacy, P/S Apotek. P/S Apotek needed to know what the customers demanded and if there was an interest in some of the unique services that they wanted to offer. The purpose of this report was thus: to investigate what a newly opened pharmacy should offer product-wise and service-wise and what customers they should focus on in order to gain market shares. Four different methods have been used within the report: Benchmarking, non-participant observation, qualitative interview method and questionnaire survey. The result of the surveys was that the customers wanted longer opening times on weekday nights. The most important criteria that the customers valued, for a pharmacy, was the selection. Products that the customers wanted in a pharmacy included skincare products, self-tests, athletics supplements and aid for elderly and impaired. Among the women that were surveyed the "healthcare night" was popular. The service specialist advice was popular among most of the customers. In order to determine what customers P/S Apotek should focus on a segmentation was conducted. This resulted in that segment 4 (women aged 41-65) seemed to be the most interested in the services P/S Apotek wants to offer, "healthcare night" and specialist advice. Thus, if P/S Apotek is going to offer these services, segment 4 should be the target group.
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Björk, Anna. "Arbetsförhållandens betydelse för hälsa : En kvantitativ studie ur ett salutogent perspektiv bland lagerarbetare." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hälsa, vård och välfärd, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-31761.

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Sjukskrivningar för psykisk ohälsa orsakade av dåliga arbetsförhållanden i den sociala och organisatoriska arbetsmiljön är ett växande problem i samhället. Samtidigt finns lite forskning om arbetsförhållanden och hälsa ur ett salutogent perspektiv. Syftet är att undersöka i vilken utsträckning upplevda arbetsförhållanden kan kopplas till självskattad hälsa ur ett salutogent perspektiv bland lagerarbetare på en arbetsplats. Studien är baserad på kvantitativa data. Univariat- och multipel linjär regressionsanalys har använts för att undersöka samband mellan arbetsförhållanden och hälsa. Resultatet visade på signifikanta samband mellan arbetsförhållanden och självskattad hälsa. Starkast samband fanns för stödjande arbetsförhållanden, tidsupplevelse och individuella inre upplevelser. Det innebär att det är betydelsefullt med ett gott socialt klimat på arbetsplatsen med tillgång till stöd från både arbetskamrater och arbetsgivaren, att arbetet upplevs som meningsfullt, att det finns utvecklingsmöjligheter, att personalens utbildning matchar kraven i arbetet och att tidsupplevelsen är positiv genom att arbetsuppgifterna hinns med under arbetstid utan stress. Självskattad hälsa ökade med ålder men det fanns inga signifikanta skillnader utifrån kön, anställningsform, utbildning eller etnisk bakgrund. Resultatet har diskuterats utifrån känsla av sammanhang (KASAM) och krav-kontroll-stödmodellen som teoretiskt perspektiv.<br>Sick leave due to mental ill-health, caused by poor working conditions in the social and organizational work environment is a growing problem in the society. There is a lack of research on working conditions’ impact on health from a salutogenic perspective. The purpose of this study is to investigate the extent to which perceived working conditions can be associated with self-rated health from a salutogenic perspective among warehouse workers at a workplace. The study is based on questionnaire data. Univariat- and multiple linear regressions were performed to investigate the relationship between working conditions and health. The result showed that there are significant associations between working conditions and self-rated health. The strongest associations were found with supportive working conditions, time experience, individual inner experinces, and health. This means that it is important to have a high social climate in the workplace with access to support from both colleagues and employer, that work is perceived as meaningful, to have opportunities for development, that personnel education matches the requirements for the job and that there is enough time to perform tasks without stress. Self-rated health increased with age but there were no significant differences by gender, employment status, education or ethnic background. The result has been discussed on the basis of sense of coherence (SOC) and the demand-control-support model as a theoretical perspective.
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Cilasun, Seyit Mumin. "Income And, Consumption And Saving Behavior Of Turkish Households." Phd thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12611207/index.pdf.

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Using 2002-2006 Household Budget Survey, this thesis investigates the income, consumption and saving dynamics of Turkish households within a life-cycle theory framework by employing cross-sectional analyses and cohort techniques. Cohort techniques are used not only to analyze these variables, but also to investigate the demographics and components of income and consumption. The analyses are deepened by dividing the sample according to the location of the households (urban-rural areas), and significant differences are found between urban and rural households, especially in terms of saving behaviors. Income, consumption and savings of formal and informal households are also investigated. Analyzing these households provides information regarding the precautionary saving since the higher income uncertainty of the informal households is expected to force them for extra saving due to precautionary motive. Finally, the life-cycle model and the precautionary saving hypothesis are tested by estimating log-linearized Euler equations. In the test of precautionary saving hypothesis, formal-informal data are used as a proxy for the risk variable. According to the estimation results, the predictions of the life-cycle model do not hold for Turkey but there is no evidence that this is due to precautionary saving.
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Araya, Yeheyies. "Detecting Swiching Points and Mode of Transport from GPS Tracks." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Kommunikations- och transportsystem, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-91320.

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In recent years, various researches are under progress to enhance the quality of the travel survey. These researches were mainly performed with the aid of GPS technology. Initially the researches were mainly focused on the vehicle travel mode due to the availability of GPS technology in vehicle. But, nowadays due to the accessible of GPS devices for personal uses, researchers have diverted their focus on personal mobility in all travel modes. This master’s thesis aimed at developing a mechanism to extract one type of travel survey information particularly travel mode from collected GPS dataset. The available GPS dataset is collected for travel modes of walk, bike, car, and public transport travel modes such as bus, train and subway. The developed procedure consists of two stages where the first is the dividing the track trips into trips and further the trips into segments by means of a segmentation process. The segmentation process is based on an assumption that a traveler switches from one transportation mode to the other. Thus, the trips are divided into walking and non walking segments. The second phase comprises a procedure to develop a classification model to infer the separated segments with travel modes of walk, bike, bus, car, train and subway. In order to develop the classification model, a supervised classification method has been used where decision tree algorithm is adopted. The highest obtained prediction accuracy of the classification system is walk travel mode with 75.86%. In addition, the travel modes of bike and bus have shown the lowest prediction accuracy. Moreover, the developed system has showed remarkable results that could be used as baseline for further similar researches.
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Machado, Priscila Pereira. "Influência dos supermercados na disponibilidade e preço de alimentos ultraprocessados consumidos no Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6138/tde-13092016-141210/.

