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1
Keene, H. J. "Dental Caries Prevalence in Early Polynesians from the Hawaiian Islands." Journal of Dental Research 65, no. 6 (June 1986): 935–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345860650061601.
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We examined the skeletal remains of 1338 early Hawaiians (preserved in the Bishop Museum, Honolulu) to determine total caries and root surface caries prevalence. Specimens from seven islands were represented in the collection. Estimation of age at death was made by a combination of dental developmental staging for younger individuals and occlusal attrition and/or alveolar bone loss in adults. Museum records were also consulted for age estimation of adults which was primarily based on osteological criteria. The material was divided into six age groups. Predentate infants and edentulous adults were not included. A total of 19,425 teeth was examined. Caries lesions were observed in 462 individuals (34.5%) and 1895 teeth (9.8%). Coronal caries lesions in children and adolescents tended to be small and not particularly destructive of tooth structure. Root surface lesions in young adults were also small but increased progressively in size in the older groups, resulting in pulp exposure and coronal amputation. Although coronal caries was apparently not a significant dental health problem in children and young adults (compared with contemporary Hawaiians), root surface caries was an increasingly important source of tooth morbidity and tooth mortality in the older population groups. This age-related caries pattern was similar for all of the islands.
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Kadali, Lehya Mounica, Viddyasagar Mopagar, Shilpa Shetty, Shridhar Shetty, Venkatesh Kodgi, and Shantanu Chaudhari. "Infant Oral Health Care Concerning Education of Mothers – Part 2." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, no. 31 (August 2, 2021): 2538–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/521.
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Infant oral health care is essential in a way where it provides a solid foundation on which a healthy oral environment is augmented. Dental caries is perhaps the most infectious and prevalent disease seen in the current scenario. Dental caries is 5 times more common than asthma and 7 times more common than hay fever in children. Rotten primary teeth can influence kids' development, lead to malocclusion, and result in huge torment and possibly perilous swelling. To forestall caries in youngsters, high-risk individuals should be distinguished at an early age (ideally high-risk moms during pre-birth care), and aggressive strategies ought to be received, such as anticipatory guidance, behaviour modifications (oral cleanliness and taking care of practices). On establishment of Dental Home, mothers should be told about preventive measures to take during teething of infants and how to administer oral care and proper cleaning of teeth.
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Schüler, Ina Manuela, Stefanie Haberstroh, Kristin Dawczynski, Thomas Lehmann, and Roswitha Heinrich-Weltzien. "Dental Caries and Developmental Defects of Enamel in the Primary Dentition of Preterm Infants: Case-Control Observational Study." Caries Research 52, no. 1-2 (December 9, 2017): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000480124.
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Aim: Assessment of dental health in the primary dentition of preterm infants (PTI) including investigation of mother- and infant-related risk factors in a case-control study design. Material and Methods: One hundred twenty-eight infants aged 3-4 years were included. Sixty-four PTI (27 males) were randomly selected from the preterm registry of the Jena University Hospital. As a control group served 64 full-term infants (FTI) recruited from the Department of Paediatric Dentistry, matched for age and sex. Dental examinations were provided by one dentist under standard clinical conditions. Caries was scored using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS II) and the DMFT, gingival health using the Periodontal Screening Index, and developmental defects of enamel using the DDE index. Mother- and infant-related factors were collected via a questionnaire and from medical records. Results: The caries prevalence was 50.0% (ICDAS II >0) in PTI and 12.5% (ICDAS II >0) in FTI. The caries experience was higher in PTI (DMFT 1.0 ± 3.1) than in FTI (DMFT 0.3 ± 1.0). PTI had a higher risk of caries (OR 7.0), initial lesions (OR 6.2), DDE (OR 7.5), and gingivitis (OR 6.5) than FTI. The highest risk occurred in PTI with an extremely low birth weight (<1,000 g). A higher risk of DDE was present when mothers suffered from illness during pregnancy (OR 3.9). A higher risk of caries was revealed in infants with respiratory syndrome (OR 6.2) or when their mothers had a lower socioeconomic status (OR 6.3). Conclusions: PTI had less healthy teeth than FTI and are at a higher risk for DDE, caries, and gingivitis. The poorer dental health in PTI is associated with a low birth weight, a low socioeconomic status, and mothers' illness during pregnancy.
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Kaste, L. M., R. H. Selwitz, R. J. Oldakowski, J. A. Brunelle, D. M. Winn, and L. J. Brown. "Coronal Caries in the Primary and Permanent Dentition of Children and Adolescents 1–17 Years of Age: United States, 1988–1991." Journal of Dental Research 75, no. 2_suppl (February 1996): 631–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002203459607502s03.
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The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey-Phase 1, conducted from 1988 to 1991 in the United States, included an assessment of dental caries in US children and adolescents and provided the opportunity for differences in dental caries status to be viewed by age, sex, race, and race-ethnicity. The measurement of dental caries in children and adolescents from 2 to 17 years of age included the number of decayed, missing, and filled permanent tooth surfaces and teeth, and the number of decayed and filled primary tooth surfaces and teeth. Additionally, a brief visual inspection for the presence or absence of early childhood caries in the maxillary incisors was conducted for children 12 to 23 months of age. The survey yielded weighted estimates for 1988–1991 for over 58 million US children and adolescents 1 to 17 years of age. For infants aged 12 to 23 months, 0.8% were scored positive for early childhood caries. Over 60% (62.1%) of the children aged 2 to 9 years were caries-free in their primary dentition. Over half (54.7%) of the children 5 to 17 years were caries-free in their permanent dentition. The occurrence of caries in the permanent dentition is clustered: A quarter of the children and adolescents ages 5 to 17 with at least one permanent tooth accounted for about 80% of the caries experienced in permanent teeth. Differences in caries experience were found among race and race-ethnicity subpopulations, and caries patterns for the primary and permanent dentition were dissimilar. Further analyses are needed to explore other potential determinants of caries in children.
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Caglar, Esber, Mehmet Görgülü, and Ozgur O. Kuscu. "Dental Caries and Tooth Wear in a Byzantine Paediatric Population (7th to 10th Centuries AD) from Yenikapı-Constantinople, Istanbul." Caries Research 50, no. 4 (2016): 394–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000447066.
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Dental caries and wear are important conditions to record in archaeological collections. The aim of the present paper is to determine the frequency and distribution of dental caries and dental wear in a mediaeval Byzantine paediatric population in Yenikapı, Constantinople, Istanbul. The present research was carried out on the skeletal remains of 1 infant and 28 children with a total of 180 teeth (113 primary and 67 permanent teeth). The frequency of ante-mortem tooth loss in the sample was 1%. The total frequency of carious lesions in the sample was 2.2%. The frequency of dental wear was rather low (3.3%) exhibiting presence of dentin clusters mostly. The present study evaluated an archaeological collection with low dental wear and low dental caries prevalence indicating a fishing community.
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Smolyar, N. I., N. I. Bodnaruk, T. Yu Lysak, and I. V. Han. "ASSESSMENT OF CARIES IN DECIDUOUS TEETH IN CHILDREN WITH SOMATIC PATHOLOGY (LITERATURE REVIEW)." Ukrainian Dental Almanac, no. 3 (September 23, 2020): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2409-0255.3.2020.09.
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The purpose of the research is to analyze the data of scientific literature on the correlation of caries in deciduous teeth with various somatic diseases in children.
Research materials and methods. The bibliosemantic method was used to analyze the results of previous research based on literature sources and electronic resources.
Results of the research. Worldwide rates of general and dental morbidity, namely the incidence of caries, are constantly growing among the pediatric population, Ukraine being no exception. According to the results of research by leading domestic scientists, caries in children is 5 times more common than asthma, 4 times more common than obesity, and 20 times more common than diabetes. The caries of deciduous teeth deserves particular attention as its incidence increases with age. It is established that at the age of 1 caries is diagnosed in 12-15% of infants; after a year this figure doubles, in 3-year-olds it is diagnosed in every second child and increases to 85-95% in 6-7-year-old patients. The high incidence of dental caries is facilitated by the fact that caries is a multifactorial disease and one of the main causes of caries is the presence of somatic pathology in a child. According to the state statistics, the age dynamics in relation to disease accumulation index is as follows: among children 0-6 years, the index is 1,15; among children aged 7–14 - 1,46 and among adolescents - 1,7.
Numerous scientific studies of domestic and foreign scientists reveal the relationship between the development of dental caries and somatic pathology. Since the body is a holistic system, this problem needs to be considered using a comprehensive approach of pediatricians and dentists.
Kuzmina DA and co-authors identified four groups at risk of developing carious disease. The first group included children with diseases associated with impaired bone metabolism, the second – with dysbiotic disorders, the third – with trophic and the fourth group included children with chemical injuries of the oral cavity.
At the same time, Murlanova TP found that the highest prevalence of caries of deciduous teeth is observed in children with diseases of the respiratory system (97.60%) and gastrointestinal tract (86.70%), the highest intensity (6.52 teeth) being observed in children with musculoskeletal system disorders.
