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Funk, Bernhard, Sharonit Sahar-Helft, David Kirmayer, Michael Friedman, and Doron Steinberg. "Sustained-Release Fillers for Dentin Disinfection: An Ex Vivo Study." International Journal of Dentistry 2019 (May 22, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2348146.
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Enterococcus faecalis is the most commonly recovered species from failed root canal treatments. In this study, we tested the capability of a novel intracanal sustained-release filler (SRF) containing cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) to disinfect dentinal tubules of segmented human tooth specimens. Human dental root specimens were infected with E. faecalis V583 for 3 weeks in a static environment. The tested intracanal medicaments were SRF-CPC and calcium hydroxide (CH). Each medicament was introduced into the canal of the dental specimen and incubated for 7 days. The bacteriological samples were taken by shaving the dentine surrounding the root canal with dental burs ranging in size from ISO 014-020. The obtained dentine powder was collected in test tubes containing phosphate-buffered saline, sonicated, and plated on agar plates. Colony-forming units were counted after 48 h of incubation. Random specimens were also examined under confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. A statistical difference was found in the bacterial counts obtained from all layers of infected dentin between the control and the SRF-CPC groups. CH reduced bacterial viability significantly only in the first layer of the infected dentin, up to 150 μm into the dentinal tubules. CLSM images showed that SRF-CPC killed most bacteria throughout the infected dentin up to 700 μm of penetration. SEM images demonstrated the adhesion ability of SRF-CPC to the dentinal wall. In conclusion, SRF-CPC is a potential intracanal medicament for disinfecting dentinal tubules.
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Shahriari, Shahriar, Zahed Mohammadi, Mohammadi Mehdi Mokhtari, and Rasoul Yousefi. "Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide on the Antibacterial Substantivity of Chlorhexidine." International Journal of Dentistry 2010 (2010): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/946384.
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The purpose of thisin vitrostudy was to assess the effect of hydrogen peroxide on the antibacterial substantivity of chlorhexidine (CHX). Seventy-five dentine tubes prepared from human maxillary central and lateral incisor teeth were used. After contamination withEnterococcus faecalisfor 14 days, the specimens were divided into five groups as follows: CHX, H2O2, CHX + H2O2, infected dentine tubes (positive control), and sterile dentine tubes (negative control). Dentine chips were collected with round burs into tryptic soy broth, and after culturing, the number of colony-forming units (CFU) was counted. The number of CFU was minimum in the first cultures in all experimental groups, and the results obtained were significantly different from each other at any time period (). At the first culture, the number of CFU in the CHX + H2O2group was lower than other two groups. At the other experimental periods, the CHX group showed the most effective antibacterial action (). Hydrogen peroxide group showed the worst result at all periods. In each group, the number of CFU increased significantly by time lapse (). In conclusion, H2O2had no additive effect on the residual antibacterial activity of CHX.
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Johanson, Zerina, Esther Manzanares, Charlie Underwood, Brett Clark, Vincent Fernandez, and Moya Smith. "Evolution of the Dentition in Holocephalans (Chondrichthyes) Through Tissue Disparity." Integrative and Comparative Biology 60, no. 3 (July 3, 2020): 630–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icaa093.
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Abstract The Holocephali is a major group of chondrichthyan fishes, the sister taxon to the sharks and rays (Elasmobranchii). However, the dentition of extant holocephalans is very different from that of the elasmobranchs, lacking individual tooth renewal, but comprising dental plates made entirely of self-renewing dentine. This renewal of all tissues occurs at the postero-lingual plate surface, as a function of their statodont condition. The fossil record of the holocephalans illuminates multiple different trends in the dentition, including shark-like teeth through to those with dentitions completely lacking individual teeth. Different taxa illustrate developmental retention of teeth but with fusion in their serial development. Dentine of different varieties comprises these teeth and composite dental plates, whose histology includes vascularized tubes within coronal dentine, merging with basal trabecular dentine. In this coronal vascularized dentine, extensive hypermineralization forms a wear resistant tissue transformed into a variety of morphologies. Through evolution, hypermineralized dentine becomes enclosed within the trabecular dentine, and specialized by reduction into specific zones within a composite dental plate, with these increasing in morphological disparity, all reflecting loss of defined teeth but retention of dentine production from the inherited developmental package.
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Li, Weiqun, Xiaowei Liu, Yang Lu, and Haimin Yao. "Microscopic Pillars and Tubes Fabricated by Using Fish Dentine as a Molding Template." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 15, no. 9 (August 25, 2014): 14909–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms150914909.
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Bahadure, Rakesh N., Nilima Thosar, Ritika Kriplani, Sudhindra Baliga, and Punit Fulzele. "Dental Aspect of Distal Tubular Renal Acidosis with Genu Valgum Secondary to Rickets: A Case Report." Case Reports in Dentistry 2012 (2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/374945.
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Distal renal tubular acidosis is a disease that occurs when the kidneys do not remove acid properly into the urine, leaving the blood too acidic (called acidosis). Distal renal tubular acidosis (type I RTA) is caused by a defect in the kidney tubes that causes acid to build up in the bloodstream. It ultimately results rickets which include chronic skeletal pain, in skeletal deformities, skeletal fractures. Rickets is among the most frequent childhood diseases in many developing countries. Dental problems in rickets include delayed eruption of permanent teeth, premature fall of deciduous teeth, defects in structure of teeth, enamel defects in permanent teeth (hypoplastic), pulp defects, intraglobular dentine, and caries tooth. Herewith, reported a case of distal tubular renal acidosis with genu valgum secondary to rickets, with pain and extraoral swelling associated with right and left mandibular 1st permanent molars. Teeth were infected with pulp without being involved with caries. Radiographically cracks in enamel and dentin were observed. Pulp revascularization with 46 and root canal treatment was done for 36 with followup of 1 year.
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Rahmatari, Bandaru, Agus Subiwahjudi, and Cecilia G. J. Lunardhi. "The Antibacterial Potential of Tannin from Mangosteen pericarp Extract against Lactobacillus casei." Conservative Dentistry Journal 10, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/cdj.v10i2.2020.51-53.
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Background: Deep dentinal caries cannot defect the vitality of dental pulp. The microbial populations involved in dental caries are known to be highly complex and variable. Lactobacillus casei is one of the most common carious dentine bacteria. Tannin contained in mangosteen pericarp extract is known to have an antibacterial potency. Purpose. This study aims to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration of tannin from mangosteen pericarp extract against Lactobacillus casei. Method. This study is an experimental laboratory with a post-test only control group design. Tannin from mangosteen was extracted by 96% ethanol. Lactobacillus casei was diluted into several concentrations using the serial dilution method in the Brain Heart Infusion Broth (BHIB) medium and inserted in several reaction tubes. Every reaction tube was incubated for 24 hours. After being incubated, each concentration was taken and swabbed into Mueller Hinton in the petri dish. Then, every petri dish was incubated for 24 hours and colonies' growth was counted manually in the Colony Forming Unit (CFU). Result. Bacterial colonies' growth at a concentration of 1.56% was 90% less than the positive control group and there was no bacterial colonies growth at the concentration of 3.12%. Conclusion. Tanin from mangosteen pericarp extract has an antibacterial effect against Lactobacillus casei. The MIC of tannin from mangosteen pericarp extract against Lactobacillus casei was at 1.56% and MBC was at 3.12%.
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Giardino, Luciano, Flaviana Bombarda de Andrade, and Riccardo Beltrami. "Antimicrobial Effect and Surface Tension of Some Chelating Solutions with Added Surfactants." Brazilian Dental Journal 27, no. 5 (October 2016): 584–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201600985.
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Abstract This study assessed the antimicrobial efficacy and surface tension of established irrigating solutions with a new experimental chelating solution in infected dentin tubes. Twenty-five specimens were randomly assigned to each of the irrigating solutions. Twenty specimens were used as negative and positive controls. After 21 days of contamination with E. faecalis, the irrigating solutions MTAD, QMiX and Tetraclean NA were delivered into each infected root canal. The solutions were removed and dentin samples were withdrawn from the root canals with sterile low-speed round burs with increasing ISO diameters. The dentin powder samples obtained with each bur were immediately collected in separate test tubes containing 3 mL of BHI broth. After that, 100 μL from each test tube was cultured on blood agar. The grown colonies were counted and recorded as colony-forming units (CFU). The surface tension of the irrigants was measured using a Cahn DCA-322 Dynamic Contact Angle Analyzer. A Kruskal Wallis nonparametric ANOVA and a Friedman test were used (p<0.05). Tetraclean NA showed lower surface tension and CFU values than MTAD and QMiX. Better antibacterial action and low surface tension were observed for Tetraclean NA, probably due to the improved penetration into the root canal and dentinal tubes
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Andrade, Andrea M., Eugenio Garcia, Sandra Kiss Moura, Alessandra Reis, Alessandro Loguercio, Luciana Mendonça Silva, Gustavo H. D. Pimentel, and Rosa Helena Miranda Grande. "Do the Microshear Test Variables Affect the Bond Strength Values?" International Journal of Dentistry 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/618960.
