Journal articles: 'Denazificatie'

1

van Melis, D. "Denazification in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern." German History 13, no. 3 (July 1, 1995): 355–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gh/13.3.355.

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van Melis, D. "Denazification in Mecklenburg- Vorpommern." German History 13, no. 3 (January 1, 1995): 355–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635549501300304.

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Dack, Mikkel. "Tailoring Truth." German Politics and Society 39, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 15–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2021.390102.

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As part of the post-war denazification campaign, as many as 20 million Germans were screened for employment by Allied armies. Applicants were ordered to fill out political questionnaires (Fragebögen) and allowed to justify their membership in Nazi organizations in appended statements. This mandatory act of self-reflection has led to the accumulation of a massive archival repository, likely the largest collection of autobiographical writings about the Third Reich. This article interprets individual and family stories recorded in denazification documents and provides insight into how Germans chose to remember and internalize the National Socialist years. The Fragebögen allowed and even encouraged millions of respondents to rewrite their personal histories and to construct whitewashed identities and accompanying narratives to secure employment. Germans embraced the unique opportunity to cast themselves as resisters and victims of the Nazi regime. These identities remained with them after the dissolution of the denazification project and were carried forward into the post-occupation period.

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Fenwick, Luke. "The Protestant Churches in Saxony-Anhalt in the Shadow of the German Christian Movement and National Socialism, 1945–1949." Church History 82, no. 4 (November 20, 2013): 877–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640713001170.

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The two major Protestant churches in Saxony-Anhalt, the Church Province of Saxony(Evangelische Kirche der Kirchenprovinz Sachsens[KPS])and the State Church of Anhalt(Landeskirche Anhalts[LKA]), undertook denazification processes against “compromised” pastors and church hierarchs after 1945. Where the Church Province faced secular criticism about “lenient” denazification, the Anhalt Church enjoyed state support, largely because it admitted political representatives to its review commission. Hierarchs in the KPS explained their leniency with reference to the resistance of Christians in the Third Reich, a particular theology of church and state relations, and forgiveness. The verdicts handed down, nonetheless, were premised primarily on each clergyman's affiliation to the former German Christian movement and not on Nazi party membership; denazification was therefore “de-German-Christianization.” (The German Christian movement was a heterodox movement heavily influenced by Nazism.) However, quite apart from de-German-Christianization, there was also pragmatism within both(mutatis mutandis)the KPS and the LKA. Both desired a fully manned and unified pastorate in a time of acute need. Most churchmen withstood denazification as a result. One pastor in Anhalt exemplifies the process. Formerly a member, Erich Elster renounced the German Christian movement as a “false path” after 1945. He continued in his pastoral duties, albeit with an admonishment to preach orthodoxy. The general continuity of churchmen did not provide for unity in any case, and it even led to recrimination and in places a post-war perpetuation of the Third Reich “church struggle”(Kirchenkampf)that had pitted German Christians against members of the Confessing Church.

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Boiko, Mykhailo, and Oleksandr Ivanov. "The Denazification of the Post-war Germany in the American Occupation Zone in 1945-1949." European Historical Studies, no. 10 (2018): 63–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2018.10.63-81.

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As a result of the analysis of the documents of the American Military Administration, agreements, signed at the official governmental level by the representatives of the Allies, personal documents, articles of the German newspaper “Die Zeit” and sociological researches carried out by the scientific institutions, the authors of the article outline the main mechanisms, procedures, institutions for the implementation of the denazification and identify its advantages and disadvantages during the American occupation in 1945-1949. Denazification implemented in the American occupation zone did not remain ineffective. This process also had a shocking effect for the civilians, for it meant “social degradation and humiliation in the eyes of society”. If there was no internal purification of the former criminals, all reinterpreted individuals were now forced to outbrave “political moderation and restraint” and to accept new conditions. With the adoption of democracy “from above” during the transitional justice, there can be no unequivocal answer to the question whether the national socialist dictatorship in Germany could be regarded as successful. The United States of America quickly realized that the future of Germany would depend on both the announced denazification and the economic recovery. The American government approved the adoption of the Basic Law (Constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany). In any case, the American policy toward Germany consistently advocated German unity and the integration of a prosperous and strong state, provided that it would become a constituent of a capitalist and democratic international system as a responsible party.

