Academic literature on the topic 'Dentine tubes'

Enterococcus faecalis is the most commonly recovered species from failed root canal treatments. In this study, we tested the capability of a novel intracanal sustained-release filler (SRF) containing cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) to disinfect dentinal tubules of segmented human tooth specimens. Human dental root specimens were infected with E. faecalis V583 for 3 weeks in a static environment. The tested intracanal medicaments were SRF-CPC and calcium hydroxide (CH). Each medicament was introduced into the canal of the dental specimen and incubated for 7 days. The bacteriological samples were taken by shaving the dentine surrounding the root canal with dental burs ranging in size from ISO 014-020. The obtained dentine powder was collected in test tubes containing phosphate-buffered saline, sonicated, and plated on agar plates. Colony-forming units were counted after 48 h of incubation. Random specimens were also examined under confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. A statistical difference was found in the bacterial counts obtained from all layers of infected dentin between the control and the SRF-CPC groups. CH reduced bacterial viability significantly only in the first layer of the infected dentin, up to 150 μm into the dentinal tubules. CLSM images showed that SRF-CPC killed most bacteria throughout the infected dentin up to 700 μm of penetration. SEM images demonstrated the adhesion ability of SRF-CPC to the dentinal wall. In conclusion, SRF-CPC is a potential intracanal medicament for disinfecting dentinal tubules.

The purpose of thisin vitrostudy was to assess the effect of hydrogen peroxide on the antibacterial substantivity of chlorhexidine (CHX). Seventy-five dentine tubes prepared from human maxillary central and lateral incisor teeth were used. After contamination withEnterococcus faecalisfor 14 days, the specimens were divided into five groups as follows: CHX, H2O2, CHX + H2O2, infected dentine tubes (positive control), and sterile dentine tubes (negative control). Dentine chips were collected with round burs into tryptic soy broth, and after culturing, the number of colony-forming units (CFU) was counted. The number of CFU was minimum in the first cultures in all experimental groups, and the results obtained were significantly different from each other at any time period (). At the first culture, the number of CFU in the CHX + H2O2group was lower than other two groups. At the other experimental periods, the CHX group showed the most effective antibacterial action (). Hydrogen peroxide group showed the worst result at all periods. In each group, the number of CFU increased significantly by time lapse (). In conclusion, H2O2had no additive effect on the residual antibacterial activity of CHX.

Abstract The Holocephali is a major group of chondrichthyan fishes, the sister taxon to the sharks and rays (Elasmobranchii). However, the dentition of extant holocephalans is very different from that of the elasmobranchs, lacking individual tooth renewal, but comprising dental plates made entirely of self-renewing dentine. This renewal of all tissues occurs at the postero-lingual plate surface, as a function of their statodont condition. The fossil record of the holocephalans illuminates multiple different trends in the dentition, including shark-like teeth through to those with dentitions completely lacking individual teeth. Different taxa illustrate developmental retention of teeth but with fusion in their serial development. Dentine of different varieties comprises these teeth and composite dental plates, whose histology includes vascularized tubes within coronal dentine, merging with basal trabecular dentine. In this coronal vascularized dentine, extensive hypermineralization forms a wear resistant tissue transformed into a variety of morphologies. Through evolution, hypermineralized dentine becomes enclosed within the trabecular dentine, and specialized by reduction into specific zones within a composite dental plate, with these increasing in morphological disparity, all reflecting loss of defined teeth but retention of dentine production from the inherited developmental package.

Distal renal tubular acidosis is a disease that occurs when the kidneys do not remove acid properly into the urine, leaving the blood too acidic (called acidosis). Distal renal tubular acidosis (type I RTA) is caused by a defect in the kidney tubes that causes acid to build up in the bloodstream. It ultimately results rickets which include chronic skeletal pain, in skeletal deformities, skeletal fractures. Rickets is among the most frequent childhood diseases in many developing countries. Dental problems in rickets include delayed eruption of permanent teeth, premature fall of deciduous teeth, defects in structure of teeth, enamel defects in permanent teeth (hypoplastic), pulp defects, intraglobular dentine, and caries tooth. Herewith, reported a case of distal tubular renal acidosis with genu valgum secondary to rickets, with pain and extraoral swelling associated with right and left mandibular 1st permanent molars. Teeth were infected with pulp without being involved with caries. Radiographically cracks in enamel and dentin were observed. Pulp revascularization with 46 and root canal treatment was done for 36 with followup of 1 year.