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Little is known about the effect of specimen preparation and testing protocols on the micro-shear bond strength (μSBS) results. To evaluate whether variations in polyethylene rod use affect (μSBS)). Human dentin disks were randomly distributed into six groups (): polyethylene tube (3 levels) and adhesive system (2 levels). In Group 1, polyethylene tubes filled with polymerized composite) were placed on adhesive covered surfaces. Tubes were removed 24 h after water storage, leaving the rods only. In Group 2, the same procedure was performed; however, tubes were kept in place during testing. In Group 3, composite rods without tubes were placed on adhesive covered dentin. In all groups, adhesives were photoactivated after positioning filled tubes/rods on adhesive covered surfaces. Specimens were tested under shear mode and the data subjected to a two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s tests. Groups 1 and 2 resulted in statistically similar meanμSBS (); however, a greater number of pretest failures were observed for Group 1. HigherμSBS values were detected for Group 3, irrespective of adhesive system used (). Removing the polyethylene tube before composite rod is placed on dentin affectsμSBS values.
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Reyes-Carmona DDS, MSD, PhD, Jessie, Adair Santos PhD, and Mabel Cordeiro DDS, PhD. "Mineral Trioxide Aggregate and Calcium Hydroxide Promotes In Vivo Intratubular Mineralization." Odovtos - International Journal of Dental Sciences 18, no. 1 (March 17, 2016): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/ijds.v18i1.23548.
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Literature showed that the interaction of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) with dentin in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) promotes a biomineralization process that leads to the formation of an interfacial layer with mineralized structures at the cement-dentin interface. Thus, we investigated the in vivo biomineralization process promoted by MTA and Ca(OH)² with dentin. Human dentin tubes filled with ProRoot MTA, Ca(OH)² or kept empty were implanted in subcutaneous tissues in the back of mice. After 12h, 1, 3, 7, 15, 30 and 60 days, the dentin tubes were processed for Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) observations. SEM examination showed the presence of apatite-like clusters on collagen fibrils over the surface of tubes containing the biomaterials. This mineral deposition was more extensive and compact through time. At day 7, a compact layer of apatite was formed. The MTA/Ca(OH)² -dentin interface showed intratubular mineralization as early as 12h post-implantation. MTA and Ca(OH)² in an in vivo environment promoted a biomineralization process with dentin, simultaneously to the acute inflammatory response. MTA triggered an earlier and denser interfacial layer.
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Giardino, Luciano, Carlos Estrela, Zahed Mohammadi, and Flavio Palazzi. "Antibacterial Power of Sodium Hypochlorite Combined with Surfactants and Acetic Acid." Brazilian Dental Journal 25, no. 4 (2014): 289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201300075.
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The aim of this ex vivo study was to compare the antibacterial power of 1% NaOCl with 1% acetic acid, 5.25% NaOCl and two commercially available NaOCl modified with surfactants in bovine root dentin. A total of 120 dentin tubes prepared from intact bovine incisors were infected for 21 days with Enterococcus faecalis and randomly divided into six groups as follows: 5.25%NaOCl; Hypoclean; Chlor-Xtra; 1% NaOCl with 1% acetic acid; infected dentin tubes (positive control); and sterile dentin tubes (negative control). At experimental times of 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days, dentin chips were collected using sequential round burs with increasing diameters in separate test tubes containing 3 mL of freshly prepared BHI. Statistical analysis were performed using parametric methods (one-way ANOVA, and Bonferroni's multiple comparisons test, α=0.01). After culturing, the number of colony-forming units (CFU) was counted. All the NaOCl solutions showed small number of CFU over 28 days. ChlorXtra and Hypoclean had the smallest number of CFU at all times with greater antimicrobial efficacy than 5.25% NaOCl and 1% NaOCl solution with 1% acetic acid.
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Pallarés-Serrano, Alba, Sandra Pallarés-Serrano, Antonio Pallarés-Serrano, and Antonio Pallarés-Sabater. "Assessment of Oxygen Expansion during Internal Bleaching with Enamel and Dentin: A Comparative In Vitro Study." Dentistry Journal 9, no. 9 (August 24, 2021): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dj9090098.
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Internal bleaching is a conservative, non-invasive, and simple treatment that is frequently performed in daily clinical practice. The present in vitro study analyzes the oxygen expansion of different bleaching agents resulting from the oxidation reaction when interacting with enamel and dentin. Enamel and dentin were crushed separately until obtaining a fine powder with particles of an approximate size between 0.06 and 0.2 mm. Each enamel and dentin sample were mixed with 37% carbamide peroxide (CP 37%), 30% hydrogen peroxide (HP 30%), sodium perborate (SP) combined with HP 30% (HP 30% + SP) and SP with distilled water (SP). A total of 280 1 mm diameter glass tubes were used with 70 for each bleaching agent (30 for powdered enamel evaluation, 30 for powdered dentin evaluation, and 10 controls). The bleaching agents were placed in the prepared tubes immediately after mixing the components. As expansion occurred, the oil inside the tube was displaced, through which the resulting expansion was evaluated and measured for 10 days. A significant expansion was observed that varied in magnitude according to the bleaching agent and the tooth structure used. Student’s t test and Welch’s ANOVA were used to analyze the data obtained. The highest mean expansion of both enamel and dentin was observed with 30% HP (66.6 mm for enamel, 94.5 mm for dentin) followed by HP 30% + SP (48.6 mm for enamel, 52.7 mm for dentin), CP 37% (38.4 mm for enamel, 52.6 mm for dentin) and finally SP with water (12.7 mm for enamel, 4.4 mm for dentin). It was observed that the expansion in the SP group with enamel was significantly lower than in the rest of the groups, while that registered for HP 30% was significantly higher. (p < 0.001). The results with dentin were similar, with a significantly lower expansion for SP and higher for HP 30% (p < 0.001). The oxygen expansion observed as a result of the interaction between bleaching agents and dental tissues could contribute to improving our understanding of bleaching and its results. These results suggest that bleaching agents react with the organic component of the tooth structure.
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Saghiri, Mohammad Ali, Franklin Garcia-Godoy, James L. Gutmann, Nader Sheibani, Armen Asatourian, Mehrdad Lotfi, and Mayam Elyasi. "Removal of White Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Cement: A Promising Approach." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/469164.
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Removal of MTA from dentin by applying 37% hydrochloric acid (HCl) to reduce microhardness and push-out bond strength. Forty dentin slices were filled with WMTA and divided into two groups (n=20). Ten slices remained untreated while others were exposed to either HCl or phosphate buffer saline (PBS) and all samples were subjected to pushout test. The mode of bond failures was determined by SEM analysis. Later, twenty glass tubes were filled with WMTA and divided into two groups (n=10). One side of tube was exposed to HCl or PBS while the other side remained untreated and the microhardness was analyzed by testing machine. HCl showed significantly lower pushout strength and microhardness values (P=0.0001), (P=0.0001). HCl treated samples showed mixed bond failures dominantly, while PBS samples mostly showed adhesive failures. The results of this study can suggest the 37% HCl as an effective solution to aid the removal of MTA from the dentin surfaces.
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Oliveira, Luciane Dias de, Cláudio Antonio Talge Carvalho, Marcia Carneiro Valera, Cristiane Yumi Koga-Ito, and Antonio Olavo Cardoso Jorge. "Diffusion ability of endotoxin through dentinal tubules." Brazilian Oral Research 19, no. 1 (March 2005): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1806-83242005000100002.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of endotoxin to diffuse through dentinal tubules towards the cement and to observe the period of time needed for it to reach the external root surface. Thirty single-rooted human teeth had their crowns and apices removed in order to standardize the root length to 15 mm. Teeth were instrumented until #30 K-file and made externally impermeable with epoxy adhesive, leaving 10 mm of the exposed root (middle third). The specimens were placed in plastic vials and irradiated (60Co gamma-rays). Then, they were divided into 2 groups (n = 15): G1) Escherichia coli endotoxin was inoculated into the root canal of the specimens and 1 ml of pyrogen-free water was put in the tubes; G2) (control): pyrogen-free water was inoculated into the root canals and 1 ml of pyrogen-free water was put in each tube. After 30 min, 2 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 7 days, the water of the tubes was removed and replaced. The removed aliquot was tested for the presence of endotoxin. Considering that the endotoxin is a B-lymphocyte polyclonal activator, at each experimental period, B-lymphocyte culture was stimulated with a sample of water removed from each tube and antibody (IgM) production was detected by ELISA technique. The results of IgM production were higher in groups of 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 7 days in relation to the other studied groups, with statistically significant differences (ANOVA and Tukey's test p < 0.05). Endotoxin was able to diffuse through the dentinal tubules towards the cement, reaching the external root surface after the period of 24 h.