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Introdução: As vendas e o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados têm crescido em paralelo aos níveis de obesidade e com mudanças na forma de distribuição de alimentos. No entanto, não há consenso na literatura sobre como o local de compra e o preço praticado influenciam o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados, especialmente com a ascensão das grandes redes de supermercados. Objetivo: Avaliar a influência dos supermercados na aquisição de alimentos ultraprocessados no Brasil. Métodos: Dados de aquisição de alimentos da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2008-2009 (IBGE) em uma amostra probabilística de 55.970 domicílios. Os alimentos foram classificados em quatro grupos considerando a extensão e o propósito do processamento industrial. Os locais de aquisição foram categorizados em nove grupos, segundo características físicas e natureza dos produtos disponíveis. Estimou-se a participação calórica relativa dos diferentes locais de aquisição de alimentos para o total da dieta, segundo distribuição regional e socioeconômica, para cada um dos quatro grupos de alimentos e segundo quintos de participação de alimentos ultraprocessados. Análise fatorial exploratória foi conduzida para identificar padrão de locais de aquisição, cujo escore foi utilizado em modelo de regressão linear para associação com o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados. Foram calculadas as participações calóricas de grupos e subgrupos, seus respectivos preços médios (R$/1.000 kcal) e preços relativos (preço médio de ultraprocessados divido peço preço médio dos demais componentes da dieta) em supermercados e outros locais. A influência do preço de alimentos ultraprocessados nas aquisições realizadas em supermercados foi analisada por modelo de regressão log-linear com estimação de coeficientes de elasticidade. Resultados: Os supermercados contribuíram com 59 por cento das calorias adquiridas e foram o principal local de compra de três grupos de alimentos. Das calorias disponíveis de alimentos ultraprocessados, 60,4 por cento provinham de supermercados. As maiores aquisições calóricas de alimentos em supermercados foram feitas nas áreas urbanas do país e por aqueles que se encontravam nos maiores quintos de renda per capita. A participação de compras em supermercados tendeu a aumentar nos domicílios com maior aquisição de alimentos ultraprocessados. A maior adesão ao padrão de locais de aquisição negativo para supermercados, padarias e bares/lanchonetes/restaurantes e positivo para os demais formatos tradicionais de varejo foi relacionada com a menor participação de alimentos ultraprocessados na dieta. A importância dos alimentos ultraprocessados nas aquisições realizadas em supermercados foi 25 por cento maior que em outros locais de aquisição, enquanto seu preço relativo foi 15 por cento menor em supermercados. O aumento em 1 por cento no preço de alimentos ultraprocessados leva a uma redução de 0,61 por cento nas aquisições calóricas de ultraprocessados em supermercados. A conveniência, expressa pela aquisição de diversos produtos no mesmo local, apresentou =1,83 (p<0,001), indicando que este efeito atua de forma significativa para a aquisição de alimentos ultraprocessados em supermercados. Conclusão: Políticas públicas e intervenções com o objetivo de diminuir o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados devem considerar a influência da concentração das vendas em supermercados e a precificação no setor, buscando melhorar o ambiente no varejo e a democratização dos sistemas de comercialização.<br>Introduction: Sales and consumption of ultra-processed products have risen in parallel with the global increase in obesity and the replacement of traditional food stores by supermarkets. However, there is no consensus in the literature about how food purchasing sites influence the consumption of ultra-processed products, especially with the rise in the existence of large supermarket chains. Objective: To evaluate the influence of supermarkets on the acquisition of ultra-processed foods and drink products in Brazil. Methods: We analyzed data from the national representative 2008-2009 Household Budget Survey on a probabilistic sample of 55,970 households. Foods and drinks were grouped into four groups according to a food classification based on the extent and purpose of food processing. Food purchasing sites were grouped into nine categories according to physical characteristics and nature of the main products available. We calculated the percentual contribution of each food purchasing site category to the total caloric acquisition, according to the regional and socioeconomic characteristics, to the total caloric acquisition of each food group and according to quintiles of consumption of ultra-processed products. Exploratory factorial analysis was conducted to identify a pattern of food purchasing sites in Brazil. Linear regression model was performed to estimate the relationship between the purchasing pattern and the caloric contribution of ultra-processed products to the diet. We obtained the mean cost of ultra-processed and of all other foods, expressed in R$/1,000 kcal, and the relative prices (by dividing the mean cost of ultra-processed products by the mean cost of the rest of the diet) in supermarkets and other sites. The influence of ultra-processed food prices on purchases made in supermarkets was studied using log-linear regression analysis, to estimate price elasticity coefficients. Results: Supermarkets contributed with 59 per cent of calories acquired and they accounted for most of the acquisition of the three food groups. Further, 60.4 per cent of the calories of ultra-processed products available for consumption in households came from supermarkets. The greatest number of ultra-processed food purchases was made in urban regions in the country and by those who were in the higher income quintile. The purchase participation of supermarkets tended to increase with increased consumption of ultra-processed products. The food purchase sites pattern that was negative for purchasing in supermarkets, bakeries and bars/cafeterias/restaurants and positive for the other traditional retail formats was associated with smaller participation of ultra-processed products in the diet. The caloric share of ultra-processed products in supermarkets was 25 per cent higher in comparison to other sites, whereas their price relative to the rest of the diet was 15 per cent lower. An 1 per cent increase in the price of ultra-processed products led to a 0.61 per cent reduction on the purchases in the supermarket. The elasticity of convenience, expressed by the acquisition of several products in the same place, showed =1.83 (p<0.001), indicating a significantly effect of this variable to the acquisition of ultra-processed products in supermarket. Conclusions: Food policies and interventions aiming to reduce the consumption of ultra-processed products should consider the influence of concentration of purchases in supermarkets, seeking to improve the retail environment and the democratization of the food supply system.
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Nehra, Ram S. "Modeling time space prism constraints in a developing country context." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000299.

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Leiva-Maldonado, Wilfredo. "Stationary sunspot equilibrium a survey." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/96965.

