Journal articles: 'Dentistry Orthodontics'

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Kamran, Muhammad, Rawan Saddah, Afnan Alasmari, Salem Almoammar, Abdullah Alnazeh, and Ibrahim Alshahrani. "Awareness of patient’s orthodontic problems and referral practices among general dental practitioners and non-orthodontic specialists." Vojnosanitetski pregled, no. 00 (2021): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp200807026k.

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Objective: To evaluate the awareness of orthodontic problems and referral practices among general dental practitioners and non-orthodontic specialists practicing in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methods: Cross-sectional prospective study included general dentists and specialists/consultants of both genders, aged between 22-60 years, practicing General dentistry and as specialist other than orthodontics for 2 or more years. Non-practicing dentists and non-registered dentists were excluded. Data was analysed on SPSS version 21.00. Results: Results revealed that males were 55.5% and general dental practitioners were 44%. It is evident that 53.5% (107) GDPs and 33% (66) non orthodontic specialists practiced orthodontic referral in their practices. Cross-tabulation of variables compared with gender and general dental practitioners and non-orthodontic specialists, using chi-square test, revealed significant p-value of orthodontist referral, but recommendation of orthodontic treatment only after the eruption of all permanent teeth, awareness of tooth extraction for alignment of irregular teeth, and awareness regarding worsening of TMJ problems by orthodontic treatment. Conclusion: It has been concluded that the referral practices of dentists practicing in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, concerning orthodontic patients, were satisfactory, although awareness regarding orthodontic problem requires unremitting learning and considerate positive progression towards basic orthodontics.

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Ditmarov, A. "Orthodontics: Orthodontics vs orthodontiya." British Dental Journal 225, no. 1 (July 2018): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2018.549.

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Tekale, Pawankumar D., Arun R. Mhaske, Vishwas Diwakar Acharya, Harshal A. Patil, Chetankumar O. Agarwal, and Bharti M. Aru. "Clinical Management and Guidelines for Infective Endocarditis in Orthodontics." World Journal of Dentistry 6, no. 4 (2015): 226–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1348.

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ABSTRACT The fixed orthodontic treatment is not contraindicated in systemic disorders, where orthodontist reveals the diagnosis from medical practitioner and plan the orthodontic treatment, oral hygiene maintenance and necessary prophylaxis. Due to privation of practical guidelines and fear of advancing the contagion, many orthodontist do not treat patient potentially at the risk of developing endocarditis. This review article highlights the sign, symptoms, orthodontic guidelines and prophylaxis modalities for infective endocarditis (IE). How to cite this article Tekale PD, Mhaske AR, Acharya VD, Patil HA, Agarwal CO, Aru BM. Clinical Management and Guidelines for Infective Endocarditis in Orthodontics. World J Dent 2015;6(4):226-228.

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Reddy, R. Vamshidhar, K. Tanveer, K. Dinesh Sharma, Naveen Kokkula, PL Suresh, and Meher Sudhakar. "Evaluation of Effectiveness of Chemical Disinfectants in Reducing Bacterial Growth on Orthodontic Instruments." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 14, no. 6 (2013): 1039–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1447.

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ABSTRACT Infection control requires serious effort in all fields of dentistry including orthodontics. Though there are various means of sterilization and disinfection in dental office, chemical disinfection is the most preferred method among orthodontists. The purpose of this study is to evaluate different chemical sterilization and disinfection methods used in orthodontic offices, which would guide the orthodontists in infection control. How to cite this article Reddy RV, Tanveer K, Sharma KD, Kokkula N, Suresh PL, Sudhakar M. Evaluation of Effectiveness of Chemical Disinfectants in Reducing Bacterial Growth on Orthodontic Instruments. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(6): 1039-1043.

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Ngoc, Vo Truong Nhu, Le Quynh Anh, Nguyen Minh Duc, Thien Chu Dinh, and Toi Chu Dinh. "Cone Beam Computed Tomography Application in Finding Ectopic Tooth: A Systemic Analysis and a Case Report." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 7, no. 24 (December 20, 2019): 4333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.386.