The dental status of children with type 1 diabetes was studied by Wang Y, Xing L, Yu H, Zhao L. The researchers analyzed 358 world publications and found that the prevalence of caries is on average 67%, with the highest rates (84%) in South America.
Significantly more caries-affected teeth compared with somatically healthy children were found in the hepatobiliary system pathology. Systemic enamel hypoplasia is often diagnosed in children with hereditary and congenital diseases along with multiple caries lesions. The negative impact on children’s dental system has been established in adenoid hypertrophy. There have been conducted many studies on the dental status of children with disabilities associated with CNS diseases and different levels of anxiety, as well as children with mental retardation and severe speech disorders. The mass incidence of caries of deciduous teeth among 5-6 year old children according to WHO criteria was recorded in children with autism.
The results of our research suggest a significantly higher incidence of caries of temporary teeth in children with pathology of the musculoskeletal system (MSS) than in somatically healthy children. The analysis of dental caries considering the nature of MSS disorders showed more caries-affected teeth in children with combined pathology than in children with flat feet and posture disorders.
The results of the study confirm the correlation between dental caries and somatic pathology and will be aimed at addressing the development of a differentiated program for the prevention of dental caries in children with somatic status in the future.
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Lemos, Letícia Vargas Freire Martins, Angela Cristina Cilense Zuanon, Silvio Issáo Myaki, and Luiz Reynaldo de Figueiredo Walter. "Dental caries in children participating in a Dentistry for infants Program." Einstein (São Paulo) 9, no. 4 (December 2011): 503–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-45082011ao2184.
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ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the impact of the “Dentistry for Infants” early dental care program run by Jacareí County (SP) by comparing the caries of individuals participating and not participating in this program. Methods: In total, 300 children between 0 and 48 months old were assessed in the following two groups: infants not participating in the program (G1, n = 100) and infants participating in the program (G2, n = 200). Each group was further divided according to age in subgroups of 0 to 24 months and 25 to 48 months. All children were clinically assessed for carious lesions using the visual-tactile method. The data were statistically analyzed using a paired Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney test, and χ2 test at a 5% significance level. Results: There was a significant difference in the prevalence (P) and mean index of deciduous teeth (deft) (C) that were decayed, indicated for extraction and filled, and the highest values were observed in G1 (p < 0.0001). The values were as follows: PG1, 73%; PG2, 22%; CG1, 3.45 ± 3.84; and CG2, 0.66 ± 1.57. Conclusion: Participating in the program positively impacted the infants’ oral health.
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van Meijeren-van Lunteren, Agatha W., Trudy Voortman, Marlies E. C. Elfrink, Eppo B. Wolvius, and Lea Kragt. "Breastfeeding and Childhood Dental Caries: Results from a Socially Diverse Birth Cohort Study." Caries Research 55, no. 2 (2021): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000514502.
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Previous studies showed that prolonged breastfeeding increases the risk of caries. However, the observed associations were mainly based on non-European populations, and important confounding and mediating factors like socioeconomic position (SEP) and diet were often neglected. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of breastfeeding and bottle-feeding practices on dental caries during childhood while accounting for SEP, ethnic background, and sugar intake. This study was part of the Generation R Study, a prospective multiethnic cohort study conducted in Rotterdam, The Netherlands. In total, 4,146 children were included in the analyses. Information about feeding practices was derived from delivery reports and questionnaires during infancy. Caries was measured via intraoral photographs at the age of 6 years and defined as decayed, missing, and filled teeth (dmft). Negative binomial hurdle regression analyses were used to study the associations between several infant feeding practices and childhood caries. The prevalence of dental caries at the age of 6 years was 27.9% (<i>n</i> = 1,158). Prolonged breastfeeding (for >12 months) was associated with dental caries (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.04–1.74) and the number of teeth affected by dental caries (RR 1.27, 95% CI 1.03–1.56). Furthermore, nocturnal bottle-feeding was associated with dental caries (OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.20–1.93). All associations were independent of family SEP, ethnic background, and sugar intake. Results from this Dutch cohort study confirmed the previously observed associations between prolonged breastfeeding and nocturnal bottle-feeding and the increased risk of childhood dental caries, even after proper adjustments for indicators of SEP, ethnic background, and sugar intake. Future studies are encouraged to elaborate further on possible explanations for the observed relationships. Healthcare professionals should be aware and advise caregivers about the potential risk of prolonged breastfeeding on caries development by applying the current recommendations on breastfeeding, oral hygiene, and feeding frequency.
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Nirunsittirat, Areerat, Waranuch Pitiphat, Christy M. McKinney, Timothy A. DeRouen, Nusara Chansamak, Onauma Angwaravong, Piyachat Patcharanuchat, and Taksin Pimpak. "Breastfeeding Duration and Childhood Caries: A Cohort Study." Caries Research 50, no. 5 (2016): 498–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000448145.
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This cohort study was conducted in Khon Kaen, Thailand, to test the hypothesis that a longer breastfeeding duration increases the risk for dental caries in primary teeth. We collected information on infant feeding practices and potential confounders using a structured questionnaire to interview mothers or caregivers during the second trimester of pregnancy and after birth at 21 days and at 3, 12, 18, 24, and 36 months. Regardless of other liquids and foods, full breastfeeding was defined as feeding breast milk but not formula, while any breastfeeding was feeding breast milk with or without formula. Two calibrated dentists measured dental caries when the children were 3-4 years of age using the decayed, missing, and filled surfaces (dmfs) index following the World Health Organization criteria. Negative binomial regression with a generalized linear model was used to estimate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using dmfs as an outcome. Log-binomial regression was performed to model the caries prevalence. Of 556 children, 88.1% had dental caries with a mean dmfs of 14.2. Full breastfeeding for 6-11 months was significantly associated with a lower dmfs (adjusted RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.63, 0.93) and a lower caries prevalence (adjusted RR 0.45, 95% CI 0.22, 0.90). The frequency of sleeping while breast- or bottle-feeding increased the caries risk in a dose-response manner. There was no association between duration of any breastfeeding and dental caries. In conclusion, full breastfeeding for 6-11 months may protect against dental caries in primary teeth. Prolonged breastfeeding was not associated with dental caries in this population.
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Ghimire, Neeta, B. Kayastha, and P. Nepal. "The First Dental Visit." Journal of Chitwan Medical College 3, no. 4 (January 11, 2014): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v3i4.9551.
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Oral health is a vital part of overall infant health. An early dental visit is important in rendering prevention oriented intervention and parental counselling regarding the oral health. To assess the age and common chief complaint of the children in their first dental visit. This was a retrospective study done using case records of 842 children, who reported to the Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, chitwan medical college. The age groups were divided into four categories; less than 3 years, 3-6years, 7-11 years and 12-14 years. The various chief complaints of patient were categorized as follows; routine check up, dental caries, dental pain, deposits/bad breath, malocclusion, unerupted ,missing or extra tooth, oral habits, trauma, orientation to prevention and others (cleft lip, palate, natal/neonatal teeth, mobile teeth, soft tissue lesions and others). The age group and the most common complaint at the first dental visit were assessed. Majority of children who visited the dentist were of age 7-11 years with the most common reason for their visit being pain followed by dental caries. None of the children visited for regular check up within 6 months of eruption of first tooth, though few children of that age group visited the dentist for other reasons like cleft lip/palate, natal/ neonatal tooth etc. The reason behind the first dental visit is when there is a problem. The most common age group to visit dentist was 7-11years with the commonest reason for their visit being pain and dental caries. It can be concluded that awareness and knowledge regarding the first dental visit is almost nil among the parents of this region. Journal of Chitwan Medical College 2013; 3(4); 30-33 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v3i4.9551
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Takahashi, Karine, Heitor Ceolin Araujo, Juliano Pessan, Felipe Camargo Munhoz, Elerson Gaetti Jardim Junior, and Robson Frederico Cunha. "Microorganisms related to early childhood caries in a sample of an oral preventive-educative program: a longitudinal study." Brazilian Dental Science 22, no. 2 (April 30, 2019): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/bds.2019.v22i2.1723.
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Objetivo: Premature acquisition of cariogenic microorganisms seems to be related to higher prevalence and activity of caries lesions. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus in infants enrolled in a dental preventive program and in their mothers, as well as to assess the influence of bacterial prevalence, diet and oral hygiene in dental caries prevalence. Material and Methods: After clinical examinations (n = 50), saliva and oral biofilms were collected and stored prior to real-time PCR at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months of age. Results: No correlation was observed between the presence of cariogenic pathogens and diet or hygiene habits at all ages; however, association increased with number of erupted teeth. Salivary levels of bacteria were lower in children than in their mothers at all ages, and children with carious lesions had high ingestion of sugared food. Conclusion: As the levels of cariogenic pathogens were low in the patients that were enrolled in a preventive program, we can conclude that control of oral biofilm as eruption of infants’ teeth occurs and sugar ingestion should be considered of great importance in preventive dentistry, because the association between them was highly positive.KeywordsSaliva; Dental caries; Oral hygiene; Cariogenic; Streptococcus mutans.