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In this paper the main results about existence of Stationary Sunspot Equilibrium are given. Sketch of the proves and examples are commented. The types of economies included in the framework of this work are the intertemporal one-step forward looking economies.
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Parry, Emily. "Electricity load estimation and management for plug-in vehicle recharging on a national scale prior to the development of third party monitoring and control mechanisms." Thesis, University of Bath, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.606668.

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In accordance with the main aim of the study, a widely accessible, modifiable tool was created for parties interested in maintaining the national electricity supply network and parties interested in informing policy on plug-in vehicle adoption schemes and recharging behaviour control. The Parry Tool enables the user to incorporate present limits to plug-in vehicle recharging demand scheduling as imposed by the state of present technology (no third party mechanism for monitoring and control of recharging), present human travel behaviour needs and existing patterns in electricity usage; into the investigation of the impacts of recharging demand impacts and the design of mitigation measures for deflecting (parrying) worst case scenarios. The second aim of the project was to demonstrate the application of the Parry Tool. The multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary information gathered by the Parry Tool was used to produce national demand profiles for plug-in vehicle recharging demand, calculated using socioeconomic and travel behaviour-estimated population sizes for plug-in eligible vehicles and vehicle usage patterns, which were added to existing national electricity demand for a chosen test week – this was the first scenario subsequently tested. The information gathered by the Parry Tool was then used to inform the design of two demand management methods for plug-in vehicle recharging: Recharging Regimes and weekly recharging load-shifting – these were the second and third scenarios subsequently tested. Unmitigated simultaneous recharging demand in scenario 1 (all vehicles assumed to recharge at home upon arrival home every day) severely exacerbated peak demand, raising it by 20% above the highest peak in existing demand for the year 2009 over half an hour from 58,554 MW to 70,012 MW – a challenge to the generation sector. This increased the difference between daily demand minima and maxima and made the new total demand have sharper peaks – a challenge for grid regulators. Recharging Regimes in scenario 2 split the estimated national plug-in vehicle populations into groups of different sizes that started recharging at different times of the day, with the word ‘regime’ being applied because the spread of start times changed over the course of the test week from workdays to weekend. This avoided exacerbation of the peak and reduced the difference between daily demand minima and maxima by raising minima, providing a load-levelling service. Scenario 3 embellished the Recharging Regimes with workday-to-weekend recharging load-shifting that therefore took better advantage of the often overlooked weekly pattern in existing demand (demand being higher on workdays than weekends), by allowing partial recharging of a segment of the plug-in vehicle population. Limited consideration of the impact of changing vehicle energy usage (for which distance travelled was assumed to proxy in this study) showed that the more vehicles used their batteries during the day, the better the levelling effect offered by Recharging Regimes. Greater utilisation of battery capacity each day, however, can also be assumed to lessen the potential for workday-to-weekend load levelling, because load-shifting depends upon vehicles being able to partially recharge or defer recharging to later days and still meet their travel needs plus keep a reserve State Of Charge (SOC) for emergency and other unplanned travel. Whilst altering vehicle energy usage did not change the finding that unmitigated simultaneous recharging exacerbated existing peak demand, it was noted that when limited mileage variation was considered this sharpened the profile of total demand – the rise and fall of the new peak far steeper than that of the original peak in existing demand. The Parry Tool combines a series of integrated methods, several of which are new contributions to the field that use UK data archives but may potentially be adapted by researchers looking at energy issues in other nations. It presents a novel fossil-fuel based justification for targeting road transport – acknowledging energy use of fossil fuel as the originator of many global and local problems, the importance of non-energy use of petroleum products and subsequent conflicts of interest for use, and a fossil fuel dependency based well-to-wheel assessment for UK road transport for the two energy pathways: electricity and petroleum products. It presents a method for the recalculation and ranking of top energy use/users using national energy use statistics that better highlights the importance of the electricity industry. It also presents the first publicly documented method for the direct consultation and extraction of vehicle-focused statistics from the people-focused National Travel Survey database, including a travel behaviour and household income-based assessment of plug-in vehicle eligibility, used to scale up to national estimates for battery electric and plug-in electric hybrid vehicle (BEV and PHEV) national population sizes. The work presented here is meant to allow the reader to perceive the potential benefits of using several resources in combination. It details the Parry Tool, a framework for doing so, and where necessary provides methods for data analysis to suit. It should however be noted that methods were kept as simple as possible so as to be easily followed by non-specialists and researchers entering the field from other disciplines. Methods are also predominantly data-exploratory in nature: strong conclusions therefore should not be drawn. Rather, the work here should be seen as a guideline for future work that may more rigorously study these combined topics and the impacts they may have upon plug-in vehicle ownership, usage behaviour, impacts of recharging upon the national network and the design of mitigation measures to cope with this new demand.
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Shiwoku, Mervyn Olakunle. "Supply chain management and logistical considerations in distributing crude oil from Nigeria to China." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/11489.

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The evolution of supply chain management has made significant and continuous contributions to logistical processes. This is highly relevant to crude oil logistics in Nigeria, because both indigenous and multinational oil companies who distribute crude oil from Nigerian ports are yet to adopt an integrated export logistics operation. Besides, the study explores the philosophy of supply chain management applying theoretic frameworks of supply chain process management, demand variability, and vertical integration to encourage integrated export logistics for the distribution of crude oil from Nigeria to China. In addition, the research objectives are: to identify the components of crude oil exports; to review the principles of integrated supply chain management; to analyse crude oil demand in China; to evaluate the efficiency of oil distribution, and to propose strategies that will raise the efficiency of crude oil exports to China from Nigeria. A conceptual model was developed to identify relevant issues that guide the synergy of China’s requirement for energy security and Nigeria’s crude oil supply capability. Also, both a Delphi survey and an archival research method’s were adopted to elucidate on the characteristics of the research population, the shipment frequencies between the two countries, and the sources of competing crude oil exports to China. Measures of central tendency from respondent feedback and non-parametric tests support the study’s findings. Furthermore, recommendations for strategic, operational, and tactical organisation of resources were identified to raise integrated crude oil export efficiency from Nigeria to China directed by the theoretic framework. Moreover, their implications for sustainable logistics practice in the short, medium, and long-term are considered. Finally, it was found that adopting vertical integration in a crude oil supply chain will ensure responsiveness to support export efficiency, and enhance the geographic characteristics of Nigeria for increased export shipments to China.
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Williams, David Richard. "Estimation of black and white housing services demand elasticities in the United States using a simultaneous model of tenure choice and housing services demand." Gainesville, FL, 1986. http://www.archive.org/details/estimationofblac00will.

