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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Dental hygiene practice

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Academic literature on the topic 'Dental hygiene practice'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Dental hygiene practice"

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Noble, S. L. "Contemporary Dental Hygiene Practice." Journal of Dentistry 17, no. 6 (December 1989): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-5712(89)90037-7.

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Sunell, S., and L. Rucker. "Surgical magnification in dental hygiene practice." International Journal of Dental Hygiene 2, no. 1 (February 2004): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5037.2004.00061.x.

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Reitz, M., and R. Jadeja. "The collaborative practice of dental hygiene." International Journal of Dental Hygiene 2, no. 1 (February 2004): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5037.2004.00066.x.

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Beyene, Desalegn Humna, Bereket Beyene Shashamo, Lankamo Ena Digesa, and Eshetu Zerihun Tariku. "Oral Hygiene Practices and Associated Factors among Patients Visiting Private Dental Clinics at Hawassa City, Southern Ethiopia, 2018." International Journal of Dentistry 2021 (March 26, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8868308.

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Introduction. A poor oral hygiene is associated with dental caries, gingivitis, periodontal diseases, bad breath, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, and chronic kidney diseases. Moreover, a poor oral health has psychosocial impacts that diminish a quality of life and restrict activities in school, at work, and home. African regions carry a major burden of oral health problems. However, very few studies highlighted about oral hygiene practices and there is also paucity of information in Ethiopia. This study was, therefore, designed to identify an oral hygiene practice on patients/clients visiting dental clinics in Hawassa City, Southern Ethiopia. Objective. To assess oral hygiene practices and associated factors among patients/clients visiting private dental clinics, Hawassa City, Southern Ethiopia. Methods. Institution-based cross-sectional study was employed among patients/clients attending private clinics in Hawassa City from January 27 to February 8, 2018. Systematic random sampling technique was used to select 403 study participants. Data were entered into EpiData 3.1, cleaned, and analyzed by SPSS 20. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association between independent and outcome variables. Crude and adjusted OR with 95% confidence level was estimated, and variables having P value ≤0.05 in multivariable analysis were considered as significant. Results. 393 study participants participated making a response rate of 97.52%. A median age of respondents was 27 ± 10.9. About 153 (39.9%) of the study participants had poor oral hygienic practice. Male (AOR: 1.63, 95% CI: (1.053, 2.523)), rural residence (AOR: 3.79, 95% CI: (1.724, 8.317)), and poor knowledge about oral hygiene (AOR: 2.38, 95% CI: (1.402, 4.024)) were independently associated to poor oral hygienic practice. Conclusion. More than one-third of the study participants had poor oral hygienic practice. Providing health information regarding oral hygiene for the patients/clients in the facilities with a special focus from rural areas is recommended.

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Sedlatá Jurásková, Eva, and Ivanka Matoušková. "Hand Hygiene in Dental Practice: Current Situation." Hygiena 59, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 71–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21101/hygiena.a1242.

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Gough, Nicola. "Dental hygiene theory and practice, 3rd edition." Vital 7, no. 2 (March 2010): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/vital1118.

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Pride, James R. "Dental Hygiene: Adding Value to Your Practice." Journal of the American Dental Association 124, no. 7 (July 1993): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1993.0271.

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Shin, Sun-Jung, Mi-Jeong Kim, Jin-Young Yang, Ji-Su Yu, A.-Yeon Jeoung, and Myong-Suk Shin. "Study of Clinical Practice Standardization in Dental Hygiene." Journal of Dental Hygiene Science 17, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17135/jdhs.2017.17.1.1.

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McKeown, L., S. Sunell, and P. Wickstrom. "The discourse of dental hygiene practice in Canada." International Journal of Dental Hygiene 1, no. 1 (February 2003): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1601-5037.2003.00006.x.

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Noble, S. L. "Brief notice: Contemporary dental hygiene practice, vol. 2." Journal of Dentistry 19, no. 3 (June 1991): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-5712(91)90018-t.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Dental hygiene practice"

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Sheets, Alicia Joy. "Characteristics of Dental Hygiene Practice Owners: A Qualitative Inquiry." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu158586922316276.