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Cvetkovic, Andrijana, and Mirjana Ivanovic. "The role of Streptococcus mutans group and salivary immunoglobulins in etiology of early childhood caries." Serbian Dental Journal 53, no. 2 (2006): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sgs0602113c.
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Dental caries is a bacterial infective disease modified by carbohydrates from food. Early childhood caries is a special type of primary teeth caries in infants and toddlers. Appearance of early childhood caries (ECC) is related to mistakes in nutrition of infants, but the mechanism of beginning and progression of this disease is very complex. To understand etiology of caries, it is necessary to understand ecology of oral environment and to determine which factors are responsible for conversion of non-pathogenic microorganisms of the oral cavity into pathogenic. Among host factors, salivary immunoglobulin (sIgA) constitutes the main specific immune defense mechanism in saliva and may play an important role in the oral homeostasis. Basic role of salivary immunoglobulins is in control of bacterial oral flora and constitution of balance relationship between oral bacteria and organism as whole.
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Martao Florio, Flavia, Marlise Inez Klein, Antonio Carlos Pereira, and Reginaldo Bruno Goncalves. "Time of initial acquisition of mutans streptococci by human infants." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 28, no. 4 (July 1, 2004): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.28.4.q327704r2425q5h9.
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The aim of this study was to detect and monitor the acquisition of mutans streptococci (MS) in healthy Brazilian children. Samples of 4 different sites (saliva, tongue dorsum, dental ridges, and dental plaque, if teeth were present) were collected from 33 edentulous nursery school infants (5.9±1.5 month-old), using sterilized swabs, bi-monthly for 24 months. Saliva samples from the mothers were collected only once. After inoculation, and incubation typical morphotype colonies, were isolated and submitted to amplification by the technique of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for identification. The PCR method identified 1667 strains as MS. In 29 of the children's samples, the first positive culture for MS occurred at 15.3 ± 4.6 months. At the end of the follow-up period, 77% of the children were classified as colonized and in 33% MS was found as a transient microorganism. A positive correlation was found between the time of MS acquisition by the infant and the number of erupted teeth (p<0.0001), and the time of emergence of the first tooth (p=0.0048). After 24 months, there were no dental caries, and 77% of children remained caries-free. These results indicate that MS colonization in this sample of low-income pre-school children may begin earlier than suggested by some investigations.
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Anupama Deepak, Subramaniam EMG, Ganesh Jeevanandan, and Jeevitha M. "Assessment of ECC Affecting Anterior Teeth in Children Visiting University Dental Hospital in India." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL4 (December 20, 2020): 423–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl4.3851.
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Dental caries is one of the most infectious diseases of childhood resulting in chronic progression rate. They are of different types and patterns being rampant caries, nursing bottle caries. These are known to spread from the mother to the baby during infancy. Early childhood caries in the presence of one or more decayed or filled tooth surfaces in any primary teeth in a child 72 months age or younger. It is generally associated with unusual dietary patterns. Caries in children are mainly caused by the bacteria Streptococcus mutans. One of the reasons identified for ECC in children is the improper feeding patterns in children and prolonged use of baby bottles for milk feeding, especially at night. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of ECC anterior teeth in children. A retrospective study was carried out using digital records of 731 subjects. These data were collected from DIAS and coded in MS Excel sheets. The collected data was analysed by computer software SPSS version 21 using Chi-square test and graphical illustration was done. From the above study, it was found that ECC was more prevalent in 2-4 years and predominantly in male children (54.61%). Therefore, from this study, it can be concluded that ECC is highly prevalent in the maxillary anterior teeth in children.
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Daly, Jeanette M., Steven M. Levy, Yinghui Xu, Richard D. Jackson, George J. Eckert, Barcey T. Levy, and Margherita Fontana. "Factors Associated With Parents’ Perceptions of Their Infants’ Oral Health Care." Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 7, no. 3 (February 9, 2016): 180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2150131916630524.
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Introduction: Parents have an important role ensuring their infants receive oral and medical health care. Their decisions affect the well-being of their children. Methods: This study used data collected from a longitudinal, prospective study with the aim of developing and validating a caries risk assessment tool. The objectives of this study are to ( a) compare parents’ perceptions of how well they do in taking care of the infants’ teeth and/or gums versus how well they do in taking care of the infants’ medical health and ( b) determine factors associated with parental perceptions of how well they do in taking care of the infants’ teeth and/or gums. Results: A total of 1323 parent/infant pairs were enrolled in the study at Duke University, Indiana University, and the University of Iowa. Through a survey, 283 (21%) of the parents perceived they did an excellent job of both taking care of both the infant’s oral and medical health, while 861 (65%) perceived the care of their infant’s medical health was better than their care of the teeth and/or gums. In the multivariable model, parents who perceived they provided excellent/very good/good care for the infants’ teeth and/or gums were more likely to brush the infant’s teeth daily, use toothpaste daily, clean inside the infant’s mouth and/or gums daily, and not let the infant have something other than water after brushing and prior to bedtime. Also, those with infants having Medicaid or State Insurance, parents not eating sugary snacks frequently, and parents getting dental checkups at least annually were likely to perceive that they provided excellent/very good/good care for their infant’s teeth and/or gums. Conclusions: Parents who provide good infant oral health care are more likely to perceive they provide good care and more likely to have better personal dental health behaviors. This agrees with previous studies concerning older children.
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Punhagui, Marília Franco, Jaqueline Costa Favaro, Beatriz Brandão Sacarpelli, Ricardo Danil Guiraldo, Murilo Baena Lopes, and Sandrine Bittencourt Berger. "Treatment of Dental Caries with Diamine Silver Fluoride: Literature Review." Journal of Health Sciences 20, no. 3 (October 31, 2018): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/2447-8938.2018v20n3p152-157.
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AbstractBrazilian health care programs recommend the use of cariostatic solutions of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) or sodium fluoride varnishes for children 0 to 3 years old with high or moderate caries activity for the control of caries lesions. SDF is a safe, economical, efficient and non-invasive coadjuvant agent, exerting an antibacterial action capable of reducing superficial mineral loss of the enamel and can be used in the treatment of deciduous and permanent teeth. The objective of this literature review was to gather current information on describing the mechanism of SDF action’ and its clinical application in young children in caries prevention and paralysis. The PubMed / Medline and Cochrane Library databases were accessed by identifying the relevant studies published in English from 1960 to May 2017. The search strategy employed the keywords: “Silver diamine fluoride” and “Children “or “Infant” and “Caries prevention”. Data extraction was performed in: 19 in vitro studies; 10 review articles and 8 in vivo studies. It was possible to conclude that SDF is almost twice as effective compared to fluoride varnish in caries paralysis. However, the contact time of the solution and the optimal frequency of application of the SDF are still undefined, inducing new projects and clinical studies in the search for an adequate clinical protocol of this cariostatic.Keywords: Preventive Dentistry. Children. Dental Caries.Resumo Os programas de assistência à saúde brasileiros recomendam para o controle das lesões de cárie a utilização de soluções cariostáticas de diamino fluoreto de prata - DFP ou vernizes de fluoreto de sódio para crianças de 0 a 3 anos com atividade de cárie alta ou moderada. O DFP é agente coadjuvante seguro, econômico, eficiente e não invasivo, exercendo ação antibacteriana capaz de reduzir a perda mineral superficial do esmalte e, pode ser utilizado no tratamento de dentes decíduos e permanentes. O objetivo desta revisão de literatura foi reunir informações atuais sobre descrever o mecanismo de ação do DFP e sua aplicação clínica em crianças de pouca idade na prevenção e paralisação da cárie. As bases de dados PubMed/Medline e Cochane Library foram acessadas identificando os estudos relevantes publicados em inglês, no período de 1960 a maio de 2017. A estratégia de busca empregou as palavras-chave: “Silver diamine fluoride” and “Children” or “Infant” and “Caries prevention”. A extração dos dados foi realizada em: 19 estudos in vitro; 10 artigos de revisão e 8 estudos in vivo. Foi possível concluir que o DFP apresenta-se quase duas vezes tão eficaz comparado ao verniz fluoretado na paralização de cárie. Porém, o tempo de contato da solução e a frequência ótima de aplicação do DFP ainda estão indefinidos, suscitando novos projetos e estudos clínicos na busca de adequado protocolo clínico deste cariostático.Palavra-chave: Odontologia Preventiva. Criança. Carie Dentária.
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Alvarez, J. O., J. Caceda, T. W. Woolley, K. W. Carley, N. Baiocchi, L. Caravedo, and J. M. Navia. "A Longitudinal Study of Dental Caries in the Primary Teeth of Children who Suffered from Infant Malnutrition." Journal of Dental Research 72, no. 12 (December 1993): 1573–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345930720120701.