Background: Deep dentinal caries cannot defect the vitality of dental pulp. The microbial populations involved in dental caries are known to be highly complex and variable. Lactobacillus casei is one of the most common carious dentine bacteria. Tannin contained in mangosteen pericarp extract is known to have an antibacterial potency. Purpose. This study aims to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration of tannin from mangosteen pericarp extract against Lactobacillus casei. Method. This study is an experimental laboratory with a post-test only control group design. Tannin from mangosteen was extracted by 96% ethanol. Lactobacillus casei was diluted into several concentrations using the serial dilution method in the Brain Heart Infusion Broth (BHIB) medium and inserted in several reaction tubes. Every reaction tube was incubated for 24 hours. After being incubated, each concentration was taken and swabbed into Mueller Hinton in the petri dish. Then, every petri dish was incubated for 24 hours and colonies' growth was counted manually in the Colony Forming Unit (CFU). Result. Bacterial colonies' growth at a concentration of 1.56% was 90% less than the positive control group and there was no bacterial colonies growth at the concentration of 3.12%. Conclusion. Tanin from mangosteen pericarp extract has an antibacterial effect against Lactobacillus casei. The MIC of tannin from mangosteen pericarp extract against Lactobacillus casei was at 1.56% and MBC was at 3.12%.

Abstract This study assessed the antimicrobial efficacy and surface tension of established irrigating solutions with a new experimental chelating solution in infected dentin tubes. Twenty-five specimens were randomly assigned to each of the irrigating solutions. Twenty specimens were used as negative and positive controls. After 21 days of contamination with E. faecalis, the irrigating solutions MTAD, QMiX and Tetraclean NA were delivered into each infected root canal. The solutions were removed and dentin samples were withdrawn from the root canals with sterile low-speed round burs with increasing ISO diameters. The dentin powder samples obtained with each bur were immediately collected in separate test tubes containing 3 mL of BHI broth. After that, 100 μL from each test tube was cultured on blood agar. The grown colonies were counted and recorded as colony-forming units (CFU). The surface tension of the irrigants was measured using a Cahn DCA-322 Dynamic Contact Angle Analyzer. A Kruskal Wallis nonparametric ANOVA and a Friedman test were used (p<0.05). Tetraclean NA showed lower surface tension and CFU values than MTAD and QMiX. Better antibacterial action and low surface tension were observed for Tetraclean NA, probably due to the improved penetration into the root canal and dentinal tubes

Little is known about the effect of specimen preparation and testing protocols on the micro-shear bond strength (μSBS) results. To evaluate whether variations in polyethylene rod use affect (μSBS)). Human dentin disks were randomly distributed into six groups (): polyethylene tube (3 levels) and adhesive system (2 levels). In Group 1, polyethylene tubes filled with polymerized composite) were placed on adhesive covered surfaces. Tubes were removed 24 h after water storage, leaving the rods only. In Group 2, the same procedure was performed; however, tubes were kept in place during testing. In Group 3, composite rods without tubes were placed on adhesive covered dentin. In all groups, adhesives were photoactivated after positioning filled tubes/rods on adhesive covered surfaces. Specimens were tested under shear mode and the data subjected to a two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s tests. Groups 1 and 2 resulted in statistically similar meanμSBS (); however, a greater number of pretest failures were observed for Group 1. HigherμSBS values were detected for Group 3, irrespective of adhesive system used (). Removing the polyethylene tube before composite rod is placed on dentin affectsμSBS values.

