Journal articles on the topic 'Demarkian'

Background: Determination of sex from mutilated body fragments can perform vital role for identification of departed soul.Forensic authority pacts with human identification from the hand measurements which is of prodigious assessment during tragedies, terror attacks and in criminality. Objective: Present study explored the analytical role of the anthropometric measurements of hand dimensions, find demarking points for male and female, check percentage exactitude of sex determination in Western Indian population. Methods: The study was piloted on a sample of 504 individuals. All the measurements were taken by standard procedure. Discriminant analysis and demarking points were created for all hand measurements. Results: Males have a significantly higher values of all measurements than females. The left-hand length measurement unveiled noteworthy sexual dimorphism index (110.80). The higher value of the demarking point labelled as males. The best sexually dimorphic hand dimensions showed the utmost precision left hand length (95% in the male), followed by right hand length (76.1%). Conclusion: All hand measurements like length, breadth and index are displaying sexual dimorphism, hence they can be used for determination of sex when isolated hand is found.Keywords: Hand measurements; sexual dimorphism; demarking point; discriminant analysis.

Objectives: Demarcated opacities (DO) on teeth affected by Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation (MIH) were observed to investigate if parameters of DO existence and the number of teeth affected could be used to predict the progression of disease. Material and methods: In 2009, the MIH prevalence was 11.5% (n=51) among 446 subjects in Sarajevo, aged from 6 to 9 years. In subjects with MIH who gave consent for further participation (n=25), the teeth with DO were observed after a 12-month period. Results: our sample included 29 permanent incisors and 14 first permanent molars with DO. The number of teeth with light opacities was significantly higher than the number of teeth with dark opacities. Opacities were more numerous on surfaces which were not exposed to masticatory pressure. The size of tooth surface affected by DO occurrence ranged from 1.33% to 56.56%. The number of affected teeth ranged from two to six. A strong positive correlation between MIH progression and dark colored opacities located on the occlusal/incisal surface of teeth was noted. Larger part of tooth surface was affected by hypomineralisation in the case of dark-colored opacities. The DO presence on incisors was more likely to be located on vestibular surfaces and on the first permanent molars on their occlusal surfaces. Conclusions: The color of DO occurrence was the best predictor for MIH progression both independently and in combination with the number of affected teeth. Location of DO occurrence was a good independent predictor for MIH progression. It is important to collect information about color and location of DO presence.

The ischiopubic index was studied in adult pelvic X-ray films of subjects aged eighteen to seventy years. A total of 120 X-ray films made of 60 males and 60 females were collected from LUTH, Lagos State. The ischiopubic index was calculated by dividing the pubic length by ischial length and by multiplying by 100. The mean ischiopubic index for males was 101.05 ± 16.65 and that of the females was 115.99 ± 18.5. Sex differences of these indices were statistically significant (P<0.001) for both sexes. The mean length of the females pubis was significantly longer than that for males (P<0.001), and similarly the mean length of ischium in males was significantly longer than that of the females (P<0.001). Using X-ray films, sex could be assigned using demarking points to 47% and 50% females in Lagos State. In conclusion, this research has provided evidence that the ischiopubic index and the demarking points are reliable in sexing the hip bones of Nigerians (using X-ray films). Thus the ischiopubic index may be of value in forensic and archaeological analyses and in solving medicolegal cases.

An alternative derivation of the simple criteria, in terms of linkage parameters, demarking the zones of nonexistence of double-crank and crank-rocker RSSR mechanisms is presented. The existence of a crank is verified by polynomial discriminants of the limit position. Closed from solutions are obtained for type identification for 4R spherical, RCCC, RSSP, and planar 4R mechanisms by treating these as the limiting cases of an RSSR mechanism.

Problem of a formal description of a notion electronic education course (e-course) is one of pretty important partial tasks within an implementation of eLearning education, especially in a case if the formalism should be a tool of communication in large group of persons, or a guidance of activities during implementation. For example during development of eLearning author tools (LCMS), which are dependent on a strict demarking conception e-course. At limitation of the notion e-course and its follow-up formalization a set of relevant pieces of knowing must be considered. These ones are able to keep the whole process in limits. The set consists of common rules of using eLearning including methods of creating e-courses and standardization.The paper is focused on the discussion of understanding the notion of electronic education course and its formal description in context of pedagogic and didactic needs and standardization. The result is a basic model of eLearning course and its formalization.

The optimal cost of blasting is a major factor in the surface mining industry and must be addressed properly. The project will include the variability of components of blast design, such as change in azimuth of the holes intended for blasting to reduce explosive consumption and have a major role in controlling ground vibrations; pattern of holes (diameter of holes); electric and non-electric initiation; toe burden analysis; type of explosive used (slurry and ANFO); and adopting an efficient design by mathematical cost analysis using O-Pitblast software. The damage to temporary structures in surface mining that are located within close proximity of blasting faces is a serious problem and has to be countered using an alternating blast design in correspondence to the permissible Post-Production Verification (PPV) that a structure can withstand. The estimation of the PPV graph using seismographic data of the face must comply with different ground vibration equations to check whether the predicted model of blasting is up to safety norms and the demarking of the blasting zone.

AbstractAn underdog brand is a brand with humble resources that competes with passion and determination against competitors that dominate a market. Numerous anecdotal examples and a few research articles of underdog brands exist, yet the understanding of what an underdog brand is and how brands can use the underdog effect is still limited. Considering the relevance of underdog brand management for practice, the purpose of our article is to distill the components of the concepts “underdog brand” and “the underdog effect” and to propose a conceptual framework to guide underdog brand management. To achieve this goal, we undertook a systematic review of the extant literature that resulted in (1) a clear and demarking definition of the term underdog brand, (2) an analysis of the usefulness of the underdog effect and (3) a reference frame we termed “the underdog brand management framework”. By doing so, we helped to overcome the research gap in the field of underdog brand management. To validate our findings, we tested the framework against a case study of a successful underdog brand. Our analysis resulted in a robust model that could inspire and guide practitioners who are in charge of underdog brands.

Reconstructing the face from the skull is important not only for forensic identification but also as a tool that can provide insight into the appearance of individuals from past populations. It requires a multidisciplinary approach that combines anthropological knowledge, advanced imaging methods, and artistic skills. In the present study, we demonstrate this process on the skull of an early medieval warrior from Croatia. The skeletal remains were prepared and scanned using multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) and examined using standard anthropological and radiological methods. The analysis revealed that the remains belonged to a 35–45-year-old male individual who had suffered severe cranial trauma, probably causing his death. From MSCT images, we reconstructed a three-dimensional (3D) model of the skull, on which we digitally positioned cylinders demarking the soft tissue thickness and created the face with a realistic texture. A 3D model of the face was then optimized, printed, and used to produce a clay model. Sculpturing techniques added skin textures and facial features with scars and trauma manifestations. Finally, after constructing a plaster model, the model was painted and refined by adding fine details like eyes and hair, and it was prepared for presentation in the form of a sculpture.