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A prospective, four-year longitudinal study of 209 Peruvian children was conducted to evaluate the effect of a single malnutrition episode occurring at infancy (i.e., < 1 year of age) on dental caries in the primary teeth. Children were recruited into the study at age 6-11 months after they had suffered from a malnutrition episode and were thus classified by anthropometry as either: (1) Normal ; (2) Wasted (low weight for height); (3) Stunted (low height for age); or (4) Stunted and Wasted (S and W). Eruption of the primary teeth was significantly delayed in all malnourished children; however, the effect of stunting-that is, retarded linear growth-was more pronounced and lasted longer than that of wasting or acute malnutrition (i.e., 2.5 us. 1.5 years, respectively). By age 4 years, children from group 4 (S and W) showed a significantly higher caries experience in the primary teeth than did those in any of the other three groups. In summary, this longitudinal study has confirmed previous studies in animals and indirect epidemiological evidence which had suggested a cause-effect relationship between early malnutrition and increased dental caries.
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Lira, Ana de Lourdes Sá de, Joyce de Moura Crisóstomo, and Sylvana Thereza de Castro Pires Rebelo. "Evaluation of the Maternal Perception of the Oral Health of the Inpatient Infant." Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences 15, no. 3 (August 11, 2017): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/bjos.v15i3.8649982.
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Aim: To evaluate the mother’s perception of the oral health of their inpatient infants in maternity or infirmary units of a public hospital. Methods: Questionnaire applications were scheduled and educational lectures were carried out on how to sanitize the infant's mouth after breastfeeding, even in the absence of primary teeth, emphasizing the importance of breastfeeding. Results: A significant number of mothers reported that they received no guidance regarding the oral health care of their infants. They had never attended lectures by dental practitioners, as well as they did not know that the use of pacifier, baby bottle and digital sucking habit could interfere with their infant’s oral heath over time. Conclusions: The majority declared that they had no care with the oral health of their infants. Only five mothers of newborns reported that they performed the oral hygiene of them once a day after the first breastfeeding. The mothers showed lack of knowledge on the diseases which can affect their children during early infancy as they had no information on how to prevent them. They did not know that early caries lesions could affect the infant and that harmful oral habits can predispose to the development of malocclusions.
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Teixeira, Ana Karine Macedo, Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, and Luiz Roberto Augusto Noro. "Factors related to the dental caries incidence in youth: a cohort study in Brazilian Northeastern." Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 21, no. 12 (December 2016): 3871–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320152112.12582015.
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Abstract The conceptual model of the life course considers that health-disease is a dynamic process that is also affected by previous and current lifelong experiences. The aim of the study was to investigate the incidence of caries and its determinants in young people in Sobral-Ceará, Brazil. This was a cohort study of oral health started in 2000, with waves in 2006 and 2012. 482 young people aged 17-21 years were examined and interviewed. The incidence of caries between 2006 and 2012 was the outcome analyzed and the independent variables were socioeconomic conditions and use of oral health actions and services. The average incidence of caries was 2.95 teeth from the adolescence to the youth. It was found that social deprivation throughout life and deny access to the dentist during infancy implies a greater incidence of caries in youth, therefore, the use of services and oral health actions during the adolescence and youth have not been sufficient to reduce inequities in oral health.
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Kalhan, T. A., C. Un Lam, B. Karunakaran, P. L. Chay, C. K. Chng, R. Nair, Y. S. Lee, et al. "Caries Risk Prediction Models in a Medical Health Care Setting." Journal of Dental Research 99, no. 7 (April 20, 2020): 787–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034520913476.
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Despite development of new technologies for caries control, tooth decay in primary teeth remains a major global health problem. Caries risk assessment (CRA) models for toddlers and preschoolers are rare. Among them, almost all models use dental factors (e.g., past caries experience) to predict future caries risk, with limited clinical/community applicability owing to relatively uncommon dental visits compared to frequent medical visits during the first year of life. The objective of this study was to construct and evaluate risk prediction models using information easily accessible to medical practitioners to forecast caries at 2 and 3 y of age. Data were obtained from the Growing Up in Singapore Towards Healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) mother-offspring cohort. Caries was diagnosed using modified International Caries Detection and Assessment System criteria. Risk prediction models were constructed using multivariable logistic regression coupled with receiver operating characteristic analyses. Imputation was performed using multiple imputation by chained equations to assess effect of missing data. Caries rates at ages 2 y ( n = 535) and 3 y ( n = 721) were 17.8% and 42.9%, respectively. Risk prediction models predicting overall caries risk at 2 and 3 y demonstrated area under the curve (AUC) (95% confidence interval) of 0.81 (0.75–0.87) and 0.79 (0.74–0.84), respectively, while those predicting moderate to extensive lesions showed 0.91 (0.85–0.97) and 0.79 (0.73–0.85), respectively. Postimputation results showed reduced AUC of 0.75 (0.74–0.81) and 0.71 (0.67–0.75) at years 2 and 3, respectively, for overall caries risk, while AUC was 0.84 (0.76–0.92) and 0.75 (0.70–0.80), respectively, for moderate to extensive caries. Addition of anterior caries significantly increased AUC in all year 3 models with or without imputation (all P < 0.05). Significant predictors/protectors were identified, including ethnicity, prenatal tobacco smoke exposure, history of allergies before 12 mo, history of chronic maternal illness, maternal brushing frequency, childbearing age, and so on. Integrating oral-general health care using medical CRA models may be promising in screening caries-susceptible infants/toddlers, especially when medical professionals are trained to “lift the lip” to identify anterior caries lesions.
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Ramos-Gomez, Francisco, Jane Weintraub, Stuart Gansky, Charles Hoover, and John Featherstone. "Bacterial, behavioral and environmental factors associated with early childhood caries." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 26, no. 2 (January 1, 2003): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.26.2.t6601j3618675326.
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The goals of this cross-sectional study were to characterize and compare demographic, behavioral, and environmental factors potentially associated with early childhood caries (ECC) and to assess salivary levels of mutans streptococci (MS) and lactobacilli (LB) in underserved, predominantly Hispanic children. One hundred forty-six children aged 3 to 55 months with a range of caries experience were identified and examined. ECC was primarily associated with the presence of MS and lack of access to dental care. Salivary MS levels among young children with ECC were higher than would be expected in a dentally healthy population, but lower than levels reported among older children at high risk for caries.After adjustment for age, children with log10 MS ≥ 3.0 or log10 LB ≥ 1.5 were about five times as likely (OR=4.9, 95%CI=2.0,12.0) to have ECC than those with lower bacterial levels. This study demonstrated a significant association between relatively low cariogenic bacterial levels and dental caries in infants and toddlers. Antibiotic use, exposure to lead, and anemia were not significantly associated with the number of decayed and filled surfaces or decayed and filled teeth. ECC correlated significantly with child's age and lack of dental insurance of the children, as well as inversely with both family income and the educational level of the mother of the child.
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Ngedup, Sonam, Mary Alice Lee, Dorji Phurpa, and Neyzang Wangmo. "Maternal Oral Health: An Examination Survey Conducted in Three Referral Hospitals in Bhutan." Bhutan Health Journal 4, no. 1 (May 13, 2018): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.47811/bhj.53.
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Background: Good oral health is important for women during pregnancy and throughout their lives. Mothers with good oral health are less likely to transmit cariogenic bacteria to their infants and toddlers. Thus, maternal oral health is directly related to family health.
Objective: To determine the prevalence of dental caries, periodontal diseases and modifiable risk factors among pregnant women seeking antenatal care in three referral hospitals in Bhutan.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey of pregnant women was conducted in April-May 2017. We used a non-probability sampling method to recruit pregnant women (n=443). Oral examinations were done according to methods recommended by the WHO. Participants completed a questionnaire for modifiable risk factors.
Results: Overall, caries prevalence was 40% among pregnant women, ranging from 54% in those under 25 to 81% in women 35 and older. The mean decayed, missing and filled permanent teeth (DMFT) was 1.93 (SD=2.66). Nearly 72% of women had calculus on their teeth. Just over 2% had periodontitis. Most women rated their oral health as good to excellent (89%) versus poor (11%). Just 11% reported having had dental care during pregnancy.
Conclusions: There is an urgent need for professional dental care during pregnancy, especially among older and multiparous women. Increasing awareness on the importance of oral health during pregnancy will improve maternal health and the health of their young children.
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Dagli, Pallavi, Jyotsna Singh, Jay Sheth, and Khyati Kakkad. "Incorporation of Dental Health Screening in Paediatric Office Practice." Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society 37, no. 2 (February 24, 2018): 138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v37i2.17028.
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Introduction: Dental health problems in children are often overlooked. Poor oral health negatively affects growth, learning, communication, self-esteem and rarely can also lead to serious fatal infection. Paediatrician can play key role in screening dental health problems. The objectives of this study were to screen children for dental caries in paediatric office and correlate with socio-demographic, dietary and oral hygiene risk factors.Material and Methods: After basic oral health training, paediatrician assessed oral health risk factors with pre-validated questionnaire and carried out dental examination at paediatric OPD.Results: Dental health problems were found in 364(42.8%) out of 850 subjects. Age was significantly associated (p<0.0001) with type of teeth involved. Incisors were most affected in infants and involvement of posterior teeth increased with age. Statistically significant (p<0.05) oral health risk factors were increasing age, lower socio-economic status, malnutrition, lower parents’ education, positive family history, bottle feeding, increased consumption of biscuits, fizzy drinks and chewing gum; delayed start and less time spent on brushing, infrequent change of toothbrush, incorrect brushing technique, inadequate parental knowledge and supervision.Conclusion: Dental screening can easily be incorporated in busy paediatric practice. An identification and record of individual risk factor is useful in selecting counselling strategies and monitoring.