Literature showed that the interaction of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) with dentin in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) promotes a biomineralization process that leads to the formation of an interfacial layer with mineralized structures at the cement-dentin interface. Thus, we investigated the in vivo biomineralization process promoted by MTA and Ca(OH)² with dentin. Human dentin tubes filled with ProRoot MTA, Ca(OH)² or kept empty were implanted in subcutaneous tissues in the back of mice. After 12h, 1, 3, 7, 15, 30 and 60 days, the dentin tubes were processed for Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) observations. SEM examination showed the presence of apatite-like clusters on collagen fibrils over the surface of tubes containing the biomaterials. This mineral deposition was more extensive and compact through time. At day 7, a compact layer of apatite was formed. The MTA/Ca(OH)² -dentin interface showed intratubular mineralization as early as 12h post-implantation. MTA and Ca(OH)² in an in vivo environment promoted a biomineralization process with dentin, simultaneously to the acute inflammatory response. MTA triggered an earlier and denser interfacial layer.

The aim of this ex vivo study was to compare the antibacterial power of 1% NaOCl with 1% acetic acid, 5.25% NaOCl and two commercially available NaOCl modified with surfactants in bovine root dentin. A total of 120 dentin tubes prepared from intact bovine incisors were infected for 21 days with Enterococcus faecalis and randomly divided into six groups as follows: 5.25%NaOCl; Hypoclean; Chlor-Xtra; 1% NaOCl with 1% acetic acid; infected dentin tubes (positive control); and sterile dentin tubes (negative control). At experimental times of 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days, dentin chips were collected using sequential round burs with increasing diameters in separate test tubes containing 3 mL of freshly prepared BHI. Statistical analysis were performed using parametric methods (one-way ANOVA, and Bonferroni's multiple comparisons test, α=0.01). After culturing, the number of colony-forming units (CFU) was counted. All the NaOCl solutions showed small number of CFU over 28 days. ChlorXtra and Hypoclean had the smallest number of CFU at all times with greater antimicrobial efficacy than 5.25% NaOCl and 1% NaOCl solution with 1% acetic acid.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia, Florianópolis, 2011
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O agregado de trióxido mineral (MTA) tem se mostrado bioativo por sua capacidade de produzir apatita carbonatada biologicamente compatível. O propósito deste estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência de deposição mineral na interface cimento-dentina e nos túbulos dentinários, após a implantação, em tecido subcutâneo de ratos, de tubos de dentina preenchidos com os cimentos MTA Branco, MTA BIO e Portland branco, com (CP1) e sem (CP2) cloreto de cálcio. Tubos de dentina foram confeccionados a partir de 72 dentes humanos unirradiculados e preenchidos com os diferentes cimentos. Em seguida foram implantados no tecido subcutâneo de 18 ratos em 4 sítios eqüidistantes da região dorsal. Os animais foram divididos em 3 grupos de 6, conforme o período da eutanásia (30, 60, e 90 dias). Como grupo-controle foram utilizados 6 tubos de dentina vazios, implantados em ratos de um estudo piloto. Após a eutanásia, as amostras foram preparadas e a interface material-dentina foi avaliada em microscópio eletrônico de varredura em diferentes aumentos (500 a 2000x). Nos períodos de 30 e 60 dias, a deposição mineral na interface (intercamada) e no interior dos túbulos dentinários foi mais detectada nos tubos preenchidos com MTA Branco e MTA BIO do que nos preenchidos com CP1 e CP2. No período de 90 dias foi constatada a presença da intercamada e a deposição mineral intratubular em todas as amostras, exceto em 3 e em 1 das preenchidas com CP2, respectivamente. Os cimentos MTA BIO, MTA Branco, CP1 e CP2 são bioativos, ou seja, dissolveram componentes iônicos capazes de estimular a deposição mineral nos tubos implantados no tecido conjuntivo subcutâneo de ratos. O MTA BIO e o MTA Branco mostraram-se mais efetivos na indução do processo de biomineralização quando comparados aos cimentos Portland, principalmente nos períodos de 30 e 60 dias.

