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1
McVeigh, Clare. "Variability in human tooth formation : a comparison of four groups of close biological affinity /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ66224.pdf.
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Cooper, Kayleigh Anne. "The physical characterisation and composition of archaeological dental calculus." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2017. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/12817.
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Dental calculus is a complex biological material that has been found to provide significant evidence of past population diet, health and habitual activity. It is composed of mineral phases, trace elements, organic species and can have inclusions such as starch granules and microfossils incorporated into its structure. This composition has been found to vary among individuals, although the reasons for this are poorly understood. Despite this, there is a wealth of knowledge that can be gained from analysing this biomineral, especially from archaeological remains. In past populations, the variables that affect composition, such as pharmaceuticals and diet are reduced compared to modern populations. As such the reliance on clinical studies that have investigated dental calculus from modern individuals, may be flawed when considering past populations. The focus of this study was to provide insight about the variation in physical characterisation and composition of archaeological dental calculus. Despite there being an abundance of archaeological dental calculus research, this is the first large scale compositional study of specimens from three separate past populations. In addition, this research is the first study to adopt a non-destructive to destructive approach to archaeological dental calculus analysis. As well, it is the first application of nanocomputed tomography to dental calculus from past populations. Consequently, this study demonstrates the first evidence of accumulation layering that has been detected using non- estructive nano-computed tomography. Furthermore, this research has identified three types of layering in archaeological dental calculus. Due to these findings, it is expected that this research will impact the future of dental calculus analysis, especially when considering dental calculus as a method of mapping an individual’s health, diet or lifestyle in the weeks or months prior to death. The overall results of this thesis demonstrate that some aspects of the morphological, mineralogical and elemental analysis of archaeological dental calculus are inconsistent with clinical literature. The results have also shown that there are some differences between the dental calculus from different archaeological populations which can be related to post-mortem burial conditions.
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MacDonald, Rachel Margaret. "In the teeth of the problem : dental anthropology and the reconstruction of African dietary regimes." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313588.
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Stephen, Soni. "Dental age determination in South Australian children : thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Dental Surgery /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09DM/09dms831.pdf.
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Avalos, Toby R. "Discerning hominid taxonomic variation in the southern Chinese, peninsular Southeast Asian, and Sundaic Pleistocene dental record." Diss., University of Iowa, 2017. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/5705.
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Today’s highly endangered orangutan populations of Sumatra and Borneo offer but a glimpse into the taxonomic diversity and vast regional distribution enjoyed by orangutans and their great ape relatives in East Asia over the past 2.5 million years—a time when tropical forest pongine habitats stretched from Java to southern China. In addition to the giant terrestrial ape Gigantopithecus, other great ape genera have been proposed to have existed within this hominid community. The taxonomic diversity of this great ape faunal array is even further complicated when the purported presence of hominins at Early Pleistocene sites older than 1.85 Ma is considered. Highly acidic, the jungle floors of East Asia are notoriously bad at fossil preservation decomposing skeletal and dental evidence quickly. Fortunately, ph-neutral limestone caves have acted to offset these forces. The outcome of this peculiar taphonomy has left us with many teeth, but very little bone. With only unassociated fossil dentition to work with, modern geometric morphometrics offers scientists one of the few cutting-edge tools capable of systematically assessing this material reliably.
This dissertation applies modern geometric morphometric statistical analysis to over two thousand fossil hominid teeth (Appendix A) from the Quaternary of southern China and Southeast Asia, which offers unique insight into the taxonomic diversity present in this sole Pleistocene great ape community. This study provides a much clearer understanding of the composition, paleoecology, and regional distribution of Pleistocene great ape communities of East Asia. Concordant with previous research, the main study and pilot study conducted in this dissertation showed Homo sapiens to always be morphologically and statistically distinct from extant and fossil orangutans. In turn, Pongo pygmaeus and Pongo abelii were continuously shown to be distinct from each other as well as from fossil Pongo groups.
This investigation refutes hominin assignments for several teeth previously placed within early East Asian hominins (showing them to be orangutans instead) but supports the hominin status of the Jianshi upper third premolar. In combination with a published age of 1.95–2.15 million years (Ma), the hominin assignment reaffirmed here for the Jianshi dentition originally classified as human by Liu, Clarke, & Xing (2010) may offer a challenge to evolutionary models that recognize the 1.85 Ma Dmanisi hominins as the earliest hominins outside of Africa. This fact is often lost on most contemporary scientists due to their preoccupation with the 2.5 Ma Longgupo mandibular fragment, once thought to be a hominin but now assignable to an ape. Like the Jianshi upper third premolar, it is also based on a single specimen (in this case, a mandibular fragment).
This dissertation supports the existence of Ciochon’s (2009) “mystery ape”. It refutes Schwartz et al., (1995) multiple Vietnamese Pongo taxa, including the proposed genus “Langsonia,” which is reassigned here to Pongo or the “mystery ape,” while placing Vietnamese fossil orangutans into either Pongo weidenreichi or Pongo devosi. Teeth from the Ralph von Koenigswald collection originally assigned to “Hemanthropus” were also determined to be representative of either the “mystery ape” or Pongo. Indeterminate “hominin” teeth were assignable to either Homo erectus, Homo sapiens, or Pongo only; no evidence was found for any other types of hominin species present in the collections examined for this study.
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Dempsey, Paula Jane. "Genetic and environmental contributions to morphological variation in the human permanent dentition : a study of Australian twins." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phd389.pdf.
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Bibliography: leaves 348-366. Elucidates the nature and extent of genetic and environmental contributions to variation in permanent tooth crown size. Sibling correlations are compared to find evidence of sex-linked genes contributing to crown size. This hypothesis was tested by comparing mean tooth size in female-male opposite-sex twins with same-sex twins, and singletons.
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Veneziano, A. "Big brains and small teeth : a primate comparative approach to dental and mandibular reduction in hominins." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2017. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/7451/.
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Within the genus Homo, we observe a decrease in mandibular robusticity and in the size of anterior and postcanine dentition, a trend that is usually referred to as reduction or gracilisation. Factors linked to diet, food processing and encephalization have been suggested to be the main drivers of this trend. Stone tools and fire would have allowed Pleistocene hominins to reduce food toughness, thus relaxing the selective pressures on the masticatory apparatus. In the Holocene, the changes in human lifestyle triggered by agriculture would have determined the reduction in human tooth size. Brain expansion may have acted as a constraint on the development of the lower jaw. In this work, a primate perspective was adopted to clarify the relative influence of adaptive and non-adaptive factors on mandibular and dental reduction in the genus Homo. The effect of diet and structural constraints (allometry and encephalization) on dental and mandibular size and robusticity were analysed. The results show that incisor size and mandibular robusticity correlate significantly with diet proxies in non-human extant catarrhines and with neurocranium shape changes in the neurocranium in Homo sapiens. In non-human African apes, the elongation of the neurocranium influences postcanine tooth size. In Homo, body size plays an important part in tooth size allometry, but not in robusticity. These results suggest that improvements in tool-based food preparation may have been a leading factor in the reduction of incisor size in hominins. Molars and premolars were probably influenced by the expansion of the neurocranium during Pleistocene, and incisor size may be constrained by neurocranium shape changes in H. sapiens. This work confirmed the importance of food processing in the trend of reduction and produced convincing evidence for the significance of structural constraints in the evolution of the hominin anatomy. These findings contribute to explain the complex evolution of the human skull.
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Townsend, Grant Clement. "Genetic studies of morphological variation in the human dentition /." Title page, contents, preface and overview only, 1994. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09D/09dt748.pdf.
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Martin, Sarah Abigail. "Expression of fluctuating asymmetry in primate teeth: Analyzing the role of growth duration." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1366187797.
