To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Democratic Republic of Congo (DR Congo).
Journal articles on the topic 'Democratic Republic of Congo (DR Congo)'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Democratic Republic of Congo (DR Congo).'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Eyssette, Jérémie. "The Democratic Republic of the Congo’s Linguistic Temptation: A Comparative Analysis with Rwanda’s Switch-to-English." Journal of Asian and African Studies 55, no. 4 (November 8, 2019): 522–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909619885974.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this article is to assess whether the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DR Congo) is likely to upgrade the status of English by constitutional or educational means. Indeed, neighboring countries such as Rwanda and Burundi adopted English as their official language in 1996 and 2014, but less writing in English is devoted to a potential linguistic transition in DR Congo, the most populous French-speaking country. This article will gauge DR Congo and Rwanda against the four criteria that arguably triggered Rwanda’s switch-to-English: historical factors in current linguistic trends; the role of charismatic leaders in sudden language policy changes; language-in-education policies; and economic incentives. The results of this interdisciplinary investigation into the language dynamics of the Great Lakes region indicate that, reflecting the vehicles of DR Congo’s domestic and regional evolutions, its leaders might be tempted to enhance the status of English as an official language in a way that, contrary to Rwanda’s radical switch-to-English, is more compatible with other languages.
2
Bobineau, Julien. "The Historical Taboo: Colonial Discourses and Postcolonial Identities in Belgium." Werkwinkel 12, no. 1 (June 27, 2017): 107–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/werk-2017-0007.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This article examines so-called colonial discourses in Belgium related to the former Sub-Saharan colony owned by Leopold II of Belgium which today is known as the Democratic Republic of Congo (DR Congo) or the Congo-Kinshasa. Having introduced the colonial history of the DR Congo from the 15th century until 1910, the study starts with a discussion of Van den Braembussche’s concept of a ‘historical taboo’ and four ways of engaging with such implicit interdictions. Finally, an empirical analysis of colonial discourses in Belgium from the 1890s until today will be presented in conjunction with Belgium’s linguistic-cultural division, taking into account age-related divergence.
3
Kimoni, Glorieux Bikyeombe, Faustin Kasereka Kisenge, and Ahuka Ona Longombe. "Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of Goiter Operated Patients in Kisangani (Democratic Republic of Congo)." Journal of Medical Research 6, no. 6 (December 30, 2020): 299–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jmr.2020.6609.
Full textAbstract:
Goiter is a real public health problem in the world and particularly in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DR Congo). We conducted this study with the aim of studying goiter in order to identify the profile of patients with goiter surgery. Materials and methods: We report a retrospective study, documentary analysis spread over 2 years, from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2019, on 52 cases of goiter scheduled and operated in the surgical department of the Millennium Polyclinic in Kisangani, DR Congo. The data were encoded in the Excel file and grouped together in the form of tables then analyzed after percentage calculation. Results: Surgical goiter is a disease with a significant frequency in our environment. Most of the operated patients were female with 90.3% and came from the urban area in Kisangani with 34 cases or 65.3%. The clinic was marked by left and right lobar goiter as well as dysphonia and dysphagia as a symptom of compression. Conclusion: Goiter is still a serious public health problem in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The majority of patients have large, old goiter with noticeable respiratory symptoms.
4
Le, Kien. "Armed Conflict and Child Weight in DR Congo." Advances in Public Health 2021 (September 2, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6931096.
Full textAbstract:
This paper investigates the extent to which armed conflict influences the weight of young children in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Exploiting the variation across districts in exposure to armed conflict and the within-district variation in the timing of whether the child was exposed to armed conflict due to birth timing within a difference-in-differences framework, we detect adverse impacts of conflict exposure to child weight. Specifically, experiencing armed conflict makes children weigh less for their age and weigh less for their height by 0.20 and 0.24 standard deviations, respectively. Armed conflict also increases the probability of children being underweight and wasted by 4.7 and 2.7 percentage points, respectively. Our heterogeneity analyses reveal that children of disadvantaged backgrounds, i.e., those born to low-educated mothers, poor mothers, and rural mothers, tend to be disproportionately affected. Our study calls for effective measures to mitigate the detrimental repercussions of armed conflict.
5
Mutwedu, Valence Bwana, Bernard Kanyungu Buuma, Arsene Ciza Mushagalusa, Ntagereka Patrick Bisimwa, Nadege Cizungu Cirezi, Yannick Mugumaarhahama, and Rodrigue Balthazar Basengere Ayagirwe. "Prevalence and economic losses of calf fetal wastage in ELAKAT public slaughterhouse of Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo." October-2019 12, no. 10 (October 2019): 1644–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2019.1644-1649.
Full textAbstract:
Aim: This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of calf fetal wastage and its economic implications at ELAKAT slaughterhouse, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo (DR Congo) to fill the research gap in relationship with this thematic. The study investigations took place from May to September 2018. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried at the slaughterhouse. For each visit, the number of cattle slaughtered, the number of pregnant cows slaughtered, and gestational ages (stage of pregnancy of the dam, and estimated by crown-rump length) of the fetuses were recorded. Results: Out of the 1035 cattle slaughtered during the study period, 970 were females. A total of 255 fetuses were recovered, representing a fetal recovery rate of 26.28%. The study established that one fetus was lost out of 4.5 cows slaughtered, and most of fetuses recovered (58.1%) were in the first trimester of gestation while 29.1% and 12.8% were, respectively, in the second and third trimester. Their age varied from 1.2 to 8.6 months, with body length ranging from 14 cm to 92 cm while their weight varied from 1.0 kg to 23.0 kg. The economic loss associated with the total cattle fetal wastages was estimated at Congo Democratic Francs (CDF) 29,906,400 ($15,787.5) with a monthly average of CDF 5,981,280 ($3,157.5). Conclusion: These results attested that slaughtering pregnant cows constitute a strong constraint on cattle industry development in DR Congo. Urgent measures, such as adequate enforcement of legislations on routine veterinary examinations at slaughterhouses as well as livestock owner's sensitization, are required to avoid selling pregnant cows during calving season.
6
Bullock, Marc. "12 hours (recurring): Working for Médecins Sans Frontières in the DR Congo." Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 93, no. 10 (November 1, 2011): 365–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/147363511x13158258989839.
Full textAbstract:
Marc Bullock describes an intense six-week period that he spent as a surgeon attached to Médecins Sans Frontières in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The working environment and the exotic cases he encountered, partly a reflection on the violence that dominates the region, are bound to have had a profound personal and professional impact. I would imagine that this report will inspire some trainees to seek a similar experience.
7
Cocquyt, Christine, Edit Lokele Ndjombo, Simon Tutu Tsamemba, and Hippolyte Nshimba Seya wa Malale. "Freshwater diatoms in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a historical overview of the research and publications." PhytoKeys 136 (December 23, 2019): 107–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.136.47386.
Full textAbstract:
An overview of the diatom research in the DR Congo is given based on literature data starting in 1938 with the work of Zanon and excluding the East African Lakes as these were already discussed in previous papers. For each literature record the diatom genera mentioned are presented as well as all diatom taxa described from the Congo as new. In total, 106 new taxa were documented, of which Nitzschia with 40 taxa is far the most important genus followed by Navicula s.l. and Pinnularia and with 15 and 13 taxa respectively. Particular attention was paid to the local research of students found in unpublished theses at bachelor, licentiate, master and PhD level. Diatom records in these works are almost all restricted to genus level, although in the last decade an attempt to delimit species can be observed. This accompanies the renewed taxonomic interest in the Congo basin during the last decade. Renewed taxonomic interest can also be seen in the genera: the first period being situated during the lumping period, while more recent works follow the current taxonomic classification, for example Navicula s.l. versus Navicula, Cavinula, Craticula, Diadesmis, Geissleria, Humidophila, Luticola, etc.
