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1
Boazman, Janette Kay. "Well-Being and Academic Success in Gifted College Students: Early-College Entrants and Honors College Students." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2010. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc31526/.
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As a society, we seek to have our young people, including the gifted, be healthy and happy, and go to good schools with good teachers. Framed by Sayler's theoretical model of giftedness and thriving, this study examined psychological constructs (i.e. general self-efficacy, theories of intelligence, hope, gratitude, religiosity, disposition, and resiliency) to determine their mediating effect on personal well-being and academic success in gifted college students. The 213 subjects for this study included gifted college students from two distinct programs at the University of North Texas. One hundred twenty-two participants were students from the Texas Academy of Mathematics and Science (TAMS). TAMS is an early-college entrance program allowing gifted students to enter college after their sophomore year of high school. Ninety-one participants attended the UNT Honors College. Honors College students are gifted students who enter college after high school graduation. Latent transition, latent class, general linear model repeated measures, and regression analyses were used in the examination of the data. Results of the study revealed that positive disposition and hope-agency were significantly related to the development of personal well-being for gifted students during their first year of college. The ability to identify pathways to goals and the self-theory of intelligence as a fixed trait were significantly related to academic success during the first year at college. Knowledge of psychological constructs that are facilitative of the positive personal well-being and academic achievement helps parents, teachers, administrators, and counselors prepare gifted students for success in college.
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Armstrong, Jami J. (Jami Joi). "Factors Influencing Freshmen Students' College Choice at the University of North Texas: a Focus Group Study." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1997. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278714/.
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This study focused on factors that may influence freshmen students when choosing their colleges, specifically those who attend metropolitan universities such as the University of North Texas. In addition to identifying major characteristics of the institution that attract students, it also explored the sources of information that students considered important when making their choice about where to attend college. The primary instrument for gathering the data was focus groups. These informal, small groups provided a format for in-depth discussion and probing questioning about the needs, wants and influential factors driving freshmen college choice. Ten focus groups were held with between six and ten students in a specially designed room on the campus of the University of North Texas. A professional moderator was employed and sessions were observed via a two-way mirror and tape recorded for later transcription. The major questions addressed in the focus groups included: What factors influenced students the most to attend the University of North Texas? What did they consider the level of friendliness on campus? And how did the marketing materials that the university distributed impact their decision to attend? The study found that the factors that most influenced freshmen to attend the University of North Texas were low cost, convenient location and the good academic reputation of their field of study. Students believed North Texas to have a very friendly campus and were pleased with the overall academic environment. They were not, however, impressed or greatly influenced by the marketing materials currently being used by the University and suggested ways to improve the design and distribution of these materials to make them more effective. Additional observations were made concerning these and related questions. A partial transcription of the focus group sessions is included.
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Bradford, Cindy L. "The Academic Achievement of College Freshmen with Regard to Demographic Variables and College Admissions Test Scores." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1987. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc330943/.
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The problem with which this study is concerned was that of examining the relationship between academic achievement of college freshmen students and selected demographic variables. The purpose was to compare the grade point average of selected freshmen at North Texas State University and determine if geographic location, high school size, gender, racial heritage and college admission test scores affect academic achievement during the first year of college.
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Bowers, Denise E. "The History of the Rhodes State College Dental Hygiene Program." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1331051565.
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Cederlund, Andreas. "Dentin surface conditioning : the role of collagen in dentin bonding /." Stockholm, 2001. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2001/91-7349-052-0/.
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Kamuche, Felix U. (Felix Uche). "University Effectiveness With Respect to Perceived Student Satisfaction: A Comparative Study of Selected Factors." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1991. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc332762/.
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The problem of this study concerned the needs of business students and their perceptions of effectiveness with respect to their satisfaction at two universities. A related purpose was to measure, evaluate, and analyze students' needs and perceptions of the effectiveness of their universities with respect to their level of education.
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Olmsted, Jodi L. "Longitudinal analysis of student performance between host and cooperating college learners in the dental hygiene program at Northcentral Technical College in Wausau, Wisconsin." Online version, 2001. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2001/2001olmstedj.pdf.
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Souza, Lidiane Costa de. "Efeito da remoÃÃo de colÃgeno na resistÃncia de uniÃo de cimentos resinosos à dentina." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=10593.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorIntroduÃÃo: Os cimentos resinosos autoadesivos foram introduzidos no mercado a fim de reduzir os passos clÃnicos e, assim, diminuir o tempo e a sensibilidade operatÃria. Apesar de o conceito de aplicaÃÃo Ãnica ser bastante atrativo, alguns estudos mostram limitaÃÃes desses materiais no que se diz respeito ao potencial de desmineralizaÃÃo e interaÃÃo superficial com a dentina. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da remoÃÃo de colÃgeno dentinÃro com NaOCl a 5% na resistÃncia de uniÃo da interface formada entre cimentos resinosos e a dentina. Metodologia: Trinta e dois terceiros molares recÃm- -extraÃdos tiveram a dentina coronÃria exposta, as raÃzes removidas e foram divididos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos de acordo com o tipo de cimento (convencional ou autoadesivo) e com a estratÃgia de cimentaÃÃo utilizada (manutenÃÃo ou remoÃÃo de colÃgeno da dentina): RelyX ARC/Single Bond 2 aplicado de acordo com a recomendaÃÃes do fabricante - controle (RAc); RelyX ARC/Single Bond 2 aplicado apÃs a remoÃÃo de colÃgeno (RAd); RelyX U200 aplicado de acordo com a recomendaÃÃes do fabricante - controle (RUc); RelyX U200 aplicado apÃs a remoÃÃo de colÃgeno (RUd). Blocos de resina compostas foram cimentados sobre a superfÃcie dentinÃria e os espÃcimes foram seccionados para o teste de microtraÃÃo. Os palitos de cada grupo foram subdivididos em dois subgrupos: teste imediato e teste apÃs 20.000 ciclos tÃrmicos. Resultado: O teste Anova mostrou que a remoÃÃo de colÃgeno aumentou os valores de resistÃncia de uniÃo para ambos os cimentos, embora, para o grupo RAd, houve um decrÃscimo nos valores de resistÃncia de uniÃo para os palitos termociclados. O teste qui-quadrado mostrou um significante aumento de falhas prematuras para os grupos, exceto para o grupo RUd. ConclusÃo: A remoÃÃo de colÃgeno melhorou a resistÃncia de uniÃo imediata para os materiais testados, mas sà ocorreu preservaÃÃo desta uniÃo, apÃs termociclagem, quando o RelyX U200 foi utilizado.
Introduction: The self-adhesive resin cements have been introduced to the market in order to reduce the clinical steps and, thus, reducing the operative time and sensitivity. Although the concept of one-step applying be very attractive, some studies show limitations of resin cements concerning the potential of demineralization and superficial interaction with the dentin. Objective: To evaluate the effect of removing dentin collagen with 5% NaOCl on the bond strength of resin cements/dentin interface. Methods: Thirty-two freshly extracted third molars were sliced to expose sound dentin, to remove the roots and were randomly divided into four groups according to the type of cement used (conventional or self-adhesive) and strategy of cementing used: RelyX ARC/Single Bond 2 applied following the manufacturerÂs instructions â control (RAc), RelyX ARC/Single Bond 2 applied on deproteinized dentin (RAd); RelyX U200 applied following the manufacturerÂs instructions â control (RUc); RelyX U200 applied on deproteinized dentin (RUd). Blocks of composite resin were cemented on dentin surface and the specimens were prepared for microtensile bond test. The sticks of each group were subdivided into two subgroups: immediate test and test after 20,000 thermal cycles. Results: Three-way Anova showed that collagen removal increased the bond strength values for both cements, although the RAd group showed a decrease in the bond strength values after thermocycling. Chi-square test showed significant increase of premature failures for the groups, except for the group of RUd. Conclusion: The collagen removal improved the immediate bond strength for both cements tested, but, after thermocycling, this union was preserved only in the RelyX U200 group.
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Gonzales, Joseph L. (Joseph Louis). "A Study of Retention and Attrition Among First Time College Freshmen at North Texas State University." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1987. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331864/.
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This study was designed to examine freshman students at North Texas State University and to determine some of the factors contributing to attrition and retention. The instrument used in the study was the Student Information Questionnaire (SIQ). The instrument was created to aid the objective assessment knowledge relating to student retention and attrition. The categories of knowledge selected included demographics, individual attributes, family background, and educational experience.
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Underwood, Mark E. (Mark Eads). "Indicators of Persistence and Success of Community College Transfer Students Attending a Senior College." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1998. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279173/.
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The purpose of the study was to determine whether age, ethnicity, gender, full-time/ part-time status, and the community college academic variables of cumulative GPA, total transferable hours, and number of completed core courses predicted students' persistence or GPA at a four-year university.