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Lages, Vinícius Aguiar, Maria Paula Rando Meirelles, Marília Jesus Batista, Carolina Matteussi Lino, Andréa Moscardini da Costa, Luis Alberto Moreno Aznar, and Maria da Luz Rosário de Sousa. "Effects of the intervention of the Multicenter Study IDEFICS on the prevalence of caries in Spanish children." Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences 20 (February 8, 2021): e211359. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/bjos.v20i00.8661359.
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Aim: To evaluate the effects of an intervention for the prevention of obesity on the prevalence of dental caries disease in Spanish children. Methods: Two cities participated intervention study nested in a cohort IDEFICS (Identification and prevention of dietary and lifestyle induced health effects in children and infants): Huesca, where there was a 2-year intervention, which encouraged less sugar consumption; and Zaragoza (control). The prevalence of caries was evaluated by examining the 1st permanent molars in the 7-11 age range, using the ICDAS (International Caries Detection and Assessment System). These teeth erupt at 6 years of age and at the baseline (2007-2008) were free of caries because they were not present in the oral cavity. As outcomes, white spots were selected, combining the ICDAS criteria 1 and 2, and untreated caries, combining criteria 4, 5 and 6. Their association with socioeconomic variables, BMI (Body Mass Index), frequency of sugar intake, sex and parents’ perceptions of their children, was investigated. To do so, the chi-square test was applied (p<0.05). Results: The sample consisted of 281 children. The prevalence of white spots and untreated caries was higher in Huesca, despite the intervention. There was no association between the outcomes and the variables studied (p>0.05). Conclusion: The intervention for the prevention of obesity did not exert any association with the prevalence of caries in Spanish children.
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Tada, Akio, Yuichi Ando, and Nobuhiro Hanada. "Caries Risk Factors among Three-year Old Children in Chiba, Japan." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 11, no. 2 (April 1999): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/101053959901100210.
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In order to predict the factors which affect the occurrence of dental caries in children after the age 18-months, we analyzed the relationship between the increment of the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (dmft) in children from 18-months to three-years of age and caries risk factors. Subjects were 392 infants who received both an 18-month-old check-up and a three-year-old check-up in Chiba city. Stepwise multiple logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the results with the increment of the dmft by various combinations of independent variables (sex, order of birth, sweets intake, beverage intake, tooth brushing and feeding). The most predictive factors for the increment of the dmft in upper anterior and molar were “breast feeding” and “bottle feeding” respectively. From these results, we concluded that bottle feeding and breast feeding were the risk factors for the increment of the dmft from the age of 18-months to three years.
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Kuldip, Shah. "Common Dental Problems among Children: A Review." Journal of Clinical Cases & Reports 3, S3 (October 30, 2020): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.46619/joccr.2020.3.s3-1003.
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Throughout the journey from infancy to childhood & from childhood to adolescence, there is an important person who takes care of good oral hygiene, is a pediatric dentist. Pediatric dentistry includes disciplines such as behavior guidance, care of the medically and developmentally compromised and differently able patients. Proper supervision and observation of orofacial growth and development is also part of pediatric dentistry. In addition caries prevention procedures, sedation, pharmacological management and hospital dentistry, as well as other traditional procedures are also part of pediatric dentistry. Good pediatric dental practice starts with proper brushing, patient education, diet counselling, motivation and by spreading positivity. In the beginning pediatric dentistry was mainly concerned with extraction and restorations of deciduous teeth. The trend changed from extraction to preservations. Prevention and concentrating on minimal invasive procedures are the present concept of pediatric dental practice. Any curative treatment provided should be minimally invasive, preferably nonsurgical and should conserve tooth structure as much as possible. In addition, an inadequate and unsatisfactory dental treatment during childhood can permanently damage the entire masticatory apparatus of the child leaving him with many dental problems commonly encountered in today’s adult population. Long lasting beneficial effects also can result when the seeds for future dental health are planted early in life (i.e. Childhood). Oral health needs of children have to be upraised
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Kokoceva Ivanovska, Olga. "Local etiological factors for the appearance of early childhood caries." Archives of Public Health 12, no. 2 (July 16, 2020): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/aph.2020.5218.
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In the early childhood, at the age of 1 to 1.5 year, immediately after teeth eruption, a special form of caries which spreads only over the primary teeth, often appears. The aim of this study was to determine local factors that affect the occurrence of this dental disease in early childhood.Materials and methods: Our examinees were children 1.5-3.5 years old, where during the standard check-ups we diagnosed starting phases of circular caries: initial lesion (white spot) and superficial form. The mothers of children with diagnosed circular caries were provided with a pre-prepared questionnaire containing data on: the length of the breastfeeding period, the infant's feeding with a bottle and the most commonly consumed contents, oral hygiene habits after feeding the infant, and tooth brushing. Results: Only 30% of mothers breastfed (children) by the 6-th month and 40% by the third month and shorter. About 15% of mothers received fluoride prophylaxis during pregnancy and lactation. The largest percentage of respondents (48%) were fed with a baby bottle, over a prolonged period of time, up to three or more years, mostly with industrial juices (48%). They were mostly consumed at night (40%). Oral-hygiene measures after bottle feeding were observedonly in 16%. The daily frequency of tooth brushing in young children is at most once a day (32%). Conclusion: The analysis of the results showed that circular caries is more common in children who have been breastfed for shorter period and who used the bottle in their daily diet. The most commonly consumed are industrial juices, which are considered "cariogenic drinks" because they are potentially dangerous to primary teeth, especially when consumed at night (pH of saliva drops to 0).
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Singleton, R., G. Day, T. Thomas, R. Schroth, J. Klejka, D. Lenaker, and J. Berner. "Association of Maternal Vitamin D Deficiency with Early Childhood Caries." Journal of Dental Research 98, no. 5 (March 14, 2019): 549–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034519834518.
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Alaska Native (AN) children experience one of the highest reported rates of severe early childhood caries (S-ECC). Serum vitamin D concentrations in AN childbearing women in the Yukon Kuskokwim Delta (YKD) region have decreased since the 1960s to currently low levels, related to a decrease in traditional marine diet. Recent studies suggest an association between prenatal vitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations in mothers and S-ECC in their infants. We used independent t tests to analyze the influence of prenatal 25(OH)D levels in YKD AN mothers on S-ECC in their children using data collected in the Maternal Organics Monitoring Study (MOMS). Maternal 25(OH)D levels were assessed at prenatal visits and in cord blood. We queried electronic dental records to assess early childhood caries (ECC) status using highest decayed, missing, filled, primary teeth (dmft) scores at 12 to 59 mo of age. We examined prenatal and cord blood for 76 and 57 mother/infant pairs, respectively. Children 12 to 35 mo of age with “deficient” cord blood (25(OH)D <30 nmol/L) had a mean dmft score twice as high as children who were “nondeficient” at birth (9.3 vs. 4.7; P = 0.002). There was no significant difference in mean dmft scores for children aged 36 to 59 mo with deficient versus nondeficient cord blood 25(OH)D (10.9 vs. 8.7 P = 0.14). There was no significant difference in mean dmft scores for children aged 12 to 35 mo whose mothers had “sufficient” versus “insufficient” 25(OH)D during prenatal visits (9.0 vs. 7.4; P = 0.48). In this small sample, children with deficient vitamin D levels in cord blood had a dmft score at 12 to 35 mo 2-fold higher than children with nondeficient cord blood. Maternal 25(OH)D may influence the primary dentition, and improving vitamin D status in pregnant women might affect ECC rates in their infants.
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Al-Batayneh, Ola B. "Tricho-Dento-Osseous Syndrome: Diagnosis and Dental Management." International Journal of Dentistry 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/514692.
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Tricho-dento-osseous (TDO) syndrome is a rare, autosomal dominant disorder principally characterised by curly hair at infancy, severe enamel hypomineralization and hypoplasia and taurodontism of teeth, sclerotic bone, and other defects. Diagnostic criteria are based on the generalized enamel defects, severe taurodontism especially of the mandibular first permanent molars, an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, and at least one of the other features (i.e., nail defects, bone sclerosis, and curly, kinky or wavy hair present at a young age that may straighten out later). Confusion with amelogenesis imperfecta is common; however, taurodontism is not a constant feature of any of the types of amelogenesis imperfecta. Management of TDO requires a team approach, proper documentation, and a long-term treatment and follow-up plan. The aim of treatment is to prevent problems such as sensitivity, caries, dental abscesses, and loss of occlusal vertical dimension through attrition of hypoplastic tooth structure. Another aim is to restore function of the dentition and enhance the esthetics and self-esteem of the patient. This paper proposes treatment approaches that include preventive, restorative, endodontic, prosthetic, and surgical options to management. In addition, it sheds light on the difficulties faced during dental treatment of such cases.