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Sutter, Richard C. "Dental variation and biocultural affinities among prehistoric populations from the coastal valleys of Moquegua, Peru, and Azapa, Chile /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9841338.
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Patel, Nirdesh D. "Efficient prediction of bite fracture force for hard food items." Amherst, Mass. : University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2009. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/228/.
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Lease, Loren Rosemond. "Ancestral determination of African American and European American deciduous dentition using metric and non-metric analysis." Columbus, OH : Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1054742334.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003.<br>Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xvii, 421 p.: ill. (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Paul W. Sciulli, Dept. of Anthropology. Includes bibliographical references (p. 130-152).
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Jayaraman, Jayakumar. "Dental age assessment (DAA) : development and validation of reference dataset for southern Chinese and its application to East Asian populations." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/207191.
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Age assessment which is an integral part of forensic and clinical practice when assessed using the extent of dental development has proven to be more accurate than other methods. Variations in dental development have necessitated the construction of ethnic specific reference datasets (RDS) to ensure accurate age assessments. Age estimated from ethnically different RDS in southern Chinese subjects has been shown to be inaccurate. A systematic review and meta-analysis from the most commonly used French-Canadian dataset revealed consistent over-estimations of age of global population groups, inferring the need for population specific RDS. A study which compared a group of 400 five years old children born in the 1980s and the 2000s demonstrated that children born in recent decades have more advanced dental development. Hence, only the most recent samples were included in the construction of a RDS for southern Chinese using dental panoramic radiographs of 2306 subjects.
The reference dataset was subsequently validated on 484 subjects of southern Chinese origin by conducting dental age assessments (DAA) using un-weighted and weighted methods of dental age calculations. Paired t-test demonstrated that all methods of assessments were able to accurately estimate the age (p>0.05). The overall age differences ranged from -0.01 to 0.11 years for males and -0.03 to 0.10 years for females respectively. In addition, to test the accuracy of different ethnic datasets, 266 southern Chinese subjects for whom age had been estimated using the UK Caucasian and French-Canadian datasets were re-scored using the southern Chinese RDS. The latter was able to estimate the age of 80% of the subjects within a range of 12 months and the importance of population specific reference standards was elucidated. The validated southern Chinese RDS on dental development can thus be used to estimate the age of children and young adults of southern Chinese origin. This RDS was also tested for applicability on the records of 953 subject obtained from Japan, Thailand and Philippines. A similar method of validation was conducted and the southern Chinese RDS estimated the age of Thai males, Filipino and Japanese subjects with a reasonable degree of accuracy. The genetic similarity between the southern Han Chinese and the other East Asian population groups may account for the obtained accuracy.
The secular trend study was the first of its kind study in Asia that demonstrated advanced dental maturation in children born in recent decades. Natural calamities that strike East Asia leave thousands of people missing. In those circumstances, dental age assessment using the southern Chinese RDS would help in the process of identifying deceased victims. Furthermore, only half of the children in the world below the age of five years are registered; thus the need for determining age is of foremost importance to safeguard them against age specific crimes. Methods of establishing reference datasets and conducting accurate age assessments that have been investigated and tested in this study indicate that the methodology can be applied to any ethnic population group in the world.<br>published_or_final_version<br>Paediatric Dentistry<br>Doctoral<br>Doctor of Philosophy
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Follis, Shawna L. "Dental fluctuating asymmetry as a measure of environmental stress in Nasca." Thesis, Purdue University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1571983.
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<p> This thesis evaluates how environmental stressors affected three groups (Nasca, Loro, and Chakipampa) that lived in Nasca during the Early Intermediate Period (ca. A.D. 1-750) and the Middle Horizon (ca. A.D. 750-1000). Using fluctuating asymmetry analysis as a proxy for developmental instability, biological evidence is assessed for differential stress levels incurred by groups occupying the Peruvian south coast. This study found high levels of stress in the Middle Horizon, supporting the hypothesis that populations living in Nasca were unfavorably affected by Wari colonizers. However, stress was found to be highest among the Chakipampa. This is attributed to Wari imperialistic occupation and extraction of resources. Conversely, the contemporaneous Loro affiliated population, who presumably avoided Wari influence, experienced the lowest levels of stress among the samples. This research reveals a large distinction between the effects of environmental stressors on the two Middle Horizon groups.</p>
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Kirkland, Scott. "Dental Pathology at Promtin Tai: an Iron Age Cemetery from Central Thailand." NCSU, 2010. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04022010-113936/.
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The aim of this paper is to further understand the dental health of Thailand and Southeast Asia. An analysis of dental pathology frequencies were conducted using recently excavated remains from the Iron Age site of Promtin Tai in Thailand. Carious lesions, advanced attrition, antemortem tooth loss, and abscessing were scored and the frequencies were then compared to other sites within Thailand. Preliminary work suggests that the overall pathology rate at the Promtin Tai site is lower than other known sites within Thailand. The total caries rate of 0.5 percent at Promtin Tai represents a statistically significant difference in total caries rates between the coastal, central, and Khorat Plateau regions of Thailand. Because this is the first site in the central region to be analyzed for dental pathology, comparisons can only be made to sites of a similar time period from the Khorat Plateau (Eastern Thailand) and coastal Thailand. This new analysis may give insight about how the transition to rice agriculture affects the dentition. It also furthers the knowledge of dental health within Iron Age Thailand and Southeast Asia.
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Dotson, Meryle Akeara. "Postnatal Dental Mineralization: a Comparative Analysis of Dental Development Among Contemporary Populations of the Southeastern United States." Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3079.
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Due to the strong genetic component of dental development, research has shown that mineralization patterns of the human dentition are relatively buffered against environmental influences that normally affect bone growth and development. It is because of this resistance to environmental factors and the continuous growth of the permanent dentition throughout childhood and adolescence that the evaluation of dental development patterns has become the preferred method of age estimation in living and deceased children.
Researchers (Harris and Mckee 1990; Tompkins 1996; Blankenship et al. 2007; Kasper et al. 2009) have suggested that the timing of dental development varies by ancestral descent and geographic populations. However, further evaluations of these perceived differences in the timing of dental development among populations are necessary as classical statistical methods result in age estimations that are biased toward the age structure of the reference population. However, the Bayesian approach is beneficial since it incorporates relevant prior knowledge into the analysis and formalizes the relationship between assumptions and conclusions (Buck et al. 1996). Therefore, the purpose of this research is to incorporate methods in Bayesian analysis to compare the timing of dental development between two contemporary populations of the Southeastern United States, as well as test the accuracy of dental development age parameters devised by Moorrees et al. (1963) on a contemporary Florida Population.
For this study, 51 panoramic radiographs of individuals from a contemporary Florida population ranging in age from 7.7-20.4 years were reviewed. Statistical analyses incorporated a Bayesian approach to compare the timing of dental development for individuals comprising the contemporary Florida sample with the timing of dental development for a contemporary Middle Tennessee population by utilizing the age structure of the Middle Tennessee population as informed prior knowledge, otherwise referred to as an informed prior. Transition distributions for age, given stage of dental development, were also modeled for individuals comprising the contemporary Florida sample. The accurate observation and comparison of probability density distributions for age can serve as a noninvasive method for evaluating the probability of whether or not an unknown individual is a particular age, given the stage of dental development.
Results of this research indicate that there is a consistent underestimation of age for individuals comprising the contemporary Florida population when the age structure of the Middle Tennessee population is utilized as an informed prior. Additionally, the results of this thesis indicate that there is a consistent underestimation of age when utilizing age parameters of Moorrees et al. (1963) for the estimation of age for individuals from a contemporary Florida population. By incorporating a Bayesian approach to compare two contemporary populations of the Southeastern United States, a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between age and stage of dental development can be achieved. Therefore, the results of this thesis support Bayesian analysis as an appropriate method of evaluating perceived differences in the timing of dental development between contemporary populations. Furthermore, the results of this research are beneficial to the field of forensic anthropology as the observation of advanced stages of molar development utilizing panoramic radiographs serves as a noninvasive method in estimating age for unknown juveniles and young adults, and can also assist courts within the United States in determining whether or not an individual is legally considered a minor or an adult.