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Riegel, Laura K. (Laura Kathleen). "Utilizing automatically collected smart card data to enhance travel demand surveys." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/82850.

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Thesis (S.M. in Transportation)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2013.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 119-120).<br>Public transport agencies have used manual surveys to collect demographic and travel diary information in order to understand their customers' travel behavior for many years. Recently many agencies have also begun to use automated sources of data from fare collection, vehicle location, and passenger counting systems to improve the understanding of their customers' detailed geographic and temporal travel behavior as well as frequency of usage, and travel pattern variation at a much larger scale than is possible with manually collected survey data. Transport for London (TfL), the public body responsible for all transportation services in London, was chosen as a case study to determine how and to what extent automatic fare card (Oyster) data can be used to enhance and validate the London Travel Demand Survey (LTDS) single day travel diary responses. This thesis found that combining survey responses with linked Oyster data for specific households could greatly enhance the validity of the single travel day and improve the understanding of the variability of weekly public transport (PT) use. However, it was difficult to match the survey diary responses and Oyster card records after the interview had taken place. This was evidenced by the fact that only 51.1% of Oyster journey stages had matching survey journey stages, only 45.6% of survey stages had matching Oyster stages, and only 44% of the sample had perfectly matching survey and Oyster stages. Even when there were matches, there were large differences in many journey start times and durations with an average start time difference of 61.2 minutes. This suggests that it would be advantageous to integrate the Oyster records earlier in the survey process, using some type of prompted recall methods with Oyster records in the near term, and new location tracking smart phone applications in the future. Analysis of the weekly variation in PT travel found that the single day survey overestimates typical PT use overall, but it underestimates the intensity of PT use on days when the survey sample chose to use the PT mode. Additionally, the reported frequency of PT use in the LTDS was significantly higher than the actual use as captured by the Oyster system, and therefore the LTDS is generally overestimating the PT use overall for London residents.<br>by Laura K. Riegel.<br>S.M.in Transportation
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Esteves, Mario Augusto Matos Simon. "Gerencimento da demanda : um survey na cadeia de suprimentos automotiva brasileira /." Guaratinguetá, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/146741.

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Orientador: Marcela Aparecida Guerreiro Machado<br>Coorientador: Bruno Chaves Franco<br>Banca: Antonio Fernando Branco<br>Banca: Ricardo Batista Penteado<br>Resumo: Com o contínuo crescimento da competitividade global, o grande desafio é trabalhar de forma enxuta, mas sem prejudicar o nível de serviço ao cliente. Para isso, busca-se uma rápida e adequada integração das necessidades do mercado na direção dos fornecedores, de modo a balancear e alinhar estrategicamente a demanda com a capacidade operacional ao longo de toda a cadeia de suprimentos. Para a presente pesquisa, utilizou-se levantamento do tipo survey, e o objetivo geral é verificar o panorama atual das práticas de Gestão de Demanda e Previsão de Demanda nas indústrias da Cadeia de Suprimentos Automotiva Brasileira, identificando as principais práticas utilizadas e as principais dificuldades relacionadas à execução dos processos de gestão e previsão de demanda, bem como as consequências causadas pelas variações e incertezas de demanda. Para tanto, com base na revisão da literatura e no método hipotético dedutivo de Popper, foi elaborado um questionário que foi respondido por 37 empresas da cadeia de suprimento automotiva dos mais diversos setores. Os resultados mostram que as empresas da cadeira de suprimento automotiva fazem uso com predominância de técnicas mais simples como opiniões de executivos e da equipe de vendas e utilização de médias móveis. A falta de disponibilidade de dados, a necessidade de capacitação e treinamento da equipe e a deficiencia no conhecimento dos modelos e ferramentas de previsão de demanda aparecem como as maiores barreiras para elaboração das ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: With the continued growth of global competitiveness, the challenge is to work lean way, but without affecting the level of customer service. As a result, a quick and proper integration of the market requirements towards suppliers should be sought, in order to balance and strategically align the demand with the operational capacity along the entire supply chain. This research use the survey method and the overall objective is to find what the current situation of Demand Management and Demand Forecasting practices in the industries of Brazilian Automotive Supply Chain, identifying the main practices and the difficulties related to the implementation of the management and demand forecasting processes, as well as those caused consequences as a result of variations and demand uncertainties. Therefore, based on the literature review and popper's hypothetico-deductive method, it has been designed a questionnaire that was answered by 37 companies in the automotive supply chain in various sectors. The results show that companies in the automotive supply chair make use predominantly of the simplest techniques as executive and sales force opinion methods and use of moving averages. The lack of availability of data, the need of professional training and deficiency of knowledge of the models and demand forecasting tools appear as major barriers to development of demand forecasts<br>Mestre
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Suominen-Taipale, Anna Liisa. "Demand for oral health care services in adult Finns." Turku : Turun Yliopisto, 2000. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/45710669.html.

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Tse, Yin-loi Susanna. "The housing demand for senior citizens of middle income group in Hong Kong." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21029143.