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Kabir, Md Arafat, Masaru Murata, Mamata Shakya, Katsuhisa Yamada, and Toshiyuki Akazawa. "Bio-Absorption of Human Dentin-Derived Biomaterial in Sheep Critical-Size Iliac Defects." Materials 14, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14010223.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the bio-absorption and bone regeneration of human tooth-derived dentin scaffold, entitled as perforated root-demineralized dentin matrix (PR-DDM), after in vivo implantation into the critical-size iliac defects. The dentin scaffolds were prepared from human vital, non-functional teeth. Thirty artificial macro-pores (Ø 1 mm) were added after removing the enamel portion. The modified teeth were supersonically demineralized in 0.34 N HNO3 for 30 min. The microstructure was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The 3D micro-CT and histological analysis were carried out to evaluate the bio-absorption of PR-DDM at 2 and 4 months. A smooth dentin collagen surface with symmetrical macro-pores and tube-type dentinal tubules (Ø 1–2 µm) with micro-cracks were observed on the perforated region. A significant number of custom-made macro-pores disappeared, and the size of the macro-pores became significantly wider at 4 months compared with the 2 months (p < 0.05) evaluated by 3D micro-CT. Histological images revealed the presence of multinucleated giant cells attached to the scalloped border of the PR-DDM. The morphological changes due to bio-absorption by the cellular phagocytes were comparable to the 3D micro-CT and histological images at 2 and 4 months. Altogether, the results demonstrated that the PR-DDM block was gradually absorbed by multinucleated giant cells and regenerated bone. Human PR-DDM might serve as a unique scaffold for extraoral bone regeneration.
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De Barros, Sarah Cavalcante, Heloise Caroline Vieira, Maura Cristiane Gonçalves Orçati Dorilêo, Murilo Baena Lopes, Sandrine Bittencourt Berger, Ricardo Danil Guiraldo, and Alcides Gonini Júnior. "Avaliação da Resistência de União Entre Resina Composta e Substrato Dentinário Exposto à Quitosana." Journal of Health Sciences 19, no. 3 (December 6, 2017): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/2447-8938.2017v19n3p191-195.
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Em endodontia, indicam-se substâncias quelantes para a remoção da lama dentinária. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, in vitro, por meio do microcisalhamento, a resistência de união da resina composta com superfícies dentinárias tratadas com EDTA (17%) e quitosana (0,2%). De 30 coroas de dentes bovinos foram removidas as paredes palatina, mesial e distal, expondo a superfície dentinária da parede vestibular da câmara coronária, que abrasionada produziu a camada de esfregaço. Após, a superfície foi tratada, estabelecendo-se 3 grupos (n=10): G1 (controle) com aplicação de água destilada (1min); G2 com aplicação de EDTA (3 min.), e lavagem com água destilada (1 min.); e G3 com aplicação de quitosana (3 min.), lavagem com água destilada (1 min.). Na sequência foram aplicados 2 ml de NaOCl (2,5%), 2 ml de água destilada (1 min), armazenando-as em água destilada (37 °C). Retiradas da água destilada (24 h), fixaram –se 3 tubos Tygon (1mmX1mm) na dentina após o condicionamento local com sistema adesivo convencional de 2 passos. Preenchidos com resina composta e após fotoativação, os tubos foram removidos obtendo-se cilindros que foram submetidos ao microcisalhamento em máquina de ensaio universal. Os resultados de resistência de união (MPa) foram submetidos a Análise de Variância e Tukey, com nível de significância 5%. Observou-se que a resistência de união de G2 e G3 foram equivalentes estatisticamente (p>0,05), porém significativamente maiores que em G1 (p<0,05). Conclui-se que quitosana e EDTA promovem resistência de união semelhante nas condições testadas.Palavras-chave: Camada de Esfregaço. Dentina. Endodontia.AbstractIn endodontics, chelating substances are indicated for smear layer removal. This study evaluated, by micro-shear, the bond strength between composite resin and dentin surfaces treated with EDTA (17%) and chitosan (0.2%). The palatal, mesial and distal walls were removed from 30 crowns of bovine teeth, to expose buccal dentin of coronary chamber, whose abrasion produced the smear layer. The surface was treated, considering 3 groups (n = 10): G1 (control) distilled water (1min); G2 EDTA application (3 min), and distilled water (1 min); and G3 chitosan application (3 min.), distilled water (1 min.). All groups received 2 ml of NaOCl (2.5%), 2 ml of distilled water (1 min), and then stored in distilled water (37 °C). After that (24 h), 3 Tygon matrix (1 mmX1 mm) were fixed to the dentin after surface storing them with a two-step adhesive system. Then, the matrixes were filled with composite resin, and once photoactivated, the matrix were removed resulting in cylinders that were submitted to micro-shear bond test in universal test machine. The results (MPa) were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey, with significance level of 5%. It was observed that G2 and G3 bond strength were statistically equivalent (p> 0.05), but significantly higher than G1 (p <0.05). It is concluded that chitosan and EDTA resulted in similar bond strength under the conditions tested.Keywords: Smear Layer. Dentin. Endodontics.
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Karamanos, Spyros A., and Kyros P. Andreadakis. "Denting of internally pressurized tubes under lateral loads." International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 48, no. 10 (October 2006): 1080–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2006.03.018.
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Kim, Hyo Jin, Do Won Seo, and Jae Kyoo Lim. "Environmental Effects on Stress Corrosion Cracking Susceptibility of Cr-Mo Steel Tubes in Steam Generators." Key Engineering Materials 297-300 (November 2005): 958–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.297-300.958.
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Steam generator began having severe problems 20 years ago. The main causes were wastage, wear, loose parts, denting. These problems were solved by changing the water chemistry treatment method. Therefore these damage types were replaced by stress corrosion cracking on the inner surface of the tubes and most recently by intergranular attack and stress corrosion cracking on the external surface of the tube. Steam generator has experienced various forms of damage, most involving some kind of corrosion. Some of these problems have been virtually eliminated, others are successfully managed, but a few have not yet been brought under control. This study is to evaluate the environmental effects on the susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking in Cr-Mo alloy under simulated crevice condition. The test is simulated by producing drop, wet and evaporation process. The XRF measurement is performed to investigate the amount and distribution of chromium carbide of grain boundaries. The tests are performed in the alkalic and acidic solution under various strain rates.
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Lu, Guoyun, Jianping Lei, Zhijun Han, Zhifang Liu, and Shanyuan Zhang. "Denting and failure of liquid-filled tubes under lateral impact." Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica 25, no. 6 (December 2012): 609–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0894-9166(12)60056-1.
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Magloire, H., A. Romeas, M. Melin, M. L. Couble, F. Bleicher, and J. C. Farges. "Molecular Regulation of Odontoblast Activity under Dentin Injury." Advances in Dental Research 15, no. 1 (August 2001): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/08959374010150011201.
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Pulp tissue responds to dentin damage by laying down a tertiary dentin matrix (reactionary or reparative) beneath the site of injury. Reactionary dentin is secreted by surviving odontoblasts in response to environmental stimuli, leading to an increase in metabolic activities of the cells. The inductive molecules that determine the success of the pulp healing may be released from the damaged dentin as well as from the pulp tissue subjacent to the injury. This paper will schematically consider two major growth factors probably implicated in the control of odontoblast activity: TGFβ-1 released from demineralized dentin and NGF from pulp. To analyze their role with an in vitro system that mimics the in vivo situation, we have used thick-sliced teeth cultured as described previously. The supply of factors was accomplished by means of a small tube glued onto the dentin. The tube was filled with TGFβ-1 (20 ng/mL) or NGF (50 ng/mL), and slices were cultured for 4 or 7 days. Results showed that TGFβ-1 binding sites are strongly detected on odontoblasts in the factor-rich zone. A strong expression of α1(I) collagen transcripts was also detected. In the NGF-rich environment, p75NTR was re-expressed on odontoblasts and the transcription factor NF-KB activated. Modifications in the odontoblast morphology were observed with an atypical extension of the cell processes filled with actin filaments. These results suggest that odontoblasts respond to influences from both dentin and pulp tissue during pulp repair.
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Ok, Evren, Necdet Adanir, and Tuba Ozturk. "Antibacterial and smear layer removal capability of oregano extract solution." European Journal of Dentistry 09, no. 01 (January 2015): 020–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1305-7456.149633.