8
Mitima, Kashosi T., Steve Ntamako, Achippe M. Birindwa, Ntakwinja Mukanire, John M. Kivukuto, Kibendelwa Tsongo, and Kanigula Mubagwa. "Prevalence of colonization by Streptococcus agalactiae among pregnant women in Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 8, no. 09 (September 12, 2014): 1195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.5030.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: Maternal vaginal colonization by Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) has an important impact on neonatal health but has not been studied in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The aim of this study was to determine its frequency and influencing factors. Methodology: Vaginal samples (n = 509) for bacteriological analysis were collected from women in Bukavu, eastern DR Congo, during their third trimester of pregnancy, along with information about age, education and socio-economic status, and medical and obstetric-gynecological history. Results: The overall GBS colonization rate was 20%. Colonization was significantly associated with low education, history of urinary infection during the pregnancy, history of premature childbirth or abortion, and HIV-positive serology, but was not significantly associated with socio-economic level or parity. Conclusions: The GBS colonization rate is similar to that found elsewhere on the continent. Further studies, with follow-up of neonates of infected mothers and evaluation of prevention/treatment strategies, are needed.
9
Tambiki, Junior. "SOCIAL SURVEY ON COMMUNITY RESPONSE TO ROAD TRAFFIC NOISE IN KINSHASA, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO." Akustika 32 (March 1, 2019): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.36336/akustika20193245.
Full textAbstract:
Kinshasa, capital of Democratic Republic of the Congo (DR Congo), is facing serious noise problems caused by the expansion of transportation and the increase of traffic volume without any regulation or policy introduced. This social survey conducted in September 2017, is the first survey ever performed on road traffic noise in Kinshasa. Four sites along major roads were selected. Questionnaire survey was carried out by face to face interview and 235 samples were collected. A 24-hour noise measurement was conducted at a representative point of each road and the noise indices such as Lden were calculated. The Lden of the four sites were from 73 to 79 dB. The percentages of highly annoyed and highly sleep disturbed were from 30% to 41% and 38% to 52%, respectively. The higher percentages were observed in sites with the higher noise level. A logistic regression analyses were applied to plot the dose-response relationship for general annoyance. The result was close to EU curve and higher than that in Vietnam.
10
Verweijen, Judith, and Justine Brabant. "Cows and guns. Cattle-related conflict and armed violence in Fizi and Itombwe, eastern DR Congo." Journal of Modern African Studies 55, no. 1 (February 2, 2017): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x16000823.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTThis paper analyses the role of cattle in the entwined dynamics of conflict and violence in the Fizi and Itombwe region of South Kivu province, in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. On the one hand, agropastoral conflict intensifies armed mobilisation, allowing armed groups to draw upon particular conflict narratives that generate popular and elite support. It also creates incentives for armed actors to engage in cattle-looting, or the defence against it, for both symbolic and material reasons. On the other hand, the presence of armed forces and the use of violence profoundly shape agropastoral conflicts. Importantly, they change the perceived stakes of these conflicts, and hamper their resolution. By showing that the relations between cattle-related conflict and armed activity are indirect, complex and mutual, the paper refines both theories on agropastoral conflict and those highlighting the role of local conflicts in fuelling violence in the eastern Congo.
11
Miankeba, Papy. "Enhancing Monitoring and Control of the Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DR Congo) by Citizen Science." Proceedings of TDWG 1 (August 22, 2017): e20499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/tdwgproceedings.1.20499.
Full text
12
Modeste Ndaba Modeawi, John Likolo Baya, Bembi Bosso, Jacquie Kangu Kobe, Jonas Mbaya Kusagba, JP Mokombe Magbukudua, Masengo Ashande Colette, Gédéon Ngiala Bongo, Muhammad Ridwan, and Koto-te-Nyiwa Ngbolua. "COVID-19 Pandemic in Democratic Republic of the Congo: An Opportunity for Economic Recovery." Britain International of Exact Sciences (BIoEx) Journal 3, no. 2 (May 5, 2021): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/bioex.v3i2.434.
Full textAbstract:
The world is facing an unprecedented health crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The DR Congo with its 90 million inhabitants and more than 500,000 refugees from neighboring countries recorded the first confirmed case in Kinshasa on March 10, 2020. Currently, the country is counting 16,039 cases of infection, 566 cases of death and 13,536 cases of recovery according to the Technical Secretariat Response Team COVID-DRC, (December 23, 2020). After reporting the first case, Congolese government has taken protective health measures whereby it is in a worrying economic situation that was immediately noticeable by the increase in the rate of the foreign currency (the dollar) compared to the local currency. From an extroverted economy, the Covid-19 pandemic has put it in a situation of stagnation, which could lead country into an economic recession if this scourge persists.
13
Mvumbi, Dieudonné Makaba, Thierry Lengu Bobanga, Pierrette Melin, Patrick De Mol, Jean-Marie Ntumba Kayembe, Hippolyte Nani-Tuma Situakibanza, Georges Lelo Mvumbi, Célestin Ndosimao Nsibu, Solange Efundu Umesumbu, and Marie-Pierre Hayette. "High Prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum Infection in Asymptomatic Individuals from the Democratic Republic of the Congo." Malaria Research and Treatment 2016 (January 28, 2016): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5405802.
Full textAbstract:
Malaria remains a major public health problem in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) with 14 million cases reported by the WHO Malaria Report in 2014. Asymptomatic malaria cases are known to be prevalent in endemic areas and are generally untreated, resulting in a significant source of gametocytes that may serve as reservoir of disease transmission. Considering that microscopy certainly underestimates the prevalence of Plasmodium infections within asymptomatic carriers and that PCR assays are currently recognized as the most sensitive methods for Plasmodium identification, this study was conducted to weigh the asymptomatic carriage in DRC by a molecular method. Six provinces were randomly selected for blood collection in which 80 to 100 individuals were included in the study. Five hundred and eighty blood samples were collected and molecular diagnosis was performed. Globally, almost half of the samples collected from asymptomatic individuals (280/580; 48.2%) had Plasmodium infections and the most species identified was P. falciparum alone in combination with P. malariae. The high prevalence reported here should interpellate the bodies involved in malaria control in DR Congo to take into account asymptomatic carriers in actions taken and consider asymptomatic malaria as a major hurdle for malaria elimination.
14
Vlassenroot, Koen, and Timothy Raeymaekers. "New political order in the DR Congo? the transformation of regulation." Afrika Focus 21, no. 2 (February 15, 2008): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-02102005.
Full textAbstract:
It has been said repeatedly: the Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire) remains only a shadow of its former self, a typical case of state failure and collapse. Closer observation suggests a different image, however: not only has this country demonstrated “a remarkable propensity for resilience” (Englebert, 2003), its administration and regulatory frameworks – which in some domains have not changed since colonial times – have remained largely intact even during the latest period of war and political turmoil. In this article, we would like to explain these different “cross currents and contradictions” (Young, 2004) that emerged during the past Congolese war, addressing the question of whether processes of state erosion and political reconfiguration during this period should be described as a further “privatisation of the state”, as proposed by Hibou and others, or rather as a transformation or commodification of state sovereignty. The article is organized diachronically: it first discusses the Mobutu period (1965-1997), and then the war (1996-2003), to finally draw some conclusions from Congo’s long period of political “transition”.
15
Uexkull, Nina von, Marco d’Errico, and Julius Jackson. "Drought, Resilience, and Support for Violence: Household Survey Evidence from DR Congo." Journal of Conflict Resolution 64, no. 10 (May 7, 2020): 1994–2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002720923400.
Full textAbstract:
The effects of climate variability and change on security are debated. While this topic has received considerable attention in both policy circles and academia, the microlevel pathways and conditions under which climatic shocks increase conflict risks are poorly understood. We suggest that household resilience provides one key to understanding these relationships. Using novel household survey data from two conflict-affected regions in Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, we study variation in the support for violence related to reported exposure to drought and resilience metrics. Using comprehensive multifaceted objective and subjective indicators of resilience, we find that less resilient respondents who report having experienced drought and associated losses are more likely to be supportive of the use of political violence. In contrast, our findings suggest that there is no general association between reporting drought exposure and support for violence.
16
Lee, Tae-Hun, Jae-Hyun Han, Ashish Ranjan Sharma, Young-A. Choi, Dong Won Kim, Sang-Soo Lee, and Moo-Eob Ahn. "A Sustainable Ambulance Operation Model in a Low-Resource Country (the Democratic Republic of Congo)." Emergency Medicine International 2018 (August 28, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8701957.