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Ling, Yu-kong John. "A morphometric study of the dentition of 12 year old Chinese children in Hong Kong /." [Hong Kong] : University of Hong Kong, 1992. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B1329006X.
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Fenton, Todd William 1962. "Dental conditions at Grasshopper Pueblo: Evidence for dietary change and increased stress." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282768.
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A dental study of the adult human skeletal series (N = 225) from Grasshopper Pueblo in east-central Arizona is undertaken to address archaeological inferences on diet and stress. An intra-site research design is implemented to evaluate hypotheses on (1) dietary differences over time, between sexes and across space, and (2) differences in physiological stress over time, between sexes and across space at the pueblo. The dentitions are analyzed to collect data on caries, antemortem tooth loss, tooth wear, wear plane angles, alveolar recession and enamel hypoplasia. The teeth are partitioned along biological variables of sex and age, and dimensional variables of time period (early and late) and room block (RB1, RB2 and RB3). The diet/tooth usage results suggest that the diet during the late period at Grasshopper Pueblo was different than the diet during the early period. This is consistent with the inferred intensification of maize agriculture in the late period. In addition, female diets were different than male diets when placed in a temporal context. This is possibly associated with the inferred overexploitation of wild game that may have forced males to hunt farther from home during the late period. The childhood stress data indicate three key findings. First, males exhibited greater enamel hypoplasia frequencies than females. This is possibly associated with an inferred matrilineal-matrilocal social organization at Grasshopper in which female children may have been given preferential treatment. Second, Room Block 2 inhabitants exhibited the lowest frequencies of enamel hypoplasia. This is consistent with the inference that residents of Room Block 2 represent the founding population. Finally, late period inhabitants of Grasshopper Pueblo exhibited significantly greater enamel hypoplasia frequencies than the early period inhabitants. These results are consistent with the inference that life during the late period at Grasshopper was more stressful. The changes in diet and increases in physiological stress that are suggested by this dental study are most likely associated with the dynamics that ultimately led to the abandonment of this 14th-century 500 room pueblo.
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Ibrahim, M. A. "A study of dental attrition and diet in some ancient Egyptian populations." Thesis, Durham University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379754.
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Cruwys, Elizabeth. "Tooth wear patterns in modern human populations." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272343.
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Bachtiar, Mulyani Dalidjan. "An assessment of Pont's Index to predict dental arch width in human populations /." Title page, contents and summary only, 1990. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09DM/09dmb124.pdf.
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McClelland, John Alan. "Refining the resolution of biological distance studies based on the analysis of dental morphology: Detecting subpopulations at Grasshopper Pueblo." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280433.
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The study of variation in dental morphology has long been an accepted method of assessing biological distance between human populations. Recently, greater emphasis has been placed on detecting biological differences within populations. The purpose of this dissertation is to determine if a refined method of dental morphological analysis is capable of detecting the presence of population subsets. A large collection of skeletal remains from Grasshopper Pueblo in east-central Arizona is the subject of the study. The pueblo was occupied from A.D. 1275 to 1400. Previously, researchers have demonstrated through the application of archaeological and chemical isotope evidence that there were population subsets at Grasshopper that had differing geographic origins within the region. Therefore, the efficacy of intrasite biodistance based on analysis of dental morphology may be tested against this independent source of information regarding population subdivisions. The principal refinement in method involves the measurement of tooth crown components through the use of digital imaging. More than 600 specimens were examined and a full suite of nonmetric and metric traits were recorded. Intra- and interobserver tests were conducted and some traits were excluded from further analyses because of questionable reliability. Replicability of the digital image measurements is encouraging. In general, univariate comparisons of trait frequencies among suspected population subdivisions were not conclusive. Multivariate analysis, using Gower's general coefficient of similarity with subsequent cluster analysis, proved more successful. The spatial distributions of the adult population subdivisions that are suggested by the chemical isotope study and this dental biodistance study are similar. This result tends to confirm the efficacy of dental morphology as a tool for intrasite biodistance investigation. The spatial patterns formed by cluster analysis of juveniles differ substantially from the adult patterns. Furthermore, the use of tooth crown component measurements proved more effective at detecting population subdivisions than the use of standard ordinal traits.
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Barrett, Christopher K. "Fluctuating dental asymmetry as an indicator of stress in prehistoric native Americans of the Ohio River Valley." Connect to this title online, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1118865152.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005.<br>Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 165 p.; also includes graphics Includes bibliographical references (p. 135-148). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
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Huffman, Michaela. "Biological Variation in South American Populations using Dental Non-Metric Traits: Assessment of Isolation by Time and Distance." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1407958702.
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Klainer, Shannon A. "A Re-Examination of the Sinodonty/Sundadonty Dental Complex and the Peopling of Japan." Thesis, University of Nevada, Reno, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13423608.
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<p> The primary theory for the peopling of Japan is the dual origin hypothesis that states there were two separate migrations into Japan separated by more than 10,000 years. The early migration involved the ancestors of the Jomon who in turn were ancestral to the Ainu populations in Hokkaido and Sakhalin. A later migration dating to about 2200 BP was comprised of Neolithic farmers known as the Yayoi. There is debate over the origins of both the Jomon and Yayoi, with the dual origin hypothesis positing that the Jomon are Southeast Asian in origin while the Yayoi are East Asian. Others postulate that Jomon origins could lie in Northeast Asia and the Yayoi in Southeast Asia. To re-examine this debate, dental morphological data were analyzed for Jomon (n=643) Ainu (n=285) individuals categorized by island: Honshu, Hokkaido, and Sakhalin. Trait frequencies were compared to East Asian, Southeast Asian, Polynesian, Micronesian, Melanesian, New Guinea, and Australian samples to explore population relationships. Sinodont/Sundadont traits were analyzed through ANOVA for Jomon, Ainu, East Asian, and Southeast Asian populations to determine which traits showed significant differences among the groups. Analysis shows the modern Japanese are quite distinct from, and not related to, the Jomon and Ainu. The most likely geographic origin for the Jomon is Southeast Asia. Gene flow between East and Southeast Asians from the early Holocene on may contribute to some of the problems of interpreting Jomon and Yayoi origins. A lack of significant differences for UI1 double shoveling, UM1 enamel extensions, UP1 root number, LM1 deflecting wrinkle, and cusp number LM2 shows the possibility of Holocene gene flow between East Asia and Southeast Asia. UI1 shoveling most strongly characterizes the migration patterns in the dual origin hypothesis. UI1 shoveling is a trait associated with the EDAR 370A gene variant as well as Sinodonty, meaning that the gene could aid in characterizing migrations into Japan.</p><p>
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Raskin, Sarah Elaine. "Decayed, Missing, and Filled: Subjectivity and the Dental Safety Net in Central Appalachia." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/581303.
