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Journal articles on the topic 'Demographic model selection'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Corani, Giorgio, and Marino Gatto. "Model selection in demographic time series using VC-bounds." Ecological Modelling 191, no. 1 (2006): 186–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.08.019.

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Wall, Jeffrey D., and Molly Przeworski. "When Did the Human Population Size Start Increasing?" Genetics 155, no. 4 (2000): 1865–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/155.4.1865.

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Abstract We analyze the frequency spectra of all available human nuclear sequence data sets by using a model of constant population size followed by exponential growth. Parameters of growth (more extreme than or) comparable to what has been suggested from mtDNA data can be rejected for 6 out of the 10 largest data sets. When the data are separated into African and non-African samples, a constant size no-growth model can be rejected for 4 out of 8 non-African samples. Long-term growth (i.e., starting 50–100 kya) can be rejected for 2 out of 8 African samples and 5 out of 8 non-African ones. Und

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Harris, Rebecca B., and Jeffrey D. Jensen. "Considering Genomic Scans for Selection as Coalescent Model Choice." Genome Biology and Evolution 12, no. 6 (2020): 871–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evaa093.

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Abstract First inspired by the seminal work of Lewontin and Krakauer (1973. Distribution of gene frequency as a test of the theory of the selective neutrality of polymorphisms. Genetics 74(1):175–195.) and Maynard Smith and Haigh (1974. The hitch-hiking effect of a favourable gene. Genet Res. 23(1):23–35.), genomic scans for positive selection remain a widely utilized tool in modern population genomic analysis. Yet, the relative frequency and genomic impact of selective sweeps have remained a contentious point in the field for decades, largely owing to an inability to accurately identify their

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Schrider, Daniel R., Alexander G. Shanku, and Andrew D. Kern. "Effects of Linked Selective Sweeps on Demographic Inference and Model Selection." Genetics 204, no. 3 (2016): 1207–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.116.190223.

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Smith, Megan L., Megan Ruffley, Anahí Espíndola, David C. Tank, Jack Sullivan, and Bryan C. Carstens. "Demographic model selection using random forests and the site frequency spectrum." Molecular Ecology 26, no. 17 (2017): 4562–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mec.14223.

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Huang, Weini, Christoph Hauert, and Arne Traulsen. "Stochastic game dynamics under demographic fluctuations." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 29 (2015): 9064–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1418745112.

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Frequency-dependent selection and demographic fluctuations play important roles in evolutionary and ecological processes. Under frequency-dependent selection, the average fitness of the population may increase or decrease based on interactions between individuals within the population. This should be reflected in fluctuations of the population size even in constant environments. Here, we propose a stochastic model that naturally combines these two evolutionary ingredients by assuming frequency-dependent competition between different types in an individual-based model. In contrast to previous g

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Johri, Parul, Brian Charlesworth, and Jeffrey D. Jensen. "Toward an Evolutionarily Appropriate Null Model: Jointly Inferring Demography and Purifying Selection." Genetics 215, no. 1 (2020): 173–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.119.303002.

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The question of the relative evolutionary roles of adaptive and nonadaptive processes has been a central debate in population genetics for nearly a century. While advances have been made in the theoretical development of the underlying models, and statistical methods for estimating their parameters from large-scale genomic data, a framework for an appropriate null model remains elusive. A model incorporating evolutionary processes known to be in constant operation, genetic drift (as modulated by the demographic history of the population) and purifying selection, is lacking. Without such a null

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Wall, Jeffrey D., Peter Andolfatto, and Molly Przeworski. "Testing Models of Selection and Demography inDrosophila simulans." Genetics 162, no. 1 (2002): 203–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/162.1.203.