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BACKGROUND: Nowadays, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) are commonly used in dentistry with an advantage about significantly lower dose comparing with CT-Scanner. Utilizing CBCT images which are indicated in dentistry like orthodontics can help diagnose diseases beyond dentistry field. One rare phenomenon can be seen in maxillary sinus, which is often overlooked by dentists, is ectopic teeth. CASE REPORT: This article describes one orthodontic case found accidentally an ectopic tooth in maxillary sinus by inspecting CBCT images. CONCLUSION: Dentists and oral radiologists should carefully inspect non-dental structures, like maxillary sinus, even its distance from the dentoalveolar region, especially in asymptomatic patients.

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Zohra, Shan. "Knowledge Skill and Attitude among fresh dental graduates about orthodontics." Health Professions Educator Journal 3, no. 2 (May 27, 2020): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.53708/hpej.v3i2.11.

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Orthodontics is an important part of the 4 year BDS program. According to the American Association of Orthodontists, orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics are defined as the area of dentistry that includes the diagnosis, prevention, interception, guidance, and correction of mal-relationships of the developing or mature orofacial structures. (“2012 AAO Glossary_0,” n.d.) This branch of dentistry deals with irregularities of teeth and improper jaw relationships. Malocclusion is known as the improper positioning of teeth when the jaws are closed. The goals of orthodontic therapy are to improve the smile and facial appearance (resulting in improvement in an individual’s social well-being and quality of life), obtain optimal occlusion, and establish normal oral function (Ackerman 2012). Due to a growing esthetic awareness among the general population orthodontics is gaining popularity as a profession. Hence dentists need to be trained well in this field to cater to the growing needs of the general population. There are 2 types of training offered in the field of orthodontics, Postgraduate training, and undergraduate training. A graduate must be competent enough to diagnose and treat minor orthodontic cases as well as know when is the right time for referral to a specialist. If a general dental practitioner is well trained in the field of orthodontics, specialists only have to deal with complex ones which decreases the workload of the specialist. The level of the graduate thus should be such that they must be able to deal with minor orthodontic cases as a general dental practitioner. There was a study conducted at the University of Missouri Kansas city about how well fresh graduates are prepared to deal with orthodontic cases. (“No Title,” 2016). There has been no such study done in Pakistan. However, there have been studies conducted on how confident graduates felt about practicing unsupervised. The researches revealed that orthodontics was the field where the students felt least confident. (“Preparedness for practice,” 2011). No such research has been done in Pakistan. The purpose of this research is to find out if the fresh dental graduates of Pakistan are competent enough to deal with orthodontic cases without supervision. The level of training of the undergraduates is accessed to check if it is according to the international standards and if Pakistani graduates meet the international competency need in the subject of orthodontics. This research would help identify the voids in the training of graduates which would create a basis for further research on this topic and the revision of the dental curriculum.

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Aulakh, Raman. "The Anterior Ratio: The Missing Link between Orthodontics and Aesthetic Dentistry." Case Reports in Dentistry 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/470637.

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There is an increase in the number of dentists using orthodontic treatment for anterior tooth alignment. This is either combined with additive bonding or interproximal reduction; knowing “when to” and “how much” requires an understanding of the anterior ratio. This case report explains how to use the anterior ratio to help provide optimal aesthetics and function for the ortho-restorative patient. The anterior ratio is an important diagnostic tool required for both disciplines of orthodontics and restorative dentistry which is often overlooked. The case report demonstrates the use of the Invisalign orthodontic appliance and the corresponding ClinCheck software to help achieve the proposed treatment goals.

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Asiri, Saeed N., Larry P. Tadlock, Emet Schneiderman, and Peter H. Buschang. "Applications of artificial intelligence and machine learning in orthodontics." APOS Trends in Orthodontics 10 (March 30, 2020): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/apos_117_2019.