The Ballynoe barite deposit is a conformable, mineralised horizon of Lower Carboniferous age overlying a diastem and mass faunal extinction demarking the transition from a quiet water environment to one of dynamic sedimentation. The geometry of the barite orebody correlates with the palaeotopography of the footwall, which acted as an important control over the lateral extent, thickness, and nature of the mineralisation. Sedimentary features within the barite horizon suggest that it was precipitated in the form of a cryptocrystalline mud which underwent major diagenetic modification resulting in extensive stylolitisation, recrystallisation, and remobilisation. There is abundant and compelling geological and isotopic evidence for early local exhalation from the presence of a hydrothermal vent fauna consisting of delicately pyritised worm tubes and haematised filaments of apparent microbial origin. The worm tubes are remarkably similar to examples from modern and ancient volcanic-hosted massive sulphide deposits, and the filamentous microfossils have similarities to modern Fe-oxidising bacteria. Strontium in the barite has an 87Sr/86Sr ratio indistinguishable from seawater between 350 and 344 Ma whilst oxygen isotopes from barite and chert suggest a diagenetic origin in equilibrium with such seawater around 60–70 °C. Fluid inclusion studies have shown that, in general, low temperature inclusions are very saline (20%–25%) whilst at higher homogenisation temperatures they are more dilute (9%–12%).

AbstractSince the boat clash incident in September 2010, tensions have persisted between Japan and China over the sovereignty of the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands. Although territorial issues can easily become national symbols and used against other countries, nationalism hampers diplomatic concessions essential for diverse international resolutions. Greater the attention the public pays to such issues, lesser the room governments have for maneuvering. The Japanese and Chinese administrations will find it difficult to extricate themselves from the current deadlock if each party merely continues to assert its sovereignty over the islands. This study examines the possibility of expanding both countries’ common interests in the East China Sea by focusing on the fisheries issues that triggered the 2010 incident. Japan and China have not fulfilled their obligation – as stipulated in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea – to conserve biological resources in their Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs). The New Japan–China Fisheries Agreement (2000) established vast special water zones in the middle of the East China Sea instead of demarking the EEZs between the two countries. However, the Joint Fisheries Committee established in accordance with the agreement has not worked to prevent overexploitation and to maintain sustainable development of fishery stocks in the zones. Thus, this paper proposes that Japan and China launch an initiative for effective control of fishing resources in the East China Sea, most preferably in collaboration with related neighboring parties.

Abstract A global climatology (1979–2012) from the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) shows distributions and seasonal evolution of upper tropospheric jets and their relationships to the stratospheric subvortex and multiple tropopauses. The overall climatological patterns of upper tropospheric jets confirm those seen in previous studies, indicating accurate representation of jet stream dynamics in MERRA. The analysis shows a Northern Hemisphere (NH) upper tropospheric jet stretching nearly zonally from the mid-Atlantic across Africa and Asia. In winter–spring, this jet splits over the eastern Pacific, merges again over eastern North America, and then shifts poleward over the North Atlantic. The jets associated with tropical circulations are also captured, with upper tropospheric westerlies demarking cyclonic flow downstream from the Australian and Asian monsoon anticyclones and associated easterly jets. Multiple tropopauses associated with the thermal tropopause “break” commonly extend poleward from the subtropical upper tropospheric jet. In Southern Hemisphere (SH) summer, the tropopause break, along with a poleward-stretching secondary tropopause, often occurs across the tropical westerly jet downstream of the Australian monsoon region. SH high-latitude multiple tropopauses, nearly ubiquitous in June–July, are associated with the unique polar winter thermal structure. High-latitude multiple tropopauses in NH fall–winter are, however, sometimes associated with poleward-shifted upper tropospheric jets. The SH subvortex jet extends down near the level of the subtropical jet core in winter and spring. Most SH subvortex jets merge with an upper tropospheric jet between May and December; although much less persistent than in the SH, merged NH subvortex jets are common between November and April.

Background: Sex determination from bones is of vital importance in anthropological studies and medico-legal cases. Sacrum is one of the bones, which exhibits sex differences. Literature available on this bone shows that not much study has been done in the population of Bangladesh. In the present study, an attempt has been made to test the validity of the parameters that are useful in differentiating male and female sacra. The present study was conducted to see the sexual dimorphism and morphometry of sacrum in adult Bangladeshi people. This study will be useful for anatomists, experts in forensic medicine and physical anthropologist for more accurate sexing of sacra. Materials and methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Chittagong Medical College, Chattogram on 100 dry human sacra of known (Male-46, female-56) sex during January 2014 to December 2014. The measurements included for the study were maximum length, maximum width, mid ventral curved length, transverse diameter of first sacral vertebra, length of ala, maximum length of auricular surface and indices like curvature index, sacral index, corporo-basal index, alar index, index of body of S1, auricular index were calculated and statistically analyzed. Results: In the present study the male sacrum showed significantly higher values for ventral straight length, ventral curved length, transverse diameter of S1 and antero-posterior diameter of S1 than the female sacrum, while the female sacral index showed higher value compared with the values of male. Conclusion: From the above parameters and indices in the present study revealed demarking points for each have statistical significant role in determining the male and female sacrum. IAHS Medical Journal Vol 4(2), June 2021; 2-4

Image design for healthcare instruction must be attuned to the way we learn and the formulation of our abstract knowledge. Images for a manual on how to use a medical device will differ significantly in presentation from images that are intended as guidance on how to improve corporal performance. Images for the former will rely on intentional recollection of life experiences, learned concepts and facts as tools. While not mutually exclusive, images for the latter should be designed to consciously work with procedural memory to improve bodily performance. The images in this article demonstrate this by imaging the relationship between the pelvic floor muscles, clitoris and demarking “Spots” indicated for sexual arousal. Qualitative data suggests that many individuals know little about the interactive relationship between the clitoris, pelvic floor muscles and the female orgasm. Social and educational venues are inadequate, and in some cases misleading. The use of appropriate images conveys meaning very effectively. So whether imaging for a medical condition, procedure (e.g., surgery) or device to enfranchise the patient in their wellness the individual’s experience and proclivity for learning must be considered. If the images are effectively planned and executed, images can play an important role in involving the patients in their wellness. Enfranchising the patient into the process can improve patient feedback therein contributing to advancements in medical procedure and device usage. The sequence of images is guidance based upon a woman’s innate understanding of her body, so that she may move to a higher state of knowledge where her body performs better. Further, if her mind is inspired by the success, then her body could proceed beyond the achieved state repeatedly. The data confirms this performance structure. Women who score high for pelvic floor strength and coordination report high sexual functioning and genital perception.

A numerical study is presented of the free surface deformation and Marangoni convection in immiscible droplets positioned by an electrostatic field and heated by laser beams under microgravity. The boundary element and the weighted residuals methods are applied to iteratively solve for the electric field distribution and for the unknown free surface shapes, while the Galerkin finite element method for the thermal and fluid flow field in both the transient and steady states. Results show that the inner interface demarking the two immiscible fluids in an electrically conducting droplet maintains its sphericity in microgravity. The free surface of the droplet, however, deforms into an oval shape in an electric field, owing to the pulling action of the normal component of the Maxwell stress. The thermal and fluid flow distributions are rather complex in an immiscible droplet, with conduction being the main mechanism for the thermal transport. The non-uniform temperature along the free surface induces the flow in the outer layer, whereas the competition between the interfacial surface tension gradient and the inertia force in the outer layer is responsible for the flows in the inner core and near the immiscible interface. As the droplet cools into an undercooled state, surface radiation causes a reversal of the surface temperature gradients along the free surface, which in turn reverses the surface tension driven flow in the outer layer. The flow near the interfacial region, on the other hand, is driven by a complimentary mechanism between the interfacial and the inertia forces during the time when the thermal gradient on the free surface has been reversed while that on the interface has not yet. After the completion of the interfacial thermal gradient reversal, however, the interfacial flows are largely driven by the inertia forces of the outer layer fluid.