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Connor, Ian. "Review Article : Denazification in Post-War Germany." European History Quarterly 21, no. 3 (July 1991): 397–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026569149102100307.

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Peifer, Douglas C., and Timothy R. Vogt. "Denazification in Soviet-Occupied Germany: Brandenburg, 1945-1948." Journal of Military History 65, no. 3 (July 2001): 851. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2677598.

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Tournier, Maurice. "Les mots fascistes, du populisme à la denazification." Mots 55, no. 1 (1998): 153–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/mots.1998.2356.

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Meier, David A., and Timothy R. Vogt. "Denazification in Soviet-Occupied Germany: Brandenburg 1945-1948." German Studies Review 25, no. 3 (October 2002): 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1432647.

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Leach, Neil. "Erasing the traces: The ‘denazification’ of Eastern Europe." Renaissance and Modern Studies 40, no. 1 (January 1997): 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14735789709366605.

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11

Wehner, Christoph, and von Miquel Marc. "Aufbaugenerationen in der Arbeiterrentenversicherung: Entnazifizierung und personelle Kontinuitäten nach 1945." Die Rentenversicherung in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus 68, no. 2-3 (February 1, 2019): 215–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/sfo.68.2-3.215.

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Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag untersucht personalpolitische Umbrüche in der Rentenversicherung nach 1945 im Zuge der alliierten Entnazifizierungspolitik. Am Beispiel der Landesversicherungsanstalten Baden, Westfalen und Württemberg wird zunächst die politische Prägung der zentralen Leitungspersonen in der NS-Zeit vorgestellt, ehe im Anschluss näher auf die Entnazifizierungspolitik in den unterschiedlichen Regionen und die Personalpolitik bei den einzelnen LVAen eingegangen wird. Dabei nimmt der Beitrag insbesondere generationelle Dynamiken in den Blick und zeichnet anhand der in den demokratischen Wiederaufbau involvierten Personen das Bild heterogener „Aufbaugenerationen“. Abstract Personnel policy dynamics in pension insurance after 1945 in the context of the Allied denazification policy The essay focuses on the personnel policy dynamics in pension insurance after 1945 against the background of the Allied denazification policy. Using the example of the Landesversicherungsanstalten Baden, Westfalen and Württemberg, the essay at first examines the political character of the central management staff which is followed by a closer look at the denacification policies in the different regions and the personnel policy at the individual LVAs. In doing so, the article focuses especially on generational dynamics and, by taking the example of central persons involved in the process of democratization, draws the picture of heterogeneous “Aufbaugenerationen”.

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Wehner, Christoph, and von Miquel Marc. "Aufbaugenerationen in der Arbeiterrentenversicherung: Entnazifizierung und personelle Kontinuitäten nach 1945." Die Rentenversicherung in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus 68, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 215–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/sfo.68.2.215.

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Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag untersucht personalpolitische Umbrüche in der Rentenversicherung nach 1945 im Zuge der alliierten Entnazifizierungspolitik. Am Beispiel der Landesversicherungsanstalten Baden, Westfalen und Württemberg wird zunächst die politische Prägung der zentralen Leitungspersonen in der NS-Zeit vorgestellt, ehe im Anschluss näher auf die Entnazifizierungspolitik in den unterschiedlichen Regionen und die Personalpolitik bei den einzelnen LVAen eingegangen wird. Dabei nimmt der Beitrag insbesondere generationelle Dynamiken in den Blick und zeichnet anhand der in den demokratischen Wiederaufbau involvierten Personen das Bild heterogener „Aufbaugenerationen“. Abstract Personnel policy dynamics in pension insurance after 1945 in the context of the Allied denazification policy The essay focuses on the personnel policy dynamics in pension insurance after 1945 against the background of the Allied denazification policy. Using the example of the Landesversicherungsanstalten Baden, Westfalen and Württemberg, the essay at first examines the political character of the central management staff which is followed by a closer look at the denacification policies in the different regions and the personnel policy at the individual LVAs. In doing so, the article focuses especially on generational dynamics and, by taking the example of central persons involved in the process of democratization, draws the picture of heterogeneous “Aufbaugenerationen”.

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13

McDougall, Alan. "Benita Blessing.The Antifascist Classroom: Denazification in Soviet-occupied Germany, 1945–1949.:The Antifascist Classroom: Denazification in Soviet‐occupied Germany, 1945–1949." American Historical Review 113, no. 2 (April 2008): 602–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.113.2.602.