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Bowman, John L. (John Lawrence). "The day activity schedule approach to travel demand analysis." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/16731.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1998.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 181-184) and index.<br>This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>This study develops a model of a person's day activity schedule that can be used to forecast urban travel demand. It is motivated by the notion that travel outcomes are part of an activity scheduling decision, and uses discrete choice models to address the basic modeling problem-capturing decision interactions among the many choice dimensions of the immense activity schedule choice set. An integrated system of choice models represents a person's day activity schedule as an activity pattern and a set of tours. A pattern model identifies purposes, priorities and structure of the day's activities and travel. Conditional tour models describe timing, location and access mode of on-tour activities. The system captures trade-offs people consider, when faced with space and time constraints, among patterns that can include at-home and on-tour activities, multiple tours and trip chaining. It captures sensitivity of pattern choice to activity and travel conditions through a measure of expected tour utility arising from the tour models. When travel and activity conditions change, the relative attractiveness of patterns changes because expected tour utility changes differently for different patterns. An empirical implementation of the model system for Portland, Oregon, establishes the feasibility of specifying, estimating and using it for forecasting. Estimation results match a priori expectations of lifestyle effects on activity selection, including those of (a) household structure and role, such as for females with children, (b) capabilities, such as income, and (c) activity commitments, such as usual work levels.<br>(cont.) They also confirm the significance of activity and travel accessibility in pattern choice. Application of the model with road pricing and other policies demonstrates its lifestyle effects and how it captures pattern shifting-with accompanying travel changes-that goes undetected by more narrowly focused trip-based and tour-based systems. Although the model has not yet been validated in before-and-after prediction studies, this study gives strong evidence of its behavioral soundness, current practicality, potential to generate cost-effective predictions superior to those of the best existing systems, and potential for enhanced implementations as computing technology advances.<br>by John L. Bowman.<br>Ph.D.
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CECCATO, RICCARDO. "Switching intentions towards car sharing - Analysis of the relationship with traditional transport modes." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2840371.

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Vos, Douglas Kent 1972. "Procurement of motor carrier services and the impact of surges in demand." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/80183.

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Kressner, Josephine D. "Leveraging targeted marketing data in travel demand modeling: validation and applications." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/51870.

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To date, the collection of comprehensive household travel data has been a challenge for most metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs) and state departments of transportation (DOTs) due mainly to high costs. Urban population growth, the expansion of metropolitan regions, and the general unwillingness of the public to complete surveys conflict with limited public funds. The purpose of this research is to leverage targeted marketing data, sometimes referred to as consumer data or just simply marketing data, for travel demand modeling applications. This research reveals a first step in exploring the use of targeted marketing data for representing population characteristics of a region. Four studies were completed: an aggregate validation, a household-level validation for hard-to-reach population groups, an airport passenger model, and a residential location choice model. The two validation studies of this work suggest that targeted marketing data are similar to U.S. Census data at small geographic levels for basic demographic and socioeconomic information. The studies also suggest that the existing coverage errors are at least similar, if not lower than, the levels of those in household travel surveys used today to build travel demand models. The two application studies of this work highlight the benefits of the targeted marketing data over traditional household travel surveys and U.S. Census data particularly well, including the additional behavioral information available at the household-level and the very large sample sizes. These results suggest that the combination of targeted marketing data with other third-party and non-traditional data could be particularly powerful. It offers tremendous opportunities to enhance, or even transform, existing travel demand modeling systems and data collection practices. Inexpensive, up-to-date, and detailed data would allow researchers and decision-makers alike to better understand travel behavior and to be more equipped to make important transportation-related decisions that affect our lives each day.
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D'Emiljo, Anle. "Job demands and resources as antecedents of work engagement : a diagnostic survey of nursing practitioners." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96748.

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Thesis (MCom)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Health care is a key factor in the general health and wellbeing of any society. At the centre of any well-functioning healthcare system is sufficient, engaged and competent nursing staff. Access to proper health care is reliant on sufficient nursing staff levels, but unfortunately the global scarcity of nursing staff is proving to be a big challenge to the quality and service delivery that public and private healthcare organisations are providing. One of the many contributing factors to the shortage of nursing staff is the global challenge of an aging nursing staff population. At a time of widespread concern about nursing shortages and an ageing nursing workforce globally, human resources functions should pay increasing attention to addressing the shortage of nursing staff. Although attracting individuals to the nursing profession will increase the nursing pool, the engagement (and consequently retention) of current nursing staff is crucial to ensure a sustainable nursing workforce, and as a result, a sustainable healthcare system. The purpose of this study therefore included a diagnosis of the current state of work engagement of nursing practitioners, with the Job Demands and Resources model as diagnostic model, in an attempt to identify the antecedents that significantly contribute to the engagement of nursing practitioners. The data analysis techniques that were applied in this study included item analysis, correlation analysis, hierarchical multiple regression analysis, PLS analysis and ANOVA. While the overall level of work engagement of nursing practitioners in the sample might not have been as low as had been envisioned, there are clearly deficiencies that need to be addressed. In terms of job resources, the factors that were found to be below optimum levels, and warrants intervention, included remuneration, participation, career possibilities, variety at work, independence at work, opportunities to learn, and information. The job resources communication, contact possibilities, relationships with colleagues and relationship with supervisor yielded acceptable mean scores and as a result no particular interventions were proposed for these variables. In terms of job demands, all job demands were reported to be at unacceptably high levels; however, no correlation between pace and amount of work and work engagement was confirmed. As a result, practical recommendations were built around these job demands and resources which anticipate increasing the work engagement of nursing practitioners and thereby partially addressing the greater problem of nursing shortages.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Geen opsomming beskikbaar.
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Cadete, Xavier Ana Mafalda. "Waiting times and waiting lists : a theoretical and empirical analysis of the market for elective surgery." Thesis, University of York, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341093.

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Tse, Yin-loi Susanna, and 謝燕來. "The housing demand for senior citizens of middle income group in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3196848X.

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41

Wittwer, Rico. "Raumstrukturelle Einflüsse auf das Verkehrsverhalten - Nutzbarkeit der Ergebnisse großräumiger und lokaler Haushaltsbefragungen für makroskopische Verkehrsplanungsmodelle." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-ds-1201084936499-97472.