The mean dynamics in oscillatory channel flow is examined to investigate the dynamical mechanisms underlying the transition to turbulence in oscillatory wall-bounded flow. The analyses employ direct numerical simulation data acquired at three Stokes Reynolds numbers: $Re_{s}=648$, 801 and 1009, where the lower $Re_{s}$ flow is transitional over the entire cycle and the two higher $Re_{s}$ flows exhibit flow characteristics similar to steady turbulent wall-bounded flow during part of the cycle. The flow evolution over a half-period of oscillation for all three $Re_{s}$ is as follows: near-wall streamwise velocity streaks develop during the early accelerating portion of the cycle; then at some later point in the cycle that depends on $Re_{s}$, the near-wall streaks breakdown (demarking the onset of the nonlinear development stage), and the near-wall Reynolds stress grows explosively; the Reynolds stress remains elevated for part of the cycle before diminishing (yet remaining finite) during the late decelerating portion of the cycle. This process is then repeated indefinitely. The present findings demonstrate that transition to turbulence occurs when the nonlinear development stage begins during the accelerating portion of the cycle. This crucially leads to the diminishing importance of the centreline momentum source, the emergence of a locally accelerating/decelerating internal layer centred about the edge of the Stokes layer and the wall-normal rearrangement of the mean forces prior to the start of the decelerating portion of the cycle. The rearrangement of mean forces culminates in a four layer structure in the mean balance of forces. This is significant on a number of accounts since empirical and theoretical evidence suggests that the formation of a four layer structure is an important characteristic of a self-similar hierarchal structure that underlies logarithmic dependence of the mean velocity profile in steady turbulent wall-bounded flows (Klewicki et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 638, 2009, pp. 73–93). When the nonlinear development stage begins during the decelerating portion of the cycle (i.e. at $Re_{s}=648$), a four layer structure is not observed in the mean balance of forces and the flow remains weakly transitional over the entire cycle.

Creation of high-yielding «00» varieties of winter rape, adapted to the conditions of the Forest-Steppe is one of the important problems in rape breeding. The aim of the study is to assess the ecological adaptability of collection samples of winter rapeseed by seed productivity (yield, weight of 1000 seeds), taking into account the specifics of the growing area and the instability of climatic conditions in the autumn-spring period. Collective samples of winter rape in the amount of 27 varieties of domestic and Ukrainian selection were used for research. Research methods: field and laboratory, mathematical and statistical. The results of the assessment of ecological adaptability of winter rapeseed collection samples of different ecological and geographical origin are given. The average yield of winter rape for the years of research ranged from 1.81 to 2.37 t/ha. The range of fluctuations of the coefficient of plasticity (bi) varied in the studied samples from 3.58 to 5.95. Of the 27 studied samples, the values of the regression coefficient (bi) had more than one variety: Bazhanyy (bi = 1.17), Amor (bi = 1.15), NPC 9800 (bi = 1.15), Atlant (bi = 1.11), Dema (bi = 1.11), Svitoch (bi = 1.08), Cheremosh (bi = 1.08), Antariya (bi = 1.06), Ranok Podillya (bi = 1.04). As a result of research it was found that the average weight of 1000 seeds of collection samples of winter rapeseed ranged from 3.73 to 4.73 g. The value of the stability variance (Si2) of the mass of 1000 seeds varied from 14.69 to 23.84), indicate that the empirical values differ from the theoretical ones. The lowest values of stability variance were obtained in the samples of Cheremosh and Dembo - (Si2) = 14.69 and 15.50 with a mass of 1000 seeds of 3.73 and 3.81 g. According to the results of four-year data, collection samples were selected, which showed stable indicators in terms of yield and are the most promising: Sveta (2,37 t/ha), Horyzont (2,36 t/ha), Elvys (2,32 t/ha), Halytskyi (2,27 t/ha). The study of the sign of the mass of 1000 seeds showed that the most stable indicator was found in varieties: Antariya, Vektra, Ranok Podillya, Votan, Demarka, Horyzont, Halytskyi. The obtained results can be used in further selection work to create competitive varieties with a high level of yield and stable manifestation of these characteristics.

Boron is a naturally occurring element that can be found in the strata and water of the Eocene Green River and Uinta Formations of the Uinta Basin of Utah. Whereas boron is suspected to be a necessary trace nutrient for proper plant and animal growth and development, higher concentrations of boron can be detrimental to living things, but the element is not known to be carcinogenic. Utah has no limit on boron content in drinking water; however, for irrigation purposes a limit of 750 μg B/L (0.75 mg/L) has been established. The Green River Formation (GRF), deposited in ancient lakes in Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah, is well known for its oil shale and saline mineral deposits, particularly the thick, economic trona beds in Wyoming. Such evaporitic mineral deposits are characteristic of a saline lake environment that existed at the end stages of Eocene lacustrine deposition. In Utah they are found in the upper GRF, and to a minor extent in the lower Uinta Formation, where elevated boron is evident. Boron-bearing minerals are present in the Parachute Creek Member of the GRF in Utah, and they occur as secondary silicate minerals in at least 12 wells across Utah’s Uinta Basin. These minerals were first reported by the U.S. Geological Survey in the 1950s. This study determined that the boron mineral occurrences correlate stratigraphically and coincide with the areas delineated for the hypersaline events in the Parachute Creek Member of the GRF. This argues that boron was concentrated with other saline constituents in Lake Uinta and is an indicator of hypersaline conditions. Water quality analyses reporting boron content from surface and subsurface samples were compiled from public databases from the Utah Department of Environmental Quality, the U.S. Geological Survey, and the Utah Geological Survey. This new database consists of 155 samples from 38 sites from the upper part (Parachute Creek Member) of the GRF, and 58 samples from 26 sites from the lower part (Douglas Creek Member) of the GRF. The boron concentration was found to be different for the two GRF parts. The average boron content of the 58 lower GRF aquifer water analyses is 6338 μg/L, while the mean boron content for the 26 individual sites varies from 15 to 205,000 μg/L. The upper GRF aquifer contains at least twice the boron content of the lower GRF, and the average boron content of the 155 analyses of upper GRF groundwater is 18,172 μg/L. The mean boron content for the 38 individual sites varies 40 to 480,000 μg/L. Areas of highboron concentration in groundwater of the GRF tend to coincide with the location of GRF hypersaline paleodepocenters. Groundwater boron content in the Uinta Formation comes from 40 analyses from 36 sites. The average of the 40 Uinta Formation analyses is 3251 μg B/L, while the mean boron content for the 36 individual sites varies from 40 to 24,000 μg/L. For each interval studied, less boron tends to be found in analyses from sites near the outcrop and boron content tends to increase in the studied formations as they are more deeply buried. Additionally, boron content was compiled for surface waters and springs for 3955 analyses from 374 sites in the Uinta Basin. When the mean boron content of these surface water sites was examined by hydrologic drainage unit subareas, it was found that the tributaries in the northern Uinta Basin, north of the Duchesne and White Rivers, contain the lowest mean boron contents, whereas higher mean boron contents are common for the tributaries in southern part of the basin. The boron content of surface water from the southern Uinta Basin drainages also tends to increase northward toward the demarking water courses. The tributaries in the southern part of the Uinta Basin have higher boron contents due to their waters having contact with the boron-bearing, shallow-inclined strata of the upper GRF or member B of the Uinta Formation. The tributaries in northern part of the basin have lower boron contents because they are not in contact with the GRF, have less contact with the member B of the Uinta Formation, and are diluted by greater snow-melt runoff from the Uinta Mountains which bound the basin to the north.