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AbstractWe analyze patterns of nucleotide variability at 15 X-linked loci and 14 autosomal loci from a North American population of Drosophila simulans. We show that there is significantly more linkage disequilibrium on the X chromosome than on chromosome arm 3R and much more linkage disequilibrium on both chromosomes than expected from estimates of recombination rates, mutation rates, and levels of diversity. To explore what types of evolutionary models might explain this observation, we examine a model of recurrent, nonoverlapping selective sweeps and a model of a recent drastic bottleneck (

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Cook, Maci, and Justin Chimka. "Gender and Self-Selection Among Engineering Students." International Journal of Quality Assurance in Engineering and Technology Education 4, no. 1 (2015): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijqaete.2015010102.

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Gender and graduation rates of first time engineering college students have been analyzed as a function of academic and demographic variables in order to investigate the hypothesis that an advantage to women with respect to student success might be attributed to their socioeconomic advantages as a student population. The authors present descriptive, graphical, and model-based evidence to support their ideas about gender and self-selection driven by other demographic factors that leave a disproportionate number of women out of higher education, but create a group of female students more likely

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Velleret, Aurélien. "Individual-based models under various time-scales." ESAIM: Proceedings and Surveys 68 (2020): 123–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/proc/202068007.

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This article is a presentation of specific recent results describing scaling limits of individual- based models. Thanks to them, we wish to relate the time-scales typical of demographic dynamics and natural selection to the parameters of the individual-based models. Although these results are by no means exhaustive, both on the mathematical and the biological level, they complement each other. Indeed, they provide a viewpoint for many classical time-scales. Namely, they encompass the timescale typical of the life-expectancy of a single individual, the longer one wherein a population can be cha

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Denti, Paolo, Alessandra Bertoldo, Paolo Vicini, and Claudio Cobelli. "IVGTT glucose minimal model covariate selection by nonlinear mixed-effects approach." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 298, no. 5 (2010): E950—E960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00656.2009.

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Population approaches, traditionally employed in pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic studies, have shown value also in the context of glucose-insulin metabolism models by providing more accurate individual parameters estimates and a compelling statistical framework for the analysis of between-subject variability (BSV). In this work, the advantages of population techniques are further explored by proposing integration of covariates in the intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) glucose minimal model analysis. A previously published dataset of 204 healthy subjects, who underwent insulin-modified

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Sackman, Andrew M., Rebecca B. Harris, and Jeffrey D. Jensen. "Inferring Demography and Selection in Organisms Characterized by Skewed Offspring Distributions." Genetics 211, no. 3 (2019): 1019–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.118.301684.

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The recent increase in time-series population genomic data from experimental, natural, and ancient populations has been accompanied by a promising growth in methodologies for inferring demographic and selective parameters from such data. However, these methods have largely presumed that the populations of interest are well-described by the Kingman coalescent. In reality, many groups of organisms, including viruses, marine organisms, and some plants, protists, and fungi, typified by high variance in progeny number, may be best characterized by multiple-merger coalescent models. Estimation of po

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GONZÁLEZ-SUÁREZ, MANUELA, and LEAH R. GERBER. "A Behaviorally Explicit Demographic Model Integrating Habitat Selection and Population Dynamics in California Sea Lions." Conservation Biology 22, no. 6 (2008): 1608–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00995.x.

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Portik, Daniel M., Adam D. Leaché, Danielle Rivera, et al. "Evaluating mechanisms of diversification in a Guineo-Congolian tropical forest frog using demographic model selection." Molecular Ecology 26, no. 19 (2017): 5245–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mec.14266.

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Corani, Giorgio, and Marino Gatto. "Erratum to “Model selection in demographic time series using VC-bounds” [Ecol. Modell. 191 (1) (2006) 186–195]." Ecological Modelling 200, no. 1-2 (2007): 273–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.08.006.

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Baeza, J. Antonio, Rodolfo Umaña-Castro, and Luis M. Mejia-Ortiz. "Historical demography of the Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus (Latreille, 1804) (Decapoda: Achelata: Palinuridae) in the Florida Keys, USA inferred using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)." Journal of Crustacean Biology 39, no. 4 (2019): 378–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcbiol/ruz019.