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Für die Verkehrsnachfragemodellierung stehen dem Planer sehr differenzierte Modellansätze zur Verfügung. Ein wesentliches Unterscheidungskriterium stellt dabei der Modellierungsgegenstand dar. Der Fokus der vorliegenden Arbeit ist auf makroskopische Verkehrsplanungsmodelle gerichtet. Es wird der Frage nachgegangen, in welcher Form die Ergebnisse großräumiger und lokaler Haushaltsbefragungen effizient bzw. sich gegenseitig ergänzend in Modellierungsaufgaben Einsatz finden können. Im Mittelpunkt der empirischen Datenanalyse steht die Frage, ob ein Unterschied in der Ausprägung zentraler modellierungsrelevanter Kenngrößen differenziert nach Raumtypen statistisch belegbar und planungspraktisch bedeutsam ist. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird auch die Auswirkung der komplexen Stichprobenpläne von MiD 2002 und SrV 2003 auf die Varianz der Parameterschätzung berücksichtigt. Ein in dieser Arbeit entwickelter, mehrstufiger Bewertungsalgorithmus, der dem Signifikanz-Relevanz-Problem hinreichend Rechnung trägt, bildet die Grundlage der Hypothesenprüfung. Er verbindet das Standardvorgehen (Signifikanztest) mit normativ gesetzten Effektgrößen und dem schätzerbasierten Vorgehen (Konfidenzintervalle). Eine besonders hohe Transparenz und Entscheidungskonsistenz erlangt der Ansatz dadurch, dass die Hypothesenprüfung auf Basis zweier voneinander unabhängig erhobener Untersuchungsgruppen (MiD, SrV) erfolgt. Die intensive Arbeit mit den Datengrundlagen MiD und SrV liefert eine Vielzahl von Erkenntnissen zur weiteren Qualifizierung des Erhebungsinstrumentes „Mobilität in Städten – SrV“. In Vorbereitung der im Jahre 2008 anstehenden Neuauflage der Erhebungsreihe wird nach Ansicht des Autors mit der Arbeit ein wesentlicher Impuls zur Weiterentwicklung der Methodik gegeben.
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Zuber, Madeleine, and Josephine Marby. "Codes of Conduct in the Swedish Business Sector : How to Choose the Right Customer." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-243123.

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This study was conducted to examine whether large publicly listed companies in Sweden have any demands regarding their customers’ codes of conduct as well as how business-to- business collaborations are affected by the presence of codes of conduct at the customer in this relationship. The business-to-business relationships were investigated in their three essential relationship-stages (pre-relationship stage, established/mature-relationship stage and ending-relationship stage) that are introduced in previous business-to-business research. Theories about contract theory and external accounting helped illustrate the complications surrounding codes of conduct in regard to customers. It was found that codes of conduct are important for companies’ business to-business relationships. However, the code of conduct is still not included in the contractual agreement with customers in most cases. The study was conducted through a survey and a content analysis in cooperation with KPMG and the Swedish law firm Delphi.
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Caten, Alexandre Ten. "Mapeamento digital de solos: Metodologias para atender a demanda por informação espacial em solos." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2011. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/3326.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>Soil has increasingly being recognized as having an important role in ecosystems as well as for food production and global climate regulation. For this reason, the demand for relevant and updated information on soil is increasing. Digital Soil Mapping (DSM) provides this information at different spatial resolution with associated quality indicators. The aim of this study was to analyze the main methodological approaches used for DSM of soil classes through a literature review of national researches and to propose procedures for data analysis in DSM projects of soil classes. The use of DSM techniques for mapping soil classes in Brazil is recent, the first publication on this subject occurred only in 2006. Among the predictive functions, logistic regressions is the predominantly used technique. Quality evaluation of the predictive models employed error matrix and kappa index in most cases. The use of wavelet transform proved to be a methodology of great potential for analyzing the spatial resolution of terrain attributes maximum variability. The proposed methodology of data exclusion for environmental covariates located too near at the border of soil classes polygons has enabled the generation of less complex and more accurate Decision Tree (DT) models. It was also shown that the amount of data required for DT model training is between five and 15% of the total data set. Collected field observations indicated a predicted accuracy close to 70% for DT models produced by those sampling densities.<br>O solo é cada vez mais reconhecido como tendo um importante papel nos ecossistemas, assim como para a produção de alimentos e regulação do clima global. Por esse motivo, a demanda por informações relevantes e atualizadas em solos está em uma crescente. O Mapeamento Digital de Solos (MDS) possibilita gerar essas informações demandadas em diferentes resoluções espaciais e com indicadores de qualidade associados. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as principais abordagens metodológicas utilizadas nos mapeamentos digitais de classes de solos através de uma revisão de literatura dos trabalhos nacionais, assim como propor procedimentos para a análise dos dados a serem utilizados em projetos de mapeamento digital de classes de solos. O emprego de técnicas de MDS para o mapeamento de classes de solos é recente no país, a primeira publicação nesse sentido ocorreu apenas em 2006. Entre as funções preditivas utilizadas predomina o emprego da técnica de regressões logísticas. Quanto à avaliação da qualidade dos modelos preditivos o emprego da matriz de erros e do índice kappa têm sido os procedimentos mais usuais. O emprego da transformada wavelet mostrou-se como uma metodologia de grande potencial para a análise da resolução espacial de máxima variabilidade de atributos de terreno a serem usados em projetos de MDS. A metodologia proposta de exclusão dos dados oriundos de covariáveis ambientais localizadas na bordas dos polígonos de solos possibilitou a geração de modelos por Árvore de Decisão (AD) menos complexos e mais precisos. Assim como o volume de dados necessários para o treinamento de modelos preditivos por AD está entre cinco e 15% do conjunto total de dados como mostrou este estudo. Observações coletadas a campo indicaram uma acurácia dos mapas preditos próxima a 70% para os modelos oriundos dessas densidades de amostragem.
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Crow, Lauren. "A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Preemptive Versus On Demand Administration of Analgesics After Mohs Surgery and Cutaneous Reconstruction." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/603591.

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A Thesis submitted to The University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Medicine.<br>BACKGROUND: Mohs Micrographic Surgery (MMS) affords a high cure rate for cutaneous carcinoma. OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to characterize the pain patients experience after MMS and reconstruction of the head and neck, and to determine if preemptive dosing of analgesics was superior to patient‐initiated dosing on an "as needed" basis. METHODS: A controlled trial of 200 subjects undergoing MMS and reconstruction of skin cancers on the head and neck were randomized to either receive acetaminophen at the time of discharge or to take it on an "as needed" basis. The two groups were evaluated for differences in peak pain, satisfaction with pain management, and the need for narcotic analgesic "rescue" postoperatively. RESULTS: Peak pain levels after surgery were surprisingly low and rated, on average, 2/10 using an analog pain scale. Peak pain occurred at four hours postoperatively for both subgroups and patients were satisfied with pain control 72.5% of the time. There was no significant difference in any of the parameters between the two dosing regimens. CONCLUSIONS: Mohs surgery peak pain typically occurs four hours postoperatively. Patient satisfaction with pain management was high with acetaminophen regardless of the dosing regimen. Preemptive analgesia with acetaminophen does not appear to be superior to "asneeded" regimens.
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Da, Silveira Eduardo. "Cost-effectiveness decision analyses comparing covered to uncovered self-expandable metal stents to elective or on-demand polyethylene stent changes in patients with distal malignant biliary obstruction." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=84091.