ABSTRACTExcimer laser ablation is applied in the deflashing and demarking of IC packages. It is found that mold flash filled in the interface holes of IC leadframe can be removed completely by the laser deflashing in a short period of time. With appropriate selection of laser parameters, deflashing quality and efficiency can be greatly improved. The laser deflashing is more efficient for higher pin count packages. It is a superior alternative in future applications. In laser demarking, ink marks on package surfaces can also be removed completely in a short time. The surface after the processing has good conditions for remarking. The package remarking shows good permanency. The lifetime for good marking is much longer for IC packages after the laser demarking than those after hydrogen flame-off. Laser processing can be used to replace hydrogen flame-off in the ink printing of IC packages for high efficiency and safety.

Introduction and Objective: Skull is the preferred bone for identification of sex of the deceased as it resists decomposition, mutilation and fire. Cranial Index, Nasal Index and Orbital Index are commonly used for sexual dimorphism of skull. To know the reliability of these indices for sexual dimorphism of the skull. Materials and Method: The study material consisted of 100 adult skulls of known sex available in the Anatomy department of Mala Reddy Medical College for Women from August 2021 to January 2022 (6 months) which includes 60 males and 40 were female. Measurements were taken after putting the skull in Frankfurt's horizontal plane. Instruments used for the measurement were Vernier caliper, spreading caliper, scale and marker. Measurements were taken twice at different sittings and their average was taken. Results- In the present study, mean CI in male and female skulls was 74.68±4.21 and 77.12±4.92 respectively while their NI was 50.76±5.61 and 56.86±6.65 respectively. In male skulls the mean OI was 87.47±8.09, while it was 87.88±5.55 in female skulls. The identification points and demarking points were calculated for all these three indices. Conclusion: None of the three indices namely CI, NI or OI were promising individually in identifying sex as a very low percentage of skulls could be identified. The study concludes that the reliability of these three cranial indices is doubtful in sexual dimorphism of the skull. Keywords: Sexual dimorphism; Demarking points; Cranial Index; Nasal Index; Orbital Index;

Abstract There is disagreement regarding the major components of the brain network supporting spatial cognition. To address this issue, we applied a lesion mapping approach to the clinical phenomenon of topographical disorientation. Topographical disorientation is the inability to maintain accurate knowledge about the physical environment and use it for navigation. A review of published topographical disorientation cases identified 65 different lesion sites. Our lesion mapping analysis yielded a topographical disorientation brain map encompassing the classic regions of the navigation network: medial parietal, medial temporal, and temporo-parietal cortices. We also identified a ventromedial region of the prefrontal cortex, which has been absent from prior descriptions of this network. Moreover, we revealed that the regions mapped are correlated with the Default Mode Network sub-network C. Taken together, this study provides causal evidence for the distribution of the spatial cognitive system, demarking the major components and identifying novel regions.

Fluoride ion channels of the Fluc family combat toxicity arising from accumulation of environmental F-. Although crystal structures are known, the densely packed pore region has precluded delineation of the ion pathway. Here we chart out the Fluc pore and characterize its chemical requirements for transport. A ladder of H-bond donating residues creates a ‘polar track’ demarking the ion-conduction pathway. Surprisingly, while track polarity is well conserved, polarity is nonetheless functionally dispensable at several positions. A threonine at one end of the pore engages in vital interactions through its β-branched methyl group. Two critical central phenylalanines that directly coordinate F- through a quadrupolar-ion interaction cannot be functionally substituted by aromatic, non-polar, or polar sidechains. The only functional replacement is methionine, which coordinates F- through its partially positive γ-methylene in mimicry of phenylalanine’s quadrupolar interaction. These results demonstrate the unusual chemical requirements for selectively transporting the strongly H-bonding F- anion.

AbstractA foundational paradigm in marine ecology is that Oceans are divided into distinct ecoregions demarking unique assemblages of species where the characteristics of water masses, and quantity and quality of environmental resources are generally similar. In most of the world Ocean, defining these ecoregions is complicated by data sparseness away of coastal areas and by the large-scale dispersal potential of ocean currents. Furthermore, ocean currents and water characteristics change in space and time on scales pertinent to the transitions of biological communities, and predictions of community susceptibility to these changes remain elusive. Given recent advances in data availability from satellite observations that are indirectly related to ocean currents, we are now poised to define ecoregions that meaningfully delimit marine biological communities based on their connectivity and to follow their evolution over time. Through a time-dependent complex network framework applied to a thirty-year long dataset of sea surface temperatures over the Mediterranean Sea, we provide compelling evidence that ocean ecoregionalization based on connectivity can be achieved at spatial and time scales relevant to conservation management and planning.

Abstract Para-cresol sulfate (PCS), a protein-bound uremic toxin, is a gut microbiota derived metabolite known for its role in human physiology and pathology. After PCS formation, it enters the blood stream and interacts with serum albumin with high affinity. Normally, PCS is cleared by the kidney but if it accumulates it can then lead to chronic kidney disease (CKD). We attempt to understand the nuances of interaction wherein bovine serum albumin (BSA) has been taken as a model protein. Absorption spectroscopy result indicated that in the presence of PCS (ranging from 2to 200 µM), the absorbance of BSA gradually decreased due to complex formation between them and obtained detection limit of 0.42 µM with a linearity of 0.95. Fourier transform infra-red and circular spectroscopy results demonstrated change in secondary structure of BSA upon interaction of PCS. These interaction studies reveal that PCS binds on two sites of BSA. Docking studies represent binding score of -5.6 Kcal/mol, demarking that PCS is involved in interaction with BSA via amino acid residues, forming the stable complex. This study helps in PCS aptamers synthesis by using this conjugate, to fabricate apta-sensors for early detection of CKD.

Abstract We analyzed phytoplankton biodiversity trends in a 52 year (1967–2018) monitoring time-series from the archipelago of Helsinki, Gulf of Finland, the Baltic Sea. The community ordination revealed strong ordering of samples along the time axis (generalized additive model—gam fit: R2 = 0.9). Species richness increased in time and was the most influential alpha diversity descriptor related to the community structure (gam fit: R2 = 0.56–0.70). Changes in species richness accounted for 35–36% of the mean between-sample beta diversity. The remaining 64–65% was due to species turnover—the dominant component of the biodiversity trend. The temporal beta diversity trend reflected the eutrophication history of the geographically confined region, with a turning point in mid-1990s demarking the adaptation and recovery phases of the phytoplankton community. Trends in spatial beta diversity revealed homogenization of the communities in the outer archipelago zone, but not in the inner bays. The temporal decay of community similarity revealed high turnover rate, with 23.6 years halving time in the outer archipelago and 11.3 years in the inner bays, revealing the differences in eutrophication strength. The observed phytoplankton trends manifest the regional eutrophication history, and dispersal of new species to the unsaturated brackish species pool.