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Dental caries, popularly known as tooth decay or cavities, is among the world's most common health problems. When caught early, it is also one of the most easily resolvable. Yet, advanced decay is a trenchant marker of social inequality and a major contributor to the maldistribution of physical pain and psychosocial suffering. Why? Access to dental care within the U.S. model of fee-for-service dental private practice follows existing lines of social stratification. Dental disparities, a term that calls attention to the relationships between maldistributed disease and maldistributed care, reflect deep ontological, moral, and political differences about responsibility for the prevention and treatment of dental disease, the quality and distribution of dental care, and even what constitutes health and well-being. What kinds of sociopolitical and moral negotiations constitute and transpire around dental disparities? How do these negotiations shape the experiences of patients and providers, and how do their experiences shape these negotiations? What can an ethnography of the dental safety net–a complex, fragile, and unpredictable network of treatment opportunities for low-income families–tell us about health governance more broadly? These are some of the questions that drive my research. In this dissertation, I explore how the sociopolitical relations of dental disparities are enacted through the dental safety net. Drawing on fifteen months of ethnographic research in clinical and community settings in central Appalachia, a region that has come to symbolize the dental crisis in the popular imagination, I show how the dental safety net exemplifies health governance in a neoliberal milieu. A fragmented system characterized by a discontinuity that starkly contrasts the model of health care generally advocated in both private and public medical systems, I argue that the dental safety net in far southwest Virginia does not merely fail to relieve the suffering of marginalized people but also can produce it. For example, the constitution of publicly-funded and charitable dental care can serve to routinize and even incentivize excess extractions among low-income adults while exempting preventive or restorative care. In addition to its effects on underserved patients, the dental safety net is a site through the fraught and contradictory relationships of dental providers and the sociopolitical stakes of the pursuit of oral health equity can be understood. For example, the flexible teamwork arrangements prized in private practice, when posited for the dental safety net, are often interpreted by dentists as risks of pluralization and threats to professional hierarchy that must be contained through legislative means. Borrowing from the crude classificatory scheme used to screen teeth quickly, I show how the dental safety net is decayed, as it bears the wear of overuse beyond maintenance; missing, or better described as an absence than a presence; and filled, like a cavitated tooth or a canaled dental root, with manufactured solutions of variable standards and longevity.
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Edgar, Heather Joy Hecht. "Biological Distance and the African American Dentition." The Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1039193040.
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Raskin, Sarah E. "Decayed, missing, and filled| Subjectivity and the dental safety net in central Appalachia." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3725587.
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<p> Dental caries, popularly known as tooth decay or cavities, is among the world’s most common health problems. When caught early, it is also one of the most easily resolvable. Yet, advanced decay is a trenchant marker of social inequality and a major contributor to the maldistribution of physical pain and psychosocial suffering. Why? Access to dental care within the U.S. model of fee-for-service dental private practice follows existing lines of social stratification. Dental disparities, a term that calls attention to the relationships between maldistributed disease and maldistributed care, reflect deep ontological, moral, and political differences about responsibility for the prevention and treatment of dental disease, the quality and distribution of dental care, and even what constitutes health and well-being. What kinds of sociopolitical and moral negotiations constitute and transpire around dental disparities? How do these negotiations shape the experiences of patients and providers, and how do their experiences shape these negotiations? What can an ethnography of the dental safety net – a complex, fragile, and unpredictable network of treatment opportunities for low-income families – tell us about health governance more broadly? These are some of the questions that drive my research. </p><p> In this dissertation, I explore how the sociopolitical relations of dental disparities are enacted through the dental safety net. Drawing on fifteen months of ethnographic research in clinical and community settings in central Appalachia, a region that has come to symbolize the dental crisis in the popular imagination, I show how the dental safety net exemplifies health governance in a neoliberal milieu. A fragmented system characterized by a discontinuity that starkly contrasts the model of health care generally advocated in both private and public medical systems, I argue that the dental safety net in far southwest Virginia does not merely fail to relieve the suffering of marginalized people but also can produce it. For example, the constitution of publicly-funded and charitable dental care can serve to routinize and even incentivize excess extractions among low-income adults while exempting preventive or restorative care. In addition to its effects on underserved patients, the dental safety net is a site through the fraught and contradictory relationships of dental providers and the sociopolitical stakes of the pursuit of oral health equity can be understood. For example, the flexible teamwork arrangements prized in private practice, when posited for the dental safety net, are often interpreted by dentists as risks of pluralization and threats to professional hierarchy that must be contained through legislative means. Borrowing from the crude classificatory scheme used to screen teeth quickly, I show how the dental safety net is decayed, as it bears the wear of overuse beyond maintenance; missing, or better described as an absence than a presence; and filled, like a cavitated tooth or a canaled dental root, with manufactured solutions of variable standards and longevity.</p>
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Jayaraman, Jayakumar. "Dental age assessment of Southern Chinese using Demirjian's dataset and the United Kingdom dataset." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45447767.
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Hubbard, Amelia R. "AN EXAMINATION OF POPULATION HISTORY, POPULATION STRUCTURE, AND BIOLOGICAL DISTANCE AMONG REGIONAL POPULATIONS OF THE KENYAN COAST USING GENETIC AND DENTAL DATA." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1337195794.
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Tinoco, Rachel Lima Ribeiro. "Antropologia dental = traços não-métricos de uma amostra brasileira." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/290758.
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Orientador: Eduardo Daruge Júnior<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T13:54:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2011<br>Resumo: Os traços não-métricos na morfologia dental, por sua excelente preservação, e variação inter-populacional livre de pressão seletiva, são reconhecidamente um dos principais focos de observação para os pesquisadores que analisam variação humana e sua relação com o histórico biológico das populações. Considerando sua utilização em contexto forense, o conhecimento das características morfológicas do arco dental da população local permite utilizar estes traços como critério adicional para identificação humana individual com fins periciais. Objetivo: O presente estudo propôs uma análise antropológica da morfologia dental de brasileiros, do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, entre 18 e 30 anos, observando a prevalência de alguns traços antropológicos não-métricos encontrados no arco dental de brasileiros, sua relação com os índices levantados por outros pesquisadores, em amostras de diferentes populações, e seu valor pericial como critério adicional na identificação humana. Metodologia: Foram analisados modelos em gesso de 130 indivíduos (59 homens e 71 mulheres), com os seguintes critérios de inclusão: naturalidade brasileira, com ascendentes brasileiros até segundo grau; presença de, no mínimo, dois elementos dentais hígidos, dentre os dentes-alvo; e ausência de relação de consanguinidade com outros participantes. Foi avaliada a presença de seis traços antropológicos, com frequências étnico-geográficas anteriormente publicadas por outros autores, sendo eles: incisivo em forma de pá, tubérculo de Carabelli, quinta cúspide (tubérculo distal acessório), ausência de cúspide disto-palatina, sexta cúspide (tuberculum sextum), e ausência de cúspide disto-vestibular (molar inferior tetra-cuspidado). Resultados: As frequências obtidas de todos os traços avaliados destoaram das frequências anteriormente apresentadas como referentes aos grupos ameríndio ou sulamericano. A amostra analisada possui pouca semelhança com o chamado complexo dental americano, e nítida influência dos complexos caucasóide e subsaariano, o que está de acordo com os acontecimentos históricos locais<br>Abstract: The non-metric traits in tooth morphology, for their excellent preservation, and inter-population variation, immune from selection pressure, are known to be one of the major sources of observation for researchers who analyze human variation and its relationship to the populations' biological history. In a forensic context, the knowledge of the local morphological characteristics allows its use as additional criterion for human identification purposes. Objective: This study has proposed an anthropological analysis of tooth morphology of Brazilian individuals from Rio de Janeiro, between 18 and 30 years, listing the prevalence of some anthropological non-metric traits, their relationship with frequencies found by other researchers, in different populations, and its value as additional criterion for in human identification. Methodology: The dental casts of 130 individuals (59 males and 71 females) were examined, with the following inclusion criteria: Brazilian naturality, with Brazilian ascendency until second degree, presence of at least two of the target-teeth healthy, and absence of blood relationship with other participants. We evaluated the presence of six non-metric dental traits with populational frequencies previously published by other authors, as follows: shoveling, Carabelli's cusp, cusp 5 (distal accessory tubercle), hypocone absence, cusp 6, and hypoconid absence. Results: The frequencies of all the traits evaluated differ from frequencies previously presented for Amerindian and South American. The sample has little resemblance to the so called american dental complex, and strong influence of the African Sub-Sahara and European patterns, which is in agreement with local historical events<br>Mestrado<br>Odontologia Legal e Deontologia<br>Mestre em Biologia Buco-Dental
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Bauer, Catherine Claudia [Verfasser], and Katerina [Akademischer Betreuer] Harvati. "Application of virtual anthropology methods to fossil human dental remains / Catherine Claudia Bauer ; Betreuer: Katerina Harvati." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1168011183/34.