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Over the past two decades, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have undergone considerable development. There have been various applications in medicine and dentistry. Their application in orthodontics has progressed slowly, despite promising results. The available literature pertaining to the orthodontic applications of AI and ML has not been adequately synthesized and reviewed. This review article provides orthodontists with an overview of AI and ML, along with their applications. It describes state-of-the-art applications in the areas of orthodontic diagnosis, treatment planning, growth evaluations, and in the prediction of treatment outcomes. AI and ML are powerful tools that can be utilized to overcome some of the clinical problems that orthodontists face daily. With the availability of more data, better AI and ML systems should be expected to be developed that will help orthodontists practice more efficiently and improve the quality of care.

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Agarwal, Anupam, Shalu Mahajan, and Santosh Verma. "Digital Single Lens Reflex Photography in Clinical Orthodontics: Revolution or Evolution." World Journal of Dentistry 5, no. 2 (2014): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1271.

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ABSTRACT The field of dentistry has witnessed a ‘Digital Revolution’ in the recent past which has made the maintenance of patient's pretreatment and post-treatment records a necessary protocol. The speciality of orthodontics depends heavily on patient's records for various purposes including diagnosis and treatment planning and patient motivation. The recent upsurge in digital technology has been both inviting and confusing as an orthodontist finds himself in a dilemma regarding which camera to choose for orthodontic photography. This research article tries to develop an understanding about the cameras to choose for the above mentioned purpose and that whether digital SLR technology is really a revolution or just an evolution. How to cite this article Agarwal A, Mahajan S, Verma S. Digital Single Lens Reflex Photography in Clinical Orthodontics: Revolution or Evolution. World J Dent 2014;5(2):118-123.

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Mobeen, Nausheen, Shreya Kishore, Rasiga Gandhi, Sangeetha Duraisamy, and Ravi K. "Biosafety of Nanoparticles Used in Orthodontics - A Literature Review." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, no. 32 (August 9, 2021): 2658–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/543.

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Nanotechnology is the science of manipulating matter, measured in the billionths of a nanometer, roughly the size of two or three atoms. It is widely used in our day-today life including its use in medicine and is considered as a vital current technology of the 21st century based on its economic and scientific potential. Its application is being experimented in various domains in orthodontics, from surface coatings to the development of novel materials. Orthodontic materials must have specific characteristics such as biological safety, functionality, and adequate tissue response. They have to pass specific biocompatibility tests to meet regulatory standards. Any material used in oral cavity might encourage unnecessary disturbance due to its complex and varied environment. The nanomaterials have many advantages in the field of orthodontics, especially with improved mechanical and antimicrobial properties. Nanoparticles can easily penetrate tissues and can affect biological behaviours at different levels. The introduction of nanotechnology gives better opportunities to both patient and orthodontist to new physicochemical, mechanical, and antibacterial properties of nanosized materials and can be used in coating orthodontic wires, elastomeric ligatures, and brackets, producing shape memory polymers and orthodontic bonding materials. The present review article focuses on the application of nanoparticles in orthodontics. This article presents a brief overview of nanotechnology, types of nanoparticles, biological safety of different nanoparticles used in orthodontics and their applications in the field of dentistry and orthodontics. KEY WORDS Nanoparticles, Biocompatibility, Orthodontics, Nanoscience

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De Stefani, Alberto, Giovanni Bruno, Giorgia Preo, and Antonio Gracco. "Application of Nanotechnology in Orthodontic Materials: A State-of-the-Art Review." Dentistry Journal 8, no. 4 (November 9, 2020): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dj8040126.

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Nanotechnology refers to the science that manipulates matter at molecular and atomic levels, and studies matter at the nanoscale level to detect and exploit the useful properties that derive from these dimensions; materials with components less than 100 nm in at least one dimension are called nanomaterials. Nanotechnology is applied in many fields, such as medicine (nanomedicine) and dentistry (nano-dentistry). The purpose of these innovations and research in this field is to improve human life and health. This article aims to summarize and describe what the most recent and known innovations of nanotechnology in dentistry are, focusing on and paying particular attention to the branch that is orthodontics, and on the application of new nanomaterials in the realization, for example, of orthodontic elastomeric ligatures, orthodontic power chains, and orthodontic miniscrews. We also address a very important topic in orthodontics, which is how to reduce the friction force.