Anthropogenic strata form the layered urban archive in the underground of large cities. In a transdisciplinary project involving geosciences, isotope physics and urban archaeology, we looked for artificial isotopes and anthropogenic trace metals. The tested archaeological site Karlsplatz is situated in the city of Vienna (Austria). Archaeology and historical data set provide age constraints around 1922, post-1945 and at 1959. A layer on top of the WW2 rubble that covers foundations of a 1922 building post-dates 1945, and pre-dates the levelling of the artificial park ground in 1959. The fine-grained sediment matrix of these layers is mixed with backfilled soil material. Samples were analysed for trace elements such as lead, copper and zinc, and prepared for chemical separation of actinides analysed by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS). Several artificial radionuclides, including the plutonium and uranium isotopes 239Pu, 240Pu and 236U, were found in the post-1945 layer, and the 240Pu/239Pu isotope ratio clearly points to the presence of atmospheric atomic bomb fallout material of the 1950s. Thus, the bomb-spike can be identified and used as a primary stratigraphic marker even in coarse urban anthropogenic sediments, exemplifying the correlation potential of these radionuclide markers and demarking a correlative auxiliary stratotype section and point.

The Anthropocene has given rise to growing efforts to govern the world’s ecosystems. There is a hitch, however, ecosystems do not respect sovereign borders; hundreds traverse more three states and thus require complex international cooperation. This article critically examines the political and social consequences of the growing but understudied trend towards transboundary ecosystem cooperation. Matchmaking the new hierarchy scholarship in International Relations (IR) and political geography, the article theorises how ecosystem discourse embodies a latent spatially exclusive logic that can bind together and bound from outside unusual bedfellows in otherwise politically awkward spaces. We contend that such ‘ecosystemic politics’ can generate spatialised ‘broad hierarchies’ that cut across both Westphalian renderings of space and the latent post-colonial and/or material inequalities that have hitherto been the focus of most of the new hierarchies scholarship. We illustrate our argument by conducting a multilevel longitudinal analysis of how Caspian Sea environmental cooperation has produced a broad hierarchy demarking and sharpening the boundaries of the region, become symbolic of Caspian in-group competence and neighbourliness, and used as a rationale for future Caspian-shaped cooperation. We reason that if ecosystemic politics can generate new renderings of space amid an otherwise heavily contested space as the Caspian, further research is warranted to explore systemic hierarchical consequences elsewhere.

Background: Sexual identification from the skeletal parts has medico legal and anthropological importance. The femur the longest and strongest bone in the skeleton. Objectives: to obtain values of maximum femoral length and to evaluate its possible usefulness in determining correct sexual identification. Material and Methods: Study sample consisted of 190 dry, normal, adult, human femora (140 male & 50 female) from skeletal collections of Anatomy department, Government Medical College, Datia. Maximum length of femur was considered as maximum vertical distance between upper end of head of femur and the lowest point on femoral condyle, measured with the osteometric board. Results: Mean Values obtained were, 450.81 and 416.48 for right male and female, and 443.35 and 419.44 for left male and female respectively. Higher value in male was statistically highly significant (P< 0.001) on both sides. Demarking point (D.P.) analysis of the data showed that right femora with maximum length more than 474.70 were male and less than 377.99 were female; while for left bones, femora with maximum length more than 484.49 were male and less than 385.73 were definitely female. Conclusion: Maximum length identified 13.43% of right male femora, 4.35% of right female femora, 7.25% of left male femora and 8% of left female femora Keywords: Maximum length, Sexual dimorphism, Femur, osteometry, femoral length.

As the Covid-19 pandemic continues worldwide, it has become increasingly clear that effective communication of disease transmission risks associated with protective behaviors is essential, and that communication tactics are not ubiquitously and homogenously understood. Analogous to Covid-19, communicable diseases in the hog industry result in millions of animal deaths and in the United States costs hundreds of millions of dollars annually. Protective behaviors such as preventative biosecurity practices are implemented to reduce these costs. Yet even with the knowledge of the importance of biosecurity, these practices are not employed consistently. The efficacy of biosecurity practices relies on consistent implementation and is influenced by a variety of behavioral factors under the umbrella of human decision-making. Using an experimental game, we collected data to quantify how different messages that described the likelihood of a disease incursion would influence willingness to follow biosecurity practices. Here we show that graphical messages combined with linguistic phrases demarking infection risk levels are more effective for ensuring compliance with biosecurity practices, as contrasted with either simple linguistic phrases or graphical messages with numeric demarcation of risk levels. All three of these delivery methods appear to be more effective than using a simple numeric value to describe probability of infection. Situationally, we saw greater than a 3-fold increase in compliance by shifting message strategy without changing the infection risk, highlighting the importance of situational awareness and context when designing messages.

This article shares the results of a quantitative analysis of the space use and physical attributes of 140 acute care units (ACU) completed since 2007. Objective: To fill a gap in the literature with respect to the state of practice for ACU design over the study period by investigating relationships among the physical characteristics and density of completed ACUs. Background: Robust industry interest about the topic—further agitated by the dearth of large-scale quantitative research regarding ACU space use—motivated completion of the study. Method: Through extraordinary collaboration by participating firms, floor plans of 140 new ACUs from the study period were gathered, systematically measured, and then analyzed. Results: Structural bay size, nurse station location, and the number of beds per unit were found to have significant relationships to ACU floor-gross area per bed. Additionally, nine significant associations among the explanatory variables were found, including moderate relationships among bay size, nurse station location, room handedness, and toilet room placement. Conclusion: The results suggest that project design teams tend to bundle key physical attributes together when planning ACUs. Moreover, density increases resulting from bay size reduction diminish as the bay size drops below 31′. Any impacts resulting from the major external events demarking the last decade were not sufficient to appreciably affect ACU density. Lastly, those concerned with increasing density and controlling ACU floor gross area are alerted to explore design options featuring bay sizes of approximately 30′ in conjunction with a centralized nursing model containing more than 32 beds per unit.

Abstract Rapid urbanization and expanding tourism have led to widespread encroachments, particularly in flood-prone areas, where land degradation is more likely. Conventional methods of on-foot inspections for detecting these encroachments are intricate and time-consuming. A scarcity of data has resulted in undocumented violations, prompting the need for advanced technologies like satellite remote sensing. The current paper focuses on demonstrating the effectiveness of satellite remote sensing in detecting large-scale encroachments near flood-prone zones. Due to frequent undetected illegal constructions, Coastal Regulation Zones (CRZ) are a specific area of interest. This study employs a well-established method of analysis acquired from an extensive literature review to investigate illegal construction and encroachments via remote sensing advances. The research advocates for a practical analysis to combat illegal constructions in CRZs, presenting a comprehensive database through a concise portal for easy accessibility and analysis. The case study in Kerala, India, a region prone to natural disasters like monsoon floods, provides crucial data for measuring the boundaries required to preserve the ecosystem. The research underscores the significance of satellite remote sensing in efficiently addressing environmental threats posed by encroachments, offering insights applicable to regions facing similar challenges. This analysis has proven effective in diverse global settings and offers a standardized approach for demarking CRZ throughout the globe. Its adaptability and reliability across different terrain types and climatic conditions underscore its potential as a valuable tool in mapping encroachments. The current study contributes to the discourse on sustainable urban development, aiming to inform policies promoting resilience and ecological consciousness in rapid urbanization and tourism expansion.