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Vihlene, Shannon Marjorie. "Custer's Last Drag: An Examination of Tobacco Use Among the Seventh Cavalry During the Nineteenth Century." The University of Montana, 2008. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-06172008-151740/.
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Tobacco has played an integral role in global history, and there are numerous historical records related to tobacco use over the past five hundred years. The odontological evidence recovered from the Custer National Battlefield infers a high frequency of tobacco use within the Seventh Calvary, yet nineteenth century historical records fail to mention such intensive use in the Seventh Calvary. This paper will briefly discuss late nineteenth century tobacco culture and apply that to a bioarchaeological research project associated with remains from the Custer National Battlefield to addresses this contradiction between historical and physical records.
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Clark, Allison N. "Investigating Connections between Lateral Enamel Formation and Life History in New World Monkeys." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1405351998.
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Górka, Katarzyna. "Dental morphology and dental wear as dietary and ecological indicators: sexual and inter-group differences in traditional human populations." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/384843.
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Sexual division of labour involving the use of teeth in non-masticatory activities in the Tigara population form Point Hope did not affect the wear of the upper and lower first molars and, therefore, food chewing was the main factor causing dental wear in this population. No sexual differences were found in the percentage of dentine exposure of the first molars, which is indicative that both sexes in the Tigara populations consumed very similar diets despite sex differences in the dental wear on the anterior dentition have been reported. The percentage of dentine exposure was positively correlated with the age group categories of the individual in the Tigara population, proving that dental wear is a cumulative process throughout lifespan. Crown relief of the first molars was negatively correlated with the percentage of dentine exposure, which shows that dental wear causes a decrease in cusp and crown heights. Crown relief is a continuous variable significantly correlated with age at death. Crown complexity, on the other hand, was greater in teeth with high levels of dentine exposure, showing that wear facets significantly contribute to food processing during mastication.
No significant correlations were found between the percentage of dentine exposure and the density and average length of buccal scratches. However, a trend towards shorter scratches on buccal enamel surfaces was observed with decreasing values of crown relief, which demonstrates that the progressive accumulation of buccal scratches caused by enamel abrasion, which results in a reduction of their average length, is a parallel process with respect to the reduction of crown height. No significant differences on dentine exposure by sex were observed in any of the traditional modern human populations studied, which might be indicative that dental wear on molar teeth is not an adequate measure of the impact of sexual division of labour on the diet of both sexes. No significant differences in dental wear was found between the hunter-gatherer and agro-pastoral groups, despite they had very distinct diets and cultural practices in relation to food acquisition and processing. Such lack of significant wear differences among populations could be indicative that different diets may result in similar wear patterns and that the physical properties of chewed food particles might be more informative on dental wear processes than discrete classifications of dietary habits. First upper molar shape differences from all the modern human populations studied reflected the patterns of human migration and dispersal, although retaining a significant phylogenetic signal. The shape of the upper first molar in the Hutu population may be considered ancestral to the other groups compared that show a derived conditions consisting in more quadrangular and less oval shaped molars.
Molar shape variability clearly discriminated the Sundadont and Sinodont populations. The Sinodont upper first molar would be characterized by more regular, rounded outlines, whereas the Sundadont would show more oval and irregular crown shapes.<br>Los dientes constituyen un material de estudio multidisciplinar y son usados en varias áreas de la ciencia: odontología, anatomía comparativa, paleontología, paleoantropología, genética y ciencias forenses, entre otras. La presente tesis tiene como objetivo principal investigar la variabilidad dental en populaciones de humanos modernos desde una perspectiva multi-metodológica. El enfoque principal fue el desgaste dental, aunque también se analizaron otras características, como la variabilidad métrica, la forma dental, el microdesgaste, el relieve o la complejidad de la corona. Objetivos: Valorar si la división sexual del trabajo presente en los esquimales de Point Hope puede afectar al desgaste del primer molar; Analizar las correlaciones entre marcadores del macrodesgaste, microdesgaste, relieve y complejidad de la corona dental para explorar las diferentes líneas de estudio de la pérdida del esmalte y sus correlaciones; Investigar la posible influencia de la división sexual del trabajo sobre la dienta en diferentes poblaciones de cazadores-recolectores y agricultores; Analizar la forma de los primeros molares en varios grupos de poblaciones humanas modernas mediante la innovadora técnica de la morfología geométrica tridimensional. La investigación ha sido realizada únicamente con el material disponible en las colecciones dentales de la Universidad de Barcelona y la Universidad de Alicante. Se analizaron 251 primeros molares procedentes de 188 individuos de 9 poblaciones diferentes de humanas modernas (Agta, Aborígenes Australianos, Batéké-Balali, Esquimo, Hutu, Javaneses, Khoe, Navajo y San). Al examinar las posibles influencias de la división sexual del trabajo en la dieta en otras poblaciones de economía tradicional, no se ha encontrado tampoco diferencias significativas entre hombres y mujeres en ningún de los grupos analizados. Tampoco se han encontrado variaciones en el desgaste entre los patrones de subsistencia cazador-recolector y agricultor. El estudio de la forma dental muestra una importante variación de la forma del primer molar superior entre los grupos.
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Temple, Daniel Howard. "Human biological variation during the agricultural transition in prehistoric Japan." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1179521050.
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Bartolomucci, Ligia Benedetto Giardini. "\"Variabilidade biológica entre sambaquieiros: Um estudo de morfologia dentária\"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41131/tde-15042007-210704/.
