Journal articles: 'Dental Fluorosis'

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Lee, Jason D., Natalie Inoue, Christine Lee, Sohyun Park, and Sang J. Lee. "Comprehensive Management of Severe Dental Fluorosis with Adhesively Bonded All-Ceramic Restorations." Prosthesis 3, no. 3 (July 26, 2021): 194–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis3030020.

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Dental fluorosis is a common disorder caused by excessive fluoride intake during tooth development. The esthetic consequences of dental fluorosis can negatively affect oral health-related quality of life and have lasting psychosocial effects. In severe cases, where the fluorosed enamel is prone to chipping, flaking, and developing caries, minimally invasive procedures are ineffectual and a more substantial restorative approach is required to restore optimal function and esthetics. However, no definitive guidelines exist for the management and treatment of severe dental fluorosis due to the limited evidence available in the literature. This case report describes the full-mouth rehabilitation of a patient with severe dental fluorosis utilizing adhesively bonded all-ceramic crowns, veneers, and overlays. The successful follow-up on this case indicates that adhesively bonded restorations may provide a viable option in the functional and esthetic management of severely fluorosed dentition.

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Ashraf, Sobia, Muhammad Usman Khalid, and Hamza Jamil. "DENTAL FLUOROSIS." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 02 (February 3, 2018): 242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/18.4434.

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Nayak, Bishwajit, Madan Mohan Roy, and Dipankar Chakraborti. "Dental fluorosis." Clinical Toxicology 47, no. 4 (April 2009): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15563650802660356.

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Stephen, K. W., and N. B. Pitts. "Dental fluorosis." British Dental Journal 178, no. 9 (May 1995): 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4808754.

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Ashraf, Sobia, Muhammad Usman Khalid, and Hamza Jamil. "DENTAL FLUOROSIS." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 02 (February 10, 2018): 242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2018.25.02.450.

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Objectives: To assess the incidence of dental fluorosis in schoolchildren aged12 to 15 years resident of Gojra, Pakistan. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Setting: 10Different Public Schools of the City Gojra. Period: May to July 2017. Method: 526 volunteerswere examined in ten public schools of Gojra. The examination was performed in the schoolplayground by three dentists after tooth brushing under observation by a hygienist. Beforeexamination cotton pellets were applied on the teeth surfaces to remove the moisture and makethem perfectly dried and were examined in day light, with the use of an explorer, a mouth mirrorand tongue depressor. Dental fluorosis score was formulated using Dean’s index. Result: Dentalfluorosis was documented in nearly 18.44% of the examined schoolchildren. Maximum childrenwere presented with questionable condition (7.60%) and then followed by very mild (5.13%).The severity rate was 0.76%. Conclusion: Incidence of dental fluorosis was in accordance withother studies results done in the past. Fluoride is a crucial mineral and helps in controlling thecaries but it’s use must be in the normal range according to the demand of that area.

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Patidar, Deepika, Suma Sogi, Dinesh Chand Patidar, Atul Sharma, Mansi Jain, and Priyanka Prasad. "Enlightening Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis of Dental Fluorosis—A Hidden Entity in a Crowd." Dental Journal of Advance Studies 9, no. 01 (March 18, 2021): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1725218.

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Abstract Aim To provide diagnosis as well as differential diagnosis of dental fluorosis. Background Dental fluorosis is a developmental defect of enamel, due to consecutive exposures of tooth during the formative stage of development to the higher concentration of fluoride, resulting in enamel with lesser mineral content and enhanced porosity. Several epidemiological indices have been utilized for diagnosis and assessment of dental fluorosis on the basis of clinical appearance. Fluorosis of the deciduous teeth occurs less commonly and is milder than that of permanent teeth. Highlights The diagnostic difficulties are usually associated between fluorotic and nonfluoride opacities. A complete history of the clinical condition, teeth affected with specific areas, pattern of lesion, color and its method of detection are the few important diagnostic criteria for differentiating dental fluorosis from nonfluoride discolorations of the teeth. Conclusion This review article has enlightened the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of dental fluorosis among various nonfluoride tooth discolorations. A correct diagnosis results in an appropriate and early management of dental fluorosis and plays an important role in oral epidemiology and public health.

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Kingman, A. "Current Techniques for Measuring Dental Fluorosis: Issues in Data Analysis." Advances in Dental Research 8, no. 1 (June 1994): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08959374940080011101.

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The currently popular scoring systems used to diagnosis fluorosis use different measurement units, evaluate variable numbers of sites per person, and involve non-comparable groupings of clinical symptoms. Although none of these factors is related to the level of fluoride exposure in the examined population, their combined effect produces fluorosis prevalence values for a population which vary considerably among and within these scoring systems. Intrinsic factors for a scoring system include the inclusion of a questionable category, the minimal level of fluorotic involvement, and the number of affected sites within a subject required for case definition. Thus, a case definition of fluorosis for each scoring system, although not mandatory, would certainly be desirable so that dental epidemiologists and clinical investigators can interpret fluorosis scores relative to risk assessment. On the other hand, ratios of fluorosis prevalence magnitudes, as evidenced by odds ratios, can be more stable between scoring systems when groups with different fluoride exposure levels are compared. There is a strong correlation between extent and specific measures of fluorosis severity for Dean's Index (DI) and the Tooth Surface Index of Fluorosis (TSIF) scoring system, as well as within each scoring system separately. Parallel patterns in fluorosis severity were found among groups with different fluoride exposures for the DI and TSIF scoring systems. The effects of fluoride exposure on severity levels of fluorosis may be better understood by using relative measures rather than by using differences in severity levels.

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R, Suma, KK Shashibhushan, ND Shashikiran, and VV Subba Reddy. "Progression of Artificial Caries in Fluorotic and Nonfluorotic Enamel. An in vitro Study." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 33, no. 2 (December 1, 2008): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.33.2.y5837p7227x62813.

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Background and objectives: Fluorosis is an important clinical and public health problem in several parts of the world. Although the relationship of fluoride level in drinking water to dental caries and dental fluorosis is known, relationship of fluorosis with the caries is not clear. This study was conducted to evaluate and compare the thickness of enamel and depth of lesion after inducing artificial caries in fluorotic and nonfluorotic teeth. Methods: Study group included 15 fluorosis affected and 15 normal teeth. Artificial caries was induced and teeth were sectioned to 150 microns and observed under polarized light microscope to measure the enamel thickness and depth of lesion in microns. Results: Statistical analyses of the measurements were made using student's unpaired t-test. Thickness of the enamel of nonfluorotic teeth was found to be significantly more when compared with the fluorotic teeth(p-value 0.0404) and depth of lesion was significantly more in fluorotic teeth when compared with the nonfluorotic teeth(p-value 0.0218). Conclusion:Although fluoride is acknowledged as an essential factor in the prevention of dental caries there has to be careful balance in the amount consumed to ensure that fluorosis does not occur.