Background: The measurement of the subpubic angle (SPA) has been used for determining gender with a high degree of accuracy in various ethnic groups. This measurement can also be helpful in forensic and physical anthropology. The aim of this study was to compare the SPA in different adult age groups (males and females) and to use the SPA to estimate the demarking point (DP) for the determination of gender. Methods: This study included 158 subjects – 59 male and 99 female. The SPA was measured electronically using antero-posterior pelvis X-rays. Measurements were taken retrospectively using the Picture Archiving and Communication System. SPA measurements were compared between the male and female participants in different adult age groups. To determine the gender, the DP was calculated from the means of SPA in male and female participants. Results: A comparison of the means of SPA between males and females showed that females (134.94 ± 15.33º) had wider SPA than males (105.88 ± 10.33) with a significant difference (P = 0.012). While a DP > 126.5 is most likely indicative of a female pelvis, a DP < 104.3 is indicative of a male pelvis. The accuracy levels based on the measured DP of participants in this study were 45.8% and 69.7% for males and females, respectively. Besides, with regards to age, the mean values for different age groups in males and females were statistically insignificant (P-values were 0.21 and 0.75, respectively). Conclusions: According to the obtained results, the variations in the measurements of the SPA from pelvic X-rays can be used to determine gender. The calculated SPA range and DP were found to predict female gender with higher accuracy. Age was not associated with any notable differences in SPA measurements. Keywords: subpubic angle, pelvis, Sudanese, sex differences

AbstractThis article seeks to challenge essentialist comprehensions of rural Indigenous communities through examining one particular Mapuche community who were the recipients of a land subsidy. Mapuche people are the largest Indigenous group in Chile. Since the 1990s, the Chilean government, responding to calls for social justice, has purchased land and relocated Mapuche people, mostly landless or almost landless smallholder Indigenous peasants, to areas where they could own land. This study draws on qualitative data gathered from one Mapuche community throughout 2020 and early 2021. It examines the process by which these Mapuche Indigenous people became landowners, and the meanings of this transition for the rural community and households in terms of class differentiation. To this end, the article reflects on key aspects of rural everyday life, such as access to land and machinery. Firstly, it pays attention to the story behind the creation of a new Indigenous community, through analyzing the engagement of its members with the institutional path that was created by the Chilean State as a means of addressing Indigenous land struggles. This, in turn, shows how Indigenous communities can also be made while highlighting the disruptions triggered within such communities when engaging with these public schemes. Secondly, the article reflects on how the members of this new Indigenous community regard certain means of production, especially a communal tractor that was acquired through a Chilean State subsidy. In this respect, it shows how agrarian class formation is associated with these rural households' perceptions regarding their co‐owned tractor. Through investigating shifting notions of rural Indigenous communities, it is concluded that dynamics of agrarian class differentiation led to community development, as well as demarking the contours of individual rural households within each community.

This paper investigates the role of territorial images in the experiencing of place. It argues that there is no territory without repetition patterns that inscribe a semiotic generating images, a ‘picturing’ that is, in fact, pivotal to the possessive and demarking dynamic implicit in territorial assemblages. Drawing a link between Hans Blumenberg’s (1985) thinking on “existential anxiety” and its reworking of horizons of unknowing in myth and the work of Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari (1987) on repetition patterning and the refrains of territoriality, the paper looks to modes of imagined place-solidarity emerging with the nation-state. Drawing on Andrea Mubi Brighenti’s (2010) call for an expanded territorology—itself drawing on Deleuze and Guattari’s (1987 & 1994) notions of territoriality—the paper emphasises the extent to which territory, more typically recognised as a spatial phenomenon, in fact, arises out of temporal and psychical geneses consolidating differences in modes of repetition—in the case of the nation-state, as Benedict Anderson (1991) has proposed, spanning commonly imagined daily routines, memorialising, and refashioned futures. In particular, the paper draws on the role of utopian discourse in the transition to Europe nationalism, and in turn, to the transmittal of utopian aspirations and imaginings to colonial places. Central to the paper is a reading of Samuel Butler’s Erewhon, Or, Over the Range (1872/2013), a utopian satire set in Aotearoa/New Zealand’s Southern Alps, a novel, in fact, influential to a range of writings by Deleuze and Deleuze and Guattari. Developing links between the novel’s philosophical uptake; its deployment of topography and modes of imagining specific to Aotearoa/New Zealand; and Butler’s deployment of a Neoplatonist empiricism more broadly, the paper plays out the significance of what is nominated as chiastic desire (following insights by Ralf Norrman, 1986)—a criss-cross patterning that draws surface configurations (landscape picturing, textual place descriptions, topographical delineation, perceptual routines) into deeper questions of grounding, imagination, and the drawing of place sensibility out of the imperceptible.

Abstract Background and objectives Prescribed exercise to treat medical conditions and to prepare for surgery is a promising intervention to prevent adverse health outcomes for older adults; however, adherence to exercise programs may be low. Our objective was to identify and grade the quality of predictors of adherence to prescribed exercise in older adults. Methods Prospective observational and experimental studies were identified using a peer-reviewed search strategy applied to MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, and CINAHL from inception until October 6, 2020. Following an independent and duplicate review of titles, abstracts, and full texts, we included prospective studies with an average population age >65 years, where exercise was formally prescribed for a medical or surgical condition. We excluded studies where exercise was prescribed for a chronic musculoskeletal condition. Risk of bias was assessed using the Quality in Prognostic studies tool or Cochrane risk of bias tool, as appropriate. Predictors of adherence were identified and graded for quality using an adaptation of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) framework for predictor studies. Results We included 19 observational studies and 4 randomized controlled trials (n=5785) Indications for exercise included cardiac (n=6), pulmonary rehabilitation (n=7), or other (n=10; surgical, medical, and neurologic). Of the 10 studies that reported adherence as the percent of prescribed sessions completed, average adherence was 80% (range 60–98%; standard deviation (SD) 11%). Of the 10 studies that reported adherence as a categorical threshold demarking adherent vs not adherent, average adherence was 57.5% (range 21–83%; SD 21%). Moderate-quality evidence suggested that positive predictors of adherence were self-efficacy and good self-rated mental health; negative predictors were depression (high quality) and distance from the exercise facility. Moderate-quality evidence suggested that comorbidity and age were not predictive of adherence. Conclusions These findings can inform the design of future exercise programs as well as the identification of individuals who may require extra support to benefit from prescribed exercise. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42018108242