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Estudos arqueológicos realizados em sambaquis fluviais sugerem proximidade cultural entre estes e os sambaquis litorâneos. No entanto, existem poucos trabalhos que abordam as relações biológicas e os processos microevolutivos destes sambaquieiros, mesmo por que coleções osteológicas de sambaquieiros fluviais são conquistas recentes da arqueologia nacional. Visando lançar luz sobre este importante aspecto da antropologia biológica e da arqueologia brasileira, o presente trabalho tem como principal objetivo estimar a biodistância entre grupos de indivíduos que perfazem coleções osteológicas humanas provenientes de sambaquis fluviais e litorâneos através de 33 variáveis morfológicas não-métricas dentárias. Os caracteres dentários são de determinação genética, dificilmente alterados por fatores ambientais. Além disso, preservam-se bem no registro arqueológico, são de fácil análise, sendo importantes marcadores para estudos de biodistância. Para este estudo foram observadas variáveis dentárias de 1958 coroas e de 3260 raízes de dentes permanentes de um total de 239 indivíduos provenientes de quatro sítios fluviais do Vale do Ribeira (Capelinha, Estreito, Moraes, Pavão XVI) e sete sítios arqueológicos do Paraná e Santa Catarina (Enseada I, Guaraguaçu, Itaquara, Jabuticabeira II, Matinhos, Morro do Ouro e Rio Comprido). As análises foram realizadas de três formas diferentes: 1) Os sítios foram comparados um a um; 2) Os sítios foram agrupados em quatro regiões diferentes (São Paulo, Paraná, norte de Santa Catarina e sul de Santa Catarina) e estas regiões foram comparadas entre si; 3) Foi mantida a região de São Paulo, composta pelos sítios fluviais do Vale do Ribeira, e esta foi comparada com cada um dos outros sítios separadamente. Desta forma foi possível discutir as relações de distância biológica entre estes diferentes agrupamentos quanto a aspectos distintos. Várias maneiras diferentes de análise foram utilizadas para estimar a distância biológica: a Medida Média de Divergência (MMD) segundo duas fórmulas distintas, o teste de Sanghvi, o Escalonamento Multidimensional e a análise de Cluster. A maioria dos resultados dos diferentes testes quanto aos distintos agrupamentos indicam que os indivíduos do sambaqui fluvial Moraes encontram-se dentro da variabilidade biológica dos sambaquieiros litorâneos estudados, sendo que se assemelham biologicamente mais aos indivíduos provenientes dos sítios litorâneos do Paraná. Arqueologicamente estas regiões não se assemelham, o que exige a realização de outros trabalhos para que esta discrepância possa ser compreendida. Foram observadas diferenças biológicas significativas entre alguns grupos de sambaquieiros litorâneos. Estes resultados corroboram estudos anteriores tanto da arqueologia quanto da antropologia biológica, em que se observaram diferenças entre alguns sambaquis litorâneos. Os diferentes métodos estatísticos utilizados no presente estudo mostraram divergências em alguns casos, cujas implicações são discutidas. Para melhor compreender a relação dos sambaquieiros fluviais com outros grupos sambaquieiros e do interior do Brasil, são necessários novos trabalhos incluindo um maior número de indivíduos e outros sítios na amostra. Só assim poderá ser verificado se os grupos fluviais continuam fazendo parte da variação morfológica encontrada entre os grupos litorâneos ou não.<br>Archaeological studies of fluvial shellmounds have shown cultural similarities between them and their counterparts on the coast. However, there are only a few reports on the biological affinities and the microevolutionary processes regarding those shellmound dwellers, mainly because human remains regarding these fluvial sites are recent advents in Brazilian archaeology. In order to shed light on this important aspect of Brazilian biological anthropology, the aim of the present thesis is to estimate the biodistance between osteological collections originating from fluvial as well as coastal shellmounds using 33 non-metric dental traits. Dental non-metric traits are genetically determined and rarely are influenced by environmental factors. Furthermore, they preserve very well in the archaeological record and are easily evaluated. Thus, dental traits constitute valuable markers for biodistance studies. For the present work we observed dental traits in 1958 dental crowns and in 3260 dental roots from 239 individuals coming from four fluvial shellmounds from the Vale do Ribeira (Capelinha, Estreito, Moraes, Pavão XVI) e seven coastal sites from the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina (Enseada I, Guaraguaçu, Itaquara, Jabuticabeira II, Matinhos, Morro do Ouro e Rio Comprido). The analyses were carried out according to three different groupings: 1) each site was compared to all others separately 2) the sites were classified into four different regions (São Paulo, Paraná, Northern Santa Catarina and Southern Santa Catarina) and then compared; 3) The region São Paulo, containing the fluvial sites of the Vale do Ribeira was maintained, and this region was compared to each of the remaining sites separately. This approach allowed discussing the biodistance between the groups with more detail and control. Different tests of estimating biodistance were used: the Mean Measure of Divergence (MMD) according to two distinct formulae, the Sanghvi test, the Multidimensional Scaling and, finally, the cluster analysis. Most of the results indicate that the individuals from the fluvial shellmound Moraes lie in the range of variability observed for the coastal sites studied here, however, they are biological more similar in respect to the individuals from the sites of the region Paraná. Archaeologically these two regions are quite different. This calls for further studies. On the other hand, there are some significant morphological differences between the coastal sites, corroborating former results of archaeological as well as bioanthropological reports. The different methods used in the present study show some divergent results. Their implications are discussed. To better comprehend the biological relation between fluvial shellmound dwellers and groups from coastal as well as interior sites, further work is necessary, especially including a greater number of individuals as well as sites. Only then it is possible to know if the fluvial shellmounds maintain their position in the range of variability encountered for the coastal sites or not.
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Proctor, Darby. "Taxon, Site and Temporal Differentiation Using Dental Microwear in the Southern African Papionins." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2007. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/anthro_theses/21.
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The evolutionary history of the South African papionins is a useful analog for the emergence of hominids in South Africa. However, the taxonomic relationships of the papionins are unclear. This study uses low-magnification stereomicroscopy to examine dental microwear and uses the microwear signals to explore the existing classification of these papionins. The results from the species and site level analyses are equivocal. However, the genera and time period results show clear evidence for a dietary change between the extinct and extant forms of Papio and Parapapio. This adds an additional tool for distinguishing these two groups. The dietary changes witnessed in the papionins are likely found in the hominids from the Plio-Pleistocene. Using the papionin analog, hominid dietary evolution may be explored.
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Aubry, Bryan Scott. "POPULATION STRUCTURE AND INTERREGIONAL INTERACTION IN PREHISPANIC MESOAMERICA: A BIODISTANCE STUDY." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1244001468.
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Zimmerman, Heather. "Preliminary Validation of Handheld X-Ray Fluorescence (HHXRF) Spectrometry: Distinguishing Osseous and Dental Tissue from Non-Bone Material of Similar Chemical Composition." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5895.
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Forensic anthropologists normally examine bone from a variety of medicolegal contexts. The skeletal remains may in some cases be highly fragmented or taphonomically modified, making it difficult to sort bone from non-bone material. In these cases, the forensic anthropologist may rely on microscopic or destructive chemical analyses to sort the material. However, these techniques are costly and time-intensive, prompting the use of nondestructive analytical methods in distinguishing bone and teeth from non-bone materials in a limited number of cases. The proposed analytical techniques are limited in that they rely on an examination of the major elements in the material, and do not sort out all materials with a similar chemical composition to bone/teeth. To date, no methods have been proposed for the use of handheld X-ray fluorescence (HHXRF) spectrometry in discriminating human and nonhuman bone/teeth from non-bone materials. The purpose of this research was to develop a method for the use of HHXRF spectrometry in forensic anthropology specifically related to distinguishing human and nonhuman bone and teeth from non-bone materials of a similar chemical composition using multivariate statistical analyses: principal components analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA), and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). This was accomplished in two phases. Phase 1 consisted of a Reliability Test and involved sampling a single human long bone in thirty locations. Multiple spectra were collected at each location to examine the reliability of the instrument in detecting the elements both within a single site and between multiple sites. The results of the Reliability Test indicated that HHXRF consistently detected the major and minor elements found on the surface of a human bone. These results were used for Phase 2, designated the Accuracy Test, which involved analyzing a set of materials compiled from the literature to test the accuracy of the technique in discriminating bone (human and nonhuman) and non-bone samples (other biological and non-biological). The results of the Accuracy Test indicate that osseous and dental tissue can be distinguished from non-bone material of similar chemical composition with a high degree of accuracy (94%) when data is collected from several locations on a sample and analyzed separately during multivariate statistical analyses. Overall, it was not possible to discriminate rock apatite and synthetic hydroxyapatite (synthetic bone) from bone. However, this technique successfully discriminated other non-bone materials that are chemically similar to bone, such as ivory and octocoral, which previous methods focusing on only a comparison of Ca/P ratios were unable to distinguish from bone.<br>M.A.<br>Masters<br>Anthropology<br>Sciences<br>Anthropology
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Blatt, Samantha Heidi. "From the Mouths of Babes: Using Incremental Enamel Microstructures to Evaluate the Applicability of the Moorrees Method of Dental Formation to the Estimation of Age of Prehistoric Native American Children." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1365696693.
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Clark, Melissa Ann. "“Well-Formed and Vigorous Bodies?” A Test of Revisionist Narratives of History in Pre-Famine Ireland." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1593190170520864.