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ABSTRACT The Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus (Latreille, 1804) is an important species in shallow-water coral reefs and target of the most lucrative fishery in the Caribbean Sea. We explored historical demography in P. argus inferred using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We expected an increase in population size of P. argus from Florida, USA starting ~18,000–24,000 years ago, after the Last Glacial Maximum, when ice sheets started to retreat and sub-tropical/tropical shallow coastal waters warmed up. A total of 10 lobsters were collected from shallow reefs in the Florida Keys,

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MEDEIROS, G., M. A. IDIART, and R. M. C. DE ALMEIDA. "SELECTION EXPERIMENTS IN THE PENNA MODEL FOR BIOLOGICAL AGING." International Journal of Modern Physics C 11, no. 07 (2000): 1283–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183100001103.

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We consider the Penna model for biological aging to investigate correlations between early fertility and late life survival rates in populations at equilibrium. We consider inherited initial reproduction ages together with a reproduction cost translated in a probability that mother and offspring die at birth, depending on the mother age. For convenient sets of parameters, the equilibrated populations present genetic variability in what regards both genetically programmed death age and initial reproduction age. In the asexual Penna model, a negative correlation between early life fertility and

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Thomé, Maria Tereza C., and Bryan C. Carstens. "Phylogeographic model selection leads to insight into the evolutionary history of four-eyed frogs." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 29 (2016): 8010–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1601064113.

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Phylogeographic research investigates biodiversity at the interface between populations and species, in a temporal and geographic context. Phylogeography has benefited from analytical approaches that allow empiricists to estimate parameters of interest from the genetic data (e.g., θ = 4Neμ, population divergence, gene flow), and the widespread availability of genomic data allow such parameters to be estimated with greater precision. However, the actual inferences made by phylogeographers remain dependent on qualitative interpretations derived from these parameters’ values and as such may be su

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Pulenyane, Malebogo, and Tlhalitshi Volition Montshiwa. "A Regression Model for Predicting the Likelihood of Reporting a Crime Based on the Victim’s Demographic Variables and Their Perceptions Towards the Police." Statistics, Politics and Policy 11, no. 2 (2020): 167–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/spp-2020-0003.

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AbstractDespite the growing criminal activities in South Africa, many victims still do not report the crimes, therefore there was a need to understand the determinants of the likelihood of reporting a crime in the country. Binary logistic regression is a supervised machine learning algorithm that can assist in predicting the likelihood of reporting a crime but the selection of relevant variables to add in the model varies from one author to the other. Selection of theoretically sound and statistically relevant independent variables is key to achieving parsimonious multivariate models. This stu

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Eells, Gregory T., Dale R. Fuqua, and Donald L. Boswell. "Factors in Clients' Selection of Mental Health Providers." Psychological Reports 85, no. 1 (1999): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.85.1.249.

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The present study was designed to identify factors people consider when selecting a mental health provider. Participants were 303 customers in a shopping mall. They responded to a questionnaire of three sections, demographic information, a test of knowledge of mental health provider's qualifications and training, and 21 items rated on importance in such selection. Responses to the 21 items were subjected to a principal components factor analysis. The factor scores were then used in a series of analyses to examine their relation with other variables. A decision-making model for choosing a menta

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Mayrand, Paul, Élise Filotas, Julian Wittische, and Patrick M. A. James. "The role of dispersal, selection, and timing of sampling on the false discovery rate of loci under selection during geographic range expansion." Genome 62, no. 11 (2019): 715–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2019-0004.

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Identifying adaptive loci is important to understand the evolutionary potential of species undergoing range expansion. However, in expanding populations, spatial demographic processes such as allele surfing can create spatial patterns of neutral genetic variation that appear similar to those generated through adaptive processes. As a result, the false discovery rate of adaptive loci may be inflated in landscape genomic analyses. Here, we take a simulation modelling approach to investigate how range expansion affects our ability to correctly distinguish between neutral and adaptive genetic vari

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Comeron, Josep M. "Background selection as null hypothesis in population genomics: insights and challenges from Drosophila studies." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1736 (2017): 20160471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0471.