Para se avaliar a citoxicidade de materiais endodônticos, uma das metodologias utilizadas é a implantação de amostras dos materiais no tecido conjuntivo de pequenos animais, e para essa implantação são utilizados acondicionadores. O propósito deste estudo foi comparar as reações teciduais de alguns acondicionadores utilizados neste tipo de pesquisa, propondo desta maneira uma melhor metodologia para ser utilizada em trabalhos futuros. Foram implantados no tecido subcutâneo de 54 ratos, tubos de polietileno, bastões de dentina e cápsulas de colágeno, formando 3 grupos que permaneceram com os implantes pelos períodos de 15, 30 e 60 dias. Os espécimes dos grupos I e II foram analisados pela microscopia óptica de modo descritivo e morfométrico, considerando 5 critérios morfológicos: fibras colágenas, fibroblastos, vasos sanguíneos, células inflamatórias e outros componentes. O grupo III foi submetido, apenas, à análise descritiva. Os valores médios encontrados nos grupos I e II foram submetidos ao Teste t de Student para comparação entre os grupos nos períodos experimentais. O Teste ANOVA foi aplicado para comparar os períodos, nos grupos experimentais, e os valores significantes foram submetidos ao teste de Tukey. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que os tubos de polietileno e bastões de dentina induziram reações teciduais semelhantes, demonstrando, aos 60 dias, um comportamento de reparo. As cápsulas de colágeno foram reabsorvidas e houve recomposição morfológica do tecido subcutâneo.
With the purpose of evaluating the citotoxicity of some endodontic materials, their implantation in subcutaneous tissue of small animals is performed, with the aid of containers, which are used to carry the testing materials. The aim of this study was to compare the subcutaneous tissue response related to the implantation of polyethylene tubes, dentin tubes and collagen capsules usually used as carrier materials in this kind of methodology. 54 rats were divided in 3 groups: polyethylene tubes (Group I), dentin tubes (Group II) and collagen capsules (Group III). After 15, 30 and 60 days of implantation, the animals were killed and the specimens of group I and II were prepared for descriptive and morphometric analysis considering: collagen fibers, fibroblasts, vessels, inflammatory cells and other components. The group III (collagen capsules) was only evaluated through descriptive analyses. The average values of group I and II were submitted to T student test for comparison between the groups in the experimental periods. ANOVA-Tukey test was used to show a difference in the tissue response in the different periods to each material. The results showed similar tissue reaction between polyethylene and dentin tubes, showing organization of the tissue at 60 days. The collagen capsules were resorbed showing morphological recomposition of the subcutaneous tissue.