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ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of oregano extract solution (OES) against Enterococcus faecalis within root canals and dentin tubules, and its effect on smear layer. Materials and Methods: A total of 180 human maxillary central incisors was selected. After removal of coronal part of the teeth, root canals were prepared using ProTaper rotary files (Dentsply, Tulsa Endodontics, OK, USA) to #F3 with the crown-down manner. The roots were randomly assigned to 15 groups (n = 12 for each). In the first seven groups, the antimicrobial effects of the test groups were evaluated. Suspensions of E. faecalis cultures were adjusted to 1.0 McFarland (1 × 108 colony-forming unit [CFU]/ml), and sterilized teeth were placed in Eppendorf tubes and kept at 37°C for 4 weeks. Samples were then taken from the root canals before irrigation using three sterile paper points. Dentin samples were taken from root canals with ProTaper #F4 and #F5 series rotary instruments after irrigation. The aliquots of samples were placed into the brain heart infusion and incubated at 37°C for 48 h and then the CFUs were counted. In the other eight groups, the efficacy of the irrigation solutions on removing the smear layer was evaluated using scanning electron microscope (Leo 440, Oxford Microscopy Ltd., Cambridge, England) analysis. Statistical evaluation of the microbiological data was performed using the Kruskall–Wallis and Mann– Witney U-test (P < 0.05). Results: There was a statistically difference between the groups (P < 0.05). Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX), 5% and 2% OES wasn't found to be statistically significant regarding their antibacterial activities against E. faecalis (P > 0.05). 1% OES and NaOCl showed similar antimicrobial effect (P > 0.05), and 1% OES and NaOCl were better than ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and saline (P < 0.05) but not as successful as CHX. According to the results obtained from dentin, CHX is the most effective solution within dentinal tubules. Different concentrations of OES were not achieved smear layer removal alone but OES in conjunction with 17% EDTA was the final irrigating solution achieved the smear layer removal without dentin erosion. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, OES appears to be a possible alternative to NaOCl as a root canal irrigant on the eradication of E. faecalis and removal of smear layer.
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MÜLLER, Clecila, Gabriela Cauduro da ROSA, Gabriela Simões TEIXEIRA, Ivo KREJCI, Tissiana BORTOLOTTO, and Alexandre Henrique SUSIN. "Effect of caries-affected dentin on one-step universal and multi-step etch-and-rinse adhesives’ bond strength." Revista de Odontologia da UNESP 46, no. 5 (October 19, 2017): 273–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-2577.03917.
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Abstract Objective To evaluate the influence of caries-affected dentin on bond strength of a universal one-step and a multi-step etch-and-rinse adhesive system. Material and method Enamel of 60 third human molars with and without caries was removed to expose dentin. The teeth were randomly assigned to six groups: Single Bond Universal (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) in etch-and-rinse and in self-etch mode and Prime & Bond NT (Dentsply Co, Konstanz, Germany), all on sound and caries-affected dentin. Smear layer of the 30 sound dentin specimens was standardized by polishing with 600-grit SiC paper under water cooling. Residual infected dentin of the 30 caries-affected specimens was removed with a number 4 CA carbide bur until no caries smooth tissue was detectable by tactile-visual inspection. Cylinders of a light cured composite resin (Filtek Z350 XT, 3M ESPE) were built up using starch tubes and microshear test was performed until failure. The data was analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test. Result Significant differences in microshear bond strength (μSBS) were observed for the caries-affected groups, but not for sound dentin. The μSBS of Single Bond Universal were not influenced by the application protocol on sound dentin, however they were lower in the caries-affected group with both application protocols. The μSBS for Prime & Bond NT was not influenced by the dentin conditions. Conclusion Caries-affected dentin decrease in bond strength of Single Bond Universal in comparison to sound dentin. The bond strength of Prime & Bond NT was not altered by substrate conditions.
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Tedesco, Tamara K., Ana Flávia B. Calvo, Gabrielle G. Domingues, Fausto M. Mendes, and Daniela P. Raggio. "Bond Strength of High-Viscosity Glass Ionomer Cements is Affected by Tubular Density and Location in Dentin?" Microscopy and Microanalysis 21, no. 4 (July 3, 2015): 849–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927615013021.
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AbstractThis study evaluated the influence of tubular density of different dentin depths and location on the bond strength of high-viscosity glass ionomer cements (GIC). A total of 20 molars were selected and assigned into six experimental groups, considering two different high-viscosity GICs—Fuji IX (FIX) or Ketac Molar (KM), and dentin location—proximal, occlusal superficial, or occlusal deep dentin (n=10). Teeth were cut and a topographical analysis of four sections per group was performed to obtain data about the tubular density of each different dentin location and depths by laser scanning confocal microscopy (100×). Polyethylene tubes were placed over the pretreated surfaces and filled with one of the GICs. Microshear bond strength (µSBS) test was performed after storage in distilled water (24 h at 37°C). Failure modes were evaluated using a stereomicroscope (400×). Multilevel regression analysis was performed to compare the results at a significance level set at 5%. The tubule density was inversely proportional to the bond strength for both GICs (p<0.05). Adhesive/mixed failure prevailed in all experimental groups. Proximal (30036.5±3433.3) and occlusal superficial 29665.3±1434.04 dentin shows lower tubule density, resulting in a better GIC bonding performance (proximal: FIX–3.61±1.05; KM–3.40±1.62; occlusal superficial: FIX–4.70±1.85; KM–4.97±1.25). Thus, we can concluded that the lowest tubule density in proximal and occlusal superficial dentin results in a better GIC bond strength performance.
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Yoshiyama, M., T. Suge, A. Kawasaki, and S. Ebisu. "Morphological characterization of tube-like structures in hypersensitive human radicular dentine." Journal of Dentistry 24, no. 1-2 (January 1996): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-5712(95)00016-x.
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Tedesco, Tamara Kerber, Eugenio Jose Garcia, Fabio Zovico Maxnuck Soares, Rachel de Oliveira Rocha, and Rosa Helena Miranda Grande. "Effect of Two Microshear Test Devices on Bond Strength and Fracture Pattern in Primary Teeth." Brazilian Dental Journal 24, no. 6 (December 2013): 605–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201302298.
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This in vitro study evaluated the influence of two devices for application of shear load in microshear tests on bond strength and fracture pattern of primary enamel and dentin. Eighty primary molars were selected and flat enamel (40 teeth sectioned mesio-distally) and dentin (40 teeth sectioned transversally) surfaces were obtained. Both surfaces were polished to standardize the smear layer. Two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive systems (Adper Single Bond and XP Bond) were used. Polyethylene tubes was placed over the bonded surfaces and filled with composite resin. The microshear testing was performed after storage in water (24 h/37 °C) using two devices for application of microshear loads: a notched rod (Bisco Shear Bond Tester) or a knife edge (Kratos Industrial Equipment). Failure modes were evaluated using a stereomicroscope. Bond strength data were subjected to ANOVA and chi-square test to compare the failure mode distributions (α=0.05). No significant differences were observed between the groups for dentin and enamel bond strength or fracture patterns (p>0.05). The predominant failure mode was adhesive/mixed. In conclusion, the devices for application of shear loads did not influence the bond strength values, regardless of adhesive system and substrate.
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El-Deeb, HA, and EH Mobarak. "Microshear Bond Strength of High-viscosity Glass-ionomer to Normal and Caries-affected Dentin Under Simulated Intrapulpal Pressure." Operative Dentistry 43, no. 6 (November 1, 2018): 665–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/17-154-l.
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SUMMARY Objectives: The use of high-viscosity glass-ionomer cements (HVGICs) for atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) restorations is widely practiced with the advent of various HVGICs. However, the bonding of the latter to caries-affected dentin (CAD) should be validated, especially because it is the common substrate left after conservative caries removal following the ART approach. Hence, this study was carried out to evaluate the microshear bond strength (μSBS) of three HVGICs to normal dentin (ND) and CAD under intrapulpal pressure (IPP) simulation. Methods and Materials: The occlusal enamel of 90 molars with mid-coronal caries was cut to expose flat dentin surfaces containing both ND and CAD. Dentin substrates (ND and CAD) were differentiated using visual, tactile, caries-detecting dye, and dye-permeability methods. Prepared crown segments were equally divided (n=30) according to the tested HVGICs into GC Fuji IX GP Fast, Fuji IX GP containing chlorhexidine, and zinc-reinforced ChemFil Rock HVGIC. Microcylinders of tested HVGICs were built up on both dentin substrates (n=30 for each tested HVGIC per each substrate) using starch tubes while the specimens were subjected to simulated IPP of 15 mm Hg. The μSBS test was conducted using a universal testing machine, and failure modes were determined using a scanning electron microscope. Data were statistically analyzed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures, one-way ANOVA, and Bonferroni post hoc tests (α=0.05). Results: For both dentin substrates (ND and CAD), the μSBS values of ChemFil Rock were significantly higher than those recorded for the other HVGICs. The μSBS values of each tested HVGIC to ND and CAD were not statistically different. Failure modes were mainly mixed. Conclusions: Zinc-reinforced HVGIC ChemFil Rock showed superior bonding to ND and CAD compared to the GC Fuji IX GP Fast and Fuji IX with chlorhexidine. However, each of the tested HVGICs showed comparable bonding to both dentin substrates (ND and CAD).