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MESSENGER, DAVID A. "Beyond War Crimes: Denazification, ‘Obnoxious’ Germans and US Policy in Franco's Spain after the Second World War." Contemporary European History 20, no. 4 (September 23, 2011): 455–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777311000488.

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AbstractThis work links the western Allies’ policy of denazification in occupied Germany to efforts to repatriate German intelligence agents and Nazi Party officials – so-called ‘obnoxious’ Germans – from the neutral states of Europe after the Second World War. Once on German soil, these individuals would be subject to internment and investigation as outlined in occupation policy. Using the situation in Franco's Spain as a case study, the article argues that new ideas of neutrality following the war and a strong commitment to the concept of denazification led to the creation of the repatriation policy, especially within the United States. Repatriation was also a way to measure the extent to which Franco's Spain accepted the Allied victory and the defeat of Nazism and fascism. The US perception was that the continued presence of individual Nazis meant the continued influence of Nazism itself. Spain responded half-heartedly, at best. Despite the fact that in terms of numbers repatriated the policy was a failure, the Spanish example demonstrates that the attempted repatriation of ‘obnoxious’ Germans from neutral Europe, although overlooked, was significant not only as part of the immediate post-war settlement but also in its bearing on US ideas about Nazism, security and perceived collaboration of neutral states like Spain.

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15

Knight, Robert. "Denazification and Integration in the Austrian Province of Carinthia." Journal of Modern History 79, no. 3 (September 2007): 572–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/517982.

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16

Gimbel, John. "German Scientists, United States Denazification Policy, and the ‘PaperclipConspiracy’." International History Review 12, no. 3 (September 1990): 441–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07075332.1990.9640553.

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17

Augustine, D. L. "The Antifascist Classroom. Denazification in Soviet-occupied Germany, 1945-1949." German History 26, no. 2 (April 1, 2008): 327–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghn017.

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18

Detzen, Dominic, and Sebastian Hoffmann. "Stigma management and justifications of the self in denazification accounts." Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 31, no. 1 (January 15, 2018): 141–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-05-2016-2553.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study how two accounting professors at a German university dealt with their denazification, a process carried out by the Allied Forces following the Second World War to free German society from Nazi ideology. It is argued that the professors carried a stigma due to their affiliation with a university that had been aligned with the Nazi state apparatus. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses Goffman’s work on “Stigma” (1963/1986) and “Frame Analysis” (1974/1986) to explore how the professors aimed to dismiss any link with the Nazi regime. Primary sources from the university archives were accessed with a particular focus on the professors’ post-war justification accounts. Findings The paper shows how the professors created a particular frame, which they supported by downplaying frame breaks, primarily their Nazi party memberships. Instead, they were preoccupied with what Goffman (1974/1986) terms “the vulnerability of experience,” exploiting that their past behavior requires context and is thus open to interpretation. The professors themselves provide this guidance to readers, which is a strategy that we call “authoring” of past information. Originality/value The paper shows how “counter accounts” can be constructed by assigning roles and powers to characters therein and by providing context and interpreting behavior on behalf of the readers. It is suggested that this “authoring” of past information is successful only on the surface. A closer examination unveils ambiguity, making this strategy risky and fragile.

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Göllner, Siegfried. "The politics of denazification: parliamentary debates in Austria, 1945–57." Parliaments, Estates and Representation 38, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 76–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02606755.2018.1428401.

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Gardiner, John. "István Szabó'sTaking Sides(2001) and the Denazification of Wilhelm Furtwängler." Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television 30, no. 1 (March 2010): 95–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01439680903577300.

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Remy, S. P. "Settling Scores: German Music, Denazification, & the Americans, 1945-1953." Journal of American History 93, no. 1 (June 1, 2006): 273–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4486188.

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Levy, Alexandra F. "Promoting Democracy and Denazification: American Policymaking and German Public Opinion." Diplomacy & Statecraft 26, no. 4 (October 2, 2015): 614–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09592296.2015.1096681.

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Gilbert, S. "Book Review: German Music, Denazification, and the Americans, 1945-1953." German History 25, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 113–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266355407071720.

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Polianski, Igor J. "National Socialist Medical Literature and the Censorship Practices in the Soviet Occupation Zone and Early East German State." Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 75, no. 3 (May 1, 2020): 299–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/jraa015.