As the distinction between disclosure-fuelled celebrity and lasting fame becomes difficult to discern, the “based on a true story” label has gained a particular traction among readers and viewers. This is despite much public approbation and private angst sometimes resulting from such disclosure as “little in the law or in society protects people from the consequences of others’ revelations about them” (Smith 537). Even fiction writers can stray into difficult ethical and artistic territory when they disclose the private facts of real lives—that is, recognisably biographical information—in their work, with autoethnographic fiction where authors base their fiction on their own lives (Davis and Ellis) not immune as this often discloses others’ stories (Ellis) as well. F. Scott Fitzgerald famously counselled writers to take their subjects from life and, moreover, to look to the singular, specific life, although this then had to be abstracted: “Begin with an individual, and before you know it, you find that you have created a type; begin with a type, and you find that you have created—nothing” (139). One of the problems when assessing fiction through this lens, however, is that, although many writers are inspired in their work by an actual life, event or historical period, the resulting work is usually ultimately guided by literary concerns—what writers often term the quest for aesthetic truth—rather than historical accuracy (Owen et al. 2008). In contrast, a biography is, and continues to be, by definition, an accurate account of a real persons’ life. Despite postmodern assertions regarding the relativity of truth and decades of investigation into the incorporation of fiction into biography, other non-fiction texts and research narratives (see, for instance: Wyatt), many biographers attest to still feeling irrevocably tied to the factual evidence in a way that novelists and the scriptors of biographically-based fictional television drama, movies and theatrical pieces do not (Wolpert; Murphy; Inglis). To cite a recent example, Louis Nowra’s Ice takes the life of nineteenth-century self-made entrepreneur and politician Malcolm McEacharn as its base, but never aspires to be classified as creative nonfiction, history or biography. The history in a historical novel is thus often, and legitimately, skewed or sidelined in order to achieve the most satisfying work of art, although some have argued that fiction may uniquely represent the real, as it is able to “play […] in the gap between the narratives of history and the actualities of the past” (Nelson n.p.). Fiction and non-fictional forms are, moreover, increasingly intermingling and intertwining in content and intent. The ugly word “faction” was an attempt to suggest that the two could simply be elided but, acknowledging wide-ranging debates about whether literature can represent the complexities of life with any accuracy and post-structuralist assertions that the idea of any absolute truth is outmoded, contemporary authors play with, and across, these boundaries, creating hybrid texts that consciously slide between invention and disclosure, but which publishers, critics and readers continue to define firmly as either fiction or biography. This dancing between forms is not particularly new. A striking example was Marion Halligan’s 2001 novel The Fog Garden which opens with a personal essay about the then recent death of her own much-loved husband. This had been previously published as an autobiographical memoir, “Cathedral of Love,” and again in an essay collection as “Lapping.” The protagonist of the novel is a recently widowed writer named Clare, but the inclusion of Halligan’s essay, together with the book’s marketing campaign which made much of the author’s own sadness, encourages readers to read the novel as a disclosure of the author’s own personal experience. This is despite Halligan’s attempt to keep the two separate: “Clare isn’t me. She’s like me. Some of her experience, terrors, have been mine. Some haven’t” (Fog Garden 9). In such acts of disclosure and denial, fiction and non-fiction can interrogate, test and even create each other, however quite vicious criticism can result when readers feel the boundaries demarking the two are breached. This is most common when authors admit to some dishonesty in terms of self-disclosure as can be seen, for instance, in the furore surrounding highly inflated and even wholly fabricated memoirs such as James Frey’s A Million Little Pieces, Margaret B. Jones’s Love and Consequences and Misha Defonseca’s A Mémoire of the Holocaust Years. Related problems and anxieties arise when authors move beyond incorporating and disclosing the facts of their own lives in memoir or (autobiographical) fiction, to using the lives of others in this way. Daphne Patai sums up the difference: “A person telling her life story is, in a sense, offering up her self for her own and her listener’s scrutiny […] Whether we should appropriate another’s life in this way becomes a legitimate question” (24–5). While this is difficult but seemingly manageable for non-fiction writers because of their foundational reliance on evidence, this anxiety escalates for fiction writers. This seems particularly extreme in relation to how audience expectations and prior knowledge of actual events can shape perceptions and interpretations of the resulting work, even when those events are changed and the work is declared to be one of fiction. I have discussed elsewhere, for instance, the difficult terrain of crafting fiction from well-known criminal cases (Brien, “Based on a True Story”). The reception of such work shows how difficult it is to dissociate creative product from its source material once the public and media has made this connection, no matter how distant that finished product may be from the original facts.As the field of biography continues to evolve for writers, critics and theorists, a study of one key text at a moment in that evolution—Jill Shearer’s play Georgia and its reliance on disclosing the life of artist Georgia O’Keeffe for its content and dramatic power—reveals not only some of the challenges and opportunities this close relationship offers to the writers and readers of life stories, but also the pitfalls of attempting to dissemble regarding artistic intention. This award-winning play has been staged a number of times in the past decade but has attracted little critical attention. Yet, when I attended a performance of Georgia at La Boite Theatre in Brisbane in 1999, I was moved by the production and admiring of Shearer’s writing which was, I told anyone who would listen, a powerfully dramatic interpretation of O’Keeffe’s life, one of my favourite artists. A full decade on, aspects of the work and its performance still resonate through my thinking. Author of more than twenty plays performed throughout Australia and New Zealand as well as on Broadway, Shearer was then (and is) one of Australia’s leading playwrights, and I judged Georgia to be a major, mature work: clear, challenging and confident. Reading the Currency Press script a year or so after seeing the play reinforced for me how distinctive and successful a piece of theatre Shearer had created utilising a literary technique which has been described elsewhere as fictionalised biography—biography which utilises fictional forms in its presentation but stays as close to the historical record as conventional biography (Brien, The Case of Mary Dean).The published version of the script indeed acknowledges on its title page that Georgia is “inspired by the later life of the American artist Georgia O’Keeffe” (Shearer). The back cover blurb begins with a quote attributed to O’Keeffe and then describes the content of the play entirely in terms of biographical detail: The great American artist Georgia O’Keeffe is physically, emotionally and artistically debilitated by her failing eyesight. Living amidst the Navajo spiritual landscape in her desert home in New Mexico, she becomes prey to the ghosts of her past. Her solitude is broken by Juan, a young potter, whose curious influence on her life remains until her death at 98 (Georgia back cover). This short text ends by unequivocally reinforcing the relation between the play and the artist’s life: “Georgia is a passionate play that explores with sensitivity and wry humour the contradictions and the paradoxes of the life of Georgia O’Keeffe” (Georgia back cover). These few lines of plot synopsis actually contain a surprisingly large number of facts regarding O’Keeffe’s later life. After the death of her husband (the photographer and modern art impresario Alfred Steiglitz whose ghost is a central character in the play), O’Keeffe did indeed relocate permanently to Abiquiú in New Mexico. In 1971, aged 84, she was suffering from an irreversible degenerative disease, had lost her central vision and stopped painting. One autumn day in 1973, Juan Hamilton, a young potter, appeared at her adobe house looking for work. She hired him and he became her lover, closest confidante and business manager until her death at 98. These facts form not only the background story but also much of the riveting content for Georgia which, as the published script’s introduction states, takes as its central themes: “the dilemma of the artist as a an older woman; her yearning to create against the fear of failing artistic powers; her mental strength and vulnerability; her sexuality in the face of physical deterioration; her need for companionship and the paradoxical love of solitude” (Rider vii). These issues are not only those which art historians identify as animating the O’Keeffe’s later life and painting, but ones which are discussed at length in many of the biographies of the artist published from 1980 to 2007 (see, for instance: Arrowsmith and West; Berry; Calloway and Bry; Castro; Drohojowska-Philp; Eisler; Eldredge; Harris; Hogrefe; Lisle; Peters; Reily; Robinson).Despite