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Richards, A., O. Fejerskov, and V. Baelum. "Enamel Fluoride in Relation To Severity of Human Dental Fluorosis." Advances in Dental Research 3, no. 2 (September 1989): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08959374890030021301.

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The aim of this study was to test whether the concentrations of fluoride in fluorotic human enamel are related to the degree of severity of dental fluorosis classified according to the index described by Thylstrup and Fejerskov. Teeth representing the entire spectrum of human dental fluorosis were analyzed. Fluoride concentrations were determined by serial acid-etching from surface to interior of blocks of enamel cut from each tooth. Fluoride was measured by ion electrode and calcium by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results showed that the pattern of distribution of fluoride in fluorotic enamel is similar to that described for normal enamel. Increasing severity of fluorotic lesions was associated with increasing concentrations of fluoride throughout the enamel. It is concluded that although further studies are required to establish the relative contribution of fluoride which may be taken up posteruptively by fluorotic enamel, the findings support the hypothesis that the TF index reflects increasing exposure to fluoride during tooth development.

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Nair, Radhakrishnan, and Anoop N. Das. "Esthetic Rehabilitation of Teeth with Dental Fluorosis." International Journal of Prosthodontics and Restorative Dentistry 4, no. 1 (2014): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10019-1099.

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ABSTRACT High intake of fluoride causes developmental disturbances of tooth enamel leading to dental fluorosis. It produces mottling of enamel and its occurance depends upon the quantity of fluoride ingested and the stage of tooth development. Esthetic management of mottled teeth is planned according to the severity of discoloration and the extent of surface aberrations. A combination of different techniques makes the teeth lighter in shade with a smoother surface. This case report describes the management of fluorosed teeth which is discolored and pitted on the surface by minimally invasive procedures. How to cite this article Nair R, Das AN, Kuriakose MC, Praveena G. Esthetic Rehabilitation of Teeth with Dental Fluorosis. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2014;4(1):11-13.

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Yadav, Ashish. "DENTAL FLUOROSIS AND PERIODONTAL DISEASE: AN OVERVIEW." International Journal of Advanced Research 8, no. 9 (September 30, 2020): 913–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/11741.

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Aim: The aim of this review is to discuss various effects of fluoride on hard and soft tissues of the periodontium and its importance in human life. Background : Fluoride is an essential element for life and is one of the trace elements normally present in the body. It is abundant in the environment and the main source of fluoride to humans is drinking water. Fluoride gets accumulated in hard tissues of the body and has been known to play an important role in mineralization of bone and teeth. The behaviourof fluoride ions in the human organism can be regarded as that of double-edged sword. In small amounts, it is known to have beneficial effects on dental health. On the other hand, excessive chronic intakes can result in adverse effects including the development of dental fluorosis in children and/or skeletal fluorosis in both children and adults. Although effect of fluoride on caries has been discussed in painstaking details through various studies but the effect of fluorosis on the periodontium yet remains in shadow. Review Results : Dental fluorosis is a developmental disturbance of dental enamel, caused by successive exposures to high concentrations of fluoride during tooth development, leading to enamel with lower mineral content and increased porosity. Even after continuing with the age old logic of structural changes that take place in mottled enamel it can be said with scientific plausibility that this factor of surface roughness can or must influence some of the variables in this multifactorial disease of periodontitis. This surface roughness is conducive for the bacteria to survive as well as make it difficult for scaling and root planing in fluorosed teeth. This could also jeopardize the effectiveness of the regular oral hygiene procedures. Conclusion : Dental fluorosis is not only a cosmetic problem that impairs social well-being but also affects the oral health related quality of life. Fluorosis continues to be an important problem, both for the affected individuals and for public health. More and more areas are being discovered regularly that are affected by fluorosis in different parts of the country. But ultimate solution for this fluoride menace remains to be the principal of Precaution is better than cure. Clinical Significance : Considering the role of fluorosis on hard and soft tissues and all the risk factors of periodontitis, fluorosis can be recommended strongly as an environmental risk factor for periodontitis. To be defined as one of the etiological (environmental) agent of periodontal disease requires further research studies with greater sample size from varying areas globally.

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Rojas-Sánchez, F., M. Alaminos, A. Campos, H. Rivera, and M. C. Sánchez-Quevedo. "Dentin in Severe Fluorosis: a Quantitative Histochemical Study." Journal of Dental Research 86, no. 9 (September 2007): 857–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910708600910.

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Dentin responds to different alterations in the enamel with hypermineralization, and is a biomarker of fluoride exposure. We hypothesized that severe fluorosis would lead to hypermineralization of the dentin when the enamel was severely affected. We used scanning electron microscopy and quantitative electron-probe microanalysis to compare dentin and enamel from healthy and fluorotic teeth. The dentin in fluorotic teeth was characterized by a highly mineralized sclerotic pattern, in comparison with control teeth (p < 0.001) and fluorotic enamel lesions (p < 0.001). Enamel near the lesions showed hypercalcification in comparison with dentin (p < 0.001). In response to the effects of severe fluorosis in the enamel, the dentin showed hypermineralization, as found in other enamel disorders. The hypermineralization response of the dentin in our samples suggests that the mechanism of the response should be taken into account in dental caries and other dental disorders associated with severe fluorosis.

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Sundfeld, D., CC Pavani, NIP Pini, LS Machado, TC Schott, and RH Sundfeld. "Enamel Microabrasion and Dental Bleaching on Teeth Presenting Severe-pitted Enamel Fluorosis: A Case Report." Operative Dentistry 44, no. 6 (November 1, 2019): 566–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/18-116-t.

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SUMMARY The present clinical case report describes the clinical steps of enamel microabrasion associated with dental bleaching to restore severely-pitted fluorosed teeth. The process of removing the fluorotic superficial stains started by using macroabrasion with a water-cooled fine tapered 3195 FF diamond bur. Rubber dam isolation of the operative field was used to remove the remaining enamel stains and superficial irregularities with the Opalustre microabrasive compound (6.6% hydrochloric acid associated with silicon carbide particles) followed by polishing using fluoridated paste and subsequent 2% neutral fluoride gel topical application. After one month, dental bleaching was performed using 10% carbamide peroxide in custom-formed acetate trays for two hours/day for 42 days. The association of enamel microabrasion with dental bleaching was effective for reestablishing the dental esthetics of a patient with severe dental fluorosis.