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Kotlow, Lawrence A. "The Influence of the Maxillary Frenum on the Development and Pattern of Dental Caries on Anterior Teeth in Breastfeeding Infants: Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment." Journal of Human Lactation 26, no. 3 (March 22, 2010): 304–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890334410362520.
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Mopagar, Vidyasagar, Lehya Mounica Kadali, Vikranth Shetty, Shridhar Shetty, Venkatesh Kodgi, and Shantanu Chaudhari. "Infant Oral Health Care Concerning Education of Mothers – Part 1." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, no. 30 (July 26, 2021): 2365–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/485.
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Infant oral health is one of the most overlooked aspects when it comes to the oral well -being of a child because many do not consider it to be of much significance. This is generally due to the misconception that children do not have teeth during this phase which leads to the conclusion that focus could be on other developmental aspects. There is also a deficit in the education of parents and family members. Knowledge of mothers is of extreme importance because they need to be well aware that a child's first dental visit should be between 6 - 12 months of age to maximize the preventive potential of fluorides, health literacy and dietary modifications. Oral health, when integrated into primary medical care, can result in improved outcomes for children. A simple message of fluoride adequacy, dietary control of bottle use and sweet intake, oral hygiene, and regular dental visits cross professional barriers. This literature review aims to give mothers and family members access to information so that we can optimise the oral health of the infant. KEY WORDS Infant Oral Health, Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Mothers, Anticipatory Guidance, Early Childhood caries.
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Tenovuo, J., E. Grahn, O. P. Lehtonen, T. Hyyppa, L. Karhuvaara, and P. Vilja. "Antimicrobial Factors in Saliva: Ontogeny and Relation to Oral Health." Journal of Dental Research 66, no. 2 (February 1987): 475–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345870660021501.
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Antimicrobial agents (antibody and non-antibody) present in human saliva protect oral tissues by a variety of mechanisms, such as prevention of bacterial adhesion, agglutination of micro-organisms, and inhibition of multiplication and metabolism. However, studies in which the concentrations of various salivary antimicrobial agents have been correlated to the presence and severity of oral diseases-of dental caries, in particular-have produced controversial data, and it seems evident, also on the basis of the present study, that no single salivary antimicrobial factor (except flow rate) affects oral health to a significant degree. In the present study, we report the levels of some selected salivary antimicrobial agents in predentate and dentate human infants, with a comparison to the levels found in young adults' saliva. Salivary lysozyme, peroxidase, and hypothiocyanite concentrations were already at the adult level at the time when the primary teeth erupt, whereas immunoglobulin (IgA, IgG, and IgM), lactoferrin, myeloperoxidase, and thiocyanate concentrations were significantly lower in children than in adults. Dentate children had more IgG, thiocyanate, and protein in whole saliva than did predentate children.
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Sidqi, Taufiqurrahman, Eny Inayati, and Ario Imandiri. "Health Education of Mother and Child to Reduce Prevalence of Stunting in Medokan Semampir Surabaya." Darmabakti Cendekia: Journal of Community Service and Engagements 1, no. 2 (December 20, 2019): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/dc.v1.i2.2019.60-64.
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Background: Stunting is a chronic nutritional problem in infants characterized by a length or height that is lacking compared to age. The prevalence of stunting in Medokan Semampir Village was 30.48% while the WHO standard states that free stunting if it is less than 20%. Purpose: This activity aims to provide knowledge and skills to mothers who will and already have a toddler to prevent stunting in RW 02 Medokan Semampir. Methods: This program was implemented in 4 steps those are planning, acting, observing, and evaluating. Results: The results of the health examination for toddlers who participated in the activity showed that there were no cases of stunting, but there were 3 toddlers who were underweight, so it needed to be increasingly inadequate nutrition. Whereas the mother’s examination showed 6 people who had low Hb levels and 2 people had high blood sugar levels. Toddler massage training provides the skills of mothers who had toddlers and toddler cadres in RW 02 to take independent action on their babies. Balanced nutrition counseling, exclusive breastfeeding, and mandatory immunization rose participant awareness in efforts to prevent stunting. Whereas the socialization of dental and oral health provided knowledge on how to clean the teeth of mothers and toddlers correctly and safely to avoid dental caries which can cause stunting in toddlers. Conclusion: This program was very useful for mothers and toddlers because it provides knowledge and skills in efforts to prevent the incidence of stunting toddlers.
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Taylor, Rachael W., Cathryn A. Conlon, Kathryn L. Beck, Pamela R. von Hurst, Lisa A. Te Morenga, Lisa Daniels, Jill J. Haszard, et al. "Nutritional Implications of Baby-Led Weaning and Baby Food Pouches as Novel Methods of Infant Feeding: Protocol for an Observational Study." JMIR Research Protocols 10, no. 4 (April 21, 2021): e29048. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/29048.
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Background The complementary feeding period is a time of unparalleled dietary change for every human, during which the diet changes from one that is 100% milk to one that resembles the usual diet of the wider family in less than a year. Despite this major dietary shift, we know relatively little about food and nutrient intake in infants worldwide and virtually nothing about the impact of baby food “pouches” and “baby-led weaning” (BLW), which are infant feeding approaches that are becoming increasingly popular. Pouches are squeezable containers with a plastic spout that have great appeal for parents, as evidenced by their extraordinary market share worldwide. BLW is an alternative approach to introducing solids that promotes infant self-feeding of whole foods rather than being fed purées, and is popular and widely advocated on social media. The nutritional and health impacts of these novel methods of infant feeding have not yet been determined. Objective The aim of the First Foods New Zealand study is to determine the iron status, growth, food and nutrient intakes, breast milk intake, eating and feeding behaviors, dental health, oral motor skills, and choking risk of New Zealand infants in general and those who are using pouches or BLW compared with those who are not. Methods Dietary intake (two 24-hour recalls supplemented with food photographs), iron status (hemoglobin, plasma ferritin, and soluble transferrin receptor), weight status (BMI), food pouch use and extent of BLW (questionnaire), breast milk intake (deuterium oxide “dose-to-mother” technique), eating and feeding behaviors (questionnaires and video recording of an evening meal), dental health (photographs of upper and lower teeth for counting of caries and developmental defects of enamel), oral motor skills (questionnaires), and choking risk (questionnaire) will be assessed in 625 infants aged 7.0 to 9.9 months. Propensity score matching will be used to address bias caused by differences in demographics between groups so that the results more closely represent a potential causal effect. Results This observational study has full ethical approval from the Health and Disability Ethics Committees New Zealand (19/STH/151) and was funded in May 2019 by the Health Research Council (HRC) of New Zealand (grant 19/172). Data collection commenced in July 2020, and the first results are expected to be submitted for publication in 2022. Conclusions This large study will provide much needed data on the implications for nutritional intake and health with the use of baby food pouches and BLW in infancy. Trial Registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12620000459921; http://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=379436. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/29048
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Caufield, Page W., Ananda P. Dasanayake, Yihong Li, Yaping Pan, Jay Hsu, and J. Michael Hardin. "Natural History of Streptococcus sanguinis in the Oral Cavity of Infants: Evidence for a Discrete Window of Infectivity." Infection and Immunity 68, no. 7 (July 1, 2000): 4018–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.68.7.4018-4023.2000.
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ABSTRACT The heterogeneous group of oral bacteria within the sanguinis (sanguis) streptococci comprise members of the indigenous biota of the human oral cavity. While the association of Streptococcus sanguinis with bacterial endocarditis is well described in the literature, S. sanguinis is thought to play a benign, if not a beneficial, role in the oral cavity. Little is known, however, about the natural history of S. sanguinis and its specific relationship with other oral bacteria. As part of a longitudinal study concerning the transmission and acquisition of oral bacteria within mother-infant pairs, we examined the initial acquisition of S. sanguinis and described its colonization relative to tooth emergence and its proportions in plaque and saliva as a function of other biological events, including subsequent colonization with mutans streptococci. A second cohort of infants was recruited to define the taxonomic affiliation of S. sanguinis. We found that the colonization of the S. sanguinis occurs during a discrete “window of infectivity” at a median age of 9 months in the infants. Its colonization is tooth dependent and correlated to the time of tooth emergence; its proportions in saliva increase as new teeth emerge. In addition, early colonization of S. sanguinis and its elevated levels in the oral cavity were correlated to a significant delay in the colonization of mutans streptococci. Underpinning this apparent antagonism between S. sanguinis and mutans streptococci is the observation that after mutans streptococci colonize the infant, the levels of S. sanguinis decrease. Children who do not harbor detectable levels of mutans streptococci have significantly higher levels of S. sanguinis in their saliva than do children colonized with mutans streptococci. Collectively, these findings suggest that the colonization of S. sanguinis may influence the subsequent colonization of mutans streptococci, and this in turn may suggest several ecological approaches toward controlling dental caries.
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Oliveira, Iorrana Morais de, Lorrayne Oliveira de Paula, Jordana Resende Martins, and Carla Oliveira Favretto. "Avaliação da percepção dos responsáveis por crianças na primeira infância sobre a importância da prática de higienização bucal." ARCHIVES OF HEALTH INVESTIGATION 9, no. 6 (April 20, 2020): 596–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.21270/archi.v9i6.4874.