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The consequences of selection at linked sites are multiple and widespread across the genomes of most species. Here, I first review the main concepts behind models of selection and linkage in recombining genomes, present the difficulty in parametrizing these models simply as a reduction in effective population size ( N e ) and discuss the predicted impact of recombination rates on levels of diversity across genomes. Arguments are then put forward in favour of using a model of selection and linkage with neutral and deleterious mutations (i.e. the background selection model, BGS) as a sensible nu

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Niwa, Hiro-Sato, Kazuya Nashida, and Takashi Yanagimoto. "Reproductive skew in Japanese sardine inferred from DNA sequences." ICES Journal of Marine Science 73, no. 9 (2016): 2181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsw070.

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Abstract An excess of low-frequency mutations is a ubiquitous characteristic of many marine species, and may be explained by three hypotheses. First, the demographic expansion hypothesis postulates that many species experienced a post-glacial expansion following a Pleistocene population bottleneck. The second invokes some form of natural selection, such as directional selection and selective sweeps. The third explanation, the reproductive skew hypothesis, postulates that high variation in individual reproductive success in many marine species influences genetic diversity. In this study, we foc

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Wang, Lei, Philip PW Wong, and Elangkovan A. Narayanan. "The demographic impact of consumer green purchase intention toward Green Hotel Selection in China." Tourism and Hospitality Research 20, no. 2 (2019): 210–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1467358419848129.

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While there have been many prior studies examining the impact of the demographic characteristics of consumers’ green purchase attitudes and behavioral intention, results have, by no means, been conclusive. Furthermore, little attention has been paid to the green hotel industry in such studies. The purpose of this study is, therefore, to examine the relationship between age, gender, education, income, green purchase attitudes, and green behavioral intention toward green hotel selection. This study proposes a theoretical research model based on the theory of reasoned action and theory of planned

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LUNA, F., A. R. TARELHO, A. M. CAMARGO, and V. ALONSO. "A STUDY USING DEMOGRAPHIC DATA OF GENETIC DRIFT AND NATURAL SELECTION IN AN ISOLATED MEDITERRANEAN COMMUNITY: BAYÁRCAL (LA ALPUJARRA, SOUTH-EAST SPAIN)." Journal of Biosocial Science 43, no. 4 (2011): 401–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932011000046.

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SummaryNatural selection and genetic drift are two evolutionary mechanisms that can be analysed in human populations using their fertility and mortality patterns, and their reproductive size and isolation, respectively. This paper analyses the models of natural selection and genetic drift in Bayárcal, south-east Spain, and compares them with the observed models in the rest of the Alpujarran region. Demographic data were obtained from a sample of 77 families (48.45% of the population, with 547 inhabitants). The genetic drift and natural selection action was evaluated with the Coefficient of Bre

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Osman, Mohd Zamri, Mohd Aizaini Maarof, Mohd Foad Rohani, Nilam Nur Amir Sjarif, and Nor Saradatul Akmar Zulkifli. "A multi-color based features from facial images for automatic ethnicity identification model." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 18, no. 3 (2020): 1383. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v18.i3.pp1383-1390.

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<span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Ethnicity identification for demographic information has been studied for soft biometric analysis, and it is essential for human identification and verification. Ethnicity identification remains popular and receives attention in a recent year especially in automatic demographic information. Unfortunately, ethnicity identification technique using color-based feature mostly failed to determine the ethnicity classes accurately due to low properties of features in color-based. Thus, this paper purposely analyses the accurac

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Garay, József, Villő Csiszár, Tamás F. Móri, András Szilágyi, Zoltán Varga, and Szabolcs Számadó. "Juvenile honest food solicitation and parental investment as a life history strategy: A kin demographic selection model." PLOS ONE 13, no. 3 (2018): e0193420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193420.