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Rigo, Lilian, Leodinei Lodi, and Raíssa Rigo Garbin. "Differential diagnosis of dental fluorosis made by undergraduate dental students." Einstein (São Paulo) 13, no. 4 (December 2015): 547–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-45082015ao3472.

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ABSTRACT Objective To check knowledge of undergraduate dental students to make diagnosis of dental fluorosis with varying degrees of severity and choose its appropriate treatment. Methods Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire addressing knowledge of undergraduates based on ten images of mouths presenting enamel changes. Results Only three images were correctly diagnosed by most undergraduates; the major difficulty was in establishing dental fluorosis severity degree. Conclusion Despite much information about fluorosis conveyed during the Dentistry training, as defined in the course syllabus, a significant part of the students was not able to differentiate it from other lesions; they did not demonstrate expertise as to defining severity of fluorosis and indications for treatment, and could not make the correct diagnosis of enamel surface changes.

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Silva-Benítez, Erika L., Veronica Zavala-Alonso, Gabriel A. Martinez-Castanon, Juan P. Loyola-Rodriguez, Nuria Patiño-Marin, Irene Ortega-Pedrajo, and Franklin García-Godoy. "Shear bond strength evaluation of bonded molar tubes on fluorotic molars." Angle Orthodontist 83, no. 1 (June 22, 2012): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/030812-203.1.

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Abstract Objective: To study the shear bond strength (SBS), sites of failure, and micromorphology of bonded molar tubes used on teeth affected by dental fluorosis. Materials and Methods: This in vitro study included 140 first molars classified according to Dean's index for dental fluorosis. Samples were divided into seven groups: (1) healthy teeth etched for 15 seconds, (2) teeth with moderate fluorosis (MOF) etched for 15 seconds, (3) teeth with MOF etched for 150 seconds, (4) teeth with MOF microabrasion etched for 15 seconds, (5) teeth with severe fluorosis (SEF) etched for 15 seconds, (6) teeth with SEF etched for 150 seconds, and (7) teeth with SEF microabrasion etched for 15 seconds. All samples were incubated and were then submitted to the SBS test and evaluated with the modified adhesive remnant index (ARI) and analyzed by using a scanning electronic microscope. Results: The SBS mean value for healthy enamel was 20 ± 10.2 MPa. For the group with MOF, the etched 150-second mean value was the highest (19 ± 7.6 MPa); for the group with SEF treated with microabrasion and etched for 15 seconds, the mean value was (13 ± 4.1 MPa). Significant differences (P ≤ .05) were found in the ARI between healthy and fluorosed groups. Conclusions: Fluorotic enamel affects the adhesion of bonded molar tubes. The use of overetching in cases of MOF and the combination of microabrasion and etching in SEF provides a suitable adhesion for fixed appliance therapy.

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Costa, Simone de Melo, Mauro Henrique Nogueira Guimarães Abreu, Andréa Maria Duarte Vargas, Mara Vasconcelos, Efigênia Ferreira e Ferreira, and Lia Silva de Castilho. "Dental caries and endemic dental fluorosis in rural communities, Minas Gerais, Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia 16, no. 4 (December 2013): 1021–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-790x2013000400022.

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It is observational, analytical and cross-sectional aimed to evaluate the association between severity and prevalence of fluorosis and dental caries in rural communities with endemic dental fluorosis in the north state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, with fluoride concentrations in water up to 4.8 mg/L. Data were collected by one examiner (intra-examiner kappa, 0.96 to 0,95 for caries and fluorosis) after toothbrushing. The study included 511 individuals aged 7 - 22 years, categorized according to age: 7 - 9 years (n = 227), 10 to 12 years (n = 153), 13 to 15 years (n = 92), 16 to 22 years (n = 39). For the diagnosis of dental caries used the criteria of the World Health Organization to measure indices DMFT. For fluorosis used the index Thylstrup and Fejerskov (TF), dichotomized according to prevalence (TF = 0 and TF > 0) and severity (TF < 4 and TF > 5). In the two younger groups, the DMFT and its decay component were higher in the group with more severe fluorosis (p < 0.001). This association was not found among adolescents and adults (p > 0.05). The association was found between the conditions more severe fluorosis and caries in individuals under 12 years.

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Kaskova, L. F., N. A. Morhun, L. I. Amosova, N. V. Yanko, and A. V. Artemiev. "REVIEW OF MODERN APPROACHES TO DENTAL FLUOROSIS MANAGEMENT." Ukrainian Dental Almanac, no. 3 (September 6, 2019): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2409-0255.3.2019.11.