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Zachrisson, Bjørn U., and Philippe Amat. "La recherche de l’excellence en orthodontie de l’adulte : entretien avec Bjørn U. Zachrisson." L'Orthodontie Française 85, no. 4 (December 2014): 301–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/orthodfr/2014027.

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Bjørn U. Zachrisson est Professeur Émérite au sein du Département d’Orthodontie de l’Université d’Oslo (Norvège). Il conserve à Oslo une pratique libérale consacrée aux traitements de l’adulte. Il a rédigé plus de 270 articles cliniques et scientifiques, publiés dans des revues internationales et dans des manuels d’orthodontie, de parodontologie, de traumatologie et de dentisterie générale. Il a représenté l’orthodontie européenne à l’occasion de multiples congrès à travers le monde. Il a présenté de nombreuses conférences magistrales et donné des cours pendant les congrès internationaux. Bjørn U. Zachrisson a reçu toutes les récompenses essentielles en orthodontie, y compris le prix Ketcham et Jaraback décerné par l’American Association of Orthodontics. Il est co-rédacteur du Journal of Clinical Orthodontics, rédacteur et auteur de «Ask an Expert» dans le World Journal of Orthodontics. Il collabore à l’Editorial Board of the Seminars in Orthodontics, à l’Angle Orthodontist, au World Journal of Orthodontics, à la Revista Dental Press de Ortodontia e Ortopedia and Revista Clinica de Ortodontia (Brésil), à l’Italian Journal of Orthodontics, ainsi qu’à l’European Journal of Esthetic Dentistry.

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Orton, H. S. "Criteria for Approval of Training Programmes for Senior Registrars in Orthodontics in the United Kingdom." British Journal of Orthodontics 16, no. 4 (November 1989): 285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/bjo.16.4.285.

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To be appointed as a consultant orthodontist in the British National Health Service requires a period of 3 + years in a higher training post as a senior registrar in orthodontics. Educational approval of these training posts is controlled by the Joint Committee for Higher Training in Dentistry. The detailed monitoring and requirements of senior registrar training posts are controlled by the Specialist Advisory Committee in Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry. Revised criteria for the approval of training programmes have recently been issued and are appended for the guidance of aspirant trainees, trainers and for the reader seeking an understanding of the UK title of ‘Consultant Orthodontist’.

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Rampon, Fabio Brandalise, Celestino Nóbrega, José Luiz Gonçalves Bretos, Franco Arsati, Sérgio Jakob, and Maria Cristina Jimenez-Pellegrin. "Profile of the orthodontist practicing in the state of São Paulo - Part 1." Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 17, no. 6 (December 2012): 22e1–22e6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2176-94512012000600007.

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INTRODUCTION: Orthodontics is no different from other sciences to the extent that it is a field in constant evolution and development. Nowadays, given the availability of a wide range of materials and biomechanical resources, as well as the development of new diagnostic capabilities, new methods to manage orthodontic treatment have emerged. Furthermore, due to the proliferation of postgraduate programs, it is increasingly important to gain insight into the profile of these specialists and the resources they use. OBJECTIVE: Examine the profile of orthodontists practicing in the State of São Paulo. The questions were prepared to evaluate different aspects of orthodontic practice. METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to 2.414 specialists in Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics registered with the Regional Board of Dentistry of São Paulo State (CRO-SP). To assess the association between qualitative variables, the Chi-square association test was employed at 5% significance level. RESULTS: Five hundred ninety-three (24.65%) questionnaires were completed and returned. The sample profile consisted of males (54.3%), aged between 41 and 50 (40.5%), who had been registered with the São Paulo Regional Board of Dentistry (CRO-SP) for 6 to 10 years (29.3%). The three most widely mentioned cephalometric analyses were standard USP (71.5%), McNamara (59.2%) and Ricketts (52.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Based on a statistical analysis of the data one can conclude that the Straight-Wire technique was used most often (74.5%), and this technique is associated with orthodontists who have been specialists for less than 10 years. Most people surveyed (52.4%) routinely make use of functional orthopedic resources in their daily practice.