Full textAbstract:
Due to an increase in traffic collisions, the demand for prehospital medical services is on the rise, even in low-resource countries where emergency ambulance services have not been previously provided. To build a sustainable and continuous prehospital ambulance operation model, it is necessary to consider the medical system and economic conditions of the corresponding country. In an attempt to construct a prehospital ambulance operation model that ensures continuous operation, a pilot “emergency patient transporting service from field to hospital” operation was established for approximately three months in Kinshasa, the capital of the DR Congo. To construct a continuously operating model even after the pilot operation, willingness to pay (WTP) by type of emergency medical and transport service was investigated by implementing the contingent valuation method (CVM). Using CVM, the WTP for prehospital emergency services targeting ambulance services personnel, patients, policemen, and hospital staff participating in the pilot operation was calculated. The results of the pilot operation revealed that there were a total of 212 patients with a mean patient number of 2.4 per day. A total of 155 patients used the services for hospital transport, while 121 patients used the services for traffic collisions. Traffic collisions were the category in which ambulance services were most frequently needed (66.2%). Pay services were most frequently utilized in the home-visit services category (40.9%). Based on these results, eight independently operated ambulance operation models and sixteen models that utilize hospital medical personnel and policemen already belonging to existing institutions were proposed. In an effort to implement emergency medical ambulance services in the DR Congo, medical staff receiving pay for performance (incentive pay) should be deployed in the field and on call. Accordingly, with respect to sustainable development goals, various pay-for-service models should be used.
17
Mankadi, Paul Mansiangi, and Yan Jin. "Effects of Door-to-Door Hang-Up Visits on the Use of Long-Lasting Insecticide-Treated Mosquito Nets in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17 (August 27, 2021): 9048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179048.
Full textAbstract:
Malaria accounts for 14% of child deaths in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and one of the key interventions used to prevent malaria is to distribute insecticide-treated bednets (ITNs), especially long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). The global health community and the Roll Back Malaria initiative have been struggling to achieve universal health coverage using ITNs, and recent studies have reported mixed results about the effects of door-to-door visits and mass distribution campaigns. We aimed to compare LLIN use for those provided by door-to-door hang-up visits and by conventional fixed distribution from distribution centers accompanied by a mass distribution campaign. A cluster randomized control trial was conducted in rural areas of Maniema Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DR Congo). Cross-sectional surveys were conducted on 2120 and 2156 households, respectively, with at least one child aged less than five in 76 villages. We assessed the effectiveness of door-to-door hang-up visits on the use of LLINs by exploring the interaction between the “intervention group” and “time” using generalized estimating equation models. Increased LLINs use was observed in all age groups in both arms, but usage differences were not significantly different (relative risk (RR) of LLINs use among children < 5 in the intervention group versus the control group after adjusted for clustering: 1.06, 95% CI: 0.85–1.33). We conclude that the door-to-door hang-up visits are not sufficient to persuade individuals (pregnant woman, children < 5, or all study participants) to use LLINs, although it did appear to be effective for the youngest children in the household.
18
Weichenberger, Christian X., Maria Teresa Rivera, and Jean Vanderpas. "Familial Aggregation of Endemic Congenital Hypothyroidism Syndrome in Congo (DR): Historical Data." Nutrients 12, no. 10 (October 2, 2020): 3021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12103021.
Full textAbstract:
Familial aggregation of endemic congenital hypothyroidism (CH) in an iodine-deficient population from northern Congo (Democratic Republic (DR)) was analysed on data collected four decades ago (1979–1980). During a systematic survey of 62 families, 46 endemic CH subjects (44 myxedematous and 2 neurological) were identified based on clinical evidence within a village cohort of 468 subjects. A distribution analysis showed that two families presented significant excess of cases versus a random background distribution. Both families were characterised by two healthy parents having all of their five offspring affected by some form of endemic CH. Goitre prevalence in endemic CH was lower than that in the general population, while goitre prevalence in the unaffected part of the cohort (parents and siblings) was similar to that of the general population. Some unidentified genetic/epigenetic factor(s) could contribute to the evolution of some iodine-deficient hypothyroid neonates through irreversible and progressive loss of thyroid functional capacity during early childhood (<5 years old). Besides severe iodine deficiency, environmental exposure to thiocyanate overload and selenium deficiency, factors not randomly distributed within families and population, intervened in the full expression of endemic CH. Further exploration in the field will remain open, as iodine deficiency in Congo (DR) was eliminated in the 1990s.
19
Palou-Loverdos, Jordi. "Relaciones internacionales y justicia transicional: memoria, jurisdicción universal y el caso Ruanda/RD Congo." Deusto Journal of Human Rights, no. 13 (December 11, 2017): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/aahdh-13-2015pp15-62.
Full textAbstract:
<p>In the twentieth anniversary of the Srebrenica and Kibeho massacres, both executed under the presence of UN blue helmets, its timely to approach judicial and non-judicial mechanisms of transitional justice been used to face human right abuses of the past. Human tragedies of Rwanda and the democratic Republic of Congo are still devastating despite of developed initiatives about truth, justice and reparation. dialogue processes and universal jurisdiction initiatives inspired by international civil society depict a window of hope. National and international impacts of the Rwanda-DR Congo case judicial process, as the effects of the cancellation of universal jurisdiction in Spain, after ten years of open judicial inquiry, are presented to invite to a critical reflection.</p><p><strong>Received</strong>: 25 July 2015<br /><strong>Accepted</strong>: 30 November 2015<br /><strong>Published online</strong>: 11 December 2017</p>
20
D. Kabongo, Jean, and John O. Okpara. "ICT possession among Congolese SMEs: an exploratory study." Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 21, no. 2 (May 13, 2014): 313–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsbed-10-2013-0143.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the possession of information and communication technologies (ICTs) among small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the developing economy of the Democratic Republic (DR) of the Congo. Design/methodology/approach – A survey of Congolese SMEs in two major cities was conducted. Findings – The results of the study demonstrate that nearly 51 percent of SMEs in the sample reported a cell phone number, making this tool the most popular among SMEs studied. In total, 31 percent of SMEs reported an e-mail address while only 3 percent of them reported having a firm web site. Far <1 percent reported a fax number, while none of the SMEs in the sample used a fixed telephone line. The telecommunications sector demonstrated the highest rate of ICT usage. The findings give consistency to what the body of research has concluded relative to the use of mobile telephone by SMEs in developing economies. Originality/value – This study fills a gap in the research into ICT usage by SMEs in developing countries by analyzing a sample of SMEs in the DR Congo ever attempted.
21
Hamann, Hartmut. "Can decentralisation contribute to promoting rule-of-law structures? The Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda and Burundi as examples." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 15, no. 2 (May 25, 2017): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2012/v15i2a2478.
Full textAbstract:
Decentralisation can enable a country's population to exercise political influence at regional and local level. This presupposes a willingness to assume responsibility. It also presupposes that those in power are willing to hand over some of the power. Together these two factors can foster rule-of-law structures. This paper describes the constitutional and administrative framework for decentralisation in DR Congo, Rwanda and Burundi. It also explores the actual situation in those countries with reference to legal literature from those countries. In addition, it raises questions regarding the effect of instruments of international law on the decentralisation processes (international organisations, regional integration and international cooperation).
22
Oliinyk, Yurii. "Hybrid Wars and Conflict Management Experience on the Example of Democratic Republic of the Congo." Історико-політичні проблеми сучасного світу, no. 39 (June 16, 2019): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2019.39.79-82.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the issue of hybrid warfare and the experience of postwar management on the example of Democratic Republic of the Congo.It is revealed the weakness of the state that is not able to control the territory, the risks of democratic transformation and the influence of external forces. The author examines the tools of the hybrid war, analyzes the current situation in the country, the inability of the central government and the factors of external influence. The urgency of the topic is causes by importance of the planning postwar managementinUkraine, which is negotiating about peacekeeping mission on the territories of Donetsk and Luhansk regions. Ukraine needs to know the possible consequences of this decision, studieng the experience of the countries with similar problems. An example of DR Congo demonstrates the loss of capital sovereignty over economically important regions, which can not be returned without external assistance. Moreover, even in liberated territories it is difficult to establish a stable order. The processes of unconventional conflicts lead to the weakening of sovereignty and the reduction or even loss of subjectivity. Accordingly, the methods of solving these issues with the involvement of international organizations often freeze the situation, leaving the subjectivity of the governments recognized in the world fragile. Such a development scenario also threatens Ukraine in the case of introduction the peacekeeping forces. The author comes to the conclusion that hybrid conflicts lead to a weakening of sovereignty, which is deepened by the influence of external forces. Intervention of the international community does not give the expected effect.