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Martinossi-Allibert, Ivain, Claus Rueffler, Göran Arnqvist, and David Berger. "The efficacy of good genes sexual selection under environmental change." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1896 (2019): 20182313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2313.

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Sexual selection can promote adaptation if sexually selected traits are reliable indicators of genetic quality. Moreover, models of good genes sexual selection suggest that, by operating more strongly in males than in females, sexual selection may purge deleterious alleles from the population at a low demographic cost, offering an evolutionary benefit to sexually reproducing populations. Here, we investigate the effect of good genes sexual selection on adaptation following environmental change. We show that the strength of sexual selection is often weakened relative to fecundity selection, red

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Harris, Alexandre M., and Michael DeGiorgio. "A Likelihood Approach for Uncovering Selective Sweep Signatures from Haplotype Data." Molecular Biology and Evolution 37, no. 10 (2020): 3023–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa115.

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Abstract Selective sweeps are frequent and varied signatures in the genomes of natural populations, and detecting them is consequently important in understanding mechanisms of adaptation by natural selection. Following a selective sweep, haplotypic diversity surrounding the site under selection decreases, and this deviation from the background pattern of variation can be applied to identify sweeps. Multiple methods exist to locate selective sweeps in the genome from haplotype data, but none leverages the power of a model-based approach to make their inference. Here, we propose a likelihood rat

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Baumgartner, Jody C. "Rejecting More of the Same? The 2016 Veepstakes." PS: Political Science & Politics 49, no. 04 (2016): 775–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096516001657.

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ABSTRACTIn this article, I present results from a conditional logit model of vice presidential selection that predicts the selection of vice presidential candidates for both Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump in 2016. Examining contested major party vice presidential nominations from 1960 through 2012, the model finds media exposure, political experience, military service, age, and demographic (gender/racial/ethnic) diversity to be significant factors in the selection process. In the end, the model correctly predicts 15 of the 21 (71.%) contested major party nominations during this period. For 2

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Blair, Peter Q., and Bobby W. Chung. "A Model of Occupational Licensing and Statistical Discrimination." AEA Papers and Proceedings 111 (May 1, 2021): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20211112.

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We develop a model of statistical discrimination in occupational licensing with endogenous occupation selection and wage determination. We find a unique equilibrium with sharp comparative statics. Our key theoretical result is that the licensing premium is higher for workers who are members of demographic groups that face a higher cost of licensing. The predictions of the model can explain, for example, the empirical finding in the literature that occupational licenses that preclude felons close the racial wage gap among men by conferring a higher premium to Black men than to White men (Blair

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Weghorn, Donate, Daniel J. Balick, Christopher Cassa, et al. "Applicability of the Mutation–Selection Balance Model to Population Genetics of Heterozygous Protein-Truncating Variants in Humans." Molecular Biology and Evolution 36, no. 8 (2019): 1701–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz092.

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Abstract The fate of alleles in the human population is believed to be highly affected by the stochastic force of genetic drift. Estimation of the strength of natural selection in humans generally necessitates a careful modeling of drift including complex effects of the population history and structure. Protein-truncating variants (PTVs) are expected to evolve under strong purifying selection and to have a relatively high per-gene mutation rate. Thus, it is appealing to model the population genetics of PTVs under a simple deterministic mutation–selection balance, as has been proposed earlier (

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Fricke, Claudia, Darrell Green, Walter E. Mills, and Tracey Chapman. "Age-dependent female responses to a male ejaculate signal alter demographic opportunities for selection." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1766 (2013): 20130428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.0428.

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A central tenet of evolutionary explanations for ageing is that the strength of selection wanes with age. However, data on age-specific expression and benefits of sexually selected traits are lacking—particularly for traits subject to sexual conflict. We addressed this by using as a model the responses of Drosophila melanogaster females of different ages to receipt of sex peptide (SP), a seminal fluid protein transferred with sperm during mating. SP can mediate sexual conflict, benefitting males while causing fitness costs in females. Virgin and mated females of all ages showed significantly r

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Aslam, Muhammad, Maryam Sadiq, and Tahir Mehmood. "Assessment of maternal health services utilization in Pakistan: the role of socio-demographic characteristics." Asian Biomedicine 14, no. 1 (2020): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/abm-2020-0002.