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Dental fluorosis is caused by ingesting too much fluoride while the teeth are developing. Poltava region belongs to Buchach fluorine hydrogeological province which ground waters are characterized by a high content of fluorine. Such districts as Myrgorod, Lubny, Gadyach, Globino, Mashivka, Shyshaky and Novy Sanzshary have fluoride concentration in drinking water from 2,5 tо 7 mg/l. It is known that the overdose of fluoride has deleterious effect on enamel development, generating a hypomineralized porous subsuperfacial enamel. Mild fluorosis transforms into moderate fluorosis with brown pigmentation over time and increasing the severity of fluorosis is associated with increasing the patient`s dissatisfaction. There are a few different ways that dental fluorosis can be treated. Local remineralisation therapy is the most careful way to reduce or eliminate fluorosis spots. Enamel microabrasion removes the outer porous enamel with pumice after it has been partly demineralized by the acid; topical fluoride that remineralized the enamel follows microabrasion. A teeth whitening can return teeth to their former glory in a single visit. Infiltration technique is the novel approach to fluorosis management which masks white spots. Veneers or crowns are the next option that restores teeth gleaming appearance. Unfortunately, previous reviews that have analyzed contemporary methods of fluorosis treatment didn’t determine their indications depending on the disease severity and the enamel maturation. Purpose of the study was to systematize the methods of dental fluorosis management offered last years and to determine the indications for their use depending on the severity of the disease and the maturity of the tooth enamel. Searching strategy for identification of scientific publications published between the years 2009 - May 2019 was conducted by reviewers independently through Google. The search strategy included keywords "dental fluorosis management", «teeth whitening», «teeth microabrasion», «infiltration for fluorosis treatment» and it was complementated by checking references of the relevant review articles and the eligible studies for additional useful publications. Over the last 10 years few articles were dealt with minerals, vitamins, adaptogens, antitoxicants prescription for fluorosis management. Such tooth pastes as «R.O.C.S» and «Novyi zhemchuh calcium» showed efficacy in local remineralisation therapy of fluorosis in children. Infiltration technique was used for mild fluorosis management and in combination with whitening for moderate fluorosis treatment in children. Different tooth whitening techniques were offered and only some of them include local remineralisation therapy that can stabilize clinical result. Carbamide and orthophosphoric acid were utilized for whitening of immature fluorosis teeth. Microabrasion in children's teeth was effective in combination with following fluoridation, for example Tooth Moose. Direct and indirect restorations are considered the treatment of choice for moderate to severe cases of fluorosis given the optimum aesthetics, wear resistance, biocompatibility, and long-term results. Whereas veneers and crowns are indicated in mature fluorosis teeth, choice of direct composite restorations doesn’t depend on tooth maturity. Treatment of fluorosis of various severities in children should include endogenous use of medicines that increase the enamel remineralisation. Local remineralisation therapy is indicated for mild fluorosis in immature teeth and for moderate fluorosis in combination with bleaching and microabrasion. Infiltration technique is recommended for mild fluorosis management and in combination with whitening for moderate fluorosis treatment in children. In the case of inefficiency of minimally invasive methods or severe fluorosis, direct or indirect restorations are conducted. Promising direction in fluorosis treatment is the development of new methods for fluorosis management, including general and local remineralization therapy, as well as infiltration technique.

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Marcon, Karina, Leonardo Marcos Mezzari, Renan Antônio Ceretta, Ronaldo Nodari, Tobias Leite, and Fernanda Guglielmi Faustini Sonego. "Retrospective analysis of the fluoride level in the public water supply and its correlation with dental fluorosis at two cities of South Santa Catarina." RSBO 1, no. 3 (July 5, 2018): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.21726/rsbo.v1i3.488.

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Introduction and Objective: To analyze retrospectively the fluoride level in the public water supply of two cities of the south Santa Catarina and to verify whether 12-year-old schoolers, who had used public water supply had dental fluorosis. Material and methods: 97 schoolers of the cities of Cocal do Sul and Morro da Fumaça were evaluated. Dental fluorosis was determined through Dean index. The annual averages of the fluoride concentrations in waters between the years of 2004 and 2015 were verified by reports supplied by the responsiblecompany. Results: The averages of the fluoride concentrations in the water supply in the cities of Cocal do Sul and Morro da Fumaça, during the analyzed period, were 0.86 and 0,85 ppm of fluoride, respectively, without statistically significant difference. The smaller concentration was found in 2006, in the city of Morro da Fumaça, with 0.64 ppm of F; the greatest concentration occurred in Cocal do Sul, in 2007, with 1.1 ppm of F. The prevalence of dental fluorosisin Cocal do Sul was 24.5% and in Morro da Fumaça was 14.6%, without statistically significant differences. All 12-year-old schoolers who had dental fluorosis were classified as light according to Dean index. Conclusion: Most of the 12-year-old schoolers did not show any fluorosis degree. The cases of dental fluorosis were classified as little severity and with low esthetic impairment. It can be concluded that the fluoride levels in water supply were within the adequate and safe limits with low risk of dental fluorosis.

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Bardal, Priscila Ariede Petinuci, Kelly Polido Kaneshiro Olympio, Marília Afonso Rabelo Buzalaf, and José Roberto de Magalhães Bastos. "Dental caries and dental fluorosis in 7-12-year-old schoolchildren in Catalão, Goiás, Brazil." Journal of Applied Oral Science 13, no. 1 (March 2005): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-77572005000100008.

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INTRODUCTION: Over the last two decades, the prevalence of dental caries in children has decreased and the prevalence of dental fluorosis has increased. Knowledge on the epidemiologic conditions of a population is fundamental for the planning of health programs. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of dental caries and dental fluorosis among schoolchildren, in Catalão, Goiás, Brazil. METHODS: A random sample of 432 schoolchildren aged 7-12-years old was obtained. WHO (1997) criteria for dental caries and fluorosis diagnosis were used. RESULTS: The DMFT indexes were 0.97; 1.20; 1.80; 1.62; 2.40 and 2.51 for 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12 years old, respectively. Analysis of dental fluorosis for the same ages presented higher prevalence at 12 years old and for the female gender. The percentage of questionable dental fluorosis (Dean's classification) was 34.0%. Only 3% of the sample presented dental fluorosis with scores very mild, mild and moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of caries in schoolchildren of Catalão, Goiás, Brazil, was low. In average, private schools showed better results than public schools; however, all schools presented a low DMFT index. In this study, dental fluorosis is not a public health problem and has not damaged dental esthetics.

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Malgikar, Dr Suryakanth, and Dr Madanika P. "Is salivary fluoride a better noninvasive indicator of progressive periodontal disease than invasive serum fluoride – A Cross Sectional study." International Journal Of Medical Science And Clinical Invention 5, no. 4 (April 17, 2018): 3756–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijmsci/v5i4.09.

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Periodontitis is seen as resulting from a complex interplay of bacterial infection and host response, modified by behavioral and systemic risk factors.There is high prevalence of endemic fluorosis among the patients in certain regions in India and scarcity of information on the effects of levels of fluoride in serum and saliva to the periodontal disease severity. Aim of the present study was to estimate the levels of fluoride in serum and saliva and in ground water of chronic periodontitis subjects in the endemic fluorosed area and to correlate the levels of fluoride in serum and saliva to the periodontal disease severity.140 subjects were divided into two groups. Group I (Test group) consisted of 100 dental subjects diagnosed with dental fluorosis and chronic periodontitis. Group II (Control group) consisted of 40 non-fluorosed subjects. Ion selective electrode method was used for assessingthe fluoride in serumand saliva. There was no significant correlation between salivary and serum fluoride levels and the periodontal disease severity. However the mean salivary fluoride levels were found to significantly influence the dental fluorosis severity (p<0.005*).

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Pendrys, David G. "Dental Fluorosis in Perspective." Journal of the American Dental Association 122, no. 9 (September 1991): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1991.0271.

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Riordan, P. J. "Perceptions of Dental Fluorosis." Journal of Dental Research 72, no. 9 (September 1993): 1268–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345930720090201.