Keywords: hybridwar, conflict management, peacemaking operation.
23
Mushagalusa Kasali, Félicien, Christian Ahadi Irenge, Pacifique Murhula Hamuli, Patient Birindwa Mulashe, Delphin Murhula Katabana, Jean De Dieu Mangambu Mokoso, Pius Tshimankinda Mpiana, and Justin Ntokamunda Kadima. "Ethnopharmacological Survey on Treatment of Hypertension by Traditional Healers in Bukavu City, DR Congo." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2021 (July 9, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6684855.
Full textAbstract:
Background. Ethnopharmacological studies are relevant for sustaining and improving knowledge of traditional medicine within the framework of complementary/alternative therapeutic practices based solely on experience and observation across generations. Hypertension is a common cardiovascular disorder affecting more than 50% of older people in Africa (PLoS One. 2019; 14 (4): e0214934; published online on April 5, 2019, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214934). Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional survey from October 2014 to August 2015 with 18 renowned traditional healers from the city of Bukavu to capture botanical plant species and remedies used by herbalists to manage hypertension in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Results. Respondents cited 41 plant species belonging to 25 botanical families. The ten most common plants are Allium sativum, Galinsoga ciliata, Moringa oleifera, Bidens pilosa, Persea americana, Piper capense, Catharanthus roseus, Rauvolfia vomitoria, Sida rhombifolia, and Vernonia amygdalina. The parts used are primary leaves (48.8%) formulated as oral decoctions (65.9%). Conclusion. The literature review validated the use of 73.2% of the plants listed. Plants of high local use-value not supported by other studies deserve in-depth chemical and pharmacological studies.
24
Brandt, Cyril Owen, and Tom De Herdt. "Reshaping the reach of the state: the politics of teacher payment reform in the DR Congo." Journal of Modern African Studies 58, no. 1 (February 20, 2020): 23–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x19000557.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractWe analyse the politics of the reform of teacher payment modalities in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in light of the uneven territorial reach of the DRC state. The reform focused on extending this reach by paying all teachers via a bank account, replacing long-standing shared governance arrangements between state and faith-based organisations with a public-private partnership. By using qualitative and quantitative data, we map the political practices accompanying the implementation of the reform. While the reform itself was officially deemed a success, its intended effects were almost completely offset in rural areas. Moreover, governance of teacher payments was not rationalised but instead became even more complex and spatially differentiated. In sum, the reform has rendered governance processes more opaque and deepened the existing unevenness in the geography of statehood.
25
Thery, Philippe, Marc Reynders, and Marc S. M. Sosef. "Hypolytrum goetghebeurii (Cyperaceae), a curious new species from miombo woodlands in the Democratic Republic of the Congo." Plant Ecology and Evolution 152, no. 1 (March 25, 2019): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2019.1574.
Full textAbstract:
Background – The genus Hypolytrum is studied during the preparation of the Cyperaceae treatment in Flore d’Afrique centrale. It is kept separate from Mapania and its African members have been divided amongst three sections.Methods – Herbarium material from BR and BRLU has been studied. A preliminary IUCN Red List assessment is performed according to the IUCN Guidelines and Criteria. Results – The new species Hypolytrum goetghebeurii is described from miombo woodlands in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It differs from other African species in the genus by forming thick tussocks, having narrow, rigid leaves and spicoids with three male flowers subtended by their floral bracts and a female flower with three stigmas. It occurs in seasonally dry areas with a regular fire regime and seems to be the only African species of that genus occupying such a dry habitat. It is named after the Cyperaceae specialist Prof. em. Dr. Paul Goetghebeur. Following the IUCN Red List criteria, the species is assessed as Vulnerable.
26
Lake, Milli. "Building the Rule of War: Postconflict Institutions and the Micro-Dynamics of Conflict in Eastern DR Congo." International Organization 71, no. 2 (2017): 281–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002081831700008x.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractWhy have peace-building and reconstruction efforts so frequently failed to create durable institutions that can deter or withstand resurgent violence in volatile sites of cyclical conflict? Extant theory predicts that new institutions can help overcome violence and mitigate commitment problems in postconflict contexts by reducing uncertainty in inherently uncertain environments. By contrast, this article argues that postconflict institutions often prove limited in their abilities to contribute to durable peace because they offer wartime elites new venues in which to pursue conflict-era agendas. Through a micro-analysis of efforts to build the rule of law in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, I demonstrate that wartime elites capture and instrumentalize new legal institutions to maximize their intra- and inter-organizational survival; to pursue economic, military, and political agendas behind the scenes; and, in some cases, to prepare for an imminent return to war.
27
Verweijen, Judith. "Soldiers Without an Army? Patronage Networks and Cohesion in the Armed Forces of the DR Congo." Armed Forces & Society 44, no. 4 (March 5, 2018): 626–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095327x17740096.
Full textAbstract:
This article analyzes the effects of patronage networks on cohesion in the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It shows that while patronage networks provide support to individual military personnel, they undermine both peer and commander–subordinate bonding. They promote unequal service conditions and statuses and link these to extra-unit and extra-military forms of social identification, which are further reinforced by soldiers’ living and generating revenue among civilians. Furthermore, they impair meritocracy and frustrate the extent to which commanders live up to their subordinates’ expectations. As they fuel internal conflicts, often around revenue generation, and foster bad service conditions and distrust toward the political and military leadership, patronage networks also undermine institutional cohesion. The article concludes that cohesion formation in the FARDC follows different patterns than in well-institutionalized and well-resourced militaries. Given that cohesion impacts combat performance and norm enforcement, these findings are relevant for defense reform efforts and military cooperation.
28
Muluwa, Joseph Koni, and Koen Bostoen. "immediate before the verb focus position in Nsong (Bantu B85d, DR Congo)." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 57 (January 1, 2014): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.57.2014.422.
Full textAbstract:
Nsong is a western Bantu language spoken in the neighbourhood of Kikwit (5°2'28"S 18°48'58"E, Kwilu District, Bandundu Province, DRC) and encoded as B85d in the New Updated Guthrie List (Maho 2009). To this B80 or Tiene-Yanzi group also belongs Mbuun, encoded as B87 by Guthrie (1971: 39) and spoken in the wider vicinity of Idiofa (4°57'35"S 19°35'40", Kwilu District, Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo). Both languages are closely related. They share a high percentage of fundamental and other vocabulary as well as several rather atypical phonological innovations (Bostoen & Koni Muluwa 2014; Koni Muluwa 2014; Koni Muluwa & Bostoen 2012). Preliminary elicitation-based research on Mbuun has pointed out that the pre-verbal domain plays a crucial role in the marking of argument focus in Mbuun (Bostoen & Mundeke 2011, 2012). In this paper, we assess whether this is also the case in Nsong on the basis of a text corpus which the first author has been collecting, transcribing and annotating in 2013 and 2014 as part of an endangered language documentation project funded by the DoBeS program of the Volkswagen Foundation through a 3-year grant (2012-2015). More information on the project can be found on http://www.kwilubantu.ugent.be/. This Nsong text corpus exclusively consists of oral discourse and currently counts 48.022 tokens and 11.973 types. The team’s 2013 fieldwork aimed at documenting Nsong speech events in as many different cultural settings as possible. As a result, the corpus comprises different text genres, such as political speeches, historical traditions, folk music, tales, proverbs, hunting language, ceremonial language used during circumcision and twin rites, and popular biological knowledge. In line with previous research on Mbuun, we concentrate here on mono-clausal argument focus constructions, even if preliminary research has pointed out that bi-clausal focus structures are more common in the Nsong corpus.
29
Mongo Providence, Alimasi, Xu Chaoyi, and Sherif Abdul Ganiyu. "AN EMPIRICAL STUDY ON FACTORS INFLUENCING CONSUMER'S INTENTION TO ADOPT E-COMMERCE IN DR CONGO." International Journal of Advanced Research 8, no. 06 (June 30, 2020): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/11076.