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Abstract This study examines how medical discourse and culture were affected by the denazification policies of the Soviet occupation authorities in East Germany. Examining medical textbooks in particular, it reveals how the production and dissemination of medical knowledge was subject to a complex process of negotiation among authors, publishers, and censorship officials. Drawing on primary-source material produced by censorship authorities that has not been rigorously examined to date, it reveals how knowledge production processes were structured by broader ideological and political imperatives. It thus sheds new light on a unique chapter in the history of censorship.

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Pasteur, Paul, and Klaus Eisterer. "La presence francaise en Autriche (1945-1946). Occupation, denazification, action culturelle." Vingtième Siècle. Revue d'histoire, no. 63 (July 1999): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3770745.

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Griffith, William E., and James F. Tent. "Mission on the Rhine: Reeducation and Denazification in American-Occupied Germany." History of Education Quarterly 26, no. 3 (1986): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/368259.

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Martin, Benjamin G., and Steven P. Remy. "The Heidelberg Myth: The Nazification and Denazification of a German University." German Studies Review 27, no. 3 (October 2004): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4141018.

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Marcuse, Peter. "Repeating history: Denazification, de‐stalinization, and the reworking of the past." Socialism and Democracy 8, no. 2-3 (January 1992): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08854309208428135.

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Kolesov, Denis, and Olga Shimanskaya. "Culture of Remembrance of the Holocaust in Germany’s Policy of Denazification." Contemporary Europe 4, no. 90 (August 1, 2019): 164–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope42019164173.

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Sollors, Werner. "‘EVERYBODY GETS FRAGEBOGENED SOONER OR LATER’: THE DENAZIFICATION QUESTIONNAIRE AS CULTURAL TEXT*." German Life and Letters 71, no. 2 (March 12, 2018): 139–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/glal.12188.

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Pick, Daniel. "‘IN PURSUIT OF THE NAZI MIND?’ THE DEPLOYMENT OF PSYCHOANALYSIS IN THE ALLIED STRUGGLE AGAINST GERMANY." Psychoanalysis and History 11, no. 2 (July 2009): 137–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e1460823509000373.

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This paper discusses how psychoanalytic ideas were brought to bear in the Allied struggle against the Third Reich and explores some of the claims that were made about this endeavour. It shows how a variety of studies of Fascist psychopathology, centred on the concept of superego, were mobilized in military intelligence, post-war planning and policy recommendations for ‘denazification’. Freud's ideas were sometimes championed by particular army doctors and government planners; at other times they were combined with, or displaced by, competing, psychiatric and psychological forms of treatment and diverse studies of the Fascist ‘personality’. This is illustrated through a discussion of the treatment and interpretation of the deputy leader of the Nazi Party, Rudolf Hess, after his arrival in Britain in 1941.

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Schuhmann. "Decolonization and Denazification: Student Politics, Cultural Revolution, and the Affective Labor of Remembering." Critical Philosophy of Race 5, no. 2 (2017): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/critphilrace.5.2.0296.

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Heidegger,, Martin. "Documents from the Denazification Proceedings Concerning Martin Heidegger (Translated by Jason M. Wirth)." Graduate Faculty Philosophy Journal 14, no. 2 (1991): 528–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/gfpj199114/152/137.

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Amy C. Beal. "Settling Scores: German Music, Denazification, and the Americans, 1945-1953 (review)." American Studies 48, no. 2 (2007): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ams.0.0088.

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Baranova, Jūratė. "Friedrich Nietzsche’s Political Philosophy as Political Anthropology." Problemos 98 (October 23, 2020): 94–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/problemos.98.8.

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The article starts with the question: how is the political philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche even possible? The author discusses with Tracy B. Strong’s presumption that Nietzsche’s political philosophy is not possible as a transcendental deduction. The author supposes that this type of question clashes with the premises of Nietzsche’s thinking and also undermines the interpretation of the other aspects of his philosophy. First of all: the question of nazification and denazification of Nietzsche’s thought. The article comes to the conclusion that in the scope of recent investigation there is not much sense in raising the question whether Nietzsche’s political views are political philosophy in the normative meaning of the term, but it is possible to discuss the question of political anthropology as the psychology of the nations Nietzsche was really interested in.