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Kiser, Jessica Renee Wilder Rebecca S. "Assessment of full-time dental hygiene faculty participation in clinical practice." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,227.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Oct. 10, 2007). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Dental Hygiene Education in the Department of Dental Ecology, School of Dentistry." Discipline: Dental Ecology; Dental Hygiene Education; Department/School: Dentistry.

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Youssef, Sarah Jane. "Implant Maintenance Curriculum Among U.S. Dental Hygiene Programs." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1586814568072554.

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McBride, Deborah S. "Survey of Dental Hygienists’ Attitudes and Support of the Proposed Dually Accredited Advanced Dental Therapist." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2386.

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The proposed dually licensed advanced dental therapy program, a graduate level curriculum created by the American Dental Hygienists’ Association (ADHA) encompassing both dental hygiene and basic restorative procedures, creates an innovative career path in dental hygiene and increases the standing of the dental hygienist from an auxiliary role to an independent midlevel dental practitioner. Data were gathered via an online anonymous survey tool from Massachusetts registered dental hygienists to assess support of this proposed curriculum by practicing hygienists. Eighty-seven percent of survey respondents are in agreement that the scope of dental hygiene responsibilities should increase with level of education, and that the inclusion of limited restorative procedures should generate independent midlevel dental practitioner status.

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Walstead, Brenda Kaye. "Faculty Perceptions Regarding Best Practices in Clinical Dental Hygiene Assessment." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/424.

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This qualitative case study explored faculty perceptions regarding best practices and uses of assessment in a dental hygiene program at a small northwestern college. It was discovered that faculty in the program were assessing students in their clinical courses using widely varied methods, designs, and scoring tools. Faculty neither calibrated processes nor communicated about this problem. In addition, a review of the assessments in this local setting indicated a significant gap in the current guidelines for best practices in clinical assessment procedures. Knowles' adult learning theory served as the foundation for this study. Research questions were designed to obtain clinical faculty's perceptions of their knowledge of best practices in assessment, assessment design, methods including scoring tools, and how faculty could work collaboratively to implement clearly and consistently designed best-practice assessments in their clinical courses. Interviews and reviews of assessment documents were conducted with a purposeful sample of 8 faculty participants. Data were coded and analyzed for common themes. Results indicated that instructors did not collaborate and had little knowledge of assessment criteria based on best practices, administration, and scoring procedures. At the request of the dean, a position paper was created as a project. The paper outlined strategies for designing clinical skills assessments with criteria that is consistent, clear, and based on best practices. Also included were procedures for ongoing faculty professional development and collaboration, insuring that faculty are calibrated and that assessments are valid and reliable. The results of this study can promote positive social change as faculty in this program will be increasingly confident in assessment practices, and graduates will consistently provide greater quality patient and community care.

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Gadde, Divya. "Assessment of Ergonomics in Indian Dental Practice: A Workplace Analysis." TopSCHOLAR®, 2018. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2332.

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Dental practice requires unique working conditions such as prolonged working hours, strained body postures and laborious, high finesse dental techniques. However, it can be more efficiently performed by the application of ergonomics, rather than physically forcing the worker's body to fit the job. Posture is highly influenced by factors such as inadequate working level, incorrect patient positioning, and poor visual comfort. In order to eliminate musculoskeletal disorders it is necessary to control these and other factors, and design the human work environment to be more ergonomic. The aim of this study was to assess ergonomics within Indian dental practice and elucidate factors that prevented application of ergonomics. An observational study was conducted among 58 Indian dentists, both from a private dental hospital and clinics. A questionnaire that consisted of 37 open-ended and closed-ended questions was used as a research tool for the study. Information on background characteristics, work environment, equipment, work administration, and ergonomic awareness was collected using the questionnaire. Sampling consisted of observing 37 male and 21 female dentists. A total of 58 individuals, 62 % ( 36), worked for a private dental hospital, and 38% (22) for dental clinics. A majority, 84.5% (49), of the dentists reported that they did not receive ergonomic training from their work administration. Most dentists, 96% (56), reported that there was no system of recordkeeping for workplace accidents. Lack of proper ergonomic training and no system of recordkeeping for workplace accidents were found to be the primary factors for not applying ergonomics by Indian dentists. Ergonomic training programs are needed in India to help educate dentists on workplace safety and health, and thus aid in reducing musculoskeletal pain. Finally, a system is needed in Indian dental practice to promote workplace safety and health by identifying workplace hazards that result in injuries.