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O'Neill, Kelsey. "Dietary Adaptations and Intra- and Interspecific Variation in Dental Occlusal Shape in Hominin and Non-hominin Primates." VCU Scholars Compass, 2016. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4626.
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Dental morphology and tooth shape have been used to recreate the
dietary adaptations for extinct species, and thus dental variation can provide
information on the relationship between fossil species and their
paleoenvironments. Variation in living species with known behaviors can provide
a baseline for interpreting morphology, and behavior, in the fossil record.
Tooth occlusal surface outlines in hominins and non-hominin primates, and other
mammals, have been used for assessments of taxonomic significance, with
variability often considered as being primarily phylogenetic. Few studies have
attempted to assess how diet might influence the pattern of variability in closely
related species. Here the occlusal surface shape variability in anterior and postcanine
maxillary dentition in primates is measured to assess whether the
relationship between diet and variability is consistent.
Data were collected from five non-hominin primates in a range of dietary
categories, as well as two hominin species, including the derived Paranthropus
robustus and a gracile australopith. Mapping a series of 50 sliding semilandmarks
based on 2-D photographs using tpsDig software, occlusal surfaces
were outlined. Thereafter, outline shapes were quantified using Elliptical Fourier
Functional Analysis, and principle components and multivariate analyses were
preformed to explore the pattern of intra and interspecific variability in occlusal
outlines.These results suggest that there is not a clear relationship between dietary
feeding adaptations for all categories examined and selection for larger
premolars and molars, as well as smaller incisors, led to less variation in both
anterior and post-canine teeth of the fossil hominin Paranthropus robustus.
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Oliveira, Rodrigo Elias de. "Avaliação da prevalência de patologias bucais nos oásis de San Pedro de Atacama." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41131/tde-29112013-094212/.
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O deserto de Atacama, no norte do Chile, a despeito da altitude e da aridez que o caracterizam, apresenta evidências da presença humana há pelo menos 13000 anos. San Pedro de Atacama é uma região muito importante deste deserto devido ao grande número de esqueletos arqueológicos ali exumados e ao excelente estado de preservação que o material escavado, seja ele mineral ou orgânico, é encontrado. Equipes independentes de pesquisadores têm colaborado, nos últimos 50 anos, para o entendimento da pré-história atacamenha através de análises do acervo arqueológico e bioantropológico que hoje se encontra sob a guarda do museu arqueológico Padre Gustavo Le Paige. O material analisado neste trabalho é parte integrante da coleção de crânios humanos escavados por Le Paige, coleção que se encontra severamente reduzida por deficiências no processo de cura e guarda. Foram analisadas as patologias bucais de 402 crânios provenientes de 13 sítios arqueológicos de San Pedro de Atacama e Caspana, com o objetivo de inferir a qualidade de vida biológica dessas populações a partir do período Formativo (350 AC) até a chegada Império Inca (1470 AD) nos oásis atacamenhos. Considerando o período de influência do Império Tiwanaku em San Pedro como referência, os períodos Pré Tiwanaku e Pós Tiwanaku foram comparados com o período Tiwanaku (500 a 1000 AD) e também com o sítio Caspana, utilizado como controle externo. As redes de troca que foram intensificadas durante o período Tiwanaku em todos os Andes Centrais disponibilizaram aos oásis de San Pedro de Atacama uma maior variedade de alimentos, diminuindo assim a dependência do milho desta sociedade. Prova disso é a queda significativa das cáries dentárias observada entre o período Pré Tiwanaku e o período Tiwanaku. No mesmo período, foram observados aumentos dos cálculos salivares e das reabsorções periodontais que, associados à queda das cáries dentárias, sugerem o aumento no consumo de proteína e sais minerais pelos atacamenhos. O período subsequente, marcado pela alteração climática responsável pelo desmantelamento do Estado Tiwanaku, afetaria a população dos oásis obrigando-a a retornar ao milho como item principal em sua dieta, fato confirmado pelo aumento das cáries dentárias. A seca característica do período Pós Tiwanaku deve ter pressionado a sociedade atacamenha a intensificar suas técnicas de conservação dos alimentos, sendo esta a mais plausível explicação para o também observado aumento significativo dos cálculos salivares. Os crânios analisados de Caspana apresentaram uma prevalência de cáries dentárias inferior à prevalência observada durante período Pós Tiwanaku em San Pedro de Atacama, sugerindo uma estratégia de subsistência distinta, baseada numa dieta menos cariogênica. O limitado consumo de proteínas e sais minerais como cálcio e potássio também caracterizou a alimentação dos habitantes de Caspana, confirmado pela baixa prevalência de cálculos salivares e reabsorções periodontais. As mulheres apresentaram prevalências mais altas de cárie dentária, cálculo salivar e reabsorção periodontal, indicando um acesso maior aos alimentos, em quantidade ou em frequência, que os indivíduos do sexo masculino. Quanto às deformações cranianas intencionais analisadas nos sítios de San Pedro de Atacama, não foram encontrados sinais de privilégios nutricionais por nenhum grupo estudado, sejam eles não deformados ou deformados, independentemente do período avaliado ou do tipo e angulação da deformação apresentada.<br>The Atacama Desert in northern Chile, despite the altitude and dryness that characterize it, displays evidence of human presence for at least 13,000 years. San Pedro de Atacama is a very important region of the desert, for the large number of archaeological skeletons that were exhumed and found there and also for the excellent state of preservation in which the excavated material- whether mineral or organic - was found. Independent teams of researchers have collaborated for the past 50 years to the understanding of Atacamenian prehistory, through analysis of the archaeological and the bio anthropological collection, which are now in the custody of the archaeological museum Padre Gustavo Le Paige. The material analyzed in this dissertation is part of the collection of human skulls excavated by Le Paige, a collection now severely reduced due to deficiencies in the process of safekeeping. The oral pathologies of 402 skulls from 13 different archaeological sites of San Pedro de Atacama and Caspana have been analyzed in order to infer the biological quality of life of these populations from the Formative period (350 BC) up to the arrival of the Inca Empire (1470 AD) in the oasis Atacameños. Considering the period of influence of the Tiwanaku Empire in San Pedro as reference, the periods Pre and Post Tiwanaku Tiwanaku were compared with the Tiwanaku period (500-1000 AD) and also with the Caspana site, which was used as an external control. The enhanced networks of exchange during the Tiwanaku period around the whole of the Central Andes have provided the oasis of San Pedro de Atacama greater variety of foods, thereby reducing the reliance this society had on corn. The proof of this is the significant decline in dental caries observed between the pre Tiwanaku and the Tiwanaku periods. During this period, the increase in salivary calculi and periodontal resorption associated to the decrease in dental caries suggests the raise in consumption of protein and minerals by the Atacameños. The subsequent period is marked by a climate change which was responsible for the dismantling of the Tiwanaku state, thus affecting the population of the oasis and forcing it to return to the consumption of corn as the main item in their diet, a fact that is confirmed by the increase in dental caries. The characteristic drought of this period must have driven the Post Tiwanaku Atacamenian society to intensify their food preservation techniques, and that is the most plausible explanation for the also significant raise in salivary calculi. The skulls analyzed from Caspana showed a lower prevalence of dental caries than the ones observed during the Post Tiwanaku period in San Pedro de Atacama, suggesting a distinct livelihood strategy based on a less cariogenic diet. The limited consumption of protein and minerals like calcium and potassium also characterize the food intake of the inhabitants of Caspana, which is confirmed by the low prevalence of salivary calculi and periodontal resorption. The female skulls showed a higher incidence of dental caries, salivary calculus and periodontal resorption, indicating that they had broader access to food, both in quantity and frequency than their male counterparts. Regarding the intentional cranial deformations analyzed here, no signs of nutritional privileges were found on any of the studied groups, whether deformed or not, regardless of the period studied or the type and angle of these deformations.