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Martínez Cántaro, Noelia Yesica, Yhamile Machaca Pereyra, Luis Angel Cervantes Catacora, Edison Ronaldo Mamani Torres, Adriana Alejandra Laura, and Marcela Sofía Chambillo Nina. "Flúor y fluorosis dental." Revista Odontológica Basadrina 5, no. 1 (June 11, 2021): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33326/26644649.2021.5.1.1090.

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El flúor se clasifica como mineral, pero no es hallado como tal en la naturaleza; los fluoruros los encontramos en el suelo, el agua, así como en las plantas, los animales, el aire. Su existencia es necesaria para mantener una salud bucal correcta. Durante la formación de los dientes aporta mejorando la apatita del esmalte dental, pero su exceso lleva a una alteración en distintos niveles, la cual se conoce como fluorosis dental, causando una lesión en la estructura dentaria, debilidad frente a la caries dental y afectando la estética de la sonrisa; por tanto, se lleva a cabo esta revisión con la finalidad de profundizar los conocimientos del accionar del flúor en el esmalte dental y el resultado frente a su inadecuada administración en nuestro organismo.

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Achmad, Muh Harun. "Penanganan fluorosis pada gigi sulung dengan menggunakan teknik mikroabrasi." Journal of Dentomaxillofacial Science 6, no. 1 (April 30, 2007): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15562/jdmfs.v6i1.136.

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Fluorosis is a pathological endemic effect of ion intake of flour which is more than 1ppm. Enamel fluorosis is tooth enamel demineralization due to excessive flour intakeduring tooth calcification period. Fluorosis is disparity of tooth which is initially markedwith a white line across the enamel surface, and at severe level can change tooth form.Dental fluorosis is hypoplasia or hypomaturation of tooth enamel or dentine because ofchronic usage of excessive fluor at period and development of dentition. Dental fluorosisis qualitative defect of enamel, resulted from the increase of fluor concentration at cellmicroenvironment of ameloblast during development and tooth formation. Quantitativedefect of enamel can occur on severe type of dental fluorosis. Microabrasion, consist ofair abrasion and enamel microabrasion, is a method of reducing tooth structure which isthe best alternative rather than drilling method. The mechanism of air abrasion techniqueis blast pressure of abrasive particles to remove tooth caries. The principle of kineticenergy is the abrasive particles with high pressure and speed, hit the tooth, remove toothcaries, and reduce tooth structure.

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Everett, E. T., M. A. K. McHenry, N. Reynolds, H. Eggertsson, J. Sullivan, C. Kantmann, E. A. Martinez-Mier, J. M. Warrick, and G. K. Stookey. "Dental Fluorosis: Variability among Different Inbred Mouse Strains." Journal of Dental Research 81, no. 11 (November 2002): 794–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0810794.

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Concurrent with the decline in dental caries has been an increase in the prevalence of dental fluorosis, a side-effect of exposure to greater than optimal levels of fluoride during amelogenesis. The mechanisms that underlie the pathogenesis of dental fluorosis are not known. We hypothesize that genetic determinants influence an individual’s susceptibility or resistance to develop dental fluorosis. We tested this hypothesis using a mouse model system (continuous eruption of the incisors) where genotype, age, gender, food, housing, and drinking water fluoride level can be rigorously controlled. Examination of 12 inbred strains of mice showed differences in dental fluorosis susceptibility/resistance. The A/J mouse strain is highly susceptible, with a rapid onset and severe development of dental fluorosis compared with that in the other strains tested, whereas the 129P3/J mouse strain is least affected, with minimal dental fluorosis. These observations support the contribution of a genetic component in the pathogenesis of dental fluorosis.

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El Mourad, Aminah M. "Aesthetic Rehabilitation of a Severe Dental Fluorosis Case with Ceramic Veneers: A Step-by-Step Guide." Case Reports in Dentistry 2018 (June 6, 2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4063165.

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The selection of an appropriate treatment plan for cases of dental fluorosis depends on the severity of the condition. Ceramic veneers are considered the treatment of choice for moderate to severe cases of fluorosis given the optimum aesthetics, wear resistance, biocompatibility, and long-term results of these veneers. This case report describes a step-by-step rehabilitation of fluorosed teeth, using ceramic veneers in a 26-year-old Yemeni male. The patient presented at the restorative dentistry clinics at King Saud University complaining of an unpleasant smile and generalized tooth discoloration.

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González Dávila, Osiel. "Dental Fluorosis in Children from Aguascalientes, Mexico: A Persistent Public Health Problem." Water 13, no. 8 (April 20, 2021): 1125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13081125.

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This paper estimates the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis among participants in the first wave of The Aguascalientes Longitudinal Study of Child Development (EDNA). The analytical sample includes 1052 children in 100 public elementary schools. Dental fluorosis is determined using the Modified Dean’s Index. There is a 43% general dental fluorosis prevalence, and the estimated Community Fluorosis Index is 0.99. Five municipalities report average groundwater fluoride concentrations above the official Mexican guideline value of 1.5 mg/L. In those municipalities, there is a 50% average dental fluorosis prevalence. An ordered logistic regression analysis indicates that obesity in participants increases the likelihood of suffering more severe dental fluorosis symptoms compared with normal-weight participants (OR = 1.62, p < 0.05). Households consuming tap water are more likely to have children suffering more severe dental fluorosis symptoms (OR = 1.63, p < 0.05). Children aged 8 years are more likely to present more severe dental fluorosis symptoms than their peers aged 7 years (OR = 1.37, p < 0.05). Dental fluorosis will persist as a public health problem in Aguascalientes State unless appropriate technologies for fluoride removal from water are installed and operated.

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Al Warawreh, Amjad M., Zaid H. Al Tamimi, Mohammad I. Al Qatawna, Aseel A. Al Momani, Mohammed R. Al Mhaidat, Waddah S. El Naji, and Salem AlSaraireh. "Prevalence of Dental Fluorosis among Southern Jordanian Population." International Journal of Dentistry 2020 (October 29, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8890004.