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AbstractBackgroundHigh-quality prenatal care has a significant positive impact on maternal and infant health as it helps timely diagnosis and treatment of pregnancy complications.ObjectiveTo examine factors associated with the utilization of maternal health care using the optimal count regression model.MethodsA sample of 16,314 women of reproductive ages (15–49) was used. Andersen and Newman's behavioral model of health services utilization was employed for the selection of covariates. Poisson, negative binomial, zero-inflated Poisson, zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB), Poisson hurdle, an

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Gillen, Benjamin J., Sergio Montero, Hyungsik Roger Moon, and Matthew Shum. "BLP-2LASSO for aggregate discrete choice models with rich covariates." Econometrics Journal 22, no. 3 (2019): 262–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ectj/utz010.

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Summary We introduce the BLP-2LASSO model, which augments the classic BLP (Berry, Levinsohn, and Pakes, 1995) random-coefficients logit model to allow for data-driven selection among a high-dimensional set of control variables using the 'double-LASSO' procedure proposed by Belloni, Chernozhukov, and Hansen (2013). Economists often study consumers’ aggregate behaviour across markets choosing from a menu of differentiated products. In this analysis, local demographic characteristics can serve as controls for market-specific preference heterogeneity. Given rich demographic data, implementing thes

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Levy Abitbol, Jacob, Eric Fleury, and Márton Karsai. "Optimal Proxy Selection for Socioeconomic Status Inference on Twitter." Complexity 2019 (May 19, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6059673.

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Individual socioeconomic status inference from online traces is a remarkably difficult task. While current methods commonly train predictive models on incomplete data by appending socioeconomic information of residential areas or professional occupation profiles, little attention has been paid to how well this information serves as a proxy for the individual demographic trait of interest when fed to a learning model. Here we address this question by proposing three different data collection and combination methods to first estimate and, in turn, infer the socioeconomic status of French Twitter

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Hámori, Dániel, Dániel Winkler, and Csaba Vadász. "Demographic data on the Little Owl (Athene noctua) in Upper-Kiskunság (Hungary)." Ornis Hungarica 25, no. 2 (2017): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/orhu-2017-0012.

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Abstract This study focused on the clutch size and age-specific apparent survival rate of the Little Owl (Athene noctua) population in Upper-Kiskunság, Hungary. Between May 2005 and April 2017, 640 individuals were captured and ringed in a total of 746 capture-recapture occasions. Artificial nest boxes were installed in the study area, breeding birds and pulli were captured for ringing/recaptured in these boxes (from March to May), or at the close neighbourhood of those (max. 168 m). Jolly-Seber’s open population method was applied to model the survival rate. The candidate model set included m

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Moorad, Jacob A., and Daniel H. Nussey. "Evolution of maternal effect senescence." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 2 (2015): 362–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1520494113.

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Increased maternal age at reproduction is often associated with decreased offspring performance in numerous species of plants and animals (including humans). Current evolutionary theory considers such maternal effect senescence as part of a unified process of reproductive senescence, which is under identical age-specific selective pressures to fertility. We offer a novel theoretical perspective by combining William Hamilton’s evolutionary model for aging with a quantitative genetic model of indirect genetic effects. We demonstrate that fertility and maternal effect senescence are likely to exp

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Chowdhury, Moajjem Hossain, Md Nazmul Islam Shuzan, Muhammad E. H. Chowdhury, et al. "Estimating Blood Pressure from the Photoplethysmogram Signal and Demographic Features Using Machine Learning Techniques." Sensors 20, no. 11 (2020): 3127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20113127.