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Mueller, Tim. "A legal odyssey: denazification law, Nazi elite schools, and the construction of postwar memory." History of Education 46, no. 4 (May 11, 2017): 498–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0046760x.2017.1318307.

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Brown, Ralph W. "Removing “Nasty Nazi Habits”: The CIC and the Denazification of Heidelberg University, 1945–1946." Journal of Intelligence History 4, no. 1 (June 2004): 25–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16161262.2004.10555092.

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Schroeder, S. "The Allied Occupation of Germany: The Refugee Crisis, Denazification and the Path to Reconstruction." German History 32, no. 4 (April 18, 2014): 669–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghu043.

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Andrew Donson. "The German Antifascist Classroom: Denazification in Soviet-Occupied Germany, 1945–1949 (review)." Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth 1, no. 2 (2008): 304–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hcy.0.0004.

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Huxford, Grace. "Allied Internment Camps in Occupied Germany: Extrajudicial Detention in the Name of Denazification, 1945–1950." German History 38, no. 3 (June 26, 2020): 523–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerhis/ghaa053.

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Schmidt, Mathias, Jens Westemeier, and Dominik Gross. "The two lives of neurologist Helmut J. Bauer (1914–2008)." Neurology 93, no. 3 (July 15, 2019): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000007781.

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In 2008, the internationally renowned neurologist and university professor Helmut Johannes Bauer died at the age of 93 years. In the numerous obituaries and tributes to him, the years between 1933 and 1945 are either omitted or simplified; the Nazi past of Helmut Bauer has hardly been explored. Based on original documents dating from the Third Reich and the early Federal Republic of Germany as well as relevant secondary writings, Bauer's life before 1945 was traced to gain knowledge of his exact activities and tasks during the Second World War. Bauer was actively involved in Nazi crimes. He was a member of the so-called Künsberg special command of the SS and also worked in a prominent position at the Institute for Microbiology as well as for the Foreign Department of the Reich Physicians' Chamber. After World War II, Bauer underwent denazification and, like many others, was able to pursue his further medical career undisturbed, building on the contacts he had already made during the Nazi period.

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Gaudenzi, Bianca, and Astrid Swenson. "Looted Art and Restitution in the Twentieth Century – Towards a Global Perspective." Journal of Contemporary History 52, no. 3 (June 20, 2017): 491–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009417692409.

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Introducing the Journal of Contemporary History Special Issue ‘The Restitution of Looted Art in the 20th Century’, this article proposes a framework for writing the history of looting and restitution in transnational and global perspective. By comparing and contextualizing instances of looting and restitution in different geographical and temporal contexts, it aims to overcome existing historiographical fragmentations and move past the overwhelming focus on the specificities of Nazi looting through an extended timeframe that inserts the Second World War into a longer perspective from the nineteenth century up to present day restitution practices. Particular emphasis is put on the interlinked histories of denazification and decolonization. Problematizing existing analytical, chronological and geographical frameworks, the article suggests how a combination of comparative, entangled and global history approaches can open up promising new avenues of research. It draws out similarities, differences and connections between processes of looting and restitution in order to discuss the extent to which looting and restitution were shaped by – and shaped – changing global networks.

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Kuprii, Tetіana. "Successes and problems of "re-education": to the 70th anniversary of completion of denazification of Germany." Skhid, no. 4(156) (October 3, 2018): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21847/1728-9343.2018.4(156).143498.

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WEISBROD, BERND. "The Moratorium of the Mandarins and the Self-Denazification of German Academe: a View from Göttingen." Contemporary European History 12, no. 1 (February 2003): 47–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777303001036.

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Dow, James R. "Reviews of Books:The Heidelberg Myth: The Nazification and Denazification of a German University Steven P. Remy." American Historical Review 108, no. 4 (October 2003): 1238–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/529938.

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Mouton, Michelle. "Missing, Lost, and Displaced Children in Postwar Germany: The Great Struggle to Provide for the War's Youngest Victims." Central European History 48, no. 1 (March 2015): 53–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938915000035.

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AbstractIn the final months of World War II, more than a million German children took to the roads in search of family and home. Although the majority returned home with little institutional support, hundreds of thousands of other German children could not. Some were orphaned; others remained in camps, children's homes, or foster families in areas that no longer belonged to Germany. Most challenging for authorities were those who were alone and too young to know their own names. This article explores the struggle to locate, identify, and provide for missing, lost, and displaced German children after 1945. It argues that despite a general agreement that children were in peril, Allied denazification policies and the decision by the UN Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) not to help “enemy children” compromised care for children. The division of Germany and the onset of the Cold War further handicapped efforts to aid children by preventing the creation of a unified search service. Yet, despite the many postwar impediments, the effort to care for these children was remarkably successful in the end.