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Macalusco, P. James. "Descriptions and comparative studies of the hominin dental remains from Dmanisi, Georgia 1991-2002 collections /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2006.
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Haddow, Scott D. "Morphometric analysis of the dentition from Bronze Age Tell Leilan, Syria, a contribution to the dental anthropology of ancient Mesopotamia." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ60379.pdf.
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King, Daniel James. "Reconstructing Prehistoric Human/Plant Relationships at Casas Grandes, Chihuahua, Mexico Through a Microfossil Analysis of Dental Calculus." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2016. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6367.
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As part of a multinational project and with the help of other professionals, I gathered and analyzed 110 samples of dental calculus (fossilized plaque) from human remains discovered at Paquimé and the Convento site in the Casas Grandes River valley to identify various microfossils still present in the silica matrix. Once identified, I used the results to reconstruct human/plant relationships present during the Viejo (700-1250 CE) and Medio (1250-1450 CE) periods in and around Paquimé. My data suggest that maize was used throughout both time periods, supplemented by wild plants, and possible marine resources. Further, evidence for cultural food modification methods such as fermentation, roasting, grinding, and nixtamalization (an alkaline treatment of the grain) was present. The data suggest prehistoric plant use went beyond simple subsistence, being modified for use as part of non-subsistence activities.
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Carter, Brian D. "Paleoecological reconstructions of the South African Plio-Pleistocene based on low-magnification dental microwear of fossil primates." unrestricted, 2006. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11302006-174657/.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2006.<br>Title from title screen. Frank L. Williams, committee chair; Cassandra White, Susan C. McCombie, committee members. Description based on contents viewed June 25, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 89-99).
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Nova, Delgado Mónica Constanza. "Variabilidad morfométrica dental de los primates Platyrrhini: herramienta para el análisis de adaptaciones ecológicas y afiliaciones taxonómicas." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/385346.
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Desde diferentes enfoques, los primates platirrinos son uno de los grupos más discutidos y debatidos. La dificultad en la comprensión de las interrelaciones a nivel familiar, la posición del género Aotus, la relación con las especies extintas y su origen son un reto para las diferentes ramas de la biología. Actualmente, los análisis filogenéticos sugieren que los platirrinos constituyen un grupo monofilético representado por tres familias: Cebidae, Atelidae, Pitheciidae. Varias investigaciones moleculares han sugerido una relación de Aotus con la familia Cebidae, mientras una posición morfológica apoya la afinidad con la familia Pitheciidae, especialmente con el género Callicebus. En relación con las especies extintas, hay dos puntos de vista que han tratado de explicar las relación y la historia de los platirrinos del Mioceno temprano con las formas existentes. Una hipótesis llamada radiaciones sucesivas, sugiere que los fósiles patagónicos no pertenecen al grupo corona de los platirrinos, por lo que sus formas habrían sido extirpadas alrededor del Mioceno Medio, sin dejar descendientes modernos. Otra hipótesis conocida como linajes largos, argumenta una continuidad evolutiva entre todo el linaje Platyrrhini.
La presente Tesis Doctoral se centra en el estudio de la variabilidad morfológica de los dos primeros molares de diversas especies de primates platirrinos. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los patrones de variabilidad morfológica dental entre distintas especies de platirrinos actuales, y explorar la influencia de la alometría, la filogenia y/o las adaptaciones ecológicas, en la forma del los molares inferiores. Además, analizar los patrones de integración morfológica entre ambos dientes, utilizando el método de Morfometría Geomértica. De este modo, desarrollar un modelo morfológico, utilizando cada molar individualmente, y los dos molares como una unidad integrada, con el fin de explorar las afinidades fenotípicas entre especies actuales y extintas, y así desde la perspectiva de la morfología dental aportar elementos útiles a los diversos interrogantes que se centran alrededor del Pavorden Platyrrhini.
Los resultados indicaron que la estasis morfológica explica la baja variación fenotípica encontrada entre los molares de las especies existentes y extintas. Esta baja tasa de cambios fenotípicos podría deberse a que los molares de los platirrinos presentan una retención primitiva de un estado ancestral, y / o porque la morfología del molar puede estar bajo una restricción ecológica, dado que la radiación de las principales familias de platirrinos ocurrió en nichos ecológicos relativamente estrechos. Además, la variación interespecífica de los molares inferiores en todas las muestras de los platirrinos evidenció un patrón altamente homoplásico, probablemente relacionado con las similitudes funcionales de algunos taxones. Sin embargo, la filogenia también fue un factor importante en la formación de los rasgos morfológicos de los molares, ya que la agrupación de las semejanzas fenotípicas entre algunos otros taxones fue acorde con su posición filogenética. Esto es indicativo de que los diversos grupos de platirrinos muestran diferentes grados de señales filogenéticas y funcionales en sus molares. Por otro lado, existen diferencias en los patrones covariación, en presencia y ausencia de alometría entre los clados. Por ejemplo, Callitrichinae mostró alta disparidad en la forma y el tamaño, lo que reflejó una tendencia a tener una organización modular. En contraste, Atelidae, aunque evidenció una disparidad en el tamaño, mostró junto con Pitheciidae molares fuertemente integrados. Por lo tanto, es probable que las restricciones biomecánicas del sistema masticatorio y el tipo de dieta sean unos de los principales factores que determinen la alta covariación de los molares. Asimismo, los molares al presentar distinta carga oclusal estarían expuestos a diferentes presiones selectivas, lo que reduciría la conexión entre ellos, causando así modularidad.<br>The evolution and taxonomy of platyrrhines have been widely discussed and debated because of the difficulty of understanding interrelationships at the family level, the phylogenetic positions of some living taxa, and the phylogenetic affinities of some fossils. In the present thesis, the first and second molars were analyzed (N: 802), using a landmark-based geometric morphometric analysis. Also, these morphological models were developed in order to understand taxonomic affinities of some fossil taxa, as well as the extant Aotus genus. The results showed that the extinct and extant platyrrhines reflected a common pattern, suggesting that morphological stasis explains the very little phenotyipic change and the convergence evolutionary of some genera, although molar shape carried a phylogenetic signal. This slow rate of phenotypic changes could likely be due to that molars in platyrrhines share traits that might be a primitive retention of the ancestral state, and/or because molar morphology may be under ecological constraint, given that radiation of main platyrrhine families have probably occurred in narrow ecological niche. The Patagonian primates can be partitioned into two morphological molar patterns: Callicebus-like and Saguinus-like. It means that both shapes could be considerate the earliest offshoot and precursor for the existing forms. Based on molar shape, Aotus showed closer similarities to Callicebus than to the Callitricinae, which may be explained either because both taxa show retention of primitive molar traits, or due to fast-evolving branches, somewhat similar to that of Callicebus and Callitrichinae shape. On the other hand, shape diversification was highly influenced by allometric effect in Cebinae/Saimirinae, but lower in the other clades. Callitrichinae reflected a trend to have a modular organization, likely related to functional adaptation, and its relatively accelerated rate of evolution. Atelidae and Pitheciidae showed strongly integrated molars. Thus, biomechanical constraints of the masticatory system and the dietary profile are the main factors to determine high covariation on molars. In contrast, low covariation may be due to the fact that each molar likely exhibits distinct ecological signal, as molars can be exposed to different patterns of occlusal loading. Therefore, diverse selective pressures on molars can reduce connection causing modularity.
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Feeney, Robin N. M. "MICROTOMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF SEXUAL DIMORPHISM AND DENTAL TISSUE DISTRIBUTION IN HUMAN MOLARS." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1250270343.
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