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Karatas, Orhan Hakki, and Ebubekir Toy. "Three-dimensional imaging techniques: A literature review." European Journal of Dentistry 08, no. 01 (January 2014): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1305-7456.126269.

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ABSTRACTImaging is one of the most important tools for orthodontists to evaluate and record size and form of craniofacial structures. Orthodontists routinely use 2-dimensional (2D) static imaging techniques, but deepness of structures cannot be obtained and localized with 2D imaging. Three-dimensional (3D) imaging has been developed in the early of 1990’s and has gained a precious place in dentistry, especially in orthodontics. The aims of this literature review are to summarize the current state of the 3D imaging techniques and to evaluate the applications in orthodontics.

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Roberts-Harry, D., and J. Sandy. "Orthodontics. Part 11: Orthodontic tooth movement." British Dental Journal 196, no. 7 (April 2004): 391–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4811129.

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Roberts-Harry, D., and J. Sandy. "Orthodontics. Part 12: Combined orthodontic treatment." British Dental Journal 196, no. 8 (April 2004): 449–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4811174.

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Cakan, Derya Germec, Feyza Ulkur, and Tulin Uğur Taner. "The genetic basis of facial skeletal characteristics and its relation with orthodontics." European Journal of Dentistry 06, no. 03 (July 2012): 340–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1698971.

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ABSTRACTSuccessful treatment of any orthodontic problem depends on an appropriate diagnosis of its etiology. It is well known that the genetics, as well as environmental factors, play an important role on the etiology of skeletal anomalies. Recent studies and advances in genetic sciences allowed the orthodontists to better understand the effects of genetics on the etiology of dentofacial characteristics and pathologies which in turn supported the effects of the genes in the development of dentofacial complex. In orthodontic practice, the genetic basis of a skeletal anomaly should also be considered during the diagnosis. Therefore orthodontic treatment plan should be chosen accordingly. However, further genetic studies are required to clearly determine all the specific genes leading to a particular skeletal variability caused by the polygenic nature of craniofacial traits. This article includes the current information on the association between orthodontics and genetics, an outline of the evidence based impact of heredity on dentofacial development as a review of the etiological factors of skeletal anomalies from the genetic point of view. (Eur J Dent 2012;6:340-345)

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Chia, M. "Master dentistry: Restorative dentistry, paediatric dentistry and orthodontics, 2nd edition (2008)." European Journal of Orthodontics 31, no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjp001.

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Closs, LQ, EG Reston, F. Tessarollo, MPM Freitas, and G. Broliato. "Multidisciplinary Approach in the Rehabilitation of Missing Lateral Incisors: A New Trend in Daily Practice." Operative Dentistry 37, no. 5 (September 1, 2012): 458–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/11-167-t.

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SUMMARY This article reports the case of a patient with bilateral hypodontia of the maxillary lateral incisors who was dissatisfied with the outcome of initial orthodontic treatment, highlighting the importance of a multidisciplinary interaction among Restorative Dentistry, Orthodontics, and Implantology to achieve satisfactory esthetics and functional results.

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Mihai, Cristina Nicoleta, Dragoș Stanciu, Gabriel Ciochindă, Mihai Burlibașa, Viorel Ștefan Perieanu, Mariana Păcurar, Irina Adriana Beuran, et al. "General and Particular Aspects of Infective Risk in Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics - Part I." Acta Medica Transilvanica 25, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amtsb-2020-0016.

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AbstractThe infectious risk in the dental practice, including in the orthodontic practice, represents a real danger for both the medical team (orthodontic specialist, dental nurse and dental technician), but also for the patient. But, dental orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics is a specialty in the field of dentistry with a special content and a special instruments and, therefore, by conducting this study, even if it is only preliminary, we set out to highlight a succession of concepts, the objective being to familiarize the specialists in orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics with certain rules of theoretical and practical character, which aim to prevent and combat the infectious risk in orthodontic practice.

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Mihai, Cristina Nicoleta, Dragoș Stanciu, Gabriel Ciochindă, Mihai Burlibașa, Viorel ștefan Perieanu, Mariana Păcurar, Irina Adriana Beuran, et al. "General and Particular Aspects of Infective Risk in Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics - Part II." Acta Medica Transilvanica 25, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amtsb-2020-0035.