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Hypertension is a potentially unsafe health ailment, which can be indicated directly from the blood pressure (BP). Hypertension always leads to other health complications. Continuous monitoring of BP is very important; however, cuff-based BP measurements are discrete and uncomfortable to the user. To address this need, a cuff-less, continuous, and noninvasive BP measurement system is proposed using the photoplethysmograph (PPG) signal and demographic features using machine learning (ML) algorithms. PPG signals were acquired from 219 subjects, which undergo preprocessing and feature extraction

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Jager, Henriette I. "Genetic and demographic implications of aquaculture in white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) conservation." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62, no. 8 (2005): 1733–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f05-106.

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This study uses a genetic individual-based model of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) populations in a river to examine the genetic and demographic trade-offs associated with operating a conservation hatchery. Simulation experiments evaluated three management practices: (i) setting quotas to equalize family contributions in an effort to prevent genetic swamping, (ii) an adaptive management scheme that interrupts stocking when introgression exceeds a specified threshold, and (iii) alternative broodstock selection strategies that influence domestication. The first set of simulations, desi

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Chatterjee, Avishek, Guangyao Wu, Sergey Primakov, et al. "Can predicting COVID-19 mortality in a European cohort using only demographic and comorbidity data surpass age-based prediction: An externally validated study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (2021): e0249920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249920.

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ObjectiveTo establish whether one can build a mortality prediction model for COVID-19 patients based solely on demographics and comorbidity data that outperforms age alone. Such a model could be a precursor to implementing smart lockdowns and vaccine distribution strategies.MethodsThe training cohort comprised 2337 COVID-19 inpatients from nine hospitals in The Netherlands. The clinical outcome was death within 21 days of being discharged. The features were derived from electronic health records collected during admission. Three feature selection methods were used: LASSO, univariate using a no

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Harts, Anna M. F., Lisa E. Schwanz, and Hanna Kokko. "Demography can favour female-advantageous alleles." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1790 (2014): 20140005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.0005.

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When female fecundity is relatively independent of male abundance, while male reproduction is proportional to female abundance, females have a larger effect on population dynamics than males (i.e. female demographic dominance). This population dynamic phenomenon might not appear to influence evolution, because male and female genomes still contribute equally much to the next generation. However, here we examine two evolutionary scenarios to provide a proof of principle that spatial structure can make female demographic dominance matter. Our two simulation models combine dispersal evolution wit

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Wodarz, Dominik, Shaun Stipp, David Hirshleifer, and Natalia L. Komarova. "Evolutionary dynamics of culturally transmitted, fertility-reducing traits." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1925 (2020): 20192468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2468.

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Human populations in many countries have undergone a phase of demographic transition, characterized by a major reduction in fertility at a time of increased resource availability. A key stylized fact is that the reduction in fertility is preceded by a reduction in mortality and a consequent increase in population density. Various theories have been proposed to account for the demographic transition process, including maladaptation, increased parental investment in fewer offspring, and cultural evolution. None of these approaches, including formal cultural evolutionary models of the demographic

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Meleth, Sreelatha, Chakrapani Chatla, Venkat R. Katkoori, et al. "Comparison of Predicted Probabilities of Proportional Hazards Regression and Linear Discriminant Analysis Methods Using a Colorectal Cancer Molecular Biomarker Database." Cancer Informatics 3 (January 2007): 117693510700300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/117693510700300018.

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Background Although a majority of studies in cancer biomarker discovery claim to use proportional hazards regression (PHREG) to the study the ability of a biomarker to predict survival, few studies use the predicted probabilities obtained from the model to test the quality of the model. In this paper, we compared the quality of predictions by a PHREG model to that of a linear discriminant analysis (LDA) in both training and test set settings. Methods The PHREG and LDA models were built on a 491 colorectal cancer (CRC) patient dataset comprised of demographic and clinicopathologic variables, an

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Mateo, Maria, Patrick Lambert, Stéphane Tetard, Martin Castonguay, Bruno Ernande, and Hilaire Drouineau. "Cause or consequence? Exploring the role of phenotypic plasticity and genetic polymorphism in the emergence of phenotypic spatial patterns of the European eel." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 74, no. 7 (2017): 987–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2016-0214.