Full textAbstract:
The internet popularity is rising with its activities and have opened up a wide range of business opportunities especially in items of e-commerce. Even so, studies show that e-commerce adoption rate in developing countries appears to be endeavor. A lot of countries still facing the challenge of low rate adoption of e-commerce. Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is one of these countries where e-commerce adoption is still in its infancy. However, due to recent infrastructure upgrades and the growth of telecommunications services in the country, the penetration of the Internet, mainly cellular Internet is growing at a markedly speedy pace. Тhe purpose of this research is to investigate on the factors that could affect the adoption of online shopping in DRC. Тhe Тechnology Аcceptance Мodel (ТАМ) conducted the investigation. A quantitative approach was used in the collection of data and it has reported on the results of a survey of 201 Congolese held mobile phone. The data analysis was done using SPSS 25. The findings exhibit that Perceived Ease of Use, Perceived of Usefulness, Perceived Trust have excessive correlation with a user’s intention to shop online.
30
Müller-Koné, Marie. "Débrouillardise: certifying ‘conflict-free’ minerals in a context of regulatory pluralism in South Kivu, DR Congo." Journal of Modern African Studies 53, no. 2 (May 20, 2015): 145–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x15000178.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis article explores the relationship between transnational governance initiatives for ‘conflict-free’ certification in the eastern provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and the regulatory pluralism one finds on the ground. Efforts in certifying artisanal gold mining are scrutinised by analysing how three different gold mining sites in the DRC's South Kivu province are governed. Most artisanal mining in the DRC is usually referred to as ‘informal’ – a term associated with non-state actors. Instead, the article introduces the idea of a mode of governing that follows the principle of ‘débrouillardise’, which combines different rule systems and state and non-state regulators. It argues that ‘conflict-free’ governance will need to improvise viaad hocagreements on the legal status of mining sites among state authorities, economic actors and international monitors. The act of declaring mining sites legal will provide for the semblance of a ‘conflict-free’ status and a unitary state system of rule, while in practice, the plurality of regulatory authority will not be reversed.
31
Nimi, laise Makoso, Bernadette Nzuzi Phaka, Rosette Pfuti Nlandu, and Fabrice Nlandu Thamba. "Blood Pressure and Control Factor in Hypertensives Monitored at the Referral Hopsital in Boma. Democratic Repubic of the Congo." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 5, no. 7 (September 19, 2020): 1511–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20jul389.
Full textAbstract:
Uncontrolled hypertension remains a significant problem in daily clinical practice worldwide. Few data are available on blood pressure control in hospitals. The aim of this study was the frequency of uncontrolled hypertension and associated risk factors in hypertensive patients followed at the general referral hospital of Boma in the province of Kongo Central in the Democratic Republic of Congo From January 1 to May 31, 2019; we conducted a cross-sectional and descriptive study at the Boma reference hospital located in the southeast and 440 Km from Kinshasa, the capital of DR Congo. Included was any hypertensive patient aver 18 years and informed consent. Information on demographic parameters, behavioral lifestyles, anthropometric and biological (blood sugar, creatinine, urine strip and lipid profile ) and blood pressure (BP) measurements was obtained. Hypertension was defined as an average of two BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg. Independent factors associated with control hypertension were identified using logistic regression analysis. P<0.05 defined the level of statistical significance. The prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension was 62 % BP control was observed in 150 (38.0%) of 395 treated hypertensive participants mainly in men than women (68.3 vs 53.3 %; p=0.001). Age <60 years (p=0.005), no smoking ( p=0.047), no Central obesity (p=0.008), CKD ( stade 1 vs 2 ) (p=0.065) , and no hypercholesterolemia ( p= 0.014) emerged as associated with control hypertension. Uncontrolled hypertension was common in our hospitals.Therapeutic lifestyle changes and pharmacological treatment are necessary for hypertensive participants.
32
Loffman, Reuben. "Belgian Rule and its Afterlives: Colonialism, Developmentalism, and Mobutism in the Tanganyika District, Southeastern DR-Congo, 1885–1985." International Labor and Working-Class History 92 (2017): 47–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547917000060.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe arrival of Belgian rule in the late nineteenth century initiated significant changes in the labor history of Tanganyika, a province in the southeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), as well the discursive regimes used to legitimize these transformations. After the colonial conquests, unfree labor was justified by paternalistic rather than mythical discourses. Although unfree labor was less common in the postcolonial period, the state forced farmers to sell crops at low prices and build roads for no remuneration. In the Cold War context, the language and practice of developmentalism mediated the coercive practices of the independent Congolese state (known as Zaïre, 1971–1997). The floundering Zaïrian government expanded its presence in Tanganyika due to its partnership with USAID. USAID's rhetoric and practice was influenced by a “bottom up” approach to agricultural production, but the cuts to its funding in the 1980s meant it struggled to soften Mobutu's coercive administration.
33
Roberts, A. C., W. H. Paar, M. A. Cooper, D. Topa, A. J. Criddle, and J. Jedwab. "Verbeekite, monoclinic PdSe2, a new mineral from the Musonoi Cu-Co-Mn-U mine, near Kolwezi, Shaba Province, Democratic Republic of Congo." Mineralogical Magazine 66, no. 1 (February 2002): 173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0026461026610020.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractVerbeekite, ideally PdSe2, monoclinic with space-group choicesC2/m,C2 orCm;a= 6.659(7),b= 4.124(5),c= 4.438(6) Å, ß = 92.76(3)°,V= 121.7(4) Å3;a:b:c= 1.6147:1:1.0761, Z = 2, is a new, very rare, primary mineral, intimately associated with secondary oosterboschite {(Pd,Cu)7Se5}, from the Musonoi Cu-Co-Mn-U mine, near Kolwezi, Shaba Province, Democratic Republic of Congo. Additional associated minerals are Cu- and Pd-bearing trogtalite {(Co,Cu,Pd)Se2}, Se-bearing digenite and Se-bearing covellite. The strongest five lines of the X-ray powder-diffraction pattern {din Å (I) (hkl)} are: 4.423(30)(001), 3.496 (30)(110), 2.718(100)(111), 1.955(50)(310 and 1.896(50)(l̄12). The mineral has also been identified, as a single anhedral 25 µm-sized grain, from Hope's Nose, Torquay, Devon, England where it is associated with native gold, chrisstanleyite Ag2Pd3Se4, oosterboschite(?), unnamed Pd2HgSe3and cerussite. At Musonoi, altered verbeekite grains do not exceed 200 µm in size and are anhedral, black, with a black streak and a metallic lustre. The mineral is opaque, brittle, has an uneven fracture, and lacks discernible cleavage. The VHN5ranges 490–610, mean 550 kp/mm2(2 indentations), roughly approximating a Mohs' hardness of 5Ý.Dcalc.= 7.211 g/cm3for the ideal formula. Electron-microprobe analyses (mean of 4 spot analyses) yielded Pd 39.6, Cu 0.5, Se 58.8, total 98.9 wt.%. The empirical formula is (Pd0.99Cu0.02)σ1.01Se1.99, based on Pd+Cu+Se = 3. In plane-polarized reflected light, the mineral is a nondescript grey and is neither pleochroic nor perceptibly bireflectant. Anisotropy is moderate with rotation tints in varying shades of brown. Reflectance spectra and colour values are tabulated. The name honours Dr Théodore Verbeek (1927–1991) who was the first geoscientist to study the Musonoi palladium mineralization in the Democratic Republic of Congo (1955–1967) and who co-discovered this new mineral phase.
34
Mulei, Welissa, Bolanle Larinde, Adedayo Adefioye, Prince Bobo, and Paul Woomer. "Understanding the Perceptions of Secondary School Youth toward Agricultural Careers in Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya and Nigeria." Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education 27, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 62–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5191/jiaee.2020.27462.