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Koziel, Debra L. "A needs analysis for Northcentral Technical College Dental Hygienist Program Faculty Manual." Online version, 2009. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2009/2009Kozield.pdf.
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Drew, Claudine Paula. "Developmental instructional strategies support and assist academically-challenged students in allied dental curriculum /." Access Digital Full Text version, 1994. http://pocketknowledge.tc.columbia.edu/home.php/bybib/11624644.
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Thesis (Ed.D.)--Teachers College, Columbia University, 1994.Includes tables. Typescript; issued also on microfilm. Sponsor: Lee Knefelkamp. Dissertation Committee: Harvey Kaye. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 384-407).
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Pronschinske, Marsha Marie. "An analysis of competencies taught in the Chippewa Valley Technical College Dental Assisting Degree Program." Online version, 2003. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2003/2003pronschinskem.pdf.
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Yavner, Susan. "Managing professionals in health care organizations : implications from a study of dental franchises." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/17266.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Whitaker College of Health Sciences and Technology, 1991.Title as it appears in the Feb. 1991 M.I.T. Graudate List: Managing health care professionals.
Includes bibliographical references.
by Susan Yavner.
Ph.D.
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Morgan, Trina J. "Minority College Students’ Attitudes and Beliefs Regarding the Profession of Dental Hygiene in Comparison to their Oral Health and Dental Knowledge." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2564.
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The purpose of this study was to find out the attitudes and beliefs of minority college students enrolled at Missouri College in Brentwood, Missouri in reference to the dental hygiene profession. In particular, does their oral health and dental knowledge relate to their knowledge of profession of dental hygiene? One hundred and six students gave their consent to participate in the study via Survey Monkey. The study was conducted in May 2015 for a period of four weeks. Four statements were designed to gauge minority students’ knowledge of dental hygiene as a career. No differences were found based on gender, age, education and ethnicity. A difference was found based upon the respondent’s program of study. Further research is needed spread the word about dental hygiene programs and to explain the role of the dental hygienist.
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Sell, Janet A. "Traditional and Hybrid Dental Assisting Program| An Exploration of Design and Optimal Outcomes for Community College Students." Thesis, Lindenwood University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10123635.
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This study was designed to investigate an accredited dental assisting educational program at a Midwest community college. The Bureau of Labor of Statistics (2015) claimed the profession of dental assisting is one of the fastest growing occupation, along with ongoing research that good oral health is linked to overall general health, thereby increasing the need for more dental assistants in the workforce. The aim of this study was to determine if dental assisting students taking courses in a face-to-face traditional format performed differently from students taking courses in a hybrid (a combination of face-to-face and online) format. The researcher invited a total of 92 students from cohorts in 2012, 2013, and 2014 to participate. Of the students who elected to participate, 62% were from the traditional cohort, and 39% were from the hybrid cohort. Data collected from a cross-sectional survey focused on the tenets of the theory of Communities of Practice. De-identified data were collected to compare students’ progress between the traditional and hybrid cohorts with retention rates and national examination scores using a t-test for data analysis. The results confirmed no statistically significant performance differences were apparent between the two groups of students. The hybrid delivery format was as effective in educating dental assisting students as the traditional educational format.
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Hou, Peijun. "Predictors of Preventive Dental Behavior Among Chinese College Students Based on the Health Belief Model." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1544170334374032.
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Hass, Viviane. "Efeito do uso de agentes reticuladores de colágeno em procedimentos adesivos: estudos in vitro e in situ." UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE PONTA GROSSA, 2015. http://tede2.uepg.br/jspui/handle/prefix/1699.
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This study evaluated the effect of application of collagen cross-link agents under time and clinically relevant strategy, through two in vitro and one in situ studies. For in vitro experiment 1, 52 third human molars had exposed the dentin surface, acid etched and distributed according the 8 experimental groups: collagen cross-link agent (6.5% pronthocyanidin [PA], 0.1% UVA-light actived riboflavin [RB], 5% glutaraldehyde [GA] and distilled water as control group [CT], and 2 simplified etch-and-rinse systems (Adper Single Bond Plus [SB] and Tetric N-Bond [TN]. The cross-link agentes were activelly applied for 60 s, bonded and restorated with composite resin. Then, the teeth were sectioned to obtain specimens and tested in immediately [IM] and after 6 months [6M] storage time for microtensile bond strength (μTBS) and nanoleakage (NL), and IM for degree of conversion (DC) and MMP-activity within the hybrid layer. Additional 24 teeth were used by cytotoxicity assay. For in vitro experiment 2, 2 etchant agentes were tested (2%PA with 10% phosphoric acid [ACPA] and 35% phosphoric acid [CT]). Dentin of 16 teeth was exposed, etched, bonded using SB adhesive, and restored with composit resin. These teeth were tested by μTBS, NL in IM and 6M; and MMP-activity within the hybrid layer. Additional 10 teeth had flated the enamel surfaces and tested by enamel bond strength in IM and 6M. For the in situ experiment 3, 40 teeth were used, in which 2 cavities prepared. These cavities were etched, treated according the experiment 1, bonded and restored with composite resin. One restoration for each tooth was tested IM and another was included in a palatal device in cariogenic oral environment [COE] for 10 volunteers during 14 days. The restorations were sectioned and tested by microhardness, μTBS, NL and morphology of the hybrid layer for differential staining technique. All the data were analyzed by 2 way-ANOVA and Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). For experimente 1, all the collagen cross-link agentes were effective to reduce the resin-dentin degradation after 18M e did not exhibit cytotoxic potential, except the GA (p<0.05). For the experiment 2, the PA containing in etchant reduced the resindentin bond degradation (p<0.05) and did not affect the resin-enamel bond strentgh (p>0.05). However for in situ experiment 3, only the PA and GA reduced the resin-dentin degradation (p<0.05) in COE. The collagen cross-link agentes were effective to reduce the resin-dentin degradation, in time and relevant clinically strategy. The GA exhibited cytotoxic potential and should be avoided for clinical use.
O objetivo desse trabalho foi verificar o efeito da aplicação de agentes reticuladores de colágeno em tempo e estratégia clinicamente relevantes, através de dois estudos laboratoriais in vitro e um estudo in situ. Para o experimento 1 in vitro, 52 dentes tiveram a superfície dentinária condicionada, e distribuídos entre 8 grupos experimentais pela combinação dos fatores: agente de tratamento (proantocianidina 6,5% [PA], riboflavina 0,1% ativada pela luz ultravioleta [RB], glutaraldeído [GA] e água destilada como grupo controle [CT]; e os sistemas adesivos (Adper Single Bond Plus [SB] e Tetric NBond [TN]. Os agentes foram aplicados com primers aquosos por 60 s, seguido da aplicação do sistema adesivo e restauração com resina composta. Depois foram seccionados e testados imediatamente (IM) e após 18 meses de armazenamento (18M) para análise da resistência de união à dentina (RU), nanoinfiltração (NI) e em IM para análise do grau de conversão (CG) e atividade de metaloproteinases (MMPs), dentro da camada híbrida. Outros 24 dentes foram utilizados para análise da citotoxicidade. Para o experimento 2 in vitro, foi utilizado 2 condicionadores ácidos (2%PA mais ácido 10% [ACPA] e ácido fosfórico 35% [CT]). Foi exposta a superfície dentinária de 16 dentes, realizado o condicionamento ácido, aplicados o adesivo SB e incrementos de resina composta. Esses dentes foram destinados para análise da RU, NI em IM e após 6 meses de armazenamento (6M) e atividade de MMPs dentro da camada híbrida IM. Outros 10 dentes tiveram planificadas as faces de esmalte para análise da resistência de união ao esmalte (RE), que também foi testada em IM e 6M. Para o experimento 3 in situ, foram utilizados 40 dentes, nos quais foram confeccionadas 2 cavidades em cada dente. Essas cavidades foram condicionadas, aplicados os mesmos agentes reticuladores de colágeno como no experimento 1, sistema adesivo SB e restauradas com resina composta. Uma das restaurações de cada dente foi testada IM e a outra foi fixada em um dispositivo palatino, que foi usado por 14 dias em ambiente cariogênico oral [ACO] por 10 voluntários. Esses dentes foram testados para análise da microdureza, RU, NI e análise histológica da morfologia da camada híbrida. Todos os dados foram submetidos a ANOVA 2 fatores de medidas repetidas e teste de Tukey (α=0,05). Para o experimento 1, todos os agentes foram eficazes para reduzir a degradação da interface de união após 18M e ausentes de citotoxicidade, exceto o GA (p<0,05). Para o experimento 2, a inclusão da PA no condicionamento ácido foi eficaz para reduzir a degradação em dentina (p<0,05) e não afetou a RE (p>0,05). Já para o experimento 3, in situ, apenas a PA e o GA foram eficazes para reduzir a degradação da interface de união à dentina em ACO (p<0,05). Os agentes reticuladores foram eficazes para reduzir a degradação da interface de união à dentina, em tempos e estratégia clinicamente relevantes. Contudo o GA foi considerado potencialmente citotóxico e deveria ser evitado para uso clínico.