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The European eel (Anguilla anguilla), and generally, temperate eels, are relevant species for studying adaptive mechanisms to environmental variability because of their large distribution areas and their limited capacity of local adaptation. In this context, GenEveel, an individual-based optimization model, was developed to explore the role of adaptive phenotypic plasticity and genetic-dependent habitat selection, in the emergence of observed spatial life-history traits patterns for eels. Results suggest that an interaction of genetically and environmentally controlled growth may be the basis

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Price-Spratlen, Townsand. "Urban Destination Selection among African Americans during the 1950s Great Migration." Social Science History 32, no. 3 (2008): 437–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200014012.

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This article examines a place utility model of how destination assets influenced inmigration for the 1950s African American urban system. Archival and historiographical data are combined with census data to conduct weighted least-squares regressions that compare economic, ethnogenic, and other place utilities. Despite declines in migrant selectivity and net southern out-migration, ethnogenic characteristics increased the size of in-migrant streams during the 1950s, net of the momentum from prior migration and, most important, net of economic and demographic place utilities. Even as several dra

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Margolis, Jaclyn A., and Scott B. Dust. "It’s All Relative: A Team-Based Social Comparison Model for Self-Evaluations of Effectiveness." Group & Organization Management 44, no. 2 (2016): 361–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059601116682901.

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We apply social comparison theory (SCT) to the organizational context and develop a model explicating the social comparison process that occurs within organizational teams. In doing so, we highlight how individual, team, and managerial factors influence this process. First, we discuss how task-related (e.g., functional background and experience) and demographic-related (e.g., age, gender, and race) team characteristics affect social comparison target selection (i.e., the team as a whole, a subgroup, or a specific individual) and further explain the impact of metacognitive capacities on this re

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Hafezi, Mohammad Hesam, Lei Liu, and Hugh Millward. "Learning Daily Activity Sequences of Population Groups using Random Forest Theory." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 47 (2018): 194–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118773197.

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The choice of daily activity sequences differs between individuals based on their socio-demographic characteristics and their health and/or mobility status. The aim of this paper is to provide an improved methodology for learning and modeling the daily activity engagement patterns of individuals using a state-of-the-art machine learning algorithm. The dependencies between activity type, activity frequency, activity sequence, and socio-demographic characteristics of individuals are taken into account by employing a random forest model. In order to capture the heterogeneity and diversity among t

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Lamari, Yasmine, Bartol Freskura, Anass Abdessamad, Sarah Eichberg, and Simon de Bonviller. "Predicting Spatial Crime Occurrences through an Efficient Ensemble-Learning Model." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 11 (2020): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9110645.

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While the use of crime data has been widely advocated in the literature, its availability is often limited to large urban cities and isolated databases that tend not to allow for spatial comparisons. This paper presents an efficient machine learning framework capable of predicting spatial crime occurrences, without using past crime as a predictor, and at a relatively high resolution: the U.S. Census Block Group level. The proposed framework is based on an in-depth multidisciplinary literature review allowing the selection of 188 best-fit crime predictors from socio-economic, demographic, spati

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Drummond, Holli, John Dizgun, and David Keeling. "Cross-Group Investigations: Youth Gangs in Medellin, Colombia." Youth & Society 51, no. 1 (2016): 73–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118x16662536.

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The present study evaluates adolescent gang involvement using cross-sectional survey data from 1,475 adolescents living in a disadvantaged Comuna in Medellin, Colombia. Specifically, we examine the prevalence of former and current gang membership, affiliation with gang members, and lives untouched by any gang association. Once these groups are established, we identify variation in membership on the basis of demographic and theoretical variables, and determine whether such variation can be described by using the selection, facilitation, and enhancement models developed by Thornberry et al. Whil

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