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Introduction. Endoscopic placement of stents is the preferred treatment for palliation of obstructive symptoms in non-operative candidates but significant differences in procedure and stent-related costs, patency of stents survival of patients exist. Aim. To determine the cost-effectiveness of two strategies using Polyethylene (PE) stents (PE with replacement on demand; PE with routine exchange every 3 months), as well as uncovered (U-SEMS) and covered self-expandable metal stent (C-SEMS) in the management of distal malignant biliary obstruction. Methods. A Markov model comparing four different initial approaches was designed: (1) PE stent with replacement on demand (PE-D); (2) PE stent changed every 3 months (PE-Q3); (3) U-SEMS or (4) C-SEMS. Probabilities and parameters for distribution were abstracted from randomized controlled trials and imputed to a 12-month time horizon. Effectiveness was calculated as number of occlusion-free months. Procedural and complication-related costs were obtained from the Canadian Institute for Health Information and a Provincial perspective was adopted. A probabilistic cost-effectiveness analysis using Monte Carlo simulations was utilized to obtain a posterior joint distribution for costs and effectiveness. Average and incremental net health benefits, probabilities of cost-effectiveness and value of information were determined across a range of willingness to pay (Rc) values. Results. PE-D has the lowest CE ratio, followed by C-SEMS at an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of $146.64$/month of stent patency. C-SEMS has the lowest CE ratio under the following scenarios: probability of survival at 12 months greater than 83%, ERCP costs higher than $1,282.90, cost C-SEMS less than $1,485.60 and cost ratio between ERCP and C-SEMS greater than 0.4. In the probabilistic analysis, PE-D is the strategy with the highest probability of cost-effectiveness for willingness to pay values lower than $150.60. How<br>Conclusion. Conditional to the willingness to pay and current Canadian costs, PE-D and C-SEMS are the strategies with the highest probabilities of cost-effectiveness. However, a significant level of uncertainly remains and wrong decisions will occur given the existent information. Acquisition of further knowledge to decrease the uncertainty level may be indicated if it costs less than the opportunity losses.
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46

Osei-Asare, Yaw. "Household Water Security and Water Demand in the Volta Basin of Ghana /." Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] : Lang, 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/491615132.pdf.

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47

FAGUNDES, WESLEY DE CASTRO. "ESTIMATION OF THE LOAD FACTOR (LF) AND THE DEMAND FACTOR (DF) OF ELECTRICITY CONSUMERS VIA MEASUREMENTS AND ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES OWNERSHIP AND USAGE SURVEYS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2011. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=18618@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO<br>O objetivo desta dissertação é apresentar os conceitos de Fator de Carga (FC) e Fator de Demanda (FD) e verificar o quanto estas informações estão atualizadas para uso pelas concessionárias de energia elétrica. A motivação pelo estudo resultou do fato de o conhecimento e o gerenciamento desses índices proporciorem maior eficiência e segurança às instalações e equipamentos, além de permitir redução do custo da energia elétrica. A metodologia utilizada para o cálculo se baseia nos testes de Chauvenet, que permite determinar se um valor amostral (resultante de uma medição) é anômalo (outlier) em relação aos restantes valores da amostra, supondo-se que esta amostra é retirada de uma distribuição normal. Dentre os principais resultados destacam-se estimativas do Fator de Carga e Fator de Demanda, típicos para os diversos segmentos de clientes de uma empresa de distribuição de energia elétrica. Para se obter essas estimativas foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo permitindo o levantamento da potência instalada em clientes atendidos na alta e na baixa tensão. Em paralelo à pesquisa de campo, a concessionária de energia elétrica realizou medições de consumo e demanda junto a esses clientes. Como conclusão o trabalho confirma que as distribuidoras de energia elétrica não possuem acesso a um cadastro atualizado da potência instalada de seus consumidores. Faz-se necessário uma atualização mais dinâmica nas bases de dados disponíveis o que permitiria uma estimativa mais precisa dos fatores de carga e de demanda.<br>The aim of this work discusses basic concepts associated with the load factor (LF) and demand factor (DF) and the adequacy of their use by electricity utilities. The knowledge and management of these electrical parameters is rather important, as they contribute for the improvement of the efficiency and security of the system as a whole while promoting reduction on energy costs. The method used to estimate these quantities is based on the Chauvenet statistical tests capable to detect and remove possible discontinuity on the sample data observed to follow normal distribution. The LD and DF were estimated for various clusters of similar clients of a given distributing utility. Estimations were obtained through a survey involving clients of the selected utility to capture information on the end-users and their nominal power demanded at both, the low and high voltage levels. In parallel to the survey, the utility measured and monitored the energy consumption of the clients participating in the study. As a conclusion, the study revealed that the electricity utilities do not have access to update information (stratified by segments of clients) on the electrical parameters. A dynamic scheme to make available updated information related to load factor and demand factor proved to be extremely useful and is highly recommended.
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48

Wittwer, Rico. "Raumstrukturelle Einflüsse auf das Verkehrsverhalten - Nutzbarkeit der Ergebnisse großräumiger und lokaler Haushaltsbefragungen für makroskopische Verkehrsplanungsmodelle." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universität Dresden, 2007. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A24043.

