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1

Caldwell, Janalee, Laurie Vitt, and William Cooper. "Conspicuousness and vestigial escape behaviour by two dendrobatid frogs, Dendrobates auratus and Oophaga pumilio." Behaviour 146, no. 3 (2009): 325–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853909x410946.

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AbstractAposematic prey are thought to move slowly and openly near predators, but exhibit reduced escape behaviour. We studied conspicuousness and escape by aposematic poison frogs (Dendrobates auratus and Oophaga pumilio). In circles of leaf litter, observers detected poison frogs quickly. Flight initiation distance (FID, predator-prey distance when escape begins) increases with approach speed in non-cryptic palatable prey, but not for frogs in clearings, which permitted close approach. On trails frogs moved slowly into forest and FID in D. auratus increased with approach speed. Distance from cover and handling exposing predators to distastefulness may account for greater reliance on aposematism in clearings. We observed responses to a simulated predator (stick with painted face) in three conditions: not approached, approached, and touched. Latency to hop and time to exit circles decreased and exit from circles was directed further away from the approach path in the order not approached, approached, touched. Oophaga pumilio changed directions less when approached than not; many exhibited no escape behaviour. Aposematic dendrobatids move slowly near predators, but retain risk-assessment mechanisms due to occasional predation. Differences in escape between dendrobatids and palatable Craugastor frogs suggest that dendrobatid defensive behavior may have been molded to maximize the effectiveness of aposematism.
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2

Gardner, Emily A., and Brent M. Graves. "Responses of Resident Male Dendrobates pumilio to Territory Intruders." Journal of Herpetology 39, no. 2 (June 2005): 248–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1670/95-04a.

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3

Baugh, Julia R., and Don C. Forester. "Prior Residence Effect in the Dart-Poison Frog, Dendrobates Pumilio." Behaviour 131, no. 3-4 (1994): 207–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853994x00442.

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AbstractEach of 32 male, Dendrobates pumilio (red phase) were allowed to establish a territory in one half of a 40 liter aquarium. Each enclosure contained a substrate of Sphagnum, a potted plant, and a water dish. Males occupying the same aquarium were prevented from seeing one another by an opaque barrier. In the first experiment, residents were presented with a conspecific intruder matched for size and color. Based on a numerical index of aggression, residents were consistently dominant over intruders. When reciprocal trials were conducted, the results were reversed (i.e. residents were dominant over males to which they previously had been subordinate). The success of resident males was not influenced by the size of conspecific intruders. In addition, residents consistently dominated a sympatric confamilial intruder (Phyllobates lugubris). Removal experiments revealed that resident males recognize and defend their enclosures after 3, and to a lesser degree, 6 days of isolation. We also examined the effect of territorial markers on the prior residence effect by stepwise removal of the plant and Sphagnum. Residents aggressively defended enclosures in both experiments. When Sphagnum was removed from the resident's enclosures and placed in a previously unused aquaria, 7 of 10 males exhibited dominance over conspecific intruders.
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4

Pröhl, Heike. "Territorial behaviour of the strawberry poison-dart frog, Dendrobates pumilio." Amphibia-Reptilia 18, no. 4 (1997): 437–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853897x00495.

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5

Donnelly, Maureen A. "Feeding Patterns of the Strawberry Poison Frog, Dendrobates pumilio (Anura: Dendrobatidae)." Copeia 1991, no. 3 (August 1, 1991): 723. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1446399.

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6

Haase, Annely, and Heike Pröhl. "Female activity patterns and aggressiveness in the strawberry poison frog Dendrobates pumilio (Anura: Dendrobatidae)." Amphibia-Reptilia 23, no. 2 (2002): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853802760061778.