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Thompson, Jessica Loren. "First-generation College Students: Their Use of Academic Support Programs and the Perceived Benefit." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5116/.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which academically successful first-generation college students, compared to academically successful non-first-generation college students, used academic support programs provided by UNT and to measure their perception of the benefits of these programs. Differences were examined using information gathered from a Graduate Student Survey administered to students graduating in fall 2006 from the University of North Texas. Analysis of the data from the survey indicated that there was no statistical significance between the use and perception of benefit of academic support programs between the two groups. Overall, students that used academic support programs provided by the university believed they benefited from the programs they utilized. Both groups indicated that they believed the Math Lab provided the most benefit. The Graduating Student Survey also examined input, environment and output factors of academically successful first-generation and academically successful non-first-generation students. Again, both groups indicated similar responses to the questions asked. First-generation college students in this study were successful in graduating from the University of North Texas and utilized some of the resources provided by the university to do so.
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Munson, J. H. (Jerome Harlan). "A Comparison of Student and Student-Athlete Drug Use and Attitudes Toward Drug Testing of Athletes." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1987. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc501021/.
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In response to a NCAA ruling, North Texas State University (NTSU) launched a comprehensive drug testing, drug education and counseling program for its athletes effective August 1, 1986. This study assessed and compared NTSU student-athlete and student alcohol and drug use. In addition, attitudes toward a variety of sports-related drug topics, including mandatory athletic drug testing, were assessed and compared. The study revealed significant differences between student-athletes and students in drug use of the following: steroids, marijuana, cocaine, psychedelics, and amphetamines. Both groups favored mandatory drug testing of athletes.
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Cooper, Sharon L. "Dental faculty perceptions of workplace environment and job satisfaction at a Southeastern University College of Dentistry." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0041013.
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Jones, David. "Perceived social attributes of college students with ideal versus non-ideal dental esthetics judged by peers." VCU Scholars Compass, 2012. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2688.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of dentofacial appearance on perceived social attributes of college-aged adult males and females as judged by their peers. Specifically, the objective was to determine if ideal smile esthetics positively influenced this age group’s perception of opposite-sex peers based on ratings of the following psychosocial characteristics: attractiveness, desire to spend time with, desire to date, and desire for a long-term relationship. Evaluators were shown digital photographs of subjects with ideal and nonideal smiles and asked to rate those 4 attributes using a visual analogue scale (VAS). The subjects’ photographs with ideal smile esthetics were consistently rated higher on average than the same subjects’ photographs with nonideal smile esthetics. The differences in ratings between ideal and nonideal smile images were significant for all 4 psychosocial judgments (P <.0001). These differences ranged in magnitude depending on the sex and race of the evaluator and subject.
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Beckheuer, Burkhard. "Paulus und Jerusalem : Kollekte und Mission im theologischen Denken des Heidenapostels /." Frankfurt am Main : P. Lang, 1997. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37684515d.
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Tucker, Claire. "The Impact of Transfer Shock in a Dental Hygiene Program at a Four-Year Health-Sciences University." Thesis, University of Arkansas, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10979111.
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In order for a student to be successful in dental hygiene education, the student must gain the required knowledge and skills necessary to perform as a hygienist and possess the ability to utilize critical thinking to apply these attributes while in the program and on the National Board of Dental Hygiene Examination (NBDHE) (Alzahrani, Thompson, & Bauman, 2007; Fried, Maxey, Battani, Gurenlian, Byrd, & Brunick, 2017). Dental hygiene students who attend a medical university have the option to take required pre-requisite courses at a community college or a four-year university. All dental hygiene students transfer from another institution and all have the potential to exhibit transfer shock, which may contribute to a drop in GPA following the transfer to another institution. Transfer shock typically occurs for students who transfer from a community college to a university (Hills 1965; Ivins, Copenhaver, & Koclanes, 2016). This study investigates the impact of transfer shock on students who transfer into a dental hygiene program from a two-year community college as opposed to a four-year university. This study examined whether the type of institution, two-year community college versus a four-year university, attended prior to dental hygiene school is a predictor of success in a dental hygiene program in terms of ending program GPA and NBDHE first-attempt pass rates. After data analysis, results suggested that transfer shock did occur with both community college and four-year university students,. However, the four-year university group experienced less transfer shock than those who attended a community college during the first semester. Neither group increased their GPAs from the first to second semesters in the program. When comparing the entering GPAs with the end of program GPAs, both groups showed a significant drop. However, the community college group’s decrease in GPA was greater. Only five students in the total population (two from the four-year university group and three from the community college group) failed the NBDHE on the first attempt. Students who were unsuccessful in passing the NBDHE had final program GPAs that ranged from 2.2 to 2.45.
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Bhatia, Parul. "India Vaale in the United States." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1995. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc935597/.
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This documentary reveals the thoughts and feelings of seven Indian students at the University of North Texas, Denton, Texas. It portrays that better material comforts in the U.S. condition the decision of Indian students in not returning to India even after the completion of their studies. It also shows their feelings of nostalgia for the social and cultural milieu of their home country, India. For this project 18 Indian students at the University of North Texas were interviewed and seven of them became part of the final documentary.
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Saxon, Randall J. "An Assessment of the Use of Student Price Response Models to Predict Changes in Undergraduate Enrollment at a Metropolitan University." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2004. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4653/.
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Most colleges and universities invest substantial resources in an effort to strategically plan for a sound financial base. The revenue for the financial base is dependent on student enrollment that must be effectively managed. Increases in the price of tuition and fees can lead to decreased enrollment and negatively impact the revenue of an institution. The increases can also impact the enrollment of certain student populations such as minority students and high school graduates enrolling in college for the first time. Many studies have analyzed the price elasticity and student price response models that have been developed over time by reviewing historical price increases and enrollment across institutions. Few studies have used the models to predict changes in the enrollment of students for one college or university after the increases in the cost of attendance are imposed on students. This study sought to analyze the effectiveness of the most commonly reviewed student price response and price elasticity models in predicting changes in undergraduate enrollment at one metropolitan academic university. The three models introduced by Leslie and Brinkman, St. John and Heller were used to analyze the tuition and fee increases and to identify the likely percentage of increase or decrease in student enrollment at the University of North Texas for the fall 2004 semester. The study predicted the change in undergraduate enrollment among Caucasian, Hispanic, African American and Asian student populations. The price elasticity among full-time students, part-time students, undergraduate transfer students and new from high school students entering the University of North Texas were also analyzed in the research study. The results of the study found the student price response developed by Heller accurately predicted decreases in enrollment among first-time undergraduate students, continuing undergraduate students and undergraduate Caucasian students. The model introduced by Heller accurately predicted increases in enrollment among first-time Asian undergraduate students, first-time African American undergraduate students, continuing Asian undergraduate students and continuing African American undergraduate students. The study found an inelastic demand to price elasticity among full-time and part-time students and undergraduate transfer students. New from high school students were found to have an elastic demand to price elasticity.
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Welander, Maria. "Soft tissue integration to dental implants /." Göteborg : Deptartment of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2077/18196.
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Ayres, Amy R. "College Student Adaptability and Greek Membership: A Single Institution Case Study." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3707/.
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Since the birth of the United States in 1776, Greek-letter societies have been an integral part of American higher education. Research on the impact of Greek membership varies at best, and often is in conflict from study to study. This study surveyed students affiliated with Greek-letter organizations at the University of North Texas. The research examined the college adaptability of Greek students by gender in five areas: Overall adjustment, academic adjustment, personal-emotional adjustment, social adjustment, and attachment to the institution. The study, conducted in the spring of 2006 at the University of North Texas had 80 respondents. The Student Adaptability to College Questionnaire (SACQ) consisted of 67 items on a 9-point scale. The SACQ is designed to assess how well students adapt to the demands of the college experience. Raw scores and percentile rankings were determined by t-test calculations. Test scores were expressed through t-scores in relation to the standardized sample. Data show no statistical significance in any of the five areas studied: Overall adjustment, academic adjustment, personal-emotional adjustment, social adjustment, or attachment to the institution. Female participants scored higher on all scales than male participants, indicating a slightly higher level of adjustment, though not enough to be significant. Both males and females scored highest in attachment to the institution and social adjustment, while both scored lowest in personal-emotional adjustment.
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Washington, Latanya. "It's a Different World: Gender Variations in the Satisfaction of African American College Students." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2006. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5487/.