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Introduction. Jordan is one of the Middle Eastern countries that is classified as a poor water resource country. People in Jordan consume any available water. In the south of Jordan, water resources are limited. The drinking water contains high levels of fluoride, which in turn leads to augmented danger of both skeletal and dental fluorosis. Aims. This study is focused on evaluating the pervasiveness of dental fluorosis among patients of Karak City and assessing the degree and distribution of fluorosis. Materials and Methods. This research focuses on 2,512 patients ranging from 12 to 52 years old seeking dental treatment in the Dental Department at “Prince Ali ben Al Houssin Hospital” in Karak City. Dental fluorosis status was assessed by using Modified Dean’s Fluorosis Index.” The data collected were subjected to statistical analysis. Results. The dental fluorosis prevalence within our sample was 39.9% in Karak City. Females were more influenced than males, and fluorosis was detected more often in those who drank tap water and was more common in a very mild and localized form. Conclusion. Fluorosis necessitates constant observation, and future study in terms of the intake in Jordan is recommended in terms of all sources. It would not be too soon to note that the supply of drinking water needs to be changed in South Jordan.

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AlDaiji, Reem, Malak Alotaibi, Dania Alnowaiser, Rawan Albahely, Rama Bachat, Alaa Alshayea, and Fatima Alotaibi. "Awareness of dental fluorosis among undergraduate dental students in Riyadh region: a survey based study." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 6, no. 12 (November 26, 2018): 3852. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20184739.

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Background: Fluoride protects the teeth from dental caries using the needed amount of fluoride products.Methods: A Modified structured questionnaire has been validated through a pilot trial (20 responses) prior to administration that contains16 questions was distributed. Other than the demographics, the data were collected from 500 participants including undergraduate male and female dental students.Results: The majority described the mild fluorosis appearance in the teeth according to Dean’s index appropriately as white opacity of the enamel (64%, n=320). On the other hand, only 31.1% (n=155) and 46% (n=229) described the moderate and severe fluorosis appearance in the teeth according to Dean’s index appropriately.Conclusions: The dissemination and education about dental fluorosis is urgently needed and should be tailored to reach this population. The knowledge about causes of fluoride and the effect on dental fluorosis should be presented in the education.

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Pablo Loyola-Rodriguez, Juan, Veronica Mendoza-Razo, Fernando Rodriguez-Juarez, and Rafael Campos-Cambranis. "Flowable resin used as a sealant in molars affected by dental fluorosis: a comparative study." Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 30, no. 1 (September 1, 2006): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17796/jcpd.30.1.806v5855wlm2435m.

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The decline in prevalence and incidence of dental caries in developed countries over the last two decades is considered to be due mainly to the widespread use of fluoride in different forms, but simultaneously with decline in caries, an increase in dental fluorosis has been reported. The aim of this study was to compare the Conventional Sealant Technique (CST) and Enameloplasty Sealant Technique (EST) using a flowable resin as sealant in molars affected by dental fluorosis.A total of 40 extracted third molars affected by dental fluorosis were divided at random into two groups of 20 teeth each, and Tetric Flow resin was used as sealant. All teeth were studied for lateral adaptation and resin penetration by direct and indirect techniques; all samples were replicated in epoxy resin and were evaluated with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results demonstrated that EST allowed a deeper sealant penetration and a superior sealant adaptation than CST, both in direct and indirect evaluations by SEM. The most important variables being penetration-interface and penetration depth both being statistically significant (p<0.05). The CST did not flow into the bottom of the fissures, leaving spaces that can favor the fracture of the material and initiate the process of dental caries.We conclude that a flowable ceromer is an excellent material alternative to be used as sealant and that EST is quite necessary in molars affected by dental fluorosis, the combination of both being a reliable method to be used as primary prevention approach of dental caries in endemic areas of dental fluorosis.

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Yadav, R., A. Yadav, and SS Oberoi. "Knowledge, Attitude and Aesthetic Perceptions about Dental Fluorosis among 12-15 Years Old Government School Children in Farukh Nagar, Haryana." Journal of Oral Health and Community Dentistry 8, no. 1 (January 2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/johcd-8-1-1.

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ABSTRACT Aims and objectives The present study was conducted to assess the opinions amongst schoolchildren about the appearance of dental fluorosis, to correlate the children's perceptions of dental fluorosis and to assess the impact of dental fluorosis on psychological health of the school children. Materials and methods A questionnaire was used for assessment of the Knowledge, Attitude and Aesthetic perceptions about Dental Fluorosis among 474, 12-15 years old school children studying in four government high schools of Farukh Nagar block, Gurgaon, Haryana. The study sample included 308 students with dental fluorosis out of all the school children examined. Dental Fluorosis was assessed by using tooth surface index of fluorosis with 8 point scale ranging from 0 to 7. Results Amongst 308 subjects, maximum subjects had TSIF score of 4, 96.8% (298) subjects were not aware of the term fluorosis, 276 (89.5%) subjects were worried, and 253 (82.2%) subjects were not able to smile freely because of the appearance of their teeth. Conclusion The study showed that dental fluorosis had severe impact on the 12 to 15 years old school children especially on the subjects with TSIF score of 4 because of the staining.

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Dogan, Alev Aksoy, and Pinar Bolpaca. "Evaluation of Craniofacial Morphology of Children with Dental Fluorosis in Early Permanent Dentition Period." European Journal of Dentistry 03, no. 04 (October 2009): 304–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1697449.

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ABSTRACTObjectives: High intake of fluoride (>1.5 mg/L) for a prolonged period may lead to skeletal fluorosis as well as dental fluorosis. The aim of this study was to compare the craniofacial characteristics of children with dental fluorosis in early permanent dentition period to those without fluorosis.Methods: Two hundred and sixteen children in early permanent dentition (girls:121, boys:95) were included in the study. Study group was composed of 124 children with dental fluorosis who was born and grew up in Isparta (girls:75, boys:49) whereas control group of children (n=92: 46 girls and 46 boys) had no dental fluorosis. Dental fluorosis was classified using Thylstrup Fejerskov Fluorosis Index. Radiological evaluation was performed by cephalometric tracing using Björk analysis. Statistical evaluation in between study and control groups was done by Independent Samples T test and comparison with Björk’s standards was done by One Sample T test analysis. The association between two quantitative variables was evaluated with Pearson’s correlation coefficient (rho).Results: The mean dental fluorosis level was 4.6±1.8 for children with fluorosis. Systemic fluorosis affect girls no different than boys in the early permanent dentition period because none of the angular measurements show significant difference between boys and girls in the fluoridated group. Comparison of craniofacial angular values of boys with fluorosis show greater diversity compared to boys without fluorosis against Björk’s mean values for boys.Conclusions: Craniofacial morphology of children with fluorosis did not show great diversity than the ones without fluorosis in the early permanent dentition period. None of the angular measurements were significantly different between boys and girls in the fluoridated group which might imply that systemic fluorosis did not show gender difference in the early permanent dentition. (Eur J Dent 2009;3:304-313)

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Den Besten, P. K. "Dental Fluorosis: Its Use as a Biomarker." Advances in Dental Research 8, no. 1 (June 1994): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08959374940080010201.