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Radman, Irena Kuzmanović, Aleksandra Đeri, Adriana Arbutina, Jelena Milašin, and Ljiljana Sabljić Amidžić. "Distribution of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans in deep caries lesions." Stomatoloski glasnik Srbije 63, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sdj-2016-0018.
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SummaryIntroductionDeep caries is a reversible process where caries lesion has affected bigger part of dentin and only thin layer of softened dentin that separates lesion from the pulp is remained. The objective of this study was to identify and determine serotypes ofAggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitansin teeth with deep caries lesions at the beginning of their treatment.Material and methodsClinical research included 29 patients of both genders, aged 16 to 40 and 45 permanent teeth with diagnosed deep caries lesions based on medical history, clinical and radiographic examination. After cavity preparation and removal of softened dentin, microbiological swab was taken from the bottom of the cavity. Swabs were disposed in special sterile micro tubes and stored at the temperature of −80°C until serotyping was done (determination of serotypes ofA. actinomycetemcomitansbacterium).ResultsIn one of the 3 samples two serotypes ofA. actinomycetemcomitans(b and c) were identified which is relatively rare finding, while in the second and third sample serotypes (a) and serotype (b) was identified, respectively.ConclusionIn the three samples the 3 serotypes were found (a, b and c) and one of the samples was carrying even two different serotypes, which is a rare phenomenon. For more serious epidemiological study ofA. Actinomycetemcomitansserotypes at the population level incomparably larger starting material is necessary, at least few hundred of samples.
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Herkströter, F. M., and J. J. Ten Bosch. "Wavelength-independent Microradiography: A Method for Non-destructive Quantification of Enamel and Dentin Mineral Concentrations using Polychromatic X-rays." Journal of Dental Research 69, no. 8 (August 1990): 1522–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345900690081501.
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Wavelength-independent Microradiography (WIM), described in this paper, used polychromatic, high-energy (≤ 60 kV) x-rays for determination of mineral concentrations in tooth material non-destructively. This was done with the aid of a reference step-wedge made of 94% aluminum, 6% zinc. The mass attenuation coefficient of this material has a wavelength-independent ratio to the mass attenuation coefficients of enamel and dentin. With this method, mineral concentrations of enamel and dentin samples, with a thickness up to 500 μm, were determined at 20- and at 60-kV tube voltage. The samples were demineralized for 72 and 144 h and measured again. Comparison of the data showed that mineral quantification was within 1.5%, independent of the x-rays used. Finally, these mineral concentrations-obtained from the Wavelength-independent Microradiography-were compared with measurements of the same samples by Longitudinal Microradiography. A correlation of 0.99 was found for enamel and one of 0.96 for dentin.
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Giardino, Luciano, Zahed Mohammadi, Riccardo Beltrami, Claudio Poggio, Carlos Estrela, and Luigi Generali. "Influence of Temperature on the Antibacterial Activity of Sodium Hypochlorite." Brazilian Dental Journal 27, no. 1 (February 2016): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201600627.
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Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the antimicrobial activity of 5.25% NaOCl, Hypoclean and Chlor-Xtra at 20 °C and 45 °C in bovine root dentin. One-hundred-and-seventy dentin tubes prepared from bovine maxillary incisors were infected for 21 days with Enterococcus faecalis. The specimens were divided into the following groups: 1. 5.25% NaOCl 20 °C; 2. Hypoclean 20 °C; 3. Chlor-Xtra 20 °C; 4. 5.25% % NaOCl 45 °C; 5. Hypoclean 45 °C; 6. Chlor-Xtra 45 °C; 7. positive control; 8. negative control. Dentin chips were collected with round burs into Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth. After culturing, the number of colony-forming units (CFU) was counted. Statistical analyses were performed using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, median), Shapiro-Wilk test, ANOVA and Tukey test. Significance level was set at p<0.05. In all experimental groups, CFU was minimum after treatment (day 0) and the obtained results were significantly different from each other at any period (p<0.05). After treatment, the Hypoclean and Chlor-Xtra showed the lowest numbers of CFU at 20 °C and 45 °C, whereas 5.25% NaOCl showed the highest number of CFU at both temperatures. In each group, the number of CFUs increased significantly with time (p<0.05). The antibacterial activity of Hypoclean and Chlor-Xtra at 45 °C were significantly greater than other tested solutions.
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Galoza, Marina Oliveira Gonçalves, Milton Carlos Kuga, Daniele Fockink da Silva, Paulo Henrique Weckwerth, Kátia Cristina Keine, Jefferson Ricardo Pereira, and Marcelo Ferrarezi de Andrade. "Efeitos da dentina sobre o pH e atividade antimicrobiana de diversas formulações com hidróxido de cálcio." Revista de Odontologia da UNESP 44, no. 3 (June 2015): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-2577.1037.
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Objetivo Avaliar o efeito da dentina sobre o pH e a atividade antimicrobiana de formulações com hidróxido de cálcio. Material e método O pH e a atividade antimicrobiana das formulações (G1- polietilenoglicol, G2- glicerina e paramonoclorofenol canforado ou G3- clorexidina) foram analisados nas formulações puras (G1A, G2A e G3A) ou acrescidas de dentina em pó (G1B, G2B e G3B). Tubos de polietileno foram preenchidos com uma das formulações e imersos em água destilada. O pH foi analisado após 24 horas, 7, 14 e 21 dias. A atividade antimicrobiana foi avaliada sobre Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), através do teste de difusão em ágar. Os resultados foram submetidos aos testes de ANOVA e Tukey (p=0,05). Resultado A dentina não exerceu efeito sobre o pH das formulações, exceto ocasionando a redução em G1, no período de 24 horas (p<0,05). Nas demais formulações, não houve interferência da dentina sobre o pH (p>0,05). Quando comparados entre os grupos, em 24 horas e 7 dias, G1A e G1B apresentaram menor pH (p<0,05). Em 14 dias, G2A, G2B, G3A e G3B demonstraram similar pH (p>0,05), assim como entre G3B e G1A (p>0,05). Em 21 dias, todas as formulações demonstram semelhante pH (p>0,05). Os resultados em ordem decrescente da atividade antimicrobiana foram G2A=G2B>G3A=G3B>G1A=G1B (p<0,05). Conclusão A dentina não interferiu no pH e na atividade antimicrobiana das diferentes formulações com hidróxido de cálcio, exceto na associação com o polietilenoglicol, em que ocasionou a redução do pH apenas no período de 24 horas. A formulação com paramonoclorofenol canforado apresentou maior atividade antimicrobiana, seguida da clorexidina e do polietilenoglicol.
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Kuzmanović Radman, Irena, Aleksandra Djeri, Adriana Arbutina, and Jelena Milašin. "Microbiological Findings in Deep Caries Lesions." Stomatoloski glasnik Srbije 63, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sdj-2016-0001.
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SUMMARY Introduction Caries is one of the most significant and widespread oral diseases. It has been confirmed that dental plaque, i.e. microorganisms in it, are the most important factor in the development of dental caries. Caries profunda represents deep carious lesion from where bacterial toxins may affect pulp through dentinal tubules. The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of indirect pulp capping based on microbiological findings of bacteria present in deep carious lesions before and after the treatment. Material and Methods The clinical study included 29 patients of both genders, aged 16 to 40 and 45 permanent teeth with deep caries lesions. The first microbiological sample was taken after cavity preparation and removal of soft dentin from the bottom of the cavity. The second sample was taken after the removal of temporary filling and calcium hydroxide paste 60 days after the indirect pulp capping treatment. The collected samples were stored in special sterile micro tubes (Eppendorf) and kept at the temperature of −80°C until microbiological analysis was performed. Samples were tested for the presence of the following microorganisms: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Enterococcus faecalis using the multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Results The results showed that prior to the treatment of deep carious lesions the most common species was E. faecalis (80% of samples), followed by A. actinomycetemcomitans (32% of samples), while the least common was P. gingivalis (16% of samples). After the treatment with products based on calcium hydroxide, E. faecalis was registered in 18% of samples, A. actinomycetemcomitans in 16% of samples and P. gingivalis was not registered in any sample. Conclusion The most common bacterial species in teeth with deep caries lesions was E. faecalis, whereas A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis were found in lower number of samples.
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Fatemeh Rezaei, Atefeh Nemati-Karimooy, and Horieh Moosavi. "Does surface treatment of demineralized dentin impact on shear bond strength?" World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences 6, no. 2 (May 30, 2021): 023–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2021.6.2.0045.