Full textAbstract:
Youth are critical participants in the modernization of African agriculture but often their perception of farming is negative. A baseline survey of 1264 students from eight secondary schools in Democratic Republic (DR) of Congo, Kenya and Nigeria was conducted to assess their attitudes toward career pathways to agriculture and agribusiness. KoboToolBox was used to collect data online before compilation and inspection for errors in Microsoft Excel and exportation into STATA for analysis. Findings were presented as summary statistics, frequencies and multiple linear regression. A large majority (86%) of the students attended agricultural courses and 54% identified agriculture as having a place in their future, but often not as their highest career ambition. Livestock, field cropping, small animal production, and horticulture were the most viable enterprises for the youngsters. Nearly half (46%) that were averse to agriculture as a career path based their decision upon excessive labor requirements (30%), difficulties in securing land (25%), and low returns to effort (20%). Disparities from a country, area and gender perspective were recorded. Perceptions and career plans among the sexes differed; with females having less experience with machinery, and were more drawn to horticulture and agro-processing. Despite unfavorable attitudes toward agriculture, the study established that youth from these countries recognize that opportunity exists from adopting modern farming methods and commercial agricultural enterprises. The results of this study suggest several avenues for future Start Them Early Program activities intended to strengthen career pathways toward agriculture in African secondary schools. Keywords: Africa, agricultural education, career pathways, Start Them Early Program, youth
35
Ntamwira, Jules, Walter Ocimati, Elizabeth Kearsley, Nancy Safari, Liliane Bahati, Daniel Amini, Antoine Kanyenga Lubobo, Boaz Waswa, and Guy Blomme. "The Integration of Shade-Sensitive Annual Crops in Musa spp. Plantations in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo." Agronomy 11, no. 2 (February 19, 2021): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020368.
Full textAbstract:
Small-holder banana fields are often intercropped with various annual crops to optimize land-use in East and Central Africa, a practice severely constrained by light availability under the banana canopy. Light availability is not a major constraint in newly established banana fields, giving a window of opportunity to target light-demanding annual crops before shifting to more shade-tolerant crops. This study investigated the performance of climbing and bush beans and the vegetable amaranth in banana fields with varying shade levels across three sites in the South Kivu province, DR Congo. These crops were selected for their highly nutritious and good market value and the added benefit of nitrogen fixation for the legumes. We show that both grain legumes and vegetable amaranth can achieve reasonable yields during a first annual cropping season in newly established banana fields, irrespective of the plant density. Declines in yield occurred during a second cropping season in more densely spaced banana fields (2 × 2 m and 2 × 3 m). A greater decline occurred in amaranth and its cultivation should be limited to the first annual cropping season or to less dense banana fields. The legumes could be extended to a second cropping season with reasonable yield. Significant variability in amaranth and legumes performance was observed across sites, with rapid yield declines occurring under more fertile soil conditions due to fast banana growth/canopy formation and under more vigorous cultivars. The choice of banana spacing will need to be tailored to the banana cultivar, soil conditions and the farmers’ objectives.
36
A Mpalang, Rosette Kabwang, Raphaël Boreux, Pierrette Melin, Khang'Mate Akir Ni Bitiang, Georges Daube, and Patrick De Mol. "Prevalence of Campylobacter among goats and retail goat meat in Congo." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 8, no. 02 (February 13, 2014): 168–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.3199.
Full textAbstract:
Background: The prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli was determined in goat and goat meat sold at retail outlets in Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo (DR Congo). Methodology: A total of 644 samples, including 177 goat meat, 86 goat stomachs, 139 ready to eat (RTE) goat skewers, and 242 goat faecal samples were examined for the presence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli using polymerase chain reaction. Results: Overall, Campylobacter spp. were found in 34.6% of the examined samples. C. jejuni was isolated in 10.1% and C. coli in 26.7% of samples. Only 2.2% of all samples were positive for both species. There was a significant association between the prevalence of C. coli and the type of sample (p < 0.05). The overall prevalence of Campylobacter in different sample groups was 41.2%, 37.2%, 23.7%, and 35.1% for goat meat, goat stomachs, RTE goat skewers, and goat faecal samples, respectively. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the prevalence observed in the rainy season (16.7%) and the dry season (20.0%). Moreover, the overall prevalence of Campylobacter in slaughter sites, open-air markets, warehouses, and semi-open-air markets was 28.2%, 34.2%, 35.4%, and 42.9%, respectively. Statistically, there was no influence of the sample collection site on the frequency of isolation of Campylobacter (p > 0.05). Conclusion: This study shows that, considering the relatively high prevalence of this pathogen, live goat and goat meat are major sources of human and environmental contamination by Campylobacter spp. in Lubumbashi.
37
Lokema, Guy-Prosper Djuma Bilali. "Role of the public and the media in civil court proceedings in DR Congo." KAS African Law Study Library - Librairie Africaine d’Etudes Juridiques 6, no. 1 (2019): 50–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/2363-6262-2019-1-50.
Full textAbstract:
This article explores and exposes the role public and media play in civil court proceedings in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). These roles are examining at a moment of multiplication of international instruments of promotion and protection of human rights. This trend at international level coincides with a worldwide national movement of recognition of fundamental rights. Whereas it is universally proclaimed that citizens have right to participate in public affairs of their state, this right also realizes in the judicial field. Traditionally, citizens can act as juror. But, this institution doesn’t exist in DRC. They can, directly or indirectly, in some countries, participate in the election of judges and prosecutors. It is regrettable that this mode of designation of judges is not consecrated in DRC. It would be an efficient way for citizens to sanction those judges and magistrates who were accused of bribery, corruption, misappropriation, and abuse of authority. Despite the negative view Congolese legislator has on public considering them as a disturbing factor, people can also act as activists of human rights in order to make better the functioning of some tribunals like the Constitutional Court of DRC and to force the observation of procedure before jurisdictions. Media play important role in civil court proceeding in DRC. Media have access to courtroom on the basis of the publicity of hearings recognized by international treaties relative to human rights, by DRC Constitution of 18 February 2006 as modified and completed to date, and by other laws relative to proceedings to observe before Congolese jurisdictions. Despite the publicity of hearings, the Act of 22 June 1996 fixing procedures of exercise of freedom of press prohibits the broadcasting of judicial trial without permission of judge presiding tribunal. But this Act is presently under consideration at Congolese Parliament. It is not excluded that the recent practice observed in some tribunals consisting to accept and tolerate broadcasting without formal authorization be consecrated by lawmakers. Media influence people on the view of judicial institutions and by providing information on tribunals and proceedings.
38
Cedrick Mutombo Shakalenga, Henry Manya Mboni, Salvator Nsenga Nkulu, Gaël Nzuzi Mavungu, Cynthia Kibwe Mwenya, James Maloba Mwinensenge, Valentin Bashige Chiribagula, Salvius Bakari Amuri, Joh Kahumba Byanga, and Victor Ndibualonji Badibanga Bualufu. "Mineral elements analysis and total flavonoids content in the fresh leaves from two varieties of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. consumed as vegetable in Lubumbashi (DR Congo)." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 9, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.9.1.0512.
Full textAbstract:
Fresh leaves of sorrel (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) are among the most consumed vegetables in the Lubumbashi in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DR Congo). According to the literature, this vegetable shows the chemical variability depending on the culture area. Two varieties of this species, cultivated and consumed in Lubumbashi have not yet been studied for their micronutrient content, of which fruits and vegetables are the main sources. This study investigated the mineral and total flavonoid content of fresh leaves from red and green varieties of H. sabdariffa L., consumed as a vegetable in the aforementioned city. Fresh leaves of red and green variety of H. sabdariffa were purchased in 10 main markets of the Lubumbashi city. Gravimetric and spectrophotometric methods were used for analyzes of water, mineral and total flavonoids content. Three of the major mineral elements (Na, Ca, Mg) and several trace elements (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Se, Co, Cr) were found in both varieties in elevated quantity in leaves of red variety. These latter were marked by a high content of iron (7 mg/100 g of fresh material) and Manganese (600 µg/100 g of fresh material). Total flavonoids quantification revealed that the leaves of red variety have a high value (28.2 ± 0.3 mg Quercetin Equivalent per g of extract) in total flavonoids compared to the leaves of green variety. Fresh leaves of the red variety of H. Sabdariffa consumed in Lubumbashi could be a source of iron for adults and manganese for children.