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AbstractFemale strawberry poison frogs (Dendrobates pumilio) exhibit highly evolved maternal care, including tadpole transport and tadpole provisioning with unfertilized eggs. We observed that tadpole-rearing and mating activity are mutually exclusive behavioural states in a Costa Rican population. Tadpole-rearing females did not engage in courtship activity. Only non-rearing females courted. Non-rearing females occupied larger home ranges than tadpole-rearing females, which may be related to female selection of mates. For the first time aggressive female-female interactions were observed in the field. Tadpole-rearing females were significantly more aggressive than non-rearing females, especially in the vicinity of their offspring-rearing sites. Las hembras de la ranita roja Dendrobates pumilio ejecutan cuidado parental altamente desarrollado que incluye el transporte y la alimentación de los renacuajos. En una población costaricense encontramos que el cuido materno y la actvidad sexual son comportamientos mutualmente exclusivos: Las hembras que estan cuidando a su cría son sexualmente inactivas, solamente las hembras sin renacuajos se aparean. Las hembras sexualmente activas poseian un rango de actividad más grande que las hembras cuidando a renacuajos. Los rangos de actividad en el primer grupo de hembras eran más grandes probablemente porque ellas visitan los territorios de varios machos con el fin de seleccionar una pareja. Además, por la primera vez interacciones aggressivas entre las hembras de la ranita roja fueron observados en el campo, siendo más aggressivas las hembras con rencuajos, particularmente en la vencidad de los hábitats de su cría.
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7

Donnelly, Maureen A. "Demographic Effects of Reproductive Resource Supplementation in a Territorial Frog, Dendrobates Pumilio." Ecological Monographs 59, no. 3 (September 1989): 207–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1942599.

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8

Donnelly, Maureen A. "Reproductive Phenology and Age Structure of Dendrobates pumilio in Northeastern Costa Rica." Journal of Herpetology 23, no. 4 (December 1989): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1564047.

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9

Brust, Douglas G. "Maternal Brood Care by Dendrobates pumilio: A Frog That Feeds Its Young." Journal of Herpetology 27, no. 1 (March 1993): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1564914.

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10

Pröhl, Heike, Sabine Hagemann, Jan Karsch, and Gerlinde Höbel. "Geographic Variation in Male Sexual Signals in Strawberry Poison Frogs (Dendrobates pumilio)." Ethology 113, no. 9 (September 2007): 825–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.2007.01396.x.

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11

Richards-Zawacki, Corinne L., and Molly E. Cummings. "INTRASPECIFIC REPRODUCTIVE CHARACTER DISPLACEMENT IN A POLYMORPHIC POISON DART FROG, DENDROBATES PUMILIO." Evolution 65, no. 1 (September 29, 2010): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01124.x.

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12

Donnelly, Maureen A. "Effects of reproductive resource supplementation on space-use patterns in Dendrobates pumilio." Oecologia 81, no. 2 (October 1989): 212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00379808.

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13

McKone, Mark J., Jonathan W. Moore, Christopher W. Harbison, Ian C. Holmen, Hillary C. Lyons, Kristine M. Nachbor, Julia L. Michalak, Maurine Neiman, Julia L. Nicol, and George R. Wheeler. "Rapid collapse of a population of Dieffenbachia spp., plants used for tadpole-rearing by a poison-dart frog (Oophaga pumilio) in a Costa Rican rain forest." Journal of Tropical Ecology 30, no. 6 (September 4, 2014): 615–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467414000467.

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Abstract:Amphibian populations have been declining worldwide, with multiple potential causes. At La Selva field station in north-eastern Costa Rica, previous work has shown that populations of many amphibians have decreased significantly since the 1970s, especially in primary forest. Starting in 1998, we investigated one of the most common frog species at La Selva, the poison-dart frog Oophaga pumilio (= Dendrobates pumilio). In a survey of 50 plots of 100 m2 in 1998, adult frogs were 4.6 times more abundant in secondary forest than in primary forest. Tadpoles were found only in secondary-forest plots. Almost all (89%) of the tadpoles were found in leaf axils of Dieffenbachia spp., which were much more abundant in secondary-forest than in primary-forest plots. The greater abundance of Dieffenbachia spp. in secondary forest was confirmed in a broad survey of ~11 km of trails within La Selva in 2002. When the same trails were resampled in 2012, Dieffenbachia spp. had been extirpated from 72% of the 50-m segments where plants were present in 2002; abundance was greatly reduced in the few trail segments where any Dieffenbachia spp. remained in 2012. The loss of Dieffenbachia spp., especially in secondary forest, removed the species most often used by O. pumilio for tadpole rearing. Based on counts of calling frogs in 2010, there was no difference in O. pumilio abundance in primary versus secondary forest, in striking contrast to multiple earlier surveys that found much greater frog abundance in secondary forest. We propose that the reason for the rapid decline in Dieffenbachia spp. is herbivory by the collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), which has increased in abundance at La Selva in recent years. A likely consequence is continued reduction in O. pumilio populations.
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14

Szelistowski, William A. "Unpalatability of the Poison Arrow Frog Dendrobates pumilio to the Ctenid Spider Cupiennius coccineus." Biotropica 17, no. 4 (December 1985): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2388601.