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Aim: This study investigated the effect of various surface treatments on the bond strength of a universal adhesive to demineralized dentin. Materials and Methods: Human dentin surfaces of forty-eight carries-free maxillary premolars were prepared and demineralized by acidic solutions. Teeth were randomly distributed into four groups (n=12) getting different surface treatments. Three minutes application of a CPP‑ACP (group 1), Er: YAG laser irradiation (group 2), Er: YAG laser irradiation combined with three minutes application of CPP‑ACP (group 3), no treatment (group 4). Thereafter composite tube (Filtek TM Ultimate, 3M ESPE) bonded to the testing surfaces via universal adhesive; Single Bond Universal and the Shear Bond Strength (SBS) measured. Data were analyzed utilizing ANOVA and Tukey tests (P<0.05). Results: Only application of CPP-ACP and Er: YAG laser radiation, resulted in the highest and lowest SBS respectively (p<0.001). Bond strength after irradiation of Er: YAG laser combined with three minutes application of CPP‑ACP was a little more than laser alone. Conclusion: The application of CPP-ACP could increase the SBS of universal adhesives used to demineralized dentin. Laser irradiation application has an adverse effect on SBS.
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Koike, Yoshihiko, Satoshi Murakami, Kenichi Matsuzaka, and Takashi Inoue. "The effect of EmdogainR on ectopic bone formation in tubes of rat demineralized dentin matrix." Journal of Periodontal Research 40, no. 5 (October 2005): 385–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0765.2005.00819.x.
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Panahandeh, Narges, Fatemeh Adinehlou, Seyedeh Mahsa Sheikh-Al-Eslamian, and Hassan Torabzadeh. "Extract of Propolis on Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Cement: Effect on Mechanical and Antimicrobial Properties and Dentin Bonding Strength." International Journal of Biomaterials 2021 (April 12, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5597837.
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This study assessed the effect of addition of aqueous extract of propolis in different concentrations on the mechanical and antimicrobial properties of resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC). In this in vitro study, powder of Fuji II LC RMGIC was mixed with 25% and 50% aqueous extracts of propolis. Samples (n = 15 for shear bond strength, n = 5 for flexural strength, and n = 20 for the antibacterial activity test) were fabricated using this mixture. The buccal and lingual surfaces of 23 premolars were ground to expose dentin. Tygon tubes were filled with cement, bonded to dentin, and subjected to bond or the flexural strength test in a universal testing machine. Antibacterial activity was assessed using the disc diffusion and well-plate techniques against S. mutans. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test. The three groups showed significant differences ( p < 0.001). The 50% propolis group had the lowest flexural and shear bond strength. The control group had the highest flexural and shear bond strength. No growth inhibition zone was noted around any of the discs. It can be concluded that addition of propolis to RMGIC did not confer any antibacterial activity against S. mutans and decreased the flexural and shear bond strength of RMGIC.
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Ketabi, Mohamad Ali, Maryam Shahnavazi, Reza Fekrazad, Farbod Tondnevis, Hamid Keshvari, Majid Raz, Ali Sadeghi, and M. M. Abolhasani. "Synthesis and In Vitro Characterization of Carbon Nano Tube-Polycaprolactone Composite Scaffold for Odontoblast Cell Interaction." Key Engineering Materials 720 (November 2016): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.720.114.
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Dentin tissue engineering is one of innovative and effective regenerative method for treatment of dental pulp and dental tissue, and our research concentrated on preparing an effective scaffold substrate containing carbon Nano tube in polycaprolactone Nano fiber matrix. Our characterization showed benefits of this complex structure and its effect on odontoblast cell interaction. The results indicated that the prepared nanofiber polymer contains 4% CNT have a great potential as biocompatible materials for use in dental tissue engineering and odontoblast cell interaction.
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Lawson, NC, D. Cakir, P. Beck, L. Ramp, and JO Burgess. "Effect of Light Activation on Resin-modified Glass Ionomer Shear Bond Strength." Operative Dentistry 37, no. 4 (July 1, 2012): 380–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/11-212-l.
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SUMMARY Objective Recent studies confirmed that resin-modified glass ionomers (RMGIs) set on the basis of two competing mechanisms, an acid-base reaction and a light-activated resin polymerization. This study evaluated the effect of the setting mechanism on bond strength by measuring the shear bond strength of three RMGIs to dentin with and without light activation. Methods Sixty human molars were ground to midcoronal dentin and randomly divided into six even groups: 1) Ketac Nano (KN), 2) KN without light cure (woLC), 3) Fuji Filling LC (FF), 4) FF woLC, 5) Fuji II LC (FII), and 6) FII woLC. The dentin surfaces of the specimens were conditioned/primed according to the manufacturers' instructions. A 1.54-mm diameter plastic tube was filled with RMGI material and affixed to the dentin surface. Groups 1, 3, and 5 were light cured for 20 seconds, and groups 2, 4, and 6 were immediately placed in a damp dark box with no light curing at 37°C for 24 hours. Shear bond strength testing was performed in an Instron device at 1 mm/min. Data were analyzed with a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey/Kramer test (α=0.05). Results Mean ± standard deviation shear bond strength values (MPa) are: 7.1 ± 4.2 (KN), 11.7 ± 3.9 (FF), 10.2 ± 3.2 (FF woLC), 12.5 ± 5.1 (FII), and 0.3 ± 0.4 (FII woLC). Two KN, all KN woLC, and seven FII woLC specimens debonded before testing. Tukey/Kramer analysis revealed no significant differences in bond strength between the three light-cured RMGIs. KN and FII showed significantly lower bond strength without light cure, but no significant difference was observed between FF and FF woLC. Conclusions The results of this study strongly suggest that light activation is necessary to obtain optimal bond strength between RMGI and dentin. FF may contain components that chemically activate resin polymerization. Clinically, KN and FII need to be light cured after placement of these RMGIs.
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Ratnakar, P., S. Aspalli Nagaveni, K. Reddy Balakoti, Karan Smita, SV Satish, and T. Aravind. "Quantitative Evaluation of Apical Extrusion of Debris and Irrigants using Four Rotary Instrumentation Systems: An in vitro Study." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 14, no. 6 (2013): 1065–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1452.
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ABSTRACT Clinical significance The apical extrusion of infected debris may have the potential to disrupt the balance between microbial aggression and host defense, resulting in incidents of acute inflammation. During preparation, irrigants and debris, such as bacteria, dentin filings and necrotic tissue may be extruded into the periradicular region leading to periapical inflammation and postoperative flare ups. Using an instrumentation technique that minimizes apical extrusion would be beneficial to both the practitioner and patient. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the weight of debris and volume of irrigant extruded apically from extracted teeth in vitro after endodontic instrumentation using four different rotary root canal instrumentation systems. Materials and methods Four groups of each 20 extracted mandibular premolars were instrumented using one of the four systems: ProTaper Universal (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland)), Hero-shaper (MicroMega, Besancon, France), RaCe (FKG Dentaire, La-Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland) and K3 (SybronEndo, West Collins, CA). Debris and irrigant extruded from the apical foramen during instrumentation were collected in preweighed test tubes. Volume of irrigant extruded was noted. The containers were stored in incubator at 70° for two days to evaporate the moisture. Weight of dry debris was noted. Statistical analysis Data was analyzed using Kruskall-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U test at a significance of 0.001. Results The results indicated that all of the instrumentation systems tested caused measurable apical extrusion of debris and irrigants. Higher extrusion was observed with Protaper system which was statistically significant with Hero-Shaper, RaCe and K3 systems. There were no statistical differences between Hero-shaper, K3 and RaCe systems (p < 0.05). Conclusion All instrumentation techniques apically extruded debris and irrigant. However, Hero-shaper, K3 and RaCe systems produced less extruded debris and irrigant than the Protaper system. How to cite this article Nagaveni SA, Balakoti KR, Smita K, Ratnakar P, Satish SV, Aravind T. Quantitative Evaluation of Apical Extrusion of Debris and Irrigants using Four Rotary Instrumentation Systems: A in vitro study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(6):1065-1069.
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Balseca, María J. Burbano, Silvana B. Terán Ayala, Fábio D. da Costa Aznar, Adriana R. de Freitas-Aznar, Guillermo M. Aguirre Balseca, and Karina M. S. Freitas. "In vitro Comparison of Apically Extruded Debris during Root Canal Retreatment with Rotary and Reciprocating Systems." Open Dentistry Journal 13, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 488–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874210601913010488.
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Introduction: The extrusion of apical detritus during the retracting procedure is very important, as, besides eliminating materials of radicular obturation, aggressive agents and products such as the remains of dentin taken out, and microorganisms are generally located in tissue around the roots, producing undesired effects, such as inflammation, acute pain, post-operatory pain and delays in the periapical treatment. Objective: To determine the amount of apically extruded detritus using rotary and reciprocating retreatment systems. Methodology: An experimental comparative study as conducted in which 40 single-rooted human first premolars were analyzed. The instruments used were ProTaper Universal files up to F3 and sodium hypochlorite, and the sealing was made through the hybrid technique Tager. They were then kept at 37ºC and 100% of humidity for 15 days so that the sealing material would seal. For the retracting procedure, experimental tubes previously weighted were used. The sample was divided randomly into two groups of 20 pieces. Group A: ProTaper R, and group B: Reciproc. Then, the irrigating material (distilled water) was evaporated from the tubes for 12 hours in a stove at 105ºC, and the experimental tubes were weighted in an analytical precision weighing scale 10-5g. The data was analyzed through the T Student with a significance level of 5%. Results: Results indicated that groups A and B, retreatment with rotational ProTaper R and reciprocating retreatment system (Reciproc) showed a similar difference of initial and final weights, indicating similar apical extrusion of detritus. Conclusion: Both systems extruded a similar amount of detritus during the retreatment procedures.