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Several epidemiological studies, beginning with those of Dean and co-workers in the 1940's, clearly demonstrate the relationship between dental fluorosis in humans and the level of fluoride in water supplies. These studies and others have shown that, in a population, there is a direct relationship among the degree of enamel fluorosis, plasma and bone fluoride levels, and the concentration of fluoride in drinking water. However, dental fluorosis is a reflection of fluoride exposure only during the time of enamel formation, somewhat limiting its use as a biomarker. In addition, the degree of fluorosis is dependent not only on the total fluoride dose, but also on the timing and duration of fluoride exposure. At the level of an individual response to fluoride exposure, factors such as body weight, activity level, nutritional factors, and the rate of skeletal growth and remodeling are also important. These variables, along with an individual variability in response to similar doses of fluoride, indicate that enamel fluorosis cannot be used as a biological marker of the level of fluoride exposure for an individual.

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Arya, Sunil, Sehrish Gazal, and Anil K. Raina. "Prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in some endemically afflicted villages of district Doda, Jammu and Kashmir, India." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 5, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 406–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v5i2.342.

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A cross-sectional study was conducted among the residents of three villages of Doda district, J&K. A total of 391 individuals (202 males and 189 females) were examined from 60 households by house to house survey for recording the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis by using Dean’s Index (1942) along with WHO health assessment form (1997b) and Community fluorosis Index. Of the total studied population 299 (76.47%) have found to be affected with various grades of dental fluorosis with moderate (33.5%) level of fluorosis to be the most frequent category observed. Prevalence of dental fluorosis was more in males (86.61%) than females (63.49%). No significant relation (P>0.05) between prevalence of dental fluorosis to the socioeconomic status was found. Community fluorosis Index was found to be 2.05 which denotes “marked” category of public health significance. High prevalence and high community fluorosis Index suggest that fluorosis is a major public health problem in the area.

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Ahmed, Iftekhar, Anwar Ali, Marium Zaheer, Ibraj Fatima, and Nazeer Khan. "Frequency of Dental Fluorosis in Population Drinking Water with High Fluoride Level in Thar." Journal of the Pakistan Dental Association 29, no. 04 (November 15, 2020): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.25301/jpda.294.259.

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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to see the frequency of dental fluorosis in exposed area (Sammo Rind village of Thar District) and in unexposed area of Gadap town of Karachi and to find the association of fluoride level with dental fluorosis in both groups. METHODOLOGY: The water samples were taken from both the sites and fluoride estimation in water and geometrical, was determined using Fluoride Ion Selective Electrode (FISE) method. By random selection 121 subjects from Sammo Rind village and 121 controls from Gadap Town Karachi were included in study after informed consent. The participants were clinically examined by an expert university teacher dentist in proper dental setups in examination lights. RESULTS: A frequency of dental fluorosis of 100% was found among the study subjects with fluoride content as high as 6- 8 mg/dl as compared to prevalence of dental fluorosis 17.4% in unexposed group with water fluoride content as low as 0.30mg/dl. CONCLUSIONS: The high level of underground water fluoride level and cent per cent dental fluorosis in Thar area is an alarming situation that should be addressed immediately at national level. KEYWORDS: Exposed area, Dental Flurosis, Fluoride Level, Water Sample HOW TO CITE: Ahmed I, Ali A, Zaheer M, Fatima I, Khan N. Frequency of dental fluorosis in population drinking water with high fluoride level in Thar. J Pak Dent Assoc 2020;29(4):259-263. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25301/JPDA.294.259

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Kuprina, I. V., E. A. Kiseleva, T. M. Grishkyan, A. M. Grishkyan, K. S. Kyseleva, and D. S. Kiselev. "Region prophylaxis of dental fluorosis." Clinical Dentistry, no. 2 (2020): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37988/1811-153x_2020_2_130.

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Torino, Marielva, Mauro Rognini, and Gino Fornaciari. "Dental fluorosis in ancient Herculaneum." Lancet 345, no. 8960 (May 1995): 1306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(95)90952-4.

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Khandelwal, V., U. A. Nayak, P. A. Nayak, and N. Ninawe. "Aesthetic management of dental fluorosis." Case Reports 2013, may22 1 (May 22, 2013): bcr2013010029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2013-010029.

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Manji, F., V. Bælum, and O. Fejerskov. "Fluoride, Altitude and Dental Fluorosis." Caries Research 20, no. 5 (1986): 473–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000260977.

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Aoba, T., and O. Fejerskov. "Dental Fluorosis: Chemistry and Biology." Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine 13, no. 2 (March 2002): 155–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154411130201300206.

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Ritter, André V. "Talking with Patients Dental Fluorosis." Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry 17, no. 5 (September 2005): 326–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1708-8240.2005.tb00139.x.

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Horowitz, Herschel S. "Indexes for Measuring Dental Fluorosis." Journal of Public Health Dentistry 46, no. 4 (September 1986): 179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-7325.1986.tb03139.x.

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Cutress, T. W., and G. W. Suckling. "Differential Diagnosis of Dental Fluorosis." Journal of Dental Research 69, no. 2_suppl (February 1990): 714–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345900690s138.

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Vieira, A. P. G. F., R. Hanocock, H. Eggertsson, E. T. Everett, and M. D. Grynpas. "Tooth Quality in Dental Fluorosis." Calcified Tissue International 76, no. 1 (October 14, 2004): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00223-004-0075-3.

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Cunha-Cruz, Joana, and Paulo Nadanovsky. "Dental fluorosis increases caries risk." Journal of Evidence Based Dental Practice 5, no. 3 (September 2005): 170–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebdp.2005.06.016.

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Belyaev, V. V., O. A. Gavrilova, I. V. Belyaev, O. A. Myalo, and S. V. Konovalov. "Assessment of dental fluorosis in schoolchildren using a community index (CFI)." Endodontics Today 18, no. 1 (April 29, 2020): 74–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.36377/1683-2981-2020-18-1-74-76.