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15

Paez, Vivian P., Brian C. Bock, and A. Stanley Rand. "Inhibition of Evoked Calling of Dendrobates pumilio Due to Acoustic Interference from Cicada Calling." Biotropica 25, no. 2 (June 1993): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2389189.

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16

Siddiqi, A. "Interspecific and intraspecific views of color signals in the strawberry poison frog Dendrobates pumilio." Journal of Experimental Biology 207, no. 14 (June 15, 2004): 2471–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.01047.

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17

Pröhl, Heike. "Clutch loss affects the operational sex ratio in the strawberry poison frog Dendrobates pumilio." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 58, no. 3 (March 8, 2005): 310–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-005-0915-9.

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18

Bee, Mark A. "A test of the "dear enemy effect" in the strawberry dart-poison frog ( Dendrobates pumilio )." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 54, no. 6 (October 1, 2003): 601–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00265-003-0657-5.

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19

Graves, Brent M., Kari A. Stanley, and Emily A. Gardner. "Correlates of Vocal Display in a Costa Rican Population of Strawberry Poison-Dart Frogs, Dendrobates pumilio." Journal of Herpetology 39, no. 1 (March 2005): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1670/0022-1511(2005)039[0101:covdia]2.0.co;2.

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20

Prohl, H. "Population differences in female resource abundance, adult sex ratio, and male mating success in Dendrobates pumilio." Behavioral Ecology 13, no. 2 (March 1, 2002): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/13.2.175.

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21

Pröhl, Heike, and Walter Hödl. "Parental investment, potential reproductive rates, and mating system in the strawberry dart-poison frog, Dendrobates pumilio." Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 46, no. 4 (September 1999): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002650050612.

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22

Graves, Brent M. "Diel Activity Patterns of the Sympatric Poison Dart Frogs, Dendrobates auratus and D. pumilio, in Costa Rica." Journal of Herpetology 33, no. 3 (September 1999): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1565634.

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23

Toyooka, Naoki, Hideo Nemoto, Masashi Kawasaki, H. Martin Garraffo, Thomas F. Spande, and John W. Daly. "Enantioselective syntheses of two 5, 9E diastereomers of 223V, an alkaloid from the poison frog Dendrobates pumilio." Tetrahedron 61, no. 5 (January 2005): 1187–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2004.11.060.

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24

Saporito, Ralph A., Maureen A. Donnelly, H. Martin Garraffo, Thomas F. Spande, and John W. Daly. "Geographic and Seasonal Variation in Alkaloid-Based Chemical Defenses of Dendrobates pumilio from Bocas del Toro, Panama." Journal of Chemical Ecology 32, no. 4 (April 2006): 795–814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10886-006-9034-y.

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25

Cooper Jr, William E., Janalee P. Caldwell, and Laurie J. Vitt. "Risk Assessment and Withdrawal Behavior by Two Species of Aposematic Poison Frogs,Dendrobates auratusandOophaga pumilio, on Forest Trails." Ethology 115, no. 4 (April 2009): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.2009.01615.x.

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26

Pröhl, Heike. "Variation in Male Calling Behaviour and Relation to Male Mating Success in the Strawberry Poison Frog (Dendrobates pumilio )." Ethology 109, no. 4 (April 2003): 273–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0310.2003.00863.x.

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27

Forester, Don C., and Anthony Wisnieski. "The Significance of Airborne Olfactory Cues to the Recognition of Home Area by the Dart-Poison Frog Dendrobates pumilio." Journal of Herpetology 25, no. 4 (December 1991): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1564782.

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28

Summers, K., T. W. Cronin, and T. Kennedy. "Cross-Breeding of Distinct Color Morphs of the Strawberry Poison Frog (Dendrobates pumilio) from the Bocas del Toro Archipelago, Panama." Journal of Herpetology 38, no. 1 (March 2004): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1670/51-03a.

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29

Summers, Kyle, Thomas W. Cronin, and Timothy Kennedy. "Variation in spectral reflectance among populations of Dendrobates pumilio , the strawberry poison frog, in the Bocas del Toro Archipelago, Panama." Journal of Biogeography 30, no. 1 (January 2003): 35–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.00795.x.