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Young, Mairi Anne. "Optimising the role of the dental health support worker in Childsmile Practice : a comparative Realist approach." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2017. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8111/.

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Background: Childsmile, the national oral health improvement programme for children in Scotland, aims to reduce oral health inequalities and improve access to dental services. Childsmile is delivered, in part, by a new category of lay or community-based worker known as a Dental Health Support Worker (DHSW) who supports families to improve oral health behaviours and attend a dental practice. Findings from Childsmile’s national process evaluation indicated there was widespread variation in delivery of the DHSW role and additional research was required to further understand and develop programme theory for the DHSW role; and clarify areas of variation which were adaptive and which were a risk to the programme meeting its desired objectives. Aims: The overarching aim was to gain further understanding of which factors and variants (contextual and those associated with programme delivery) impact on effectiveness of the DHSW role within Childsmile Practice. This research is a component study of the national Childsmile evaluation strategy. Findings will be fed back to the Childsmile programme to optimise delivery of the role and to enable future evaluation of the role’s impact. Methods: Learning and evidence generation was triangulated from two phases of research, comprising three component studies. Phase 1 comprised the sensitising study and comparative case studies: both provided learning from within Childsmile. The sensitising study was designed as a scoping exercise using qualitative data collection methods. The aim was to establish existing programme theory and explicate delivery of the DHSW role, while uncovering deviation (from programme theory) and variation within and between NHS boards. Findings were used to design three comparative case studies, comprising one DHSW and key stakeholders involved in delivery of the role from three NHS boards. The comparative case studies employed qualitative data collection methods; and were designed to address the overarching aim, and explore the casual links between context, delivery, and outcomes in delivery of the role using Realist-inspired analysis. Phase 2 comprised a Realist Review to provide learning from out with Childsmile. The aim was to gain an understanding of which components of child health interventions, delivered by lay health workers to parents, could influence ‘child health parenting behaviours’. Findings and Conclusions: Findings indicated that in terms of motivational readiness to engage with positive oral health parenting behaviours (POHPBs) there were three types of families referred to the DHSW for support: low, moderate, and high-risk. It was established that to address programme aims DHSWs ought to support moderate-high risk families, yet DHSWs only had capacity to support low-moderate risk families. Findings demonstrated that the Public Health Nurses/Health Visitors were best placed to triage families according to their needs and motivational readiness. The peer-ness of the DHSW role was found to positively influence parental engagement with the programme and facilitate person-centred support. However, an embedded ‘sweetie culture’ and health damaging environments were found to negatively impact on parents’ self-efficacy and perceived locus of control to engage with POHPBs. Learning indicated that: delivery over a prolonged period of time; incorporation of the programme into the Early Years Pathway and GIRFEC policy; and recent changes to the Children and Young Person (Scotland) Act (2014), served to embed Childsmile within the NHS boards and facilitated stakeholder buy-in, which positively impacted on delivery of the role. From the learning derived within and out with Childsmile the recommendations for the DHSW role included: (1) DHSW support should move away from a primarily information provision and facilitation of families into dental practice role, and incorporate socio-emotional and person-centred support; (2) The DHSW role should be redefined to support moderate-high risk families; and interpretation and application of referral criteria should be addressed to ensure continuity with who is referred for support; and (3) Programme theory for the DHSW role should be refined and future evaluative effort should concentrate on assessing impact.

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Haynes, Angela. "Assessing Nurse Practitioners' Knowledge and Clinical Practice with Regard to the Oral-Systemic Link." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3848.