39
Liwanga, Roger-Claude. "Adopting an Anti-human Trafficking Law in the DR Congo: A Significant Step in the Process of Combating Trafficking." Slavery Today Journal 1, no. 1 (2014): 13–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22150/stj/kxpi2743.
Full textAbstract:
This paper highlights the necessity of adopting a comprehensive anti-human trafficking law in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The DRC ratified a number of international instruments prohibiting human trafficking, such as the Palermo Protocol, which recommend it to take legislative measures against human trafficking domestically. But so far, the DRC has not yet adopted a comprehensive anti-human trafficking law. With the increasing prevalence of human trafficking, the existing fragmented provisions on trafficking in the DRC (catalogued within the Law 06/018 amending the Penal Code, the Labor Code and the Law 09/001 on the Protection of the Child) are not sufficient to address the scourge, given the limited scope of their regulation of human trafficking. Countless victims of trafficking, particularly adults who are subjected to bonded labor, are unprotected by the law. Following the example of comprehensive anti-human trafficking legislations in the United States, Italy, Burkina Faso, Kenya or South Africa, the DRC should also adopt its own version of comprehensive anti-human trafficking law to increase its likelihood of effectively protecting trafficking victims, investigating trafficking offences, prosecuting trafficking offenders, and deterring potential traffickers. This paper recommends a sketch of a holistic anti-human trafficking law which is adapted to the DRC’s context.
40
Lupande-Mwenebitu, David, Mariem Ben Khedher, Sami Khabthani, Lalaoui Rym, Marie-France Phoba, Larbi Zakaria Nabti, Octavie Lunguya-Metila, et al. "First Genome Description of Providencia vermicola Isolate Bearing NDM-1 from Blood Culture." Microorganisms 9, no. 8 (August 17, 2021): 1751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081751.
Full textAbstract:
In this paper, we describe the first complete genome sequence of Providencia vermicola species, a clinical multidrug-resistant strain harboring the New Delhi Metallo-β-lactamase-1 (NDM-1) gene, isolated at the Kinshasa University Teaching Hospital, in Democratic Republic of the Congo. Whole genome sequencing of an imipenem-resistant clinical Gram-negative P. vermicola P8538 isolate was performed using MiSeq and Gridion, and then complete genome analysis, plasmid search, resistome analysis, and comparative genomics were performed. Genome assembly resulted in a circular chromosome sequence of 4,280,811-bp and 40.80% GC and a circular plasmid (pPV8538_NDM-1) of 151,684-bp and 51.93%GC, which was identified in an Escherichia coli P8540 strain isolated in the same hospital. Interestingly, comparative genomic analysis revealed multiple sequences acquisition within the P. vermicola P8538 chromosome, including three complete prophages, a siderophore biosynthesis NRPS cluster, a Type VI secretion system (T6SS), a urease gene cluster, and a complete Type-I-F CRISPR-Cas3 system. Β-lactamase genes, including blaCMY-6 and blaNDM-1, were found on the recombinant plasmid pPV8538_NDM-1, in addition to other antibiotic resistance genes such as rmtC, aac6’-Ib3, aacA4, catA1, sul1, aac6’-Ib-cr, tetA, and tetB. Genome comparison with Providencia species revealed 82.95% of average nucleotide identity (ANI), with P. stuartii species exhibiting 90.79% of proteome similarity. We report the first complete genome of P. vermicola species and for the first time the presence of the blaNDM-1 gene in this species. This work highlights the need to improve surveillance and clinical practices in DR Congo in order to reduce or prevent the spread of such resistance.
41
Kwibuka, Yves, Espoir Bisimwa, Arnaud G. Blouin, Claude Bragard, Thierry Candresse, Chantal Faure, Denis Filloux, et al. "Novel Ampeloviruses Infecting Cassava in Central Africa and the South-West Indian Ocean Islands." Viruses 13, no. 6 (May 29, 2021): 1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13061030.
Full textAbstract:
Cassava is one of the most important staple crops in Africa and its production is seriously damaged by viral diseases. In this study, we identify for the first time and characterize the genome organization of novel ampeloviruses infecting cassava plants in diverse geographical locations using three high-throughput sequencing protocols [Virion-Associated Nucleotide Acid (VANA), dsRNA and total RNA], and we provide a first analysis of the diversity of these agents and of the evolutionary forces acting on them. Thirteen new Closteroviridae isolates were characterized in field-grown cassava plants from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DR Congo), Madagascar, Mayotte, and Reunion islands. The analysis of the sequences of the corresponding contigs (ranging between 10,417 and 13,752 nucleotides in length) revealed seven open reading frames. The replication-associated polyproteins have three expected functional domains: methyltransferase, helicase, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). Additional open reading frames code for a small transmembrane protein, a heat-shock protein 70 homolog (HSP70h), a heat shock protein 90 homolog (HSP90h), and a major and a minor coat protein (CP and CPd respectively). Defective genomic variants were also identified in some cassava accessions originating from Madagascar and Reunion. The isolates were found to belong to two species tentatively named Manihot esculenta-associated virus 1 and 2 (MEaV-1 and MEaV-2). Phylogenetic analyses showed that MEaV-1 and MEaV-2 belong to the genus Ampelovirus, in particular to its subgroup II. MEaV-1 was found in all of the countries of study, while MEaV-2 was only detected in Madagascar and Mayotte. Recombination analysis provided evidence of intraspecies recombination occurring between the isolates from Madagascar and Mayotte. No clear association with visual symptoms in the cassava host could be identified.
42
Hendriks, Maarten. "‘My Life is Like a Movie’: Making a Fiction Film as a Route to Knowledge Production on Gang Political Performances in Goma, DR Congo." Journal of Extreme Anthropology 3, no. 1 (June 6, 2019): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/jea.6695.
Full textAbstract:
‘My life is like a movie’ is a sentence that often surfaced during my fieldwork on gangs engaged in everyday policing in the city of Goma (Democratic Republic of Congo); referring to the martial arts and action movies they like to watch. For this article, I will reflect on how during my ethnographic research I ended up making the fiction film Street Life together with the Congolese filmmaker TD Jack, the gang leader Alino and his group Rich Gang. The paper explores the making of Street Life as a route to knowledge production on the political performances of gangs seeking to carve out a space for themselves in Goma’s urban policing environment. Broadly, two issues are dealt with. Firstly, I analyze how gangs’ everyday political performances are re-enacted and actively mirrored in the film. Secondly, I reflect on how making a fiction with gangs changed my way of dealing with ethnography: in terms of method, my positionality in the field, and ethnographic representation. The paper is also a call for taking the visual – and by extension other senses – more seriously. Not just by writing about sensory experiences, but by incorporating them in our academic work. Sometimes it is better to just let people see it!
43
Nzawele, D. B., C. L. Rweyemamu, and A. P. Maerere. "Genetic diversity among INERA-Mulungu (DR Congo) Musa spp. germplasm and their relatedness to those in Tanzania using numerical taxonomy." Plant Genetic Resources 11, no. 1 (November 29, 2012): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262112000354.
Full textAbstract:
Bananas and plantains (Musa spp.) constitute staple food for over 20 million people in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Since 1960, DRC is considered as a secondary centre of plantain diversification with few unknown accessions kept in the INERA-Mulungu genebank. Through similarity coefficients, cluster (unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean, single, complete, sequential, agglomerative, hierarchical and nested design/clustering procedure) and/or multivariate analyses, numerical morpho-taxonomy has established that this diversity is composed of 37 different accessions. Each accession expressed 98 characters among the 401 possible character states, thus providing 39,298 feature patterns (data points). The 98 characters included 32 vegetative and 66 male and female inflorescences. The accessions were clustered into three genomic groups (AAA, AAB and AABB). Subjective classification ascertained nine subgroups: AAB-Silk, AAB-Pome, AAB-Plantain, AABB-Pisang Awak, AAA-Cavendish, AAA-Ibota, AAA-Gros Michel, AAA-Green-Red and AAA-Lujugira-Mutika. Three subgroups were further divided into nine clone sets which consisted of: Dwarf and Giant Cavendish, French and Horn Plantains, and Musakala, Nfuuka, Nakitembe, Nakabululu and Beer/Mbidde within Lujugira-Mutika. Numerical morpho-taxonomy effectively indicated a relationship between the DRC and Tanzania's Musa diversity. For example, the accessions ‘Kamaramasengi’ and ‘Isangi’ were found to be similar to ‘Kisukari’ (AAB-Silk) and ‘Ngego I’ (AAB-French) common in the Tanzanian Southern Highland. Likewise, the accessions Kimalindi-fupi, Kimalindi-ndefu and Jamaica of Tanzania were duplicates of Bakurura (Kigurube), Cavendish of Butuza and Gros Michel in DRC, respectively. Moreover, numerical morpho-taxonomy confirmed the pedigree of AAB-Prata (Cibwalo) in FHIA 17 and FHIA 23 and the closeness of the ancestors of Yangambi Km5 and Gros Michel. Furthermore, numerical morpho-taxonomy established AA-Mshale malembo as one of the AAA-Lujugira-Mutika parents. Molecular investigations are finally required to confirm the genomes.