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Introdução: A atenção odontológica é de suma importância para conscientização dos pais sobre a saúde bucal do seu filho desde os primeiros meses de vida, ressaltando informações sobre a higienização bucal, dieta alimentar e hábitos parafuncionais. Objetivos: avaliar o conhecimento de pais e/ou responsáveis de crianças na primeira infância quanto a conduta diária de higienização de seus filhos. Metodologia: foi aplicado um questionário com perguntas objetivas sobre o conhecimento dos hábitos de higiene bucal em relação ao seu filho em cinco creches que atendem crianças de 0-4 anos. Os dados foram tabulados no programa Microsoft Excel ®2016 e os resultados obtidos por uma análise descritiva e quantitativa. Resultados: Dos pais e/ou responsáveis entrevistados, todos relataram saber da importância da dentição decídua e 97% sabiam o que era doença cárie dentária. Quanto a escovação, 98% das crianças fazem diariamente, no entanto apenas 55% dessas crianças os pais auxiliam nessa escovação e somente 34% realizam três vezes ao dia. Todos os entrevistados afirmaram ter ciência da importância da dentição decídua e 50% responderam que a criança deve ir ao dentista pela primeira vez no momento que irrompe o primeiro dente na cavidade bucal. Conclusão: Dessa forma, conclui-se que, o conhecimento dos pais e/ou responsáveis sobre a importância da higienização bucal é fundamental, pois práticas simples de prevenção possibilitam o desenvolvimento da dentição decídua saudável, no entanto essas informações precisam ser passadas aos responsáveis.
Descritores: Saúde Bucal; Assistência Odontológica; Higiene Bucal.
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Brasil, Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde, Departamento de Atenção Básica, Coordenação Nacional de Saúde Bucal. Diretrizes da Política Nacional de Saúde Bucal. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2004.
Âlcantara TL, Batista MJ, Gibilini C, Ferreira NP, Sousa MLRRPG. Fatores associados à saúde bucal de pré-escolares inseridos em programa educativo preventivo no município de Piracicaba/SP. RPG Rev Pós Grad. 2011;18:102-9.
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BADAR, SAMINA, SALEEM CHANNAR, NOUMAN BHUTTA, and Saima Arshad. "DENTAL CARIES;." Professional Medical Journal 19, no. 01 (January 3, 2012): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2012.19.01.1946.
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Objective: To find out the prevalence and determinants of dental carries among patients attending dental OPD. Design:Descriptive Cross sectional study. Place & Duration: Dental out Patient Department, Bahawal Victoria Hospital and period was August tillNovember, 2010. Methodology: Data was collected with the help of predesigned Questionnaire. A Convenient sample of 05 eligiblerespondents was examined on daily basis till completion of sample size. Caries was assessed by using DMFT scale. Analysis of data wascarried out with the help of computer SPSS version 11. Chi square test was used to see the association between different variables,(brushing atnight, daily brushing, sugar rich food). The level of significance was taken as p<.05. Results: Among study population (52%) were male and(53%) were urban dwellers.. Dental caries was present in 97% of the patients & DMFT Score increased with increase in age. Commonlyassociated habits (with carries) included lack of daily brushing of teeth (P<.01), lack of brushing at night (p<.001), and daily intake of sweets(p<.005). Conclusions: Frequency of dental caries was high with advancing age. There was significant relationship with oral Hygiene, Sugarrich food and dental caries.
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BADAR, Samina, SALEEM CHANNAR, NOUMAN BHUTTA, and Saima Arshad. "DENTAL CARIES;." Professional Medical Journal 19, no. 03 (May 10, 2012): 286–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2012.19.03.2113.
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Objective: To find out the prevalence and determinants of dental caries among patients attending dental OPD. Design:Descriptive Cross sectional study. Place & Duration: Dental out Patient Department, Bahawal Victoria Hospital and period was August tillNovember, 2010. Methodology: Data was collected with the help of predesigned Questionnaire. A Convenient sample of 05 eligiblerespondents was examined on daily basis till completion of sample size. Caries was assessed by using DMFT scale. Analysis of data wascarried out with the help of computer SPSS version 11. Chi square test was used to see the association between different variables,(brushing atnight, daily brushing, sugary food intake) define the variables. The level of significance was taken as p<.05. Results: Among study population(52%) were male and (53%) were urban dwellers. Dental caries was present in 97% of the patients & DMFT Score increased with increase inage. Commonly associated habits (with carries) included lack of daily brushing of teeth (P<.01), lack of brushing at night (p<.001), and dailyintake of sweets (p<.005). Conclusions: Frequency of dental caries was high with advancing age. Significant relationship of Dental Caries wasfound with oral hygiene and surgery foods.
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Curzon, Martin. "Dental caries in infants." European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry 11, no. 6 (December 2010): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03262760.
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Hale, Fraser A. "Dental Caries in the Dog." Journal of Veterinary Dentistry 15, no. 2 (June 1998): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089875649801500203.
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The dental records of 435 dogs seen in a dental referral practice were reviewed. Twenty-three dogs (5.3%) had one or more caries lesions. Of the 47 caries lesions, 19 (40%) were pit and fissure caries, 17 (36%) were smooth surface caries, and 11 (23%) were root caries. Twelve dogs had symmetrical lesions. The teeth most commonly involved were the fourth premolar and first and second molar teeth. Twenty affected teeth were extracted and 17 were treated by cavity preparation and restoration with composite or glass ionomer materials. Ten restorations in four dogs were examined one year or more following treatment; all of the restorations were intact and there was no progression of the caries.
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Dhamo, Brunilda, Besiana Elezi, Lea Kragt, Eppo B. Wolvius, and Edwin M. Ongkosuwito. "Does dental caries affect dental development in children and adolescents?" Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 18, no. 2 (May 20, 2018): 198–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.17305/bjbms.2018.2841.
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Although a link between dietary changes, caries, and dental development has been observed, the literature provides little insight about this relationship. The aim of our study was to investigate the association between dental caries and dental development in a clinical sample of Albanian children and adolescents. In total, 118 children and adolescents, born between 1995 and 2004 and aged 6–15 years, were included. Dental caries in the deciduous dentition was assessed using the Decayed, Filled Teeth (dft) index and dental caries in the permanent dentition was assessed using the Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth (DMFT) index. Dental development during the permanent dentition was determined using the Demirjian method. Linear and ordinal regression models were applied to analyze the associations of dental caries with dental age and developmental stages of each left mandibular tooth. Dental caries in the deciduous dentition, estimated as a median dft of 2.0 (90% range, 0.0–9.1), was significantly associated with lower dental age (β = -0.21; 90% CI: -0.29, -0.12) and with delayed development of the canine, both premolars, and the second molar. Untreated dental caries (dt) was associated with lower dental age (β = -0.19; 90% CI: -0.28, -0.10). Dental caries in the permanent dentition, estimated as a median DMFT of 1.0 (90% range, 0.0–8.0), was not significantly associated with dental age (β = 0.05; 90% CI: -0.04, 0.14). However, the DMFT was associated with the advanced stages of development of both premolars and the second molar. The untreated dental caries in the deciduous dentition delays the development of permanent teeth.
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Nomura, Yoshiaki, Ryoko Otsuka, Wit Yee Wint, Ayako Okada, Ryo Hasegawa, and Nobuhiro Hanada. "Tooth-Level Analysis of Dental Caries in Primary Dentition in Myanmar Children." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 20 (October 19, 2020): 7613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207613.
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In developing countries, the prevalence of dental caries in children remains high, which means that implementing a simple and convenient classification is critical. The classification needs to be evidence-based and needs to reflect tooth-level information. In this study, the prevalence of dental caries in the primary dentition of 352 Myanmar school children at the ages of 5, 6, and 7 was analyzed at the tooth level to clarify the underlying data structure of the patterns of dental caries in the population. Ninety-three percent of subjects had caries in primary dentition and the mean number of decayed teeth in primary dentition was 7.54 ± 4.82. Based on the item response theory analysis, mixed-effect modeling, and Bayesian network analysis, we proposed the following classification: Group 1: No dental caries; Group 2: Dental caries in molar teeth or dental caries in maxillary anterior teeth; Group 3: Dental caries in both molar and maxillary anterior teeth; Group 4: Dental carries in mandibular anterior teeth. Dental caries (dmft) in the groups was different between groups. The results of characteristics of tooth-level information and classification presented in this study may be a useful instrument for the analysis of the data of dental caries prevalence in primary dentition.
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Lenander-Lumikari, M., and V. Loimaranta. "Saliva and Dental Caries." Advances in Dental Research 14, no. 1 (December 2000): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08959374000140010601.