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30

Toyooka, Naoki, Hideo Nemoto, Masashi Kawasaki, H. Martin Garraffo, Thomas F. Spande, and John W. Daly. "Corrigendum to “Enantioselective syntheses of two 5, 9E diastereomers of 223V, an alkaloid from the poison frog Dendrobates pumilio” [Tetrahedron 61 (2005) 1187]." Tetrahedron 61, no. 21 (May 2005): 5139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2005.03.051.

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31

Saporito, Ralph A., Rachel Zuercher, Marcus Roberts, Kenneth G. Gerow, and Maureen A. Donnelly. "Experimental Evidence for Aposematism in the Dendrobatid Poison Frog Oophaga pumilio." Copeia 2007, no. 4 (December 28, 2007): 1006–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/0045-8511(2007)7[1006:eefait]2.0.co;2.

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32

Mina, Annemarie E., Andras K. Ponti, Nicole L. Woodcraft, Erin E. Johnson, and Ralph A. Saporito. "Variation in alkaloid-based microbial defenses of the dendrobatid poison frog Oophaga pumilio." Chemoecology 25, no. 4 (January 14, 2015): 169–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00049-015-0186-5.

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33

Stynoski, Jennifer L. "Discrimination of offspring by indirect recognition in an egg-feeding dendrobatid frog, Oophaga pumilio." Animal Behaviour 78, no. 6 (December 2009): 1351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.09.002.

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34

Hovey, Kyle J., Emily M. Seiter, Erin E. Johnson, and Ralph A. Saporito. "Sequestered Alkaloid Defenses in the Dendrobatid Poison Frog Oophaga pumilio Provide Variable Protection from Microbial Pathogens." Journal of Chemical Ecology 44, no. 3 (February 10, 2018): 312–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10886-018-0930-8.

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35

Paluh, Daniel J., Maggie M. Hantak, and Ralph A. Saporito. "A Test of Aposematism in the Dendrobatid Poison FrogOophaga pumilio: The Importance of Movement in Clay Model Experiments." Journal of Herpetology 48, no. 2 (June 2014): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1670/13-027.

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36

Bolton, Sarah K., Kelsie Dickerson, and Ralph A. Saporito. "Variable Alkaloid Defenses in the Dendrobatid Poison Frog Oophaga pumilio are Perceived as Differences in Palatability to Arthropods." Journal of Chemical Ecology 43, no. 3 (March 2017): 273–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10886-017-0827-y.

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37

Pröhl, Heike, Dietrich Mebs, Santiago Meneses Ospina, and Konrad Staudt. "Foraging behaviour and territoriality of the strawberry poison frog (Oophaga pumilio) in dependence of the presence of ants." Amphibia-Reptilia 31, no. 2 (2010): 217–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853810791069100.

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AbstractThe present study investigates foraging and territorial behaviour of the strawberry poison frog (Oophaga pumilio) in dependence of the presence of formicine and myrmicine ants, which constitute the main food source of the frogs. Species of the formicine ant genera Brachymyrmex and Paratrechina contain highly toxic alkaloids (pumiliotoxins), which the frogs incorporate and accumulate in their skin what may serve for predator deterrence. Twelve male frogs of two populations (primary and secondary forest) in Hitoy Cerere, Costa Rica, were observed each for a full day. Calling time, feeding attempts and time spent inside and outside the core area of their territories were recorded. Furthermore, twelve males of both populations were observed during the main foraging time to determine, whether the frogs search for prey in specific patches of their territories. The ants inside the core areas of twenty four frog territories were collected and classified to genus. Ants of the genera Brachymyrmex and Paratrechina were classified to species or morphospecies, respectively. The presence of formicine and myrmicine ants in territorial areas was compared to non-territorial sites. We found that formicine ants (Brachymyrmex and Paratrechina) were more present inside the territorial core areas than outside. The higher presence of these ants in the core areas was associated with longer foraging times. We verified that toxic alkaloids of the pumiliotoxin group are present in the dendrobatid frogs of Hitoy Cerere. The results of this study suggest that toxic diet may be linked to territoriality in this frog species.
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38

Toyooka, Naoki, Hideo Nemoto, Masashi Kawasaki, H. Martin Garraffo, Thomas F. Spande, and Jahn W. Daly. "Enantioselective Syntheses of Two Diastereomers of 223V, an Alkaloid from the Poison Frog Dendrobates pumilio." ChemInform 36, no. 24 (June 14, 2005). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200524190.

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