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BIDDISS, MICHAEL. "The End of the Third Reich: Defeat, Denazification & Nuremberg, January 1944–November 1946 By Toby Thacker." History 93, no. 310 (April 2008): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-229x.2008.423_50.x.

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Hall, Ann C. "Making the Call: Art and Politics in Ronald Harwood’s Taking Sides." Humanities 9, no. 4 (October 13, 2020): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h9040118.

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Set in Germany during the denazification processes following World War Two, Ronald Harwood’s Taking Sides (1995 play, 2001 film) pits German conductor Wilhelm Furtwängler against a relatively uncultured American interrogator, Steve Arnold, to, as Harwood says, examine the role of an artist under a totalitarian state and an American’s mistreatment of the world-renowned maestro. While there is certainly a contrast between the old world, represented by the classical music of Furtwängler, and the new, represented by Arnold’s affinity for jazz, there is much more at stake in both the play and the film. As the interrogation progresses, Arnold, who worked as an insurance claims adjuster during his civilian days, senses Furtwängler’s arguments about art as apolitical, are what he calls “airy-fairy” excuses. Arnold knows Hitler favored Furtwängler, used his music to inspire his atrocities, and gave Furtwangler access to almost anything he wanted. Critics frequently praise the play and film for its balanced presentation of the two sides. However, by examining the play and the film in terms of Aristotelian tragedy, this essay makes clear that Furtwängler’s refusal to take sides has grave consequences, consequences that only the crude, “ugly American” Arnold is willing to discuss.

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Potter, Pamela M. "Settling Scores: German Music, Denazification, and the Americans, 1945-1953. By David Monod. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 2005. Pp. xiv+325. $45.00. ISBN 0-8078-2944-7." Central European History 39, no. 2 (May 19, 2006): 350–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938906380120.

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The impetus among Germany's cultural elite to mark the end of World War II as a “zero hour” has been analyzed mainly as a German phenomenon, with considerably less attention to the role of the occupying forces in fostering that mentality. Settling Scores offers a long-awaited analysis of the American Military Government's precarious navigation in the music world, one of the most sensitive cultural areas for both the conquerors and the conquered. Most histories of twentieth-century German music and culture suffer from a basic misunderstanding of this tumultuous time and uncritically accept many of the prejudices it engendered. As this study demonstrates, the notion of a musical “zero hour” is one such misconception, for the imperfect projects of denazification and reeducation left the musical world of the post-war period largely indistinguishable from its pre-war existence. Based on thorough archival research, interviews with eyewitnesses, and a wide range of literature, this highly readable and engaging history reveals in detail the successes and failures of the Military Government's ambitious agenda to root out the musical “Führers” of the Third Reich and to transform music from a tool of nationalist aggression to one of democratic tolerance.

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Calico, Joy H. "Schoenberg's Symbolic Remigration: A Survivor from Warsaw in Postwar West Germany." Journal of Musicology 26, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 17–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jm.2009.26.1.17.

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Abstract Musicologists have recently begun to study a crucial component in the reconstruction of European cultural life after World War II——the remigration of displaced musicians, either in person or (adopting Marita Krauss's notion of "remigrating ideas") in the form of their music. Because composers are most significantly present in the aural materiality of their music, and because Arnold Schoenberg's name was synonymous with modernism and its persecution across Europe, his symbolic postwar reappearance via performances of his music was a powerful and problematic form of remigration. The case of Schoenberg's A Survivor from Warsaw and the former Nazi music critic Hans Schnoor serves as a representative example. Schnoor derided Schoenberg and Survivor in a newspaper column in 1956 using the rhetoric of National Socialist journalism as part of his campaign against federal funding of musical modernism via radio and festivals. When radio journalist Fred Prieberg took him to task for this on the air, Schnoor sued for defamation. A series of lawsuits ensued in which issues of denazification and the occupying Allied forces put a distinctly West German spin on the universal postwar European themes of anti-Semitism, the Holocaust, remigration, and modernism.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Denazificatie'

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