44
Kitadi, Jules Munganga, Prince Pambi Mazasa, Damien Sha-Tshibey Tshibangu, Félicien Mushagalusa Kasali, Dorothée Dinangayi Tshilanda, Koto-Te-Nyiwa Ngbolua, and Pius Tshimankinda Mpiana. "Ethnopharmacological Survey and Antisickling Activity of Plants Used in the Management of Sickle Cell Disease in Kikwit City, DR Congo." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (October 24, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1346493.
Full textAbstract:
Background. Sickle cell disease or drepanocytosis is the most known hemoglobin abnormality in the world. Recently, many medicinal plants used in the management of sickle cell disease in African traditional medicine have shown in vitro antisickling activity. Objective. This research study aims to document some Congolese plant species used in the management of sickle cell disease in Kikwit city and investigate their pharmacological property in vitro. Methods. A cross-sectional survey was done from June 2015 to March 2016 among 26 traditional healers in Kikwit city, Democratic Republic of Congo. Emmel test was used to assess in vitro antisickling activity. Habitat, morphological, biological types, phytogeographical distribution, local names, and used parts of these plant species were also determined. Results. Obtained results show that 23 plant species belonging to 16 families are used. The leaves represent the most used part (70%). Antisickling investigation showed that aqueous extracts of 18 plants (78%) exhibit a change in the shape of a sickle cell into a normal one with a normalized rate of at least 70%, confirming the in vivo effect observed by traditional healers when used as herbal medicine traditionally in the management of sickle cell disease. The evaluation of perimeter, surface, and radius of untreated and treated sickle red blood cells showed a significant difference ( p < 0.05 ) as modification indicators of the red blood cell shape. Alchornea cordifolia, Alternanthera bettzickiana, Annona senegalensis, Dissotis brazzae, Hypoxis angustifolia, and Justicia secunda presented a very high antisickling activity with normalization >70%. Otherwise, Dissotis brazzae was the most active plant with a minimal concentration of normalization (MCN) of 11 μg/mL and a maximal normalization rate (NRmax) of 86%. Conclusion. Almost 80% of the plants studied showed interesting antisickling activity and justified their use in traditional medicine. The isolation of the molecules responsible for the biological activity of the most active plants and the determination of their chemical structures is under investigation.
45
Truog, Susan, Luciana Maxim, Charles Matemba, Carla Blauvelt, Hope Ngwira, Archimede Makaya, Susana Moreira, et al. "Insights Before Flights: How Community Perceptions Can Make or Break Medical Drone Deliveries." Drones 4, no. 3 (August 30, 2020): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones4030051.
Full textAbstract:
Drones are increasingly used to transport health products, but life-saving interventions can be stalled if local community concerns and preferences are not assessed and addressed. In order to inform the introduction of drones in new contexts, this paper analyzed similarities and differences in community perceptions of medical delivery drones in Malawi, Mozambique, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and the Dominican Republic (DR). Community perceptions were assessed using focus group discussions (FGDs) and key informant interviews (KIIs) conducted with stakeholders at the national level, at health facilities and in communities. Data were collected on respondents’ familiarity with drones, perceptions of benefits and risks of drones, advice on drone operations and recommendations on sharing information with the community. The comparative analysis found similar perceptions around the potential benefits of using drones, as well as important differences in the perceived risks of flying drones and culturally appropriate communication mechanisms based on the local context. Because community perceptions are heavily influenced by culture and local experiences, a similar assessment should be conducted before introducing drone activities in new areas and two-way feedback channels should be established once drone operations are established in an area. The extent to which a community understands and supports the use of drones to transport health products will ultimately play a critical role in the success or failure of the drone’s ability to bring life-saving products to those who need them.
46
Seixas, Jorge, Jorge Atouguia, Teófilo Josenando, Gedeão Vatunga, Constantin Miaka Mia Bilenge, Pascal Lutumba, and Christian Burri. "Clinical Study on the Melarsoprol-Related Encephalopathic Syndrome: Risk Factors and HLA Association." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5010005.
Full textAbstract:
Melarsoprol administration for the treatment of late-stage human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is associated with the development of an unpredictable and badly characterized encephalopathic syndrome (ES), probably of immune origin, that kills approximately 50% of those affected. We investigated the characteristics and clinical risk factors for ES, as well as the association between the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) complex and the risk for ES in a case-control study. Late-stage Gambiense HAT patients treated with melarsoprol and developing ES (69 cases) were compared to patients not suffering from the syndrome (207 controls). Patients were enrolled in six HAT treatment centres in Angola and in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Standardized clinical data was obtained from all participants before melarsoprol was initiated. Class I (HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-Cw) and II (HLA-DR) alleles were determined by PCR-SSOP methods in 62 ES cases and 189 controls. The principal ES pattern consisted in convulsions followed by a coma, whereas ES with exclusively mental changes was not observed. Oedema, bone pain, apathy, and a depressed humour were associated with a higher risk of ES, while abdominal pain, coma, respiratory distress, and a Babinski sign were associated with higher ES-associated mortality. Haplotype C*14/B*15 was associated with an elevated risk for ES (OR: 6.64; p-value: 0.008). Haplotypes A*23/C*14, A*23/B*15 and DR*07/B*58 also showed a weaker association with ES. This result supports the hypothesis that a genetically determined peculiar type of immune response confers susceptibility for ES.
47
Schwartz, David A. "Being Pregnant during the Kivu Ebola Virus Outbreak in DR Congo: The rVSV-ZEBOV Vaccine and Its Accessibility by Mothers and Infants during Humanitarian Crises and in Conflict Areas." Vaccines 8, no. 1 (January 22, 2020): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8010038.
Full textAbstract:
The Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak that began in Kivu province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) in July 2018 is the second largest in history. It is also the largest and most deadly of the ten Ebola outbreaks to occur in DRC, the country where Ebola was first identified during the 1976 Yambuku outbreak. The Kivu region is one of the most challenging locations in which to organize humanitarian assistance. It is an active conflict zone in which numerous armed groups are conducting violent acts, often directed against the inhabitants, healthcare and relief workers and peacekeepers. EVD has been especially problematic in pregnancy—previous outbreaks both in DRC and other countries have resulted in very high mortality rates among pregnant women and especially their infants, with maternal mortality in some outbreaks reaching over 90% and perinatal mortality 100%. The development and implementation of the Merck rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine for Ebola infection has been a tremendous public health advance in preventing EVD, being used successfully in both the West Africa Ebola epidemic and the Équateur DRC Ebola outbreak. But from the start of the Kivu outbreak, policy decisions had resulted in excluding pregnant and lactating women and their infants from receiving it during extensive ring vaccination efforts. In June 2019, this policy was reversed, 10 months after the start of the outbreak. Pregnant and lactating women are now permitted not only the rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine in the continuing Kivu outbreak but also the newly implemented Ad26.ZEBOV/MVA-BN vaccine.
48
Human Rights Law in Africa, Editors. "DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO." Human Rights Law in Africa Online 2, no. 1 (2004): 1024–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221160604x01197.
Full text
49
Human Rights Law in Africa, Editors. "DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO." Human Rights Law in Africa Online 3, no. 1 (1998): 285–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221160698x00348.
Full text
50
Kabemba, Claude. "Democratic republic of Congo." South African Journal of International Affairs 12, no. 1 (June 2005): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10220460509556748.
Full text