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Ashraf, Fauzia, Pushpa Shankarappa, Abhinav Misra, Asheesh Sawhney, Nandamuri Sridevi, and Anu Singh. "A Stereomicroscopic Evaluation of Dentinal Cracks at Different Instrumentation Lengths by Using Different Rotary Files (ProTaper Universal, ProTaper Next, and HyFlex CM): An Ex Vivo Study." Scientifica 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8379865.
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Introduction. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the dentinal cracks after root canal preparation with rotary files: Gates Glidden, ProTaper Universal, ProTaper Next, and HyFlex CM at different instrumentation lengths.Methodology. Sixty-five mandibular premolars were mounted in the acrylic tube with simulated periodontal ligaments and the apex was exposed. The root canals were instrumented with different rotary files, namely, ProTaper Universal, ProTaper Next, and HyFlex CM, to the major apical foramen (AF), short AF, and beyond AF. The root apex was stained with 1% methylene blue dye and digital images of apical surface of every tooth were taken and development of dentinal defects was determined by using stereomicroscope. Multinomial logistic regression test was performed to identify influencing factors.Results. Instrumentation with rotary files terminated 2 mm short AF and did not cause any cracks. Significantly less cracks were seen when instrumentation with rotary files terminated 1 mm short apical foramen when compared with the instrumentation terminated at or beyond apical foramen (p<0.05).Conclusion. ProTaper Universal rotary files caused more dentinal cracks than ProTaper Next and HyFlex CM. Instrumentation short AF reduced the risk of dentinal defects.
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Bhandary, Shreetha, M. Surya Chaitanya Reddy, MC Mahesh, J. Pramod, and Ashwija Shetty. "Evaluation of Effect of Different Cavity Disinfectants on Shear Bond Strength of Composite Resin to Dentin using Two-Step Self-Etch and One-Step Self-Etch Bonding Systems: A Comparative in vitro Study." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 14, no. 2 (2013): 275–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1313.
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ABSTRACT Aim and objectives To evaluate the effect of 2% chlorhexidine, 2% sodium hypochlorite, 3% hydrogen peroxide on shear bond strength of composite resin to dentin using two-step and onestep self-etch bonding systems and to study the mode of failure of specimens under stereomicroscope. Materials and methods Eighty extracted sound human posterior teeth were used. The occlusal surfaces were ground to expose the dentin and were then randomly divided into 4 main groups. In group I, no cavity disinfectant was used and served as control. In groups II, III, IV, 2% chlorhexidine, 2% sodium hypochlorite and 3% hydrogen peroxide were used as cavity disinfectants respectively. Each group was then divided into two subgroups of 10 teeth each according to the bonding agent used, two-step self-etch (Adper SE Plus) and one-step self-etch (Adper Easy One) respectively. A transparent cylindrical plastic tube was loaded with microhybrid composite and placed over the dentin and light cured for 40 seconds. The specimens were subjected to shear stress in the universal testing machine. Results Pretreatment with 2% chlorhexidine, 2% sodium hypochlorite and 3% hydrogen peroxide, had a negative effect on the shear bond strength of self-etching bonding systems. Conclusion The highest bond strength was found in 2% chlorhexidine group followed by 2% sodium hypochlorite group and the lowest bond strength was found in 3% hydrogen peroxide group. Clinical significance All three cavity disinfectants used in this study reduced the shear bond strength and hence should be used with caution. How to cite this article Reddy MSC, Mahesh MC, Bhandary S, Pramod J, Shetty A. Evaluation of Effect of Different Cavity Disinfectants on Shear Bond Strength of Composite Resin to Dentin using Two-Step Self-Etch and One-Step Self-Etch Bonding Systems: A Comparative in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(2):275-280.
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Holland, Roberto, Valdir de Souza, Mauro J. Nery, José A. Otoboni Filho, Pedro F. E. Bernabé, and Eloi Dezan. "Reaction of rat connective tissue to implanted dentin tubes filled with mineral trioxide aggregate or calcium hydroxide." Journal of Endodontics 25, no. 3 (March 1999): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0099-2399(99)80134-4.
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Broon, Norberto J., Paola Anahí Martínez Martínez, Gloria Leticia Ramírez Muñiz, Carlos Tinajero Morales, León Héctor Lagunas Ángeles, and Clovis M. Bramante. "Inflammatory response of Bioceramic material to dentin tube implantation in rats’ subcutaneous tissue." Revista Odontológica Mexicana 20, no. 3 (July 2016): e170-e174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rodmex.2016.08.013.
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Alagha, Ebaa I. "Effect of using Different Remineralizing Agents on Micro-shear Bond Strength of Nanohybrid Composite Resin." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 8, no. D (April 10, 2020): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.3924.
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AIM: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different remineralizing agents on micro-shear bond strength (SBS) of nanohybrid composite resin to dentin.
METHODS: Thirty-six human molars were divided into four main equal groups (nine teeth each) according to the type of remineralizing agent used; nanohydroxyapatite, sodium fluoride, fluorohydroxyapatite, and control without remineralizing agent. Each group was divided into three equal subgroups (three teeth each) according to the storage time; 1 day, 1 month, and 3 months. Specially fabricated cylindrical plastic mold was made, and teeth were embedded vertically in the mold to the level of cementoenamel junction of the tooth leaving the occlusal surface projecting above the surface of the mold. Cylindrical fissure carbide bur was used in teeth preparation. Teeth were trimmed perpendicular to the long axes of them. Demineralizing agents (Nano hydroxyapatite, sodium fluoride, and fluorohydroxyapatite) were applied then adhesive system applied then composite resin was applied using five sections of a pediatric intravenous tube to act as molds for composite specimen then the specimens stored in artificial saliva at 37°C for different storage times in an incubator. The micro-SBS was assessed using universal testing machine. Then, the mode of failure for each group was determined using stereomicroscope device. Then, the obtained data were tabulated and statistically analyzed. One-way ANOVA was used to compare between more than two non-related samples. The significance level was set at p ≤ 0.05. Statistical analysis was performed with IBM SPSS Statistics.
RESULTS: There was statistically significant difference between the four studied groups regarding bond strength at different storage times. Fluorohydroxyapatite had the highest bond strength mean values followed by nanohydroxyapatite, while the lowest value was the sodium fluoride group.
CONCLUSION: Fluorohydroxyapatite and nanohydroxyapatite had a positive effect on micro-SBS to dentin, but sodium fluoride had a negative effect. The storage time increase had a positive effect on the micro-SBS of dentin with fluorohydroxyapatite and nanohydroxyapatite, also it had adverse effect on the dentin bond strength with sodium fluoride and control groups.
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Lattanzi, Davide, Michael Di Palma, Riccardo Cuppini, and Patrizia Ambrogini. "GABAergic Input Affects Intracellular Calcium Levels in Developing Granule Cells of Adult Rat Hippocampus." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 5 (March 3, 2020): 1715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21051715.
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In the dentate gyrus (DG) of the mammalian hippocampus, granule neurons are generated from neural stem cells (NSCs) throughout the life span and are integrated into the hippocampal network. Adult DG neurogenesis is regulated by multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors that control NSC proliferation, maintenance, and differentiation into mature neurons. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), released by local interneurons, regulates the development of neurons born in adulthood by activating extrasynaptic and synaptic GABAA receptors. In the present work, patch-clamp and calcium imaging techniques were used to record very immature granule cells of adult rat dentate gyrus for investigating the actual role of GABAA receptor activation in intracellular calcium level regulation at an early stage of maturation. Our findings highlight a novel molecular and electrophysiological mechanism, involving calcium-activated potassium channels (BK) and T-type voltage-dependent calcium channels, through which GABA fine-tunes intracellular calcium homeostasis in rat adult-born granule neurons early during their maturation. This mechanism might be instrumental in promoting newborn cell survival.
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Song, Geun Dong, Jeoh Han, Soon-Hyeok Jeon, and Do Haeng Hur. "Magnetite-Accelerated Corrosion of SA508 Tubesheet Material and Its Effect on Steam Generator Tube Denting." Coatings 9, no. 9 (September 9, 2019): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9090575.
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The objective of this work is to investigate the magnetite-accelerated corrosion phenomenon of SA508 used as tubesheet material in simulated secondary side environments of pressurized water reactors through immersion and electrochemical tests. The presence of sulfate ions induced the fast growth of a corrosion product layer on SA508, and this phenomenon was accelerated when the SA508 was coupled to magnetite. From the perspective of electrochemical behavior, it was found that SA508 behaves as an anodic member in the coupling system with magnetite, resulting in an increased corrosion rate.