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Aim. To assess the significance of dental fluorosis for public health using the CFI index.Materials and metods. Dental fluorosis was evaluated in 622 students of 12.15 years old according to the WHO methodology and CFI was calculated for four settlements of the Tver region.Results. The average prevalence of dental fluorosis was 36.5% with variability in the values of groups of schoolchildren from 5.2% to 66.7%. The significance of dental fluorosis for public health ranged from “negative” to “medium” (CFI 0.1–1.2) in the settlements of the region, from “insignificant” to “medium” (CFI 0.7–1.7) in city Tver.Conclusions. When planning measures to prevent dental fluorosis in children in the Tver region, it is recommended that CFI indicators be taken into account.

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Neurath, C., H. Limeback, B. Osmunson, M. Connett, V. Kanter, and C. R. Wells. "Dental Fluorosis Trends in US Oral Health Surveys: 1986 to 2012." JDR Clinical & Translational Research 4, no. 4 (March 6, 2019): 298–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2380084419830957.

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Introduction: Dental fluorosis has been assessed only 3 times in nationally representative oral health surveys in the United States. The first survey was conducted by the National Institute of Dental Research from 1986 to 1987. Subsequently, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted fluorosis assessments from 1999 to 2004 and more recently from 2011 to 2012. A large increase in prevalence and severity of fluorosis occurred between the 1986–1987 and 1999–2004 surveys. Objectives: To determine whether the trend of increasing fluorosis continued in the 2011–2012 survey. Methods: We analyzed publicly available data from the 2011–2012 NHANES, calculating fluorosis prevalence and severity using 3 measures: person-level Dean’s Index score, total prevalence of those with Dean’s Index of very mild degree and greater, and Dean’s Community Fluorosis Index. We examined these fluorosis measures by several sociodemographic factors and compared results with the 2 previous surveys. Analyses accounted for the complex design of the surveys to provide nationally representative estimates. Results: Large increases in severity and prevalence were found in the 2011–2012 NHANES as compared with the previous surveys, for all sociodemographic categories. For ages 12 to 15 y—an age range displaying fluorosis most clearly—total prevalence increased from 22% to 41% to 65% in the 1986–1987, 1999–2004, and 2011–2012 surveys, respectively. The rate of combined moderate and severe degrees increased the most, from 1.2% to 3.7% to 30.4%. The Community Fluorosis Index increased from 0.44 to 0.67 to 1.47. No clear differences were found in fluorosis rates among categories for most of the sociodemographic variables in the 2011–2012 survey. Conclusion: Large increases in fluorosis prevalence and severity occurred. We considered several possible spurious explanations for these increases but largely ruled them out based on counterevidence. We suggest several possible real explanations for the increases. Knowledge Transfer Statement: The results of this study greatly increase the evidence base indicating that objectionable dental fluorosis has increased in the United States. Dental fluorosis is an undesirable side effect of too much fluoride ingestion during the early years of life. Policy makers and professionals can use the presented evidence to weigh the risks and benefits of water fluoridation and early exposure to fluoridated toothpaste.

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Ahmad, Fareed, Ali Anwaar, Bilal Abdul Qayum Mirza, Mustafa Qadeer, Muhammad Afzal, and Anwaar Alam. "Is Dental Fluorosis More Prone/Susceptible to Tooth Erosion?" Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 8 (August 26, 2021): 2067–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211582067.

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Background: The fluoride drug is mentioned as a double-edged weapon due to its positive and negative outcomes. Reducing dental caries in large population, cost effective and excess fluoride in teeth or body may lead to systemic diseases and even death. Dental erosion affects the hard tissues of the teeth rendering them vulnerable to decay. Methods & Materials: A school based descriptive cross-sectional survey. Purposive sampling was performed. All examiners were calibrated and trained for the criteria to identify dental fluorosis and dental erosion. The World Health Organisation Oral Health Assessment form 2013 was used to fill and measure dental fluorosis and erosive tooth wear. For Univariate analysis, mean, frequencies of both genders (dental erosion and Fluorosis) while Chi square was calculated and for bivariate analysis. Results: 22.7 % students were found to have fluorosis (ranging from questionable level to severe). Male students (primarily teenagers) had more enamel erosion as compared to the female’s ones. Conclusion: The higher levels of fluoride in water may make children and adults more susceptible to erosive tooth wear. Consuming excess fluoridated water may turn the mild fluorosis cases into moderate or severe ones. Keywords: Fluorosis, Erosive Tooth Wear, Gender, Fluoride

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DESAI, V. K., S. L. KANTHARIA, and A. KAVISHWAR. "DENTAL FLUOROSIS: A SENSITIVE MARKER FOR EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF FLUOROSIS." Epidemiology 7, Supplement (July 1996): S56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001648-199607001-00153.

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LIMA, Laynna Marina Santos, Neusa Barros DANTAS-NETA, Werttey da Silva MOURA, Marcoeli Silva de MOURA, Andrea MANTESSO, Lúcia de Fátima Almeida de Deus MOURA, and Marina Deus Moura LIMA. "Impact of dental fluorosis on the quality of life of children and adolescents." Revista de Odontologia da UNESP 43, no. 5 (October 2014): 326–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/rou.2014.052.

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INTRODUCTION: Dental fluorosis is a disturbance of high prevalence caused by the ingestion of fluoride ions present mainly in toothpaste. Preventive measures to avoid it are still controversial. Thus, knowing the impact that fluorosis can cause on the population's quality of life it is important for planning public health policies.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of dental fluorosis on the quality of life of children and adolescents.MATERIAL AND METHOD: We studied 300 subjects aged 8 to 12 years divided into 4 groups: children (8-10 years) and adolescents (10 to 12 years) with and without fluorosis. The diagnosis of fluorosis was performed according to the index Thylstrup and Fejerskov and quality of life was evaluated using Child Perceptions Questionnaire 8-10 and 11-14. The socio-demographic characteristics of the patients were also evaluated. For inclusion in the sample, selected patients should present eight permanent incisors with crowns fully erupted. Patients who had extensive restorations, fractured teeth, other dental enamel defects and who wore braces were excluded.RESULT: Fluorosis was present in 64.7% of the patients analyzed and in most cases (80.3%) was mild or very mild. In children, the average overall score of the questionnaire was 15.9 for the group without fluorosis and 18.3 for the group with fluorosis (p = 0.255). The teenagers' score in the group without fluorosis was 26.1, while the group with fluorosis was 22.7 (p = 0.104).CONCLUSION: Dental fluorosis caused impact on the quality of life of the population analyzed only in the functional domain.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Dental Fluorosis'

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