Es liegt in der menschlichen Natur, nach Attraktivität zu streben. Zeit und Geld werden darauf verwendet, einem bestimmten Schönheitsideal zu entsprechen. Unser Kauorgan betreffend, können Funktion und Ästhetik durch kieferorthopädische Therapie optimiert werden. Bei gegebener Indikation ist die Kieferorthopädie eine Therapieoption in jedem Lebensalter. Aufgrund der steigenden Anzahl erwachsener Patienten in der kieferorthopädischen Praxis ergibt sich, dass kieferorthopädische Hilfselemente immer häufiger auch auf keramischen Restaurationsflächen zuverlässig verankert werden müssen. Aus der Vielfalt der auf dem Markt verfügbaren Keramiken sind insbesondere Restaurationen aus Silikatkeramik sehr beliebt. Um Zähne im Rahmen einer kieferorthopädischen Behandlung kontrolliert bewegen zu können, ist die Befestigung von Hilfselementen wie Brackets, Tubes oder Attachments obligat. Die Anforderungen an den Haftverbund sind dabei komplex: Die Scherhaftfestigkeit (shear bond strength, SBS) muss ausreichen, um kieferorthopädischen Kräften standzuhalten und ein vorzeitiges Versagen des Haftverbundes zu verhindern. Nur so können kontinuierliche Zahnbewegungen zeitoptimiert ablaufen und ungewollte Bewegungen vermieden werden. Bei der Verankerung auf keramischen Oberflächen sollten weder durch den Konditionierungsvorgang, noch durch das Debonding nach abgeschlossener Behandlung irreversible Veränderungen auf der Restaurationsoberfläche resultieren. Je nach Ausmaß der Schädigung hat das nicht nur ästhetische Folgen: die erhöhte Rauigkeit begünstigt die bakterielle Besiedlung der Oberfläche und durch subkritisches Risswachstum (subcritical crack growth, SCG) ist die Beeinträchtigung der Langzeitstabilität der Restauration denkbar. Um kieferorthopädische Hilfselemente zuverlässig auf silikatkeramischen Oberflächen zu verankern, müssen diese Oberflächen konditioniert werden. In der kieferorthopädischen Praxis stehen dafür verschiedene Methoden mit individuellen Vor- und Nachteilen zu Verfügung. Wirkprinzip der Konditionierungsmaßnahmen ist zunächst das Etablieren einer mikroretentiven Oberfläche mittels Anrauen durch einen Präparierdiamant, Ätzen durch Flusssäure oder Sandstrahlen mit Aluminiumoxid und anschließend das Herstellen des Haftverbundes durch Auftragen eines Silans. Diese Maßnahmen führen zu irreversiblen Veränderungen der Keramikoberfläche, die bereits makroskopisch sichtbar sind. Ein alternatives Wirkprinzip versprechen neue Einkomponenten-Keramikprimer: Diese ätzen die Keramikoberfläche durch Ammoniumpolyfluorid und lassen dann den Haftverbund durch das ebenfalls enthaltene Trimethoxysilylpropyl-Methacrylat entstehen. Im Rahmen dieser Studie wurden Probekörper nach Vorlage einer Molarenkrone des Zahnes 36 durch ein computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM)-Verfahren hergestellt. Die Fläche zur Aufnahme des Bukkalröhrchens wurde entsprechend der Randomisierungsliste konditioniert: In Gruppe 1 bestand der Konditionierungsvorgang aus Anrauen und Ätzen mittels Flusssäure sowie Auftragen eines Silans, in Gruppe 2 aus Sandstrahlen mit Aluminiumoxid und Auftragen eines Silans, in Gruppe 3 aus Anrauen und Auftragen des Einkomponenten-Keramikprimers, in Gruppe 4 aus Auftragen des Einkomponenten-Keramikprimers, in Gruppe 5 lediglich aus Anrauen und in Gruppe 6 (Kontrollgruppe) erfolgte keine Konditionierung. Abschließend wurde das Tube mittels Befestigungskomposit verankert. Die SBS-Werte wurden bestimmt und die Integrität der Keramikoberfläche nach Debonding anhand des Adhesive-Remnant-Index (ARI) und des Crack-Tear-out-Index bewertet. Die Konditionierungsmaßnahmen der Gruppen I-IV konnten SBS-Werte generieren, die kieferorthopädischen Kräften standhalten. Deutliche Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen konnten in Bezug auf Veränderungen an der Restaurationsoberfläche festgestellt werden. So kam es in den Gruppen I-III sowohl zu Rückständen von Befestigungskomposit auf der Oberfläche als auch zu Brüchen in/ Ausrissen aus der Keramik. Besonders geringe Veränderungen der Oberfläche bewirkte die Konditionierung mittels Einkomponenten-Keramikprimer. Um dem stetig steigenden Anspruch der Patienten an die kieferorthopädische Behandlung zu genügen, muss der Kieferorthopäde auf die Verlässlichkeit der verwendeten Materialien vertrauen können. Die in naher Zukunft neu auf dem Dentalmarkt verfügbaren Einkomponenten-Keramikprimer scheinen ein aussichtsreiches Hilfsmittel zur intraoralen Befestigung kieferorthopädischer Hilfselemente auf silikatkeramischen Oberflächen zu sein und konnten die an sie im Rahmen dieser in-vitro-Studie gestellten Anforderungen erfüllen.:1 Einführung 4 1.1 Zahnbewegung 4 1.2 Kräftesysteme 6 1.3 Kieferorthopädische Hilfselemente 7 1.4 Auswahl des Probekörpers 8 1.5 Dentale Keramiken 9 1.6 Verbund zwischen kieferorthopädischem Attachment und Restauration 11 2 Publikationsmanuskript 16 3 Zusammenfassung der Arbeit 24 4 Literaturverzeichnis 27 5 Anlagen 31 6 Darstellung des eigenen Beitrags 31 7 Erklärung über die eigenständige Abfassung der Arbeit 32 8 Lebenslauf 33 9 Publikationen 34 10 Danksagung 35