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The purpose of this research study was to explore gender variances in the satisfaction levels of African American students at UNT toward the goal of increasing the retention of these students. Variances in satisfaction levels were measured using information obtained from African American students that participated in the fall 2004 administration of the Noel Levitz Student Satisfaction Inventory (SSI). In addition, the UNT Customer Satisfaction Survey (UNT-CSS), which applies Hom's Basic Model of Customer Satisfaction, was used to further examine areas of interest identified by the Noel Levitz SSI. Analysis of the SSI data indicated that no statistical significance existed amongst any of the correlates of satisfaction as a function of gender. In fact, African American students appeared to have very similar ideas on what services were important to them and on how satisfied they were with the services provided to them by the university. African American males and females were most satisfied with Campus Support Services, Academic Advising/Counseling, and Instructional Effectiveness at UNT. The UNT-CSS further examined the above areas. African American males and females were measured against each other to discern if differences occur in how African American students process the customer service model as a function of gender. African American males demonstrated strong positive correlations between their expectation of customer service and their consequent evaluation of that service. African American females were more influenced by their perception of the service received.
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Eisenreich, Jane. "A comparison of standardized reading comprehension test and associate degree dental hygiene student grade success at Northeast Wisconsin Technical College." Online version, 1999. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/1999/1999eisenreichj.pdf.
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Zidane, Bassam Naoraldean. "Microtensile bond strength of resin-dentin bonds following application of a chemical collagen cross-linker using different dentin bonding systems." Thesis, NSUWorks, 2015. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/hpd_cdm_stuetd/68.
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Introduction: The stabilization of dentinal collagen fibers against enzymatic degradation by the use of biocompatible cross-linker agents is of clinical importance for effective dentin bonding to surpass the test of time.
Objective: The present study aims to evaluate and compare the effect of the application of two versions of a desensitizer solution to sound coronal dentin, on the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of the resin-sound coronal dentin using 4th and 6th generation dentin bonding systems.
Materials and Methods: Extracted human third molars were collected from an unidentified bank of teeth followed by IRB approval. A flat surface of all 12 teeth was prepared utilizing a water-cooled high-speed diamond disc, leaving an entire hard sound dentinal area for testing. Subsequently, according to the assigned group, specimens followed specific manufacturer’s instructions for application of dentin bonding systems: specimens were subdivided into 6 groups (n=20). Group 1 (G1) First positive control group. Specimens received an application of a 4th generation dentin bonding system (DBS). Group 2 (G2) Second positive control group. Specimens received an application of a 6th generation DBS. Group 3 (G3) Specimens were exposed to Gluma Desensitizer agent, blot-dried and followed by application of a 4th generation DBS. Group 4 (G4) Specimens were exposed to Gluma Desensitizer agent, blot-dried and followed by application of a 6th generation DBS. Group 5 (G5) Specimens were exposed to Gluma Desensitizer PowerGel agent, blot-dried and followed by application of a 4th generation DBS. Group 6 (G6) Specimens were be exposed to Gluma Desensitizer PowerGel agent, blot-dried and received an application of a 6th generation DBS. After application of the adhesive systems, all specimens were restored using a microhybrid resin composite. The root portion was sectioned 1mm below the CEJ, and discarded. All specimens were thermocycled at 5-55 Cº for 7000 cycles on distilled water. Then each restored tooth was sectioned perpendicular to the bonding interface into 1mm x 1mm x 8mm beams with a slow speed diamond wafering blade under thorough irrigation. Then specimens were subjected to μTBS testing at a crosshead speed of 1mm/min. Subsequently; specimens were subjected to fracture analysis and SEM evaluation of the different failure’s mode of the involved surfaces. Statistical analysis was performed by usingone- way ANOVA, two-way ANOVA and Fisher’s PLSD test (p<0.05).
Results: For the first aim of the study and after obtaining the μTBS in MPa: Group G1: 15.50 ± 6.28, Group G2: 13.06 ± 11.53, Group G3: 19.20 ± 9.43, Group G4: 12.76 ± 4.61, Group G5: 14.38 ± 5.95, Group G6: 18.54 ± 9.49. Statistical analysis showed that there is no significant influence of variables on the μTBS (Welch ANOVA [F (5,114) =2.21, p=0.057]). Treatment with Gluma desensitizing agent and Gluma desensitizing PowerGel has no significant influence on the bond strength. For the second aim of the study and to analyze group differences for type of fracture data was first recoded into two groups: (1) Adhesive failure and (2) Cohesive failure. Group differences were analyzed by type of fracture using a Fisher’s exact test. No difference was found between the groups by type offracture (5, N = 120) = 8.62, p = 0.090
Conclusion: Within the limitations of this in vitro study it can be concluded that Gluma desensitizing agent and Gluma desensitizing PowerGel did not significantly affect the μTBS of both 4th and 6th generation bonding system using extracted human teeth.
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Abuhammoud, Salahaldeen Mohammad. "Knowledge and practice of implant dentistry among University of Iowa College of Dentistry alumni." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2018. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/3235.
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Objective: The objective of this study was to measure and assess the implant education received by graduates from the University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics. This study measured the self-reported competency levels of dental practitioners with regards to providing and maintaining dental implants as treatment modalities to their patients. The study assessed dental graduates’ willingness to practice and perform dental implant procedures, including both surgical and prosthetic treatments. Additionally, the study identifies challenges that face practicing dentists treating patients with dental implants and identifies the preferred way practitioners seek future training after completing dental school.
Methods: A 36-item electronic survey was created and distributed to 737 dentists who graduated from the University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics. Dentists’ demographics, practice characteristics, and detailed self-reported competency in implant dentistry were collected. Statistical analysis of the responses consisted of descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis, and nonparametric Wilcoxon rank-sum test and Spearman’s rank correlation test along with a chi-square test were used for detecting the differences, correlations and associations under different conditions.
Results: 154 dentists completed the survey (21% response rate), while only 143 subjects who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were included for the statistical analysis. The survey consisted mostly of males (56.6%). The mean age of respondents was 34.2 years old with a mean practice time of 6.2 years. Of the responding dentists, 21.7% completed a postgraduate training program and 51% of the respondents were in group practice. 66% of the respondents practice in the Midwest region of the US and 71.3% of the respondents took continuing educational courses in implant dentistry and the mean cumulative hours of CE courses in implant dentistry was 33.8 hours. The mean average of implant restorations provided per year was 11.7 and the mean average of implant placements per year was 19.6. There was a significant correlation between cumulative hours of Continuing Education courses and number of implant units on average placed or restored. 64.3% of the dentists are not satisfied with the implant education given at the dental student level. 95.8% of the dentists reported that dental school training is not adequate to surgically place dental implants in their practice. Only 32.4% reported that dental school training was not adequate to restore dental implants in their practice. The preferred way to receive additional training about dental implants is short-term CE courses and workshop courses conducted by implant companies. 23.6% of the dentists reported they are competent at surgically placing dental implants in their practice. 79.1% reported they are competent at restoring dental implants in the dental office. Only 28.4% reported that they feel dental implants are more difficult than other dental treatments.
Conclusions: Graduate dentists from the University of Iowa are not expected to be competent in all components of implant dentistry without further postgraduate training. Respondents stated that their dental school training in surgical placement of implants was inadequate. To build upon their dental school training, the two main preferred education pathways as reported by respondents were short-term continuing education courses and workshops courses conducted by implant companies.
Within the parameters of this study, we can conclude the following:
1.Age, GPA, number of CE hours in dental implant therapy, specialty status, and time since graduation did not influence undergraduate education satisfaction in dental implant therapy.
2.There is a positive correlation between the number of CE course hours and the number of implant units restored or placed by general dentists.
3.Male dentists, those who practice in group practice settings, and those who have graduated six or more years ago reported a greater number of CE course hours in dental implant therapy.
4.Those who graduated with GPAs less than or equal to 3.4, general dentists, and those who enrolled in a high number of CE courses were more confident in restoring dental implants.
5.Those who graduated with a GPA greater than or equal to 3.5, specialist dentists, and those who enrolled in a high number of CE courses were more confident in surgically placing dental implants.
6.Males, general dentists, those who practice in a group practice setting, and those who graduated six years or more ago restored more implants on average per year.
7.Males, specialist dentists, those who practice outside the Midwest US, and those who graduated six years or more ago surgically place more implants on average per year.
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Noirrit-Esclassan, Emmanuelle. "Etude de l'interface et de l'étanchéité endocanalaire après collage de tenons fibrés radiculaires." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/497/.