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Nurse Practitioners (NPs) comprise a significant portion of the U.S. primary care workforce and play an essential role in patients' health awareness, prevention strategies, disease management, and in providing appropriate provider referrals. Nurse Practitioners receive education on the oral-systemic connection, yet there have been limited studies on the clinical practice of NPs assessing the oral cavity to evaluate the condition of the teeth and the oral tissues. The purpose of this study was to explore the nurse practitioners’ knowledge and practice habits of assessing the oral cavity for diseases or abnormalities in the mouth that can, in turn, affect overall health. A total of 66 NPs were included in the study, primarily female (91%) with master’s degrees (77%). While knowledge and education were not significantly associated, this research found significant associations between confidence and assessments, less than one-third (30.3%) were confident in their knowledge and ability to evaluate oral abnormalities.

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Jose, Babu. "Dental caries and oral hygiene practices of children and caregivers inKerala, India." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31954224.

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Jose, Babu. "Dental caries and oral hygiene practices of children and caregivers in Kerala, India." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31954224.

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Books on the topic "Dental hygiene practice"

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L, Maloney Karen, ed. Contemporary dental hygiene practice. Chicago: Quintessence Pub. Co., 1988.

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Pharmacology for dental hygiene practice. Albany: Delmar Publishers, 1996.

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1949-, Lautar Charla J., ed. Ethics, jurisprudence & practice management in dental hygiene. 3rd ed. Boston: Prentice Hall, 2012.

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1949-, Lautar Charla J., ed. Ethics, jurisprudence, and practice management in dental hygiene. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006.

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The hygiene professional: A partner in dentistry. [Tulsa, OK: Pennwell], 1999.

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Pader, Morton. Oral hygiene products and practice. New York: Dekker, 1988.

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Hygiene, Canada Working Group on the Practice of Dental. The practice of dental hygiene in Canada: Description, guidelines, and recommendations : report of the Working Group on the Practice of Dental Hygiene. [Ottawa, Ont.]: Health and Welfare Canada, 1988.

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E, Curran Alice, ed. General and oral pathology for dental hygiene practice. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Company, 2015.

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Wilkins, Esther M. Clinical practice of the dental hygienist. 7th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1994.

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Clinical practice of the dental hygienist. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Dental hygiene practice"

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Summerfelt, Fred F. "Teledentistry-Assisted Affiliated Practice Dental Hygiene." In Health Informatics, 43–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08973-7_5.

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Daly, Blánaid, Paul Batchelor, Elizabeth Treasure, and Richard Watt. "Overview of behaviour change." In Essential Dental Public Health. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199679379.003.0015.

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Many dental practitioners become very frustrated with their patients when they fail to follow advice given to improve their oral health. This failure can often be interpreted by dentists as a sign of disinterest, lack of motivation, or sometimes even stupidity! Such an approach helps no one. As has already been identified, to successfully promote oral health the dental team need to work with their patients in a number of ways. For example, to help them select a healthy diet, maintain good oral hygiene, or stop smoking, the dental team need to understand what factors influence these behaviours and how they can be altered successfully. This chapter therefore aims to review behaviour change to help you understand more fully how you as a clinician can help your patients successfully alter their behaviour to promote and maintain their oral health. Theories and models of behaviour change will be reviewed and consideration will also focus on the practical factors influencing the process of change. Before reviewing the theoretical detail of behaviour change it is important to restate a core principle of public health, that is, the importance of the underlying social determinants of health. A wealth of evidence has highlighted that individual behaviours have a relatively limited influence on health outcomes compared to economic, environmental, and social factors (Marmot and Wilkinson 2006 ; Wilkinson 1996). Indeed, oral health behaviours play a somewhat minor role in explaining oral health inequalities (Sabbah et al . 2009; Sanders et al. 2006). Any exploration of individual behaviour change therefore needs to take into account the influence of the broader factors operating at a macro level. However, for health professionals working with individual patients, helping people change their behaviour is still an important task within their clinical practice. Traditionally, health professionals have focused largely upon giving their patients information in an attempt to change their behaviour. Such an approach has, however, been mostly unsuccessful at securing long-term changes in behaviour (Sprod et al. 1996; Yevahova and Satur 2009).