The paper focuses on the denting the response of pipeline segments subjected to lateral quasi-static wedge loading, in the presence of internal pressure. Nonlinear finite element models of pipeline segments, which are in good agreement with denting test data from internally pressurized pipes, are employed to obtain load-deflection curves for different levels of pressure, for various wedge shapes and for different types of boundary conditions. It is found that the presence of internal pressure increases significantly the denting resistance. The present study gives special emphasis on the development of a simplified three-dimensional analytical model, which yields closed-form expressions for the denting force and the corresponding denting length in terms of the corresponding denting displacement. The model, introduced elsewhere for non-pressurized tubes, is enhanced to include the pressure effects, accounting for different types of pipe end conditions. The analytical solution compares very well with the finite element results, and illustrates tube denting response in a clear and elegant manner.

The paper examines the denting response of tubular members and pipes subjected to lateral (transverse) quasi-static loading, in the presence of internal pressure. Tubes are modeled with nonlinear shell finite elements, and the numerical results are in good agreement with available experimental data. Using the numerical tools, a parametric study is conducted to examine the effects of pressure level, as well as those of denting device size and pipe end conditions. It is mainly concluded that for a given denting displacement, the presence of internal pressure increases significantly the corresponding denting force. A simplified two-dimensional heuristic model is also adopted, which yields closed-form expressions for the denting force. The model equations are in fairly good agreement with the test results and illustrate pipe denting response in an elegant manner.

The present paper examines the denting deformation of offshore pipelines and tubular members (D/t≤50) subjected to lateral (transverse) quasi-static loading in the presence of uniform external pressure. Particular emphasis is given on pressure effects on the ultimate lateral load of tubes and on their energy absorption capacity. Pipe segments are modeled with shell finite elements, accounting for geometric and material nonlinearities, and give very good predictions compared with test data from non-pressurized pipes. Lateral loading between two rigid plates, a two-dimensional case, is examined first. Three-dimensional case, are also analyzed, where the load is applied either through a pair of opposite wedge-shaped denting tools or a single spherical denting tool. Load-deflection curves for different levels of external pressure are presented, which indicate that pressure has significant influence on pipe response and strength. Finally, simplified analytical models are proposed for the two-dimensional and three-dimensional load configurations, which yield closed-form expressions, compare fairly well with the finite element results and illustrate some important features of pipeline response in a clear and elegant manner.

Previous work by the authors investigated the inelastic response and stability of pipes bent in the presence of internal pressure [1,2]. It was shown that internal pressure tends to stabilize the pipe by reducing initial geometric imperfections and reducing the induced ovalization. Consequently pressurized pipe can sustain significantly higher bending strains before collapse than pipe bent in the absence of pressure. Pipelines have girth welds and other local imperfections such as dents. The present phase of this work uses experiment and analysis to investigate the effect of local dents on the collapse capacity of pressurized pipes under pure bending. A series of experiments was conducted on stainless steel 321 seamless tubes with diameters of 1.5 inches and D/t of 52. Small imperfections in the form of transverse dents were introduced to the specimens using a custom technique that limits the axial and circumferential spans of the dents. The dented tubes were loaded by pure bending at a fixed internal pressure (approximately one half the yield pressure) to collapse. Tubes with dent depths ranging from very small to about 1.7 times the pipe wall thickness were tested. It was found that such local imperfections tend to reduce the bending strain capacity of the pipe quite significantly. Smaller depth dents tend to cause relatively larger reduction in the bending strain at collapse whereas at larger depths the bending strain at collapse tends to level off. The inelastic response and the eventual localized collapse are being simulated using FE models. The material is represented as an anisotropic elastic-plastic solid using the flow theory of plasticity. The modeling includes simulation of the denting process followed by pressurization and bending. It will be shown that all aspects of the observed behavior including the sensitivity of collapse strain to the local imperfection are reproduced well by the models.