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Les interfaces et l'étanchéité obtenues après collage d'un tenon fibré au niveau radiculaire, en utilisant deux systèmes adhésifs différents, associés à la colle duale Variolink II (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) : un monocomposant précédé d'un mordançage, l'Excite DSC (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) et un automordançant dual en deux étapes, l'AdheSE DC (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) sont évaluées selon trois approches : - une étude morphologique des interfaces entre systèmes adhésifs et dentine radiculaire au Microscope Electronique à Balayage (MEB) - une étude de la perméabilité de l'ensemble par une méthode de filtration de fluide - une étude par spectrophotométrie et microspectrofluorimétrie des interactions moléculaires entre la dentine radiculaire et un système adhésif monocomposant précédé d'un mordançage acide. Le collage radiculaire présente de nombreuses difficultés en termes de contrôle de l'humidité, de conditions de polymérisation, d'accessibilité et de contraintes de polymérisation. Les deux systèmes adhésifs étudiés montrent leur capacité à produire une hybridation de qualité avec une couche hybride continue et des brides résineuses denses avec de nombreuses branches latérales au niveau du tiers coronaire. Par ailleurs, l'herméticité du traitement endocanalaire est préservée et ce collage peut donc être recommandé cliniquement. La poursuite de l'étude des relations intermoléculaires entre adhésif et dentine par des techniques fluorimétriques nous ouvre de nouvelles perspectivesInterfaces and permeability obtained after root bonding of a fiber-reinforced post, using two different adhesive systems coupled with the dual-curing luting composite Variolink II (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein): a one-bottle system used after application of phosphoric acid, Excite DSC (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtensenstein) and a self-etch system, AdheSe DC (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtensenstein), were evaluated in three different ways: - A morphological study of interfaces between adhesive systems and root dentin by SEM - A study of permeability by a fluid filtration method - A study of the molecular interaction between root dentin and a one-bottle bonding system used after etching, by spectrophotometry and microspectrofluorimetry. Root dentin bonding is difficult to achieve in terms of moisture control, polymerization conditions, accessibility, and polymerization shrinkage. Both adhesive systems studied are able to provide good hybridization with a continuous hybrid layer and dense resin tags with numerous lateral branches at the coronal third. In addition, hermeticity of the root treatment is preserved and this bonding can be clinically recommended. Pursuit of the study of intermolecular relations between adhesive system and dentin by spectrofluorimetric methods opens new research perspectives
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Alfredsson, Jonas, and Jakob Attin. "Tooth loss: The Impact on the Quality of Life for patients visiting Kantipur Dental College and Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Odontologiska fakulteten (OD), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-19821.
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Syfte Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur tandförlust påverkar den orala hälsorelaterade livskvalitén genom ett OHIP-14 fråge-formulär samt ytterligare konstruerade frågor, bland patienter som besöker Kantipur Dental College and Hospital (KDCH) i Katmandu, Nepal. Material och metod Data erhölls från ett frågeformulär baserat på OHIP-14, kompletterande frågor och klinisk undersökning. Studien var av beskrivande karaktär och undersökte konsekutiva patienter (n=249) som besökte KDCH. Data från ifyllda formulär analyserades genom SPSS för att undersöka sambandet mellan tandförlust och påverkan på livskvalitén. Resultat Medelåldern var 47.6 år med en könsfördelning på 48 % (n=119) män och 52 % (n=130) kvinnor. Det genomsnittliga antalet saknade tänder var 5, och den genomsnittliga totala OHIP-poängen var 21.57 (SD 12.55). De mest påverkade dimensionerna för OHIP-14 var "Fysisk smärta" (77 %) och "Psykologiskt obehag" (82.5 %). 96.8 % av den undersökta befolkningen upplevde någon form av påverkan på deras orala hälsorelaterad livskvalitet. Slutsats Resultaten i denna studie visar att en stor majoritet av patienterna som besöker KDCH upplever någon form av påverkan på sin oral-hälsorelaterade livskvalitet relaterad till tandförlust. De saknade tändernas position hade ingen signifikant effekt på den orala hälsorelaterade livskvaliteten medan en större inverkan på livskvalitén kunde observeras vid ökande antal saknade tänder. De OHIP-poäng, utifrån de kriterier som använts i denna studie, visade sig vara högre i jämförelse med andra internationella fynd.Aim The aim of this study was to investigate how tooth loss affects the oral health related quality of life through an OHIP-14 questionnaire and additional questions among patients visiting the Kantipur Dental College and Hospital (KDCH) in Kathmandu, Nepal. Materials and method Data was obtained from a questionnaire based on the OHIP-14 form, additional questions and a clinical examination. The study was of a descriptive nature and investigated consecutive patients (n=249) visiting the KDCH. Data from completed forms were analysed with SPSS to investigate how tooth loss affects the oral health related quality of life (OHRQoL) Results Mean age was 47.6 years with a gender ratio of 48 % (n=119) male and 52 % (n=130) female. The mean number of missing teeth was 5, and the mean total OHIP-score was 21.57 (SD 12.55). The most frequently impacted dimensions for the OHIP-14 were “Physical pain” (77 %) and “Psychological discomfort” (82.5 %). 96.8 % of the investigated population experiencing some form of impact on their OHRQoL. Conclusion A large majority of the patients visiting the KDCH experienced an impact on their OHRQoL related to missing teeth. The number of missing teeth had an impact on OHRQoL, but the position of missing teeth had not. The OHIP score with the criteria used in this study was found to be higher in comparison to other international findings.
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Krehbiel, Riley M. "Getting the College Experience: Exploring the Effect of the Residential Component of the Upward Bound Summer Program." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2018. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1248458/.
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Upward Bound is a federally funded program designed to help low-income and first-generation high school students become college graduates by providing them with academic enrichment, financial aid information, and relevant educational experiences. Many Upward Bound programs throughout the country include a 6-week summer program when participants stay in residence halls on a university campus. The Upward Bound program at the University of North Texas is one such program. The goals of this research project are to understand how the residential component of the summer program affects the experience of participants in Upward Bound and the possible benefits it may have towards meeting the overall goals of the program. Participant observation during the 2016 UNT Upward Bound summer program and interviews with participants, RAs, program alumni, and organizational leaders uncovered the ways in which the residential component benefits and enriches the experience of participation in Upward Bound.
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Yeung, Chak-yan Yvette Jasmine, and 揚澤茵. "Patient satisfaction, and behaviours of dental service consumers and providers under two fee-paying systems." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31954200.
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Raney, Rachel Lea. "Consistency in Self-Report of Symptoms Following Concussion in College Athletes." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1303408583.
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Apolonio, Fabianni MagalhÃes. "AnÃlise da expressÃo das mmps -2 e -9 em dentina humana sadÃa e sua interaÃÃo na interface adesiva." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=14101.
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FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgicoAs metaloproteinases sÃo enzimas capazes de degradar o colÃgeno exposto na interface dentina/resina provocando sÃrios danos à manutenÃÃo da integridade da interface adesiva. Este estudo està dividido em trÃs capÃtulos, cujos objetivos foram: 1) Avaliar o efeito da desmineralizaÃÃo atravÃs de diferentes Ãcidos na ativaÃÃo de MMP-2 em dentina humana (CapÃtulo 1); 2) Avaliar o efeito de um sistema adesivo de passo Ãnico na ativaÃÃo de MMP-2 e -9 dentinÃria usando zimografia in situ e teste de atividade enzimÃtica; 3) Avaliar a capacidade do agente de ligaÃÃo cruzada 1-etil-3-(3-dimetilaminopropril) carbodiamida (EDC) na inibiÃÃo da atividade das MMPs em dentina (CapÃtulo 3). Como abordagens metodolÃgicas foram realizados 3 estudos in vitro com avaliaÃÃo enzimÃtica em dentina humana. ProteÃna dentinÃria foi extraÃda apÃs desmineralizaÃÃo com os Ãcidos fosfÃrico a 1% e a 10% e cÃtrico a 10% por 1, 5 e 10 min, e submetida a zimografia gelatinosa e teste de anÃlise enzimÃtica especifica, para a avaliaÃÃo da atividade de MMP-2 (CapÃtulo 1). Dentina em pÃ/blocos foi tratada com o adesivo de passo Ãnico Adper Easy Bond (3M ESPE) e a atividade de MMP-2 e -9 foi avaliada atravÃs de zimografia in situ e quantificada atravÃs do ELISA (CapÃtulo 2). Dentina em pÃ/blocos foi tratada com os sistemas adesivos Optibond FL ou Scotchbond 1XT com ou sem tratamento prÃvio com EDC. A atividade enzimÃtica foi analisada atravÃs de zimografia gelatinosa e in situ (CapÃtulo 3). A atividade de MMP-2 esteve presente em todos os grupos testados e aumentou apÃs desmineralizaÃÃo com Ãcido fosfÃrico 10% e Ãcido cÃtrico 10% (CapÃtulo 1). ApÃs tratamento com o adesivo de passo Ãnico, houve aumento da atividade enzimÃtica dentinÃria. A anÃlise in situ mostrou que a aÃÃo das MMPs està associada ao colÃgeno exposto e nÃo protegido pelos monÃmeros adesivos (CapÃtulo 2). Zimograma revelou um aumento na expressÃo de MMP-2 e -9 apÃs a exposiÃÃo aos sistemas adesivos, enquanto o uso de EDC 0.3M como prÃtratamento, inativou as gelatinases dentinÃrias (CapÃtulo 3). Pode-se concluir que tanto soluÃÃes Ãcidas (CapÃtulo 1), quanto os adesivos autocondicionantes sÃo capazes de ativar as MMPs dentinÃrias (CapÃtulo 2) e que algumas substÃncias, como o agente de ligaÃÃo cruzada EDC, sÃo capazes de inibir a ativaÃÃo destas enzimas (CapÃtulo 3).