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Ahmed, Ziauddin, Suptendra Nath Sarbadhikari, Karimon Nesha, Karishma Sharmin Haque, Khurshida Khanom, and Kazi Rumana Ahmed. "Using Online Social Networks for Increasing Health Literacy on Oral Health." In Oral Healthcare and Technologies, 487–93. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1903-4.ch012.

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A descriptive study was conducted among the members of Oral Health group on a social media network (Facebook) through the Internet. The objective of this study was to explore online interactions on oral health among the Internet users. The study was divided into two parts. First part included content analysis of Oral Health group interactions during the period of July 2011 to April 2012 and second part included online survey findings. All the postings and their discussions in “Oral Health” group were collected and analyzed by using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Total 427 group members were included, 65.84% members were recruited by administrator (admin) and 34.16% by other members of Oral Health group. Among the group members 110 (23%) members were actively participating in group interactions. A total 384 interactive messages were exchanged between the members on 194 discrete topics were discussed (in average 2 messages exchanged per topic). The flow of group interactions mostly occurred between dental professional to dental professional 78%, followed by general to general 3%, dental professional to general 9%, general to dental professional 10%. Opinion of survey respondents about the oral health group online interactions were found as appreciative (52%), “modern technology of learning is useful”(34%), “improves clinical knowledge of professionals”(26%), “improves oral hygiene knowledge and practice”(22%), and “helps to solve oral health problems”(38%). Online oral health group appears to be an effective platform for sharing information, experiences and advice on oral health among the Internet users.

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Suragimath, Girish, and Ashwinirani SR. "Short and Long Term Oral Hygiene Maintenance Protocols for Traumatic Dental Injuries." In Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96043.

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Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) occur when a person undergoes trauma due to variety of reasons. Traumatic injuries are part of the growing up years and can have ever lasting wounds with scarring on the affected individuals. Treatment and rehabilitation of the teeth with traumatic injuries are essential for long term survival of the teeth. Immediate care, appropriate diagnosis and treatment with comprehensive follow-up are essential for a favorable prognosis of the affected teeth. A coordinated effort from different specialties including general dentist, oral radiologist, pediatric dentist, periodontist, oral surgeon, orthodontist and endodontist is essential for success of the treatment. Team efforts involving these different specialists will help the patient to receive successful long term outcome. Proper oral hygiene maintenance during and after traumatic dental injury, is required to stop the deterioration of the tooth and periodontal structures. The caregiver in children and the adult with traumatic dental injuries should be educated and guided about the proper oral hygiene techniques especially in the areas with dental injury. Dentist must be aware of the treatments rendered to the teeth with trauma and should have up-to-date knowledge of the oral hygiene measures to be inculcated in the subjects with dental trauma. This chapter highlights the oral hygiene measures to be followed by the subjects with TDIs and also includes measures to be followed by the dentist in such a scenario.

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Gillgrass, T. J., and A. J. Keightley. "The paedodontic–orthodontic interface." In Paediatric Dentistry. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789277.003.0023.

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The long-term management of a child’s developing occlusion often benefits greatly from a good working relationship between the paediatric dentist and the orthodontist. Typical problems range from minimizing damage to the occlusion caused by enforced extraction of poor-quality teeth, through the management of specific local abnormalities such as impacted teeth, to referral for comprehensive treatment of all aspects of the malocclusion. This chapter discusses the principles underlying when to refer to a specialist colleague, and looks at some common clinical situations where collaboration is often needed. From the age of 8 years all children should be screened for the presence of malocclusion when they attend for a routine dental examination. Although orthodontic treatment is usually carried out in the late mixed and early permanent dentition, some conditions benefit from treatment at an earlier stage. The screening need only be a brief clinical assessment, but it should be carried out systematically to ensure that no important findings are overlooked. An outline of a basic orthodontic assessment is given in Table 15.1. With practice this can be carried out quite quickly to give an overall impression of the nature and severity of a malocclusion. In essence, it comprises assessments of the following elements: • the patient’s awareness of their malocclusion (the complaint, if any) • their general level of dental awareness • an extra-oral examination of facial form (skeletal pattern and soft tissues) • general oral condition—oral hygiene, periodontal health, caries risk, and tooth quality • the presence or absence of all teeth • the alignment and form of each arch • the teeth in occlusion. Radiographs are not routinely used when screening for the presence of malocclusion and should only be taken when there is a clinical indication. A panoramic radiograph gives a useful general scan of the dentition and indicates the presence or absence of teeth. Modern digital panoramic radiographs are generally of good enough quality to assess for the presence of any abnormalities or gross caries. Intra-oral views may be indicated if specifically indicated by the history/examination (e.g. dental trauma) or for further investigation of pathology found on a panoramic image. A radiographic assessment must always be made when considering any extractions.