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Caries is a unique multifactorial infectious disease. Our understanding of etiological factors, the progress of the disease, and the effectiveness of prophylactic procedures have led us to believe that we understand the disease. However, we still have too few answers to many questions: "Why can we not predict who will get the disease?" "Why do we not become immunized?" "How much saliva is enough?" or "Which salivary components are protective?" and "Which salivary components predispose for caries?" It is generally accepted, however, that saliva secretion and salivary components secreted in saliva are important for dental health. The final result, "caries to be or not to be", is a complex phenomenon involving internal defense factors, such as saliva, tooth surface morphology, general health, and nutritional and hormonal status, and a number of external factors-for example, diet, the microbial flora colonizing the teeth, oral hygiene, and fluoride availability. In this article, our aim is to focus on the effects of saliva and salivary constituents on cariogenic bacteria and the subsequent development of dental caries.
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Sheiham, Aubrey. "Sucrose and Dental Caries." Nutrition and Health 5, no. 1-2 (April 1987): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026010608700500205.
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Sucrose is unequivocally implicated in the cause of dental caries. Biochemical, microbiological, animal and human clinical and epidemiological evidence support a causal relationship. The risk of caries is related both to the amount and the frequency of intake of sucrose. The evidence that sucrose is important is that a) extracellular synthesis of polysaccharides by plaque bacteria is dependent on high concentration of sucrose. Without synthesis of polymers S. mutans cannot colonize the mouth in large numbers, b) studies on animals show a relationship between sucrose content of a food and its cariogenicity, c) there is a direct relationship between the quantity of sucrose consumed and caries in humans, d) the relationship between dietary sucrose and caries in humans approximates an S-shaped curve that rises more steeply when the sucrose-containing products are consumed frequently and when newly erupted teeth are present in young children and adolescents. Following the sharp rise, the curve flattens out. Sucrose is much more cariogenic than starch in humans. Reduction in sucrose consumption levels by half will benefit dental health and is unlikely to have any detrimental effects on health.
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Sikder, Muhammad Alam, Tasneem Faruqui, KM Abdullah Al Harun, Sajjad Mahmud, and Radia Faruqui. "Prevalence of Dental Caries in Children." Update Dental College Journal 11, no. 1 (April 15, 2021): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/updcj.v11i1.53000.
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This cross sectional study on oral condition among school going children in Sylhet city was conducted at Osmani Medical High School, Dorgah Gate, Sylhet, Bangladesh. This study was carried out on 8th October, 2019 among 208 students, mostly 12 years aged studying in Class VI. The main objective of the study was to assess the oral health condition of school going children through decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) status. Data was collected by personal interview and clinical examination of the respondents. Among 208 children, 96 (46.2%) were boys and 112 (53.8%) were girls. Among all, 63 (30.3%) respondents brush their teeth once daily while 137 (65.9 %) respondents brush twice a day, and 8 (3.8 %) of them brush their teeth more than twice daily. Fluoride containing toothpaste is used by 73 (35.1 %) students, 112 (53.8 %) students did not know whether their toothpaste contain fluoride or not, and 23 (11.1 %) students do not use fluoride. Among all respondents, 125(60.09 %) did not have any decayed tooth, while 83(39.90 %) had tooth decay, and 20(9.6 %) had their teeth filled. Normal gingival condition was found in 185 (88.94 %) subjects, but 23(11.06 %) of them had red or swollen gingiva. The mean DMFT of the study population was 1.19 which is considered as “low” according to “WHO quantification for the DMFT index”.
Update Dent. Coll. j: 2021; 11 (1): 4-6
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Bhagat, T. K., and A. Shrestha. "Dental caries experience among school children of Eastern Nepal - significant caries index." Health Renaissance 12, no. 2 (December 14, 2015): 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hren.v12i2.14103.
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Background: Dental caries, an infectious microbiologic disease of dental hard tissues, is a common public health problem worldwide. The distribution of dental caries studied in any population, shows that a few in the population experience a lot of decayed teeth and most do not experience any at all or experience very little.Objective: To assess the extent and severity of dental caries among 5-12 years old children of eastern Nepal using DMFT(Decayed, Missing and Filled teeth) and SiC (Significant Caries) index.Methods: Six hundred and sixteen 5-12 years old school children were examined for decayed, missing and filled teeth using WHO criteria. DMFT, dft (decayed filled teeth) and SiC Indices were calculated. Results: The mean dft and SiC* were 1.84 and 4.60 respectively, whereas mean DMFT and SiC were 0.33 and 0.92 respectively.Conclusion: SiC gives a better picture of the at risk population, hence it should be widely used along with dft/DMFT.Health Renaissance 2014;12(2): pp 74-77
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Shiryak, T. Yu, R. A. Saleev, R. Z. Urazova, and O. Yu Anisimova. "The need for treatment of complicated caries of deciduous teeth in children." Kazan medical journal 93, no. 4 (August 15, 2012): 634–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj1559.
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Aim. To determine the role of complications of caries of deciduous teeth in the structure of pathology of hard dental tissues. Methods. Conducted was a dental examination and treatment of 1016 children aged 1 to 9 years who were treated at the children’s dental clinic. Results. The overall prevalence of caries was 78.64%, the need for treatment was - 73.82%. Complications of dental caries were found in 60.83% of cases. 55.21% of children had temporary tooth pulpitis, 41.24% - had a diagnosis of «periodontitis». Premature removal of deciduous teeth was performed in 12.11% of cases. At an early age (1-3 years) 47.35% of the children were registered as having affected deciduous teeth, almost half of them had teeth with complicated dental caries (20.0%). In children of preschool age (4-6 years) the prevalence of caries disease was 92.17%, and complications of caries were diagnosed in 78.80% of cases. In the group of primary school children (7-9 years) the proportion of children with affected temporary teeth was 98.34%. 86.77% of children had deciduous teeth with complications of caries. Every child who comes to children’s dentist at an early age, already has an average of 2.33 affected teeth, in the preschool age - 4.8 teeth, in the primary school years - 5.02 affected deciduous teeth. In evaluating the intensity of dental caries it was established that each child had on average 1.96 teeth with uncomplicated caries and 2.08 teeth with caries complications. Treatment or retreatment was necessary in 70.69% of cases of affected teeth, of them uncomplicated caries accounted for 35.96%. Conclusion. Revealed was a high prevalence and need for treatment of complicated caries of deciduous teeth starting from an early age.
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Rana, A. I., S. Rana, A. U. Hassan, F. Ahmad, A. Anwaar, M. Riaz, and A. Tariq. "Prevalence of dental caries among 3 to 11 years old children in Lahore." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 6 (June 30, 2021): 1218–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211561218.
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Aim: To determine frequency of dental caries in mal-occluded teeth among children 3-11 years of age and compare dental caries in children with mal-occluded teeth Methodology: This cross sectional analytical study using purposive sampling technique was carried out at Dental hospital of Institute of dentistry, CMH Lahore Medical College, Lahore for 09 months After permission from institute of dentistry, CMH Lahore medical college and informed consent form participants or their parents/ guardian, they were included as male and female children aged 3-11 years that attended dental hospital of Institute of dentistry, CMH Lahore Medical College for dental treatment and had mal-occluded teeth. Children with mental, physical disabilities and whose parents/ guardian refused to take part were excluded. Dental caries in mal-occluded teeth of children was examined to report the frequency of dental caries. SPSS version 23 was used for analysis data. Results: Among the total of 330 patients included in the study, dental caries was observed in 260 (78.8%) of patients. Conclusion(s): Significant associations of dental caries were observed in terms of gender and age, monthly income, interventional urgency, and occupation and education status. Higher frequency of dental caries was observed in the upper middle and lower middle class groups. Keywords: Dental caries, Mal-occlusion, Pre-school children, Dental treatment
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Rana, Adeel Ijaz, Saleem Rana, Arooj Ul Hassan, Fareed Ahmad, Ali Anwaar, Marryam Riaz, and Amina Tariq. "Prevalence of dental caries among 3 to 11 years old children in Lahore." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 7 (July 26, 2021): 1575–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211571575.
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Aim: To determine frequency of dental caries in mal-occluded teeth among children 3-11 years of age and compare dental caries in children with mal-occluded teeth Methodology: This cross sectional analytical study using purposive sampling technique was carried out at Dental hospital of Institute of dentistry, CMH Lahore Medical College, Lahore for 09 months After permission from institute of dentistry, CMH Lahore medical college and informed consent form participants or their parents/ guardian, they were included as male and female children aged 3-11 years that attended dental hospital of Institute of dentistry, CMH Lahore Medical College for dental treatment and had mal-occluded teeth. Children with mental, physical disabilities and whose parents/ guardian refused to take part were excluded. Dental caries in mal-occluded teeth of children was examined to report the frequency of dental caries. SPSS version 23 was used for analysis data. Results: Among the total of 330 patients included in the study, dental caries was observed in 260 (78.8%) of patients. Conclusion(s): Significant associations of dental caries were observed in terms of gender and age, monthly income, interventional urgency, and occupation and education status. Higher frequency of dental caries was observed in the upper middle and lower middle class groups. Keywords: Dental caries, Mal-occlusion, Pre-school children, Dental treatment
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Sakki, Tero K., Matti L. E. Knuuttila, Sirpa S. Vimpari, and Sirkka-Liisa Kivelä. "Lifestyle, dental caries and number of teeth." Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 22, no. 5PT1 (October 1994): 298–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.1994.tb02055.x.
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