MMPs are enzymes that can degrade exposed collagen in dentin/resin interface causing serious damage to maintaining the integrity of the adhesive interface. The present study is divided in three chapters, whose aims: 1) To evaluate the effect of demineralization by different acid solutions in MMP-2 activation on human dentin (Chapter 1); 2) To evaluate the effect of a one-step adhesive system on dentinal MMP-2 and -9 activation using in situ zymography and an enzymatic activity assay (Chapter 2); and 3) To evaluate the ability of MMPs inhibition by 1-ethyl-3-(3- dimethylaminopropryl) carbodiimide (EDC) EDC cross-linker on dentin (Chapter 3). As for the methodology approaches, 3 in vitro studies were performed to evaluate enzymatic expression of human dentin. Dentin protein was extracted after demineralization by 1% phosphoric acid, 10% phosphoric acid and 10% citric acid for 1, 5 and 10 minutes, and subjected to gelatin zymographic and activity assay (Chapter 1). Dentin powder/slabs were treated with one-step adhesive Adper Easy Bond (3M ESPE) and MMP-2 and -9 activities were evaluated using in situ zymography and quantified by means of an specific enzymatic assay (Chapter 2). Dentin powder/slabs were treated with one of those adhesive systems: Optibond FL or Scotchbond 1XT with or without pre-treatment using EDC. The enzymatic activity was analyzed using gelatin zymography and in situ zymography (Chapter 3). MMP-2 activity was present in all tested groups and increased after demineralization by 10% phosphoric acid and 10% citric acid (Chapter 1). After treated with one-step adhesive, enzymatic activity increased. In situ evaluation showed that MMPs action is associated with the exposed and unprotected collagen promoted by adhesive monomers (Chapter 2). Zymograms revealed increased expression of dentin endogenous MMP-2 and -9 after adhesives systems application, while the use of 0.3M EDC as a primer, inactivated dentin gelatinizes (Chapter 3). It can be concluded that both acid solutions (Chapter 1) and self-etch adhesives (Chapter 2) are able to activate dentin MMPs and that solutions like EDC cross-linker can inhibit the activation of those enzymes (Chapter 3).
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Marrs, Jo-Ann, Sharon Trumbley, and Gaurav Malik. "Early Childhood Dental Cares: Determining the Risk Factors and Assessing the Prevention Strategies for Nursing Intervention." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7101.
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Early childhood caries (ECC) is the most common chronic disease condition in childhood and involves the presence of one or more decayed (noncavitated or cavitated lesions), missing (due to caries), or filled teeth in children under 72 months of age (American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry, 2010a). ECC is a multifactorial disease that is preventable and requires intervention by the nurse. When teeth are discolored and damaged by dental caries, children may be reluctant to smile, have difficulty talking, miss school, or be unable to focus on studies due to dental pain. This "state of the science" article reviews the literature to determine the risk factors for ECC, assess the prevention strategies, and apply that information to enhance nursing practice. Computerized searches from MEDLINE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library were used.
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Turner, Jonathan Winston. "An investigation of progression of King's College London undergraduates through their dental programme and students' perception of factors affecting their progression." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2018. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/an-investigation-of-progression-of-kings-college-london-undergraduates-through-their-dental-programme-and-students-perception-of-factors-affecting-their-progression(fd840f57-d3bd-4a8e-93dc-a51cfa1cdffe).html.
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A number of students fail to progress through their university studies, with some re-sitting years or having their studentship terminated. In addition, some students may not reach their full potential despite progressing satisfactorily. The purpose of this research was to investigate performance of King’s College London Dental Students in end-of-year examinations, as they progressed through their programme and to identify factors which may affect progression. A mixed-methods research design was employed including a longitudinal data analysis, questionnaires, focus groups and one-to-one interviews. BDS1 students perceived differences in volume of university work, compared to school, caused difficulties. Approximately, 66% of BDS5 students progressed without resitting an end-of-year examination and those that did most commonly cited family problems as a contributory cause. In a regression model using gender, perceived stress scores, accommodation factors and debt worries as explanatory variables, none were predictors of examination performance. There were fluctuations in performance, with at least 70% of students not remaining within the same top, middle or bottom third of their year group, as they progressed. There was a weak to moderate correlation (r = 0.33 to 0.55, p < 0.05) between performance at beginning and end of the programmes though more than 70% of the variance was not accounted for. The unaccounted variance may be accounted for by findings in the qualitative strand of this research in which the six interview themes emerged: study/supporting study, the dental programme, personal life, feelings, students’ behaviour/differences/interactions, and assessment. The importance of support to successful progression was a recurring topic. In conclusion the performance of most students, relative to their peers, fluctuated as they progressed through their programme. Inter-personal interactions appeared to have a major influence on progression and may explain much of the variation in performance at beginning and end of the programme.
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Jackson, Felisa. "Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders in Third- and Fourth-Year Dental Students at the University of Health Science Center College of Dentistry." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2021. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3925.
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The effects of pain suffered from musculoskeletal disorders by dental professionals may lead to reduced work hours, loss of production, and early retirement. Although third- and fourth-year dental students are provided lectures about musculoskeletal disorders, proper positioning and ergonomics, they are at an increased risk of developing MSD. This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence on musculoskeletal disorders in third- and fourth-year dental students and to determine if third-year dental students experience more MSD pain than fourth-year dental students at the University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Dentistry. A total of 50 third- and fourth- year dental students responded to the online questionnaire, 21 third-year dental students and 29 fourth-year dental students. Both third- and fourth-year dental students report experiencing MSD pain over the last twelve months. There was no statistically significant difference between MSD pain felt between third- or fourth-year dental students.
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Boazman, Janette Kay. "Well-Being of Gifted Students Following Participation in an Early-College-Entrance Program." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2006. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5505/.
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The concepts of well-being and life satisfaction are explored in this study of the experiences and psychological traits of highly-gifted students who have been radically accelerated into an early-college-entrance program. The study was conducted after participation in the early-college-entrance program. The primary focus of the study is on personal well-being and life satisfaction including the variables of subjective well-being, efficacy, and the dispositional traits of cheerfulness, seriousness, and bad mood. These variables are gathered as the initial phase of a longitudinal study of the early-college entrants' personal and professional experiences, their life satisfaction, and dispositions. The subjects for this study were participants in the Texas Academy of Math and Science (TAMS). TAMS is a state run early-college-entrance program at the University of North Texas in Denton.
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Kraus, Janine Stillwell. "Evaluating a Doctoral Program in College and University Teaching: A Single Case Study." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2006. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5319/.
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This study assessed alumni of the College and University Teaching Program at the University of North Texas and how they perceived the training they received. Three hundred sixty alumni holding a college and university teaching degree were surveyed. One hundred forty-two usable questionnaires were returned. A response rate of 39.4 % was achieved. A survey instrument was used to gather alumni perceptions of learning experiences, academics, and professional benefits as a result of earning a doctorate in the major of college and university teaching at the University of North Texas. Alumni were asked their perceptions on the following: 1) the quality of graduate professional education in college and university teaching degree program, 2) whether they thought the goals and objectives of the program were met, and 3) their recommendations regarding the college and university teaching degree program. It is the overall opinion of the alumni that the quality of the graduate education in college and university teaching degree program was high. The majority of alumni indicated that the program should be reinstated and continued and if the program was still available they would recommend it to others.
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Dutra, Kenya. "Microtensile bond strength of composite resin to sound dentin following application of chemical collagen crosslinkers." Thesis, NSUWorks, 2015. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/hpd_cdm_stuetd/28.
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García, Loera José Miguel. "Patient satisfaction and oral health-related quality of life outcomes in edentulous patients being treated with complete dentures by dental students at the University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2018. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6421.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives:
The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of multiple factors in the Oral Health Related Quality of Life of patients being treated with Conventional Complete Dentures, including: a) Level of expertise of the dental provider (third year dental student vs. fourth year dental student); b) Length of time edentulous; c) Number of previous prostheses; d) Race; e) Sex; f) Age; g) Systemic conditions; h) Condition of the bone ridge; i) Economic factor and insurance coverage, in patients at the University of Iowa College of Dentistry (D3 and D4 Clinics).