this clear focus on disclosing aspects of O’Keeffe’s life, both the director’s and playwright’s notes prefacing the published script declare firmly that Georgia is fiction, not biography. While accepting that these statements may be related to copyright and privacy concerns, the stridency of the denials of the biography label with its implied intention of disclosing the facts of a life, are worthy of analysis. Although noting that Georgia is “about the American artist Georgia O’Keeffe”, director of the La Boite production Sue Rider asserts that not only that the play moves “beyond the biographical” (vii) but, a few pages later, that it is “thankfully not biography” (xii). This is despite Rider’s own underscoring of the connection to O’Keeffe by setting up an exhibition of the artist’s work adjacent to the theatre. Shearer, whose research acknowledgments include a number of works about O’Keeffe, is even more overtly strident in her denial of any biographical links stating that her characters, “this Juan, Anna Marie and Dorothy Norman are a work of dramatic fiction, as is the play, and should be taken as such” (xiii).Yet, set against a reading of the biographies of the artist, including those written in the intervening decade, Georgia clearly and remarkably accurately discloses the tensions and contradictions of O’Keeffe’s life. It also draws on a significant amount of documented biographical data to enhance the dramatic power of what is disclosed by the play for audiences with this knowledge. The play does work as a coherent narrative for a viewer without any prior knowledge of O’Keeffe’s life, but the meaning of the dramatic action is enhanced by any biographical knowledge the audience possesses. In this way, the play’s act of disclosure is reinforced by this externally held knowledge. Although O’Keeffe’s oeuvre is less well known and much anecdotal detail about her life is not as familiar for Australian viewers as for those in the artist’s homeland, Shearer writes for an international as well as an Australian audience, and the program and adjacent exhibition for the Brisbane performance included biographical information. It is also worth noting that large slabs of biographical detail are also omitted from the play. These omissions to disclosure include O’Keeffe’s early life from her birth in 1887 in Wisconsin to her studies in Chicago and New York from 1904 to 1908, as well as her work as a commercial artist and art teacher in Texas and other Southern American states from 1912 to 1916. It is from this moment in 1916, however, that the play (although opening in 1946) constructs O’Keeffe’s life right through to her death in 1986 by utilising such literary devices as flashbacks, dream sequences and verbal and visual references.An indication of the level of accuracy of the play as biographical disclosure can be ascertained by unpacking the few lines of opening stage directions, “The Steiglitz’s suite in the old mid-range Shelton Hotel, New York, 1946 ... Georgia, 59, in black, enters, dragging a coffin” (1). In 1946, when O’Keeffe was indeed aged 59, Steiglitz died. The couple had lived part of every year at the Shelton Towers Hotel at 525 Lexington Avenue (now the New York Marriott East Side), a moderately priced hotel made famous by its depiction in O’Keeffe’s paintings and Steiglitz’s photographs. When Stieglitz suffered a cerebral thrombosis, O’Keeffe was spending the summer in New Mexico, but she returned to New York where her husband died on 13 July. This level of biographical accuracy continues throughout Georgia. Halfway through the first page “Anita, 52” enters. This character represents Anita Pollitzer, artist, critic and O’Keeffe’s lifelong friend. The publication of her biography of O’Keeffe, A Woman on Paper, and Georgia’s disapproval of this, is discussed in the play, as are their letters, which were collected and published in 1990 as Lovingly, Georgia (Gibiore). Anita’s first lines in the play after greeting her friend refer to this substantial correspondence: “You write beautifully. I always tell people: “I have a friend who writes the most beautiful letters” (1). In the play, as in life, it is Anita who introduces O’Keeffe’s work to Stieglitz who is, in turn, accurately described as: “Gallery owner. Two Nine One, Fifth Avenue. Leader of the New York avant-garde, the first to bring in the European moderns” (6). The play also chronicles how (unknown to O’Keeffe) Steiglitz exhibited the drawings Pollitzer gave him under the incorrect name, a scene which continues with Steiglitz persuading Georgia to allow her drawings to remain in his gallery (as he did in life) and ends with a reference to his famous photographs of her hands and nude form. Although the action of a substantial amount of real time is collapsed into a few dramatic minutes and, without doubt, the dialogue is invented, this invention achieves the level of aesthetic truth aimed for by many contemporary biographers (Jones)—as can be assessed when referring back to the accepted biographical account. What actually appears to have happened was that, in the autumn 1915, while teaching art in South Carolina, O’Keeffe was working on a series of abstract charcoal drawings that are now recognised as among the most innovative in American art of that time. She mailed some of these drawings to Pollitzer, who showed them Steiglitz, who exhibited ten of them in April 1916, O’Keeffe only learning of this through an acquaintance. O’Keeffe, who had first visited 291 in 1908 but never spoken to Stieglitz, held his critical opinion in high regard, and although confronting him over not seeking her permission and citing her name incorrectly, eventually agreed to let her drawings hang (Harris). Despite Shearer’s denial, the other characters in Georgia are also largely biographical sketches. Her “Anna Marie”, who never appears in the play but is spoken of, is Juan’s wife (in real life Anna Marie Hamilton), and “Dorothy Norman” is the character who has an affair with Steiglitz—the discovery of which leads to Georgia’s nervous breakdown in the play. In life, while O’Keeffe was in New Mexico, Stieglitz became involved with the much younger Norman who was, he claimed, only his gallery assistant. When O’Keeffe discovered Norman posing nude for her husband (this is vividly imagined in Georgia), O’Keeffe moved out of the Shelton and suffered from the depression that led to her nervous breakdown. “ Juan,” who ages from 26 to 39 in the play, represents the potter Juan Hamilton who encouraged the nearly blind O’Keeffe to paint again. In the biographical record there is much conjecture about Hamilton’s motives, and Shearer sensitively portrays her interpretation of this liaison and the difficult territory of sexual desire between a man and a much older woman, as she also too discloses the complex relationship between O’Keeffe and the much older Steiglitz.This complexity is described through the action of the play, but its disclosure is best appreciated if the biographical data is known. There are also a number of moments of biographical disclosure in the play that can only be fully understood with biographical knowledge in hand. For instance, Juan refers to Georgia’s paintings as “Beautiful, sexy flowers [... especially] the calla lilies” (24). All attending the play are aware (from the exhibition, program and technical aspects of the production) that, in life, O’Keeffe was famous for her flower paintings. However, knowing that these had brought her fame and fortune early in her career with, in 1928, a work titled Calla Lily selling for U.S. $25,000, then an enormous sum for any living American artist, adds to the meaning of this line in the play. Conversely, the significant level of biographical disclosure throughout Georgia does not diminish, in any way, the power or integrity of Shearer’s play as a literary work. Universal literary (and biographical) themes—love, desire and betrayal—animate Georgia; Steiglitz’s spirit haunts Georgia years after his death and much of the play’s dramatic energy is generated by her passion for both her dead husband and her younger lover, with some of her hopeless desire sublimated through her relationship with Juan. Nadia Wheatley reads such a relationship between invention and disclosure in terms of myth—relating how, in the process of writing her biography of Charmain Clift, she came to see Clift and her husband George Johnson take on a larger significance than their individual lives: “They were archetypes; ourselves writ large; experimenters who could test and try things for us; legendary figures through whom we could live vicariously” (5). In this, Wheatley finds that “while myth has no real beginning or end, it also does not bother itself with cause and effect. Nor does it worry about contradictions. Parallel tellings are vital to the fabric” (5). In contrast with both Rider and Shearer’s insistence that Georgia was “not biography”, it could be posited that (at least part of) Georgia’s power arises from the creation of such mythic value, and expressly through its nuanced disclosure of the relevant factual (biographical) elements in parallel to the development of its dramatic (invented) elements. Alongside this, accepting Georgia as such a form of biographical disclosure would mean that as well as a superbly inventive creative work, the highly original insights Shearer offers to the mass of O’Keeffe biography—something of an American industry—could be celebrated, rather than excused or denied. ReferencesArrowsmith, Alexandra, and Thomas West, eds. Georgia O’Keeffe & Alfred Stieglitz: Two Lives—A Conversation in Paintings and Photographs. Washington DC: HarperCollins and Calloway Editions, and The Phillips Collection, 1992.Berry, Michael. Georgia O’Keeffe. New York: Chelsea House, 1988.Brien, Donna Lee. 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