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Brown, Gwen Cohen, and Laina Karthikeyan. "Integration of Civic Engagement Pedagogies in the STEM Disciplines." In Cases on Interdisciplinary Research Trends in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics, 295–319. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2214-2.ch012.

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This chapter discusses the development and implementation of an interdisciplinary learning community between the departments of Dental Hygiene and Biological Sciences, correlating nutrition with oral health and oral cancer and its prevention by early screening. The goal of the project was to engage underrepresented, urban undergraduate students in civic learning, with an eye toward expanding learning capacities and civic responsibilities beyond the classroom. The project followed participation in the 2010 Summer Institute offered by the National Science Foundation’s Science Education for New Civic Engagements and Responsibilities (SENCER). Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology integrates basic science curriculum and applies this unified foundation knowledge to the clinical evaluation of disease, thereby closing the gap between didactic and applied material. Dental Hygiene students enrolled in Nutrition and Anatomy and Physiology will learn to connect this knowledge gained with practical application outside the natural sciences, which in turn will make these courses more interesting and relevant.

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"ATP quantification and evaluation of hygiene good practices in dental clinics surfaces of Pombal city." In Occupational Safety and Hygiene III, 317–22. CRC Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b18042-62.

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Heasman, P. A., and P. J. Waterhouse. "Periodontal diseases in children." In Paediatric Dentistry. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789277.003.0020.

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Periodontal diseases comprise a group of infections that affect the supporting structures of the teeth: marginal and attached gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. Acute gingival diseases—primarily herpetic gingivostomatitis and necrotizing gingivitis—are ulcerative conditions that result from specific viral and bacterial infection. Chronic gingivitis, however, is a non-specific inflammatory lesion of the marginal gingiva which reflects the bacterial challenge to the host when dental plaque accumulates in the gingival crevice. The development of chronic gingivitis is enhanced when routine oral hygiene practices are impaired. Chronic gingivitis is reversible if effective plaque control measures are introduced. If left untreated, the condition invariably converts to chronic periodontitis, which is characterized by resorption of the supporting connective tissue attachment and apical migration of the junctional epithelia. Slowly progressing, chronic periodontitis affects most of the adult population to a greater or lesser extent, although the early stages of the disease are detected in adolescents. Children are also susceptible to aggressive periodontal diseases that involve the primary and permanent dentitions, and present in localized or generalized forms. These conditions, which are distinct clinical entities affecting otherwise healthy children, must be differentiated from the extensive periodontal destruction that is associated with certain systemic diseases, degenerative disorders, and congenital syndromes. Periodontal tissues are also susceptible to changes that are not, primarily, of an infectious nature. Factitious stomatitis is characterized by self-inflicted trauma to oral soft tissues and the gingiva are invariably involved. Drug-induced gingival enlargement is becoming increasingly prevalent with the widespread use of organ transplant procedures and long-term immunosuppressant therapy. Localized enlargement may occur as a gingival complication of orthodontic treatment. A classification of periodontal diseases in children is given in Table 12.1. Marginal gingival tissues around the primary dentition are more highly vascular and contain fewer connective tissue fibres than tissues around the permanent teeth. The epithelia are thinner with a lesser degree of keratinization, giving an appearance of increased redness that may be interpreted as mild inflammation. Furthermore, the localized hyperaemia that accompanies eruption of the primary dentition can persist, leading to swollen and rounded interproximal papillae and a depth of gingival sulcus exceeding 3mm.

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