Materials and methods:
Eighty-one subjects who had been completely edentulous (49 men and 32 women; age range from 23 to 93 years old, mean of 58.9+13) for a minimum of 3 months were recruited. Out of the eighty-one, eleven subjects were not included in the final analysis because their prostheses were not delivered due to various reasons (time, death, discontinued treatment). Subjects were asked to complete the OHIP-EDENT (Oral Health Impact Profile for Edentulous Patients) and the patient satisfaction questionnaire to record data at baseline, at 1-week post-delivery and at 1-month post-delivery of the new prostheses. Additional to these two instruments, the PDI Classification instrument (to assess bone/tissue condition) and the Kapur Index (to assess retention/stability of the new prostheses) were also used.
Baseline comparisons of subjects seen at the D3 vs. the D4 clinic were carried out using chi-square tests of association for nominal ordinal variables, and the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test for ordinal and quantitative outcomes. Bivariate analyses were conducted to assess potential relationships between covariates and the primary outcomes (total OHIP-EDENT and total Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire scores at one-week and one-month follow-ups). The Spearman rank correlation was used to identify increasing or decreasing relationships between primary outcomes and quantitative and ordinal variables; the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test was used to assess relationships between primary outcomes and categorical covariates.
Results:
Overall, there was not enough statistical evidence to conclude that patient satisfaction and quality of life were significantly affected by most of the factors being studied. However, there was suggestive evidence of the presence of higher level of quality of life for patients seen in the D4 clinic (students with higher level of expertise). At the one-month follow-up, the comparison of the total OHIP-EDENT score between the D3 and D4 clinics was significant at the 0.05 level (p=0.018, exact Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test). The total OHIP-EDENT scores tended to be lower (indicating greater satisfaction) in the subjects seen in the D4 clinic. Two of the nineteen items from the patient satisfaction questionnaires also suggested a greater level of patient satisfaction for patients seen in the D4 clinic (students with higher level of expertise).
Conclusion:
1) Oral health related quality of life at 1-week follow-up was not significantly different between patients treated by D3 and D4 students.
2) Oral health related quality of life at 1-week follow up was significantly better for patients who had been edentulous for a longer period of time than those who were recently edentulous. However, this result can only be considered suggestive due to the need for adjustment for multiple comparisons.
3) Oral health related quality of life at 1-month follow up was significantly better for patients treated by D4 students in comparison to D3 students. However, this result can only be considered suggestive due to the need for adjustment for multiple comparisons.
4) Overall, patient satisfaction at 1-week follow-up was not significantly different between patients treated by D3 and D4 students. However, patients treated in the D4 clinic reported significantly better outcomes in regard to speaking with their new prostheses.
5) Overall, patient satisfaction at 1-month follow-up was not significantly different between patients treated by D3 and D4 students. However, patients treated in the D4 clinic reported that they could chew better with their new prostheses compared to those treated by D3 students.
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Moreira, Danna Mota. "Analise por microscopia de polarização e microscopia eletronica de varredura da estrutura dentinaria de dentes bovinos frente a diferentes substancias quimicas auxiliares de uso endodontico." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/289846.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Alexandre Augusto ZaiaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a ocorrência de alterações na estrutura e organização do colágeno presente na matriz orgânica da parede dentinária do canal radicular de incisivos bovinos bem como, avaliar a topografia da matriz inorgânica desta estrutura após irrigação com hipoclorito de sódio 5,25%, EDTA 17% e clorexidina gel 2%. Foram utilizados 60 dentes bovinos divididos aleatoriamente em seis grupos com 10 dentes cada: G1 - Hipoclorito de sódio (NaOCl) 5,25% e EDTA 17%; G2 - Clorexidina gel 2%; G3 - NaOCl 5,25%; G4 - EDTA 17%; G5 - Clorexidina gel 2% e EDTA 17%; G6 - Solução de cloreto de sódio 0,9% (Controle). Uma análise paralela foi realizada em 10 dentes onde nenhum tipo de procedimento foi realizado, sendo possível a obtenção dos parâmetros da birrefringência característica de incisivos bovinos sem instrumentação. As amostras experimentais foram submetidas à instrumentação e irrigação com as diferentes substâncias químicas auxiliares e em seguida, segmentadas em dois fragmentos. Um fragmento foi processado histologicamente utilizando o corante pricrosirius e em seguida, seu retardo óptico foi mensurado por meio de microscopia de polarização. O outro segmento foi preparado e avaliado por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados das mensurações dos retardos ópticos foram submetidos à análise estatística por meio do teste de Dunnet. Os resultados demonstraram que os grupos tratados com a clorexidina gel 2% e EDTA 17%, associados ou não, não obtiveram diferença estatisticamente significante em relação ao grupo controle. Nos grupos tratados com NaOCl 5,25%, associado ou não ao EDTA 17%, as médias dos retardos ópticos foram estatisticamente diferentes ao grupo controle. Concluindo que o NaOCl 5,25% provoca alterações na organização macromolecular do colágeno presente na matriz orgânica da dentina radicular de dentes bovinos. A análise realizada por meio da MEV demonstrou alterações estruturais na matriz inorgânica em todos os grupos em que o EDTA 17% foi utilizado
Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the change in collagen structure and organization present in the organic matrix of the dentine wall of the root canals of bovine inferior incisors as well as the topography of the inorganic matrix after irrigation with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite, 17% EDTA and 2% chlorexidine gel. Sixty bovine incisors were randomly divided into six groups of 10: G1 - 5.25% Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 17% EDTA; G2 - 2% Chlorexidine gel; G3 - 5.25% NaOCl; G4 - 17% EDTA; G5 - 2% Chlorexidine gel and 17% EDTA; G6 (Control) - 0.9% Sodium chloride. A parallel analysis was performed with 10 teeth which had not been submitted to any treatment. Hence, it was possible to obtain parameters for the birefringence characteristic of non-instrumented inferior bovine incisors. Experimental samples were submitted to instrumentation and irrigation with different auxiliary chemical substances and then segmented in two. One fragment was histologically processed using picrosirius pigment. Its optical retardations were measured through polarization microscopy. The second fragment was prepared to be evaluated through scanning electron microscopy. The optic retardation measurement data were submitted to statistical analysis using Dunnet?s test. Results revealed that the groups that associated or not 2% chlorexidine gel and 17% EDTA were not statistically different in relation to the control group. For the groups which 5.25% NaOCl was used, associated or not to 17% EDTA, the average optic retardations were statistically different to the control group. Therefore, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite proved to cause alterations to the molecular organization of collagen present in the organic matrix of root dentine of bovine teeth. Scanning electron microscopy showed structural alterations of the inorganic matrix of all groups tested with 17% EDTA
Mestrado
Endodontia
Mestre em Clínica Odontológica
47
Soeiro, Caio Raphael Martins. "Avaliação da resistencia de união de sistema adesivos a dentina desproteinizada atraves do uso de hipoclorito de sodio." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/289756.
Full textAbstract:
Orientadores: Luiz Andre Freire Pimenta, Mario Alexandre Coelho SinhoretiTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: A utilização de procedimentos adesivos está consolidada na odontologia atual, sendo protocolo indispensável à realização de uma ampla gama de procedimentos preventivos e restauradores. Os substratos dentais, esmalte e dentina, diferem quanto a sua composição, morfologia e, conseqüentemente, em relação à sua interação com os sistemas adesivos. A remoção do colágeno exposto pelo condicionamento ácido, procedimento também conhecido por desproteinização da dentina condicionada, é sugerido para remover alguns dos problemas enfrentados na união à dentina, como a degradação do colágeno e a incompleta infiltração do sistema adesivo. Além disso, a remoção da matéria orgânica poderia aumentar a energia livre de superfície da dentina condicionada, facilitando seu molhamento pelo sistema adesivo. O uso de hipoclorito de sódio, em concentração de 10%, apresentado em forma de solução ou gel, tem sido estudado na remoção das fibrilas colágenas dentinárias. O objetivo desta tese foi avaliar o comportamento de sistemas adesivos com diferentes solventes frente à desproteinização. Três estudos focam diferentes aspectos dessa união, tais como tempo de aplicação do sistema adesivo, tipo de solvente do agente de união, armazenagem a longo prazo em água a 37oC e ainda a avaliação da aplicação do hipoclorito sob a apresentação líquida ou em forma de gel. Os resultados mostram que a remoção do colágeno dentinário ainda se mostra muito heterogênea e dificilmente aplicável em procedimentos clínicos futuros visando o aumento dos valores de resistência de união dos sistemas adesivos ao substrato dentina. Estudos futuros necessitam ser realizados visando definir com clareza o real papel da remoção do colágeno na união adesiva dentinária.