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LI, JIA-MEI, TING WANG, and YAO-GUANG ZHANG. "Oreocharis zhenpingensis (Gesneriaceae), a new species from Shaanxi, China." Phytotaxa 307, no. 4 (May 30, 2017): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.307.4.7.
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Oreocharis zhenpingensis is described and illustrated as a new species from Shaanxi province, China. The new species is easily distinguished from O. giraldii by crenate leaf blade margin, unbranched cymes, 1–4-flowered inflorescence, 1–2-dentate calyx lobes margin, yellowish corolla with a shallowly notched upper lip, slightly curved tube to 1.5 cm long, and pistil and capsule pubescent. Comments on the affinities, geographical distribution, ecology, phenology and conservation status of the new species are also provided.
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Broon, Norberto J., Paola Anahí Martínez Martínez, Gloria Leticia Ramírez Muñiz, Carlos Tinajero Morales, León Héctor Lagunas Ángeles, and Clovis M. Bramante. "Respuesta inflamatoria de Bioceramic a la implantación de tubos de dentina en tejido subcutáneo de ratas." Revista Odontológica Mexicana 20, no. 3 (July 2016): 174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rodmex.2016.08.004.
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Jain, Kanav, Padmanidhi Agarwal, Supriya Jain, Mukut Seal, and Twisha Adlakha. "Alexidine versus chlorhexidine for endodontic irrigation with sodium hypochlorite." European Journal of Dentistry 12, no. 03 (July 2018): 398–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ejd.ejd_180_17.
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ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this study was to chemically evaluate precipitate formation on irrigation by different concentrations of chlorhexidine (CHX) and alexidine (ALX) with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Materials and Methods: Six test tubes were prepared with 1 ml of 4% NaOCl. One milliliter of 2%, 1%, 0.5%, and 0.25% ALX was added to the first four, and in the last two, 1 ml of 2% CHX and 0.2% CHX was added, respectively. Samples were observed for color changes or precipitates at multiple time intervals. All solutions were then centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 10 min and re-examined for precipitates. This process was repeated twice. Fifty freshly extracted premolars were biomechanically prepared, dried, divided into two groups, and irrigated with 10 ml of 4% NaOCl and 10 ml of 2% ALX (Group 1) and 10 ml of 4% NaOCl and 10 ml of 2% CHX (Group 2). These samples were sectioned and observed for precipitates on the dentinal surfaces by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: The color of the solution of ALX and NaOCl stayed transparent and no precipitate was observed. A color change was noted immediately on mixing CHX and NaOCl which did not change with time. Precipitates were only observed in the solutions of CHX with NaOCl and after centrifuging them. SEM views also showed dense precipitates covering the dentinal surface and occluding the dentinal tubules in Group 2. Conclusion: The interaction of ALX and NaOCl does not produce precipitates which together with its better antimicrobial action make ALX a more effective and safer replacement for CHX as an adjunctive endodontic irrigant.
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Jin, Runze, Guangtai Song, Jihua Chai, Xiaohui Gou, Guohua Yuan, and Zhi Chen. "Effects of concentrated growth factor on proliferation, migration, and differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells in vitro." Journal of Tissue Engineering 9 (January 2018): 204173141881750. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041731418817505.
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Concentrated growth factor, a novel autologous plasma extract, contained various growth factors which promoted tissue regeneration. In this study, we aimed to investigate the biological effects of concentrated growth factor on human dental pulp stem cells. The microstructure and biocompatibility of concentrated growth factor scaffolds were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Cell proliferation and migration, odontoblastic and endothelial cell differentiation potential were assessed after exposing dental pulp stem cells to different concentrations (5%, 10%, 20%, 50%, or 80%) of concentrated growth factor extracts. The results revealed that concentrated growth factor scaffolds possessed porous fibrin network with platelets and leukocytes, and showed great biocompatibility with dental pulp stem cells. Higher cell proliferation rates were detected in the concentrated growth factor–treated groups in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, in comparison to the controls, the low doses (<50%) of concentrated growth factor increased cell migration, alkaline phosphatase activity, and mineralized tissue deposition, while the cells treated in high doses (50% or 80%) showed no significant difference. After stimulating cell differentiation, the expression levels of dentin matrix protein-1, dentin sialophosphoprotein, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 and cluster of differentiation 31 were significantly upregulated in concentrated growth factor–supplemented groups than those of the controls. Furthermore, the dental pulp stem cell–derived endothelial cells co-induced by 5% concentrated growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor formed the most amount of mature tube-like structures on Matrigel among all groups, but the high-dosage concentrated growth factor exhibited no or inhibitory effect on cell differentiation. In general, our findings confirmed that concentrated growth factor promoted cell proliferation, migration, and the dental pulp stem cell–mediated dentinogenesis and angiogenesis process, by which it might act as a growth factor–loaded scaffold to facilitate dentin–pulp complex healing.
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Flávia Ferreira Pogogelski, Natanael Henrique Ribeiro Mattos, Liliane Roskamp, Luciana Cristina Nowacki, Flares Baratto-Filho, Juliana Pierdoná de Castro, and Camila Paiva Perin. "Avaliação in vitro da permeabilidade dentinária do extrato da erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis)." RSBO 17, no. 2 (January 28, 2021): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21726/rsbo.v17i2.40.
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A erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis) é uma planta que possui propriedade antimicrobiana, por isso sua aplicabilidade como medicação intracanal na Endodontia. Objetivo: Considerando que ser permeável é requisito fundamental da medicação intracanal, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a difusão do extrato de erva-mate através da dentina radicular. Material e métodos: Sessenta raízes de dentes permanentes humanos foram preparadas com instrumentos Protaper até a lima F3. Os canais foram irrigados com hipoclorito de sódio 2,5% e, ao final, com ácido etilenodiaminotetracético (EDTA) 17%. Os ápices foram selados com resina composta. Criaramse sete grupos, de acordo com a medicação intracanal utilizada: G1 – canais vazios; G2 – hidróxido de cálcio 500 mg/ml; G3 – extrato de erva-mate 500 mg/ml; G4 – extrato de erva-mate 250 mg/ml; G5 – extrato de erva-mate 125 mg/ml; G6 – hidróxido de cálcio 500 mg/ml + extrato de erva-mate 125 mg/ml e G7 – água destilada. Os espécimes foram acondicionados em tubos de ensaio tampados, contendo 20 ml de água destilada. Todas as amostras tiveram seu pH aferido nos dias 0, 3, 7, 14 e 30. Resultados: O G6 obteve resultado significante no dia 3; o G3, no dia 30. Não houve diferença estatística entre os demais grupos. Conclusão: O extrato de erva-mate 500 mg/ml apresentou permeabilidade dentinária em longo período de contato. Observou-se também que o hidróxido de cálcio permeou a dentina mais rapidamente quando associado à erva-mate 125 mg/ml.
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Elkassas, Dina Wafik, Elham Mostafa Fawzi, and Ahmed El Zohairy. "The effect of cavity disinfectants on the micro-shear bond strength of dentin adhesives." European Journal of Dentistry 08, no. 02 (April 2014): 184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1305-7456.130596.
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ABSTRACT Objectives: This study was carried out to examine the effect of application of four different disinfecting agents on the micro-shear bond strength (μ-SBS) of an etch-and-rinse and self-etch adhesive systems. Materials and Methods: One hundred flat dentin surfaces of human molars were produced by wet grinding the buccal surfaces. Specimens were randomly assigned to five groups according to the disinfectant used: Group I: Control (no disinfectant); Group II: 5.25% sodium hypochlorite based; Group III: 2% chlorhexidine based (Consepsis), Group IV: 0.1% benzalkoniumchloride based (Tubulicid red) and Group V: 3% doxycycline based (Biopure, MTAD). Specimens were bonded using either Adper Single Bond 2 or Clearfil S3 Bond, which were employed according to the manufacturer's instructions. Resin composite microcylinders were bonded using Tygon® tubes for μ-SBS testing. The modes of failure were noted after visual examination using a binocular stereomicroscope at ×25 magnification. Failures were classified as adhesive, or mixed. μ-SBS results were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test. Results: Dentin disinfectants tested significantly negated the bonding of Adper Single bond 2 and the groups were ranked; Group I > Group V = Group IV > Group II = Group III, meanwhile they enhanced significantly the μ-SBS values upon using Clearfil S3 Bond and were ranked; Group II > Group III = Group IV = Group V > Group I. Most failures were adhesive with the Adper single bond adhesive system. Mixed modes of failure were evident with Clearfil S3 bond. Conclusions: The disinfectants tested should not be used with Adper Single Bond 2 when applied before the etching step, However they could be used safely prior to bonding with Clearfil S3 Bond.