Steel tubes are widely encountered in industrial applications and in offshore structures. This is mostly because of their superior axial load carrying performance, low resistance against fluid loads and easy handling during construction and transportation. Cylindrical structural members, however, very often happen to become subject to accidental lateral damages which are detrimental to their load carrying performance. Collision between supply ships and legs and bracings of offshore oil platforms, impact from heavy dropped objects on these members or denting during installation of marine structures are examples of such accidents. Prior to an accident, cylindrical members are usually carrying their normal operational loads. It is very important to include the effects of this service load (pre-loading) in evaluation of the behaviour of impacted member. The pre-loading may change the dynamic characteristics of the member or degrade its load carrying capacity. While the performance of cylindrical members subjected to lateral impact has been extensively researched, few studies can be found on the impact behaviour of pre-loaded tubular members. This paper reports results from a numerical study on axial pre-loading effects on the dynamic and quasi-static behaviour of cylindrical shells subjected to transverse impact loads. Results obtained appear useful for a more realistic design of tubular members and in choosing feasible and reasonable post impact repairing and strengthening schemes.

Introdução: O gênero Chlamydia integra um grupo de bactérias gram-negativas, parasitos intracelulares obrigatórios com tropismo por epitélios oculares e órgãos genitais. Dentre as espécies conhecidas, destaca-se a Chlamydia trachomatis que, em mulheres, afeta o colo do útero e uretra, podendo causar endocervicite e disúria. Uma vez não tratada, essa infecção chega às trompas e causa a Doença Inflamatória Pélvica (DIP), o que a torna um quadro clínico muito preocupante. OBJETIVOS: Relacionar a gênese da DIP com o desenvolvimento da infecção por C. trachomatis, analisando o grau de interferência dessa inficionação com o surgimento das manifestações clínicas típicas da DIP. Materiais e Métodos: Por meio de um levantamento bibliográfico detalhado, foram selecionados estudos publicados entre setembro de 2012 e março de 2021, utilizando as plataformas PUBMED, SCIELO e WEB OF SCIENCE como base de dados, operando os descritores “Doença Inflamatória Pélvica”, “Chlamydia trachomatis”, “DIP” e “Clamídia”, nos idiomas inglês e português. Resultados: A DIP consiste em um processo inflamatório que pode ocorrer através de diversas vias, incluindo uma via ascendente, pela qual há infecção por microrganismos, que ascendem pelo canal vaginal, como na infecção por C. trachomatis. Após instalada, a DIP se manifesta em quatro estágios seguidos: Inicialmente nota-se o surgimento de endometrite, salpingite e peritonite; Em seguida, a salpingite aguda permanece associada à peritonite; Já no terceiro estágio, a salpingite aguda torna-se associada à abscessos tubo-ovarianos e oclusão tubária; Por fim, nota-se a presença de abscesso tubo-ovariano rompido. Após ascender para o trato genital superior, a bactéria pode desencadear uma resposta inflamatória, caracterizando-se como fibrinosa ou supurativa, devido aos danos causados por todo o epitélio das tubas uterinas e ovários, os quais, por mediação do sistema imune, começam a se regenerar, resultando em cicatrizes e abscessos que, caso se rompam, podem originar choques sépticos. Conclusão: A DIP pode ter diferentes fatores etiológicos, dentre eles o principal é o que ocorre pela via ascendente, decorrente de infecção por Chlamydia trachomatis, que poderá levar à diferentes manifestações clínicas dependendo do estágio evolutivo, sendo essa classificação de estágio necessária para determinação da terapia adequada e melhoria na qualidade de vida dos pacientes afetados.