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Für die Verkehrsnachfragemodellierung stehen dem Planer sehr differenzierte Modellansätze zur Verfügung. Ein wesentliches Unterscheidungskriterium stellt dabei der Modellierungsgegenstand dar. Der Fokus der vorliegenden Arbeit ist auf makroskopische Verkehrsplanungsmodelle gerichtet. Es wird der Frage nachgegangen, in welcher Form die Ergebnisse großräumiger und lokaler Haushaltsbefragungen effizient bzw. sich gegenseitig ergänzend in Modellierungsaufgaben Einsatz finden können. Im Mittelpunkt der empirischen Datenanalyse steht die Frage, ob ein Unterschied in der Ausprägung zentraler modellierungsrelevanter Kenngrößen differenziert nach Raumtypen statistisch belegbar und planungspraktisch bedeutsam ist. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird auch die Auswirkung der komplexen Stichprobenpläne von MiD 2002 und SrV 2003 auf die Varianz der Parameterschätzung berücksichtigt. Ein in dieser Arbeit entwickelter, mehrstufiger Bewertungsalgorithmus, der dem Signifikanz-Relevanz-Problem hinreichend Rechnung trägt, bildet die Grundlage der Hypothesenprüfung. Er verbindet das Standardvorgehen (Signifikanztest) mit normativ gesetzten Effektgrößen und dem schätzerbasierten Vorgehen (Konfidenzintervalle). Eine besonders hohe Transparenz und Entscheidungskonsistenz erlangt der Ansatz dadurch, dass die Hypothesenprüfung auf Basis zweier voneinander unabhängig erhobener Untersuchungsgruppen (MiD, SrV) erfolgt. Die intensive Arbeit mit den Datengrundlagen MiD und SrV liefert eine Vielzahl von Erkenntnissen zur weiteren Qualifizierung des Erhebungsinstrumentes „Mobilität in Städten – SrV“. In Vorbereitung der im Jahre 2008 anstehenden Neuauflage der Erhebungsreihe wird nach Ansicht des Autors mit der Arbeit ein wesentlicher Impuls zur Weiterentwicklung der Methodik gegeben.
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49

Rousset, Xavier. "La tarification dynamique, l'utile et le juste Seasonal factors and marketing mix: Literature survey and proposed guidelines An analytical framework for retailer price and advertising decisions for products with temperature-sensitive demand The impact of outdoor temperature on pricing and advertising policies for weather-sensitive products Tarification dynamique en ligne et éthicalité perçue par le consommateur : synthèse et voies de recherche Designing algorithmic dynamic pricing from an ethical perspective Are consumers vulnerable to algorithmic dynamic pricing? An empirical investigation." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCB039.

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Cette thèse regroupe différents travaux de recherche sur la tarification dynamique. L'objectif de la thèse, située à l'interface des sciences économiques, des sciences de gestion et des sciences politiques, est double : d'une part, étudier les déterminants et les conditions d'utilisation de la tarification dynamique au niveau de la firme dans une perspective de maximation de ses profits et, d'autre part, de montrer comment, à un niveau collectif, la prise en compte des questions éthiques dans l'étude de la tarification dynamique permet de mieux en comprendre la portée. Nos contributions, à la fois théoriques et empiriques, sont présentées en deux parties. La partie 1, axée sur l'efficacité économique (point de vue de l'utile), regroupe des questionnements sur les considérations de maximation du bénéfice liées à la tarification dynamique. A partir de l'étude de produits dits météo-sensibles dans les canaux de distribution physique, nous présentons une revue de littérature qui introduit l'adaptation dynamique du prix à des facteurs influençant la demande et nous proposons un modèle théorique d'adaptation dynamique du prix dans le temps suivant la température. Nous complétons cette approche théorique, par une étude empirique qui approfondit comment la tarification, exercée de manière dynamique du point de vue de la firme en réaction à des facteurs extérieurs, lui permet de maximiser ses intérêts. La partie 2 regroupe des travaux sur les considérations éthiques liées à la tarification dynamique (point de vue du juste). En se focalisant sur les canaux de distribution en ligne, nous discutons, sur un plan théorique, les incidences possibles de la tarification dynamique sur la perception éthique par le consommateur, en mettant en évidence les éventuels risques d'injustice ou de vulnérabilité que cette stratégie de fixation du prix soulève. D'un point de vue empirique, nous approfondissons l'analyse des déterminants de la perception éthique de la tarification dynamique en ligne par le consommateur, notamment en fonction des conditions de son paramétrage, ainsi que les dimensions de vulnérabilité qui préoccupent les consommateurs. La conclusion de la thèse regroupe des pistes de recherche futures portant sur l'approfondissement de la mesure de l'éthique perçue, sur les potentialités de l'hybridation de la science économique avec l'éthique sur un sujet comme celui de la tarification dynamique et sur les considérations que nous avons entrevues sur le lien entre la tarification dynamique et la révélation de la valeur d'échange (point de vue du vrai)<br>This PhD thesis brings together different research projects on dynamic pricing. The objective of the thesis, located at the interface of economics, management sciences and political sciences, is twofold: first, to study the determinants and conditions of use of dynamic pricing at the level of firm in a perspective of maximizing its profits and, on the other hand, to show how, at a collective level, the consideration of ethical issues in the study of dynamic pricing allows a better understanding of its scope. Our contributions, both theoretical and empirical, are presented in two parts. Part 1 focuses on economic efficiency (point of view of the useful), and asks questions about the maximization of profit considerations related to dynamic pricing. From the study of so-called weather-sensitive products in the physical distribution channels, we present a literature review that introduces the dynamic adaptation of the price to factors influencing the demand and we propose a theoretical model of dynamic adaptation of the price in time following the temperature. We complete this theoretical approach with an empirical study that examines how pricing, exercised dynamically from the firm's point of view in response to external factors, allows it to maximize its interests. Part 2 brings together work on ethical considerations related to dynamic pricing (the point of view of the right). Focusing on online distribution channels, we discuss, on a theoretical level, the potential impact of dynamic pricing on consumers' ethical perception, highlighting potential risks of unfairness or vulnerability that price fixing raises. From an empirical point of view, we thoroughly analyse the determinants of the ethical perception of online dynamic pricing by the consumer, in particular according to the conditions of its setting, as well as the dimensions of vulnerability that concern consumers.The conclusion of the thesis brings together future lines of research on the deepening of the measurement of perceived ethics, on the potentialities of the hybridization of economic science with ethics on a subject such as dynamic pricing and on the considerations we have seen on the link between dynamic pricing and the revelation of exchange value (point of view of the true)
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50

Borden, Lauren Ann Borden. "BOSSES AND BURNOUT: THE INTERPERSONAL CONSEQUENCES OF LEADER ARROGANCE FOR SUBORDINATES." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1513808616393347.

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