Abstract: The use of adhesives systems is well-known at current dentistry. Most of prevent and restorative procedures requires an adhesive technique. The dental tissues, enamel and dentin, differ from its composition, morphology and, thus, their relation to adhesive systems available. The collagen removal after acid conditioning (dentin deproteinization), could remove some of troubles founded by adhesion between adhesives and dentin tissue, as collagen degradation and incomplete infiltration of adhesives systems thought demineralized dentin, as well an increase in wettability of those adhesives. The use of 10% sodium hypochlorite, as solution or gel, had been studied in its capacity to remove dentin collagen fibrils. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the behavior of some adhesive systems applied in a demineralized and deproteinized dentin substrate. Three studies present different characteristics of this union: influence of adhesive application time, adhesive solvent type, storage of restored specimens in water at 37oC and a comparison of NaOCl efficacy used in a solution or gel form. According to the results, the dentin collagen removal is not completely effective in an increase of bond strength values, regardless adhesive system or technique applied. Further studies need to be done to disclose the hole of sodium hypochlorite in dentin bonding.
Doutorado
Dentística
Doutor em Clínica Odontológica
48
Abuna, Gabriel Flores 1989. "Avaliação do potencial remineralizador e propriedades mecânicas de um sistema adesivo experimental com análogos biomiméticos e fosfatos de cálcio bioativos : Assessment of remineralizing potential and mechanical properties of an experimental adhesive system mediated by biomimetic analogs and bioactive calcium phosphates." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/288144.
Full textAbstract:
Orientadores: Mário Alexandre Coelho Sinhoreti. Americo Bortolazzo CorrerDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: Objetivos: O objetivo no presente trabalho foi avaliar o potencial remineralizador e a as propriedades adesivas (resistência de união, análise das interfaces, nanoinfiltração) de um novo sistema adesivo baseado em fosfatos e dois análogos biomiméticos incorporados em um adesivo experimental autocondicionante de dois passos. Métodos: Foi preparado um primer-base, onde foram incorporados os análogos e um adesivo-base contendo os fosfatos. Para avaliar o potencial remineralizador foram desmineralizadas barras de dentina (n=5) (EDTA 17%), distribuídas em: Controle sem análogos e sem fosfatos; Primer+Fosfatos; Acido poliacrilico APA+Fosfatos; Trimetafosfato de sódio TMS+Fosfatos; e Analogos+fosfatos. tratadas com cada primer e fixados junto a uma barra do adesivo polimerizado, em 1,5 mL de solução fosfato tampão. Foi usado um Espectroscópio Infravermelho Transformado de Fourier (ATR-FTIR) para caracterizar os fosfatos formados. Os espectros foram obtidos depois das 24 h, 7 dias, 2 e 6 meses. Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão (MET) foi usada para avaliar a interação dos cristais de apatita com o colágeno. Para avaliar as propriedades adesivas 50 dentes molares humanos hígidos foram usados (n=5): O primer foi aplicado por 10 segundos e o adesivo por 20 segundos, seguido de fotoativação por 20 s. Após, foram restaurados (Filtek Z350) em incrementos de 2 mm. Após 24 h ou 6 meses de pressão pulpar simulada (PPS), os dentes foram cortados em palitos de 0.9 x 0.9 mm2 e foi testada a resistência da união (EZ-test; Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan), analisado o modo de fratura em estereomicroscópio. Um palito por dente foi selecionado e avaliado no ensaio nanoinfiltração, usando nitrato de prata amoniacal. Ainda, foi selecionado um palito por dente para avaliar a camada híbrida em Microscópio Eletrônico de Varredura com 15 KV. O analise estatístico da resistência de união foi feita com teste ANOVA dois fatores, e normalizados com Teste de Tukey, (p<0.05) Resultados: Todos os espetros do ATR-FTIR foram normalizados em 1650 cm-1 Amida I. Foi observado após 6 meses de PPS, a presença de picos em 947 e o par em 1092 cm-1 atribuídos a união C=O da HAp, e picos de PO4 em 1033 cm-1 , além de outros picos representativos da HAp. A análise em MET mostrou que, sem a intervenção dos análogos, a mineralização só ocorre nos espaços extrafibrilares, contrário a imagem com ambos análogos, onde observou-se uma organização em forma de agulhas intrafibrilar das apatitas. A resistência de união demostrou como a presença dos análogos e fosfatos não atrapalhou a adesão mostrando uma resistência similar no grupo de Analogos+Fosfatos, comparando-se 24 h com 6 meses de PPS (35,12±5,16 MPa e 38,67 ±4,03 MPa, respectivamente). No MEV observou-se a qualidade da camada adesiva, mostrando os túbulos dentinários obstruídos após 6 meses de PPS. Após a análise da nanoinfiltração, observou-se que a sorção de água diminui proporcionalmente à mineralização do grupo Analogos+Fosfatos. Conclusão: O sistema remineralizador proposto formou núcleos de HAp caracterizados mediante o ATR-FTIR, alcançando zonas intrafibrilares do colágeno, e mantendo o desempenho do adesivo após armazenamento em pressão pulpar simulada
Abstract: Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the remineralization potential and bonding properties of a novel system based on phosphates and biomimetic analogs incorporated into a two-step self-etch adhesive. Methods: It was prepared a main primer where were added the analogs and one main blend where were incorporated the phosphates. To assess the remineralization properties, to assess the mineral deposition dentin slabs were (n=5) demineralized (EDTA 17%), treated in each primer and fixed next to a polymerized adhesive slab (Under 1.5 mL phosphate buffer solution). It was used an ATR-FTIR to characterize the new phosphates. The spectra were recorded after 24 hrs, 7 days, 2 months and 6 months. The Transmission electronic microscopy was used to assess the nanometric interaction of apatite crystals and demineralized dentin collagen. In order to assess Dentin bonding properties, 50 non-carious human molars were used. (Under 038/2014 CEP-FOP protocol) divided into 5 groups n=10: PAA+Phosphates- polyacrylic acid-containing primer and phosphates-doped bond; STMP+Phosphates- Sodium trimetaphosphate-containing primer and phosphates-doped bond; Analogs+Phosphates- both analogs in the primer and phosphates-doped bond. The primer was applied for 10 s, the adhesive was applied for 20 s and light cured for 20 s. Then were resin (Filtek z350) restored at 2 mm layers. After 24 hrs or 6 months of simulated pulpal pressure SPP, the teeth were sectioned in sticks of 0.9 mm2 tested the µTensile Bond Strength, and analyzed the failure mode at a stereomicroscope. One stick per teeth was chosen and assessed Nanoleakage, using ammoniacal silver nitrate solution to reveal the hybrid layer at a Scanning Electronic Microscopy. Results: All the spectra of ATR-FTIR were normalized at 1650 Amide I. It was observed after 6 months of SPP, the presence of peaks at 947 and its pair at 1092 cm-1 attributed to C=O of HAp, and peaks of PO4 at 1033 cm-1 besides other specific peaks that confirm the presence of HAp. The TEM analysis showed, without the intervention of analogs the mineralization occurs just at in the extrafibrilar spaces, opposite to the image with both analogs where it is showed an intrafibrilar organization of needles like apatites. The µTBS outcomes demonstrate how the presence of this analogs and phosphates did not jeopardize the bonding strength. Showing a µTBS similar at Analogs+Phosphates, comparing 24 hrs of SPP to 6 months of SPP (35.12+5.16 MPa and 38.67 +4.03 MPa) (?=0.05). With SEM we observed the quality of this adhesive layer, showing occluded tubules after 6 months of SPP and no degradation of Resin tags. After Nanoleakage evaluation we see how after remineralization the water income decrease proportional to the mineralization. Conclusion: The proposed remineralizing system nucleate HAp characterized by ATR-FTIR in this study. Achieving the intrafibrilar zones of collagen, and keeping the performance of the adhesive after storage under SPP, maintaining the bonding properties and decreasing the factors of common adhesive degradation
Mestrado
Materiais Dentarios
Doutor em Materiais Dentários
49
Ahn, Byungkyu. "Journey for Jazz." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2003. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4245/.
Full textAbstract:
This written thesis accompanies a 32-minute documentary video, Journey for Jazz, which explores four Korean students who major in jazz at the University of North Texas in Denton. Detailed accounts of the pre-production, production, and post-production of the video guide the reader to understand the challenging and rewarding process of making this documentary. Theoretical issues are also discussed, including Bill Nichols's typology of documentary modes as a useful tool for analysis of hybrid documentaries and conventions of the observational and interactive mode in Journey for Jazz, which is considered a hybrid of both modes. The film focuses mainly on the scholarly and artistic experiences that the four students undergo while studying jazz in the United States.
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Yeung, Chak-yan Yvette Jasmine. "Patient satisfaction, and behaviours of dental service consumers and providers under two fee-paying systems." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B23255596.
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