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AbstractThe infectious risk in the dental practice, including in the orthodontic practice, represents a real danger for both the medical team (orthodontic specialist, dental nurse and dental technician), but also for the patient. But, dental orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics is a specialty in the field of dentistry with a special content and special instruments and, therefore, by conducting this study, even if it is only preliminary, we set out to highlight a succession of concepts, the objective being to familiarize the specialists in orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics with certain rules with theoretical and practical character, which aim to prevent and combat the infectious risk in orthodontic practice.

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Chadwick, B. "Master Dentistry Volume 2 - Restorative Dentistry, Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics." British Dental Journal 196, no. 2 (January 2004): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4810902.

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Abdulrahman, Nuha Abdulazeem Mohammed, Nadia Khalifa, and Mohammed Nasser Alhajj. "Dentists’ Preferences in the Treatment of Congenitally Missing Maxillary Lateral Incisors." Brazilian Dental Science 22, no. 2 (April 30, 2019): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/bds.2019.v22i2.1710.

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Objective: Congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisors present challenges to dentists in terms of treatment planning and can negatively affect aesthetics and function in patients. The aim of the present study was to determine the preferred treatment approach of dentists with different specialties. Material and Methods: We carried out a descriptive, cross-sectional study using a questionnaire that was self-administered to 12 specialists in removable prosthodontics, 18 specialists in restorative dentistry, 14 specialists in orthodontics, and 173 registered general dentists. Results: General practitioners (72.7%), prosthodontists (92.9%) and, restorative dentists (80%) preferred prosthodontic replacement of missing maxillary lateral incisors, while orthodontists (57.1%) preferred canine substitution. Most general practitioners (62.7%), prosthodontists (71.4%), and orthodontists (92.9%), as well as many restorative specialists (40%), preferred implant-retained crowns for prosthetic replacement of missing lateral incisors. The dental specialties differed significantly in terms of their preferred modalities for treating children over the age of 12 years. General practitioners (56%) preferred removable partial dentures (RPDs), while a mere 17.2% preferred to carry out no treatment. All prosthodontists (100%) preferred treatment with RPDs. Restorative dentists preferred RPDs and adhesive bridges in equal number (33.3% in each case). Fifty percent of orthodontists treating children with missing lateral incisors preferred RPDs, followed by (28.6%) who preferred canine substitution. Conclusion: Preference varied for several reasons among dentists’ treating both adults and children over 12 years of age. KeywordsMaxillary missing teeth; Dentist's preference; Teeth replacement; Dental implant.

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Al-Attar, Ali M., Samher Al-Shaham, and Mushriq Abid. "Perception of Iraqi Orthodontists and Patients toward Accelerated Orthodontics." International Journal of Dentistry 2021 (April 29, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5512455.

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Background/Purpose. In the literature, no consensus about the duration of orthodontic treatment has been reached out. This study aimed to identify orthodontist’s and patient’s perception about the time of orthodontic treatment and their willingness to undergo and pay for various acceleration techniques and procedures. Materials and Methods. An electronic survey was conducted from August to October 2020. The questionnaire consisted of 20 multiple choice questions which was designed and emailed to members of the Iraqi Orthodontic Society and self-administered to patients in several orthodontic centers in Baghdad. The questionnaire included questions about the perception toward the duration of orthodontic treatment, approval of different procedures used to reduce treatment time, and how much fee increment they are able to pay for various techniques and appliances. Descriptive and chi-square test statistics were used, and the level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.05 . Results. The response rate was 78.7%. The willingness for additional techniques and procedures was rated in the following order: customized appliances: 50.8% orthodontists and 38.4% patients, followed by intraoral vibrating devices: 49.2% orthodontists and 38.1% patients, piezocision: 10.2% orthodontists and 8.2% patients, and corticotomies: 8.1% orthodontists and 5.9% patients. Most orthodontists were willing to pay up to 40% of treatment income for the acceleration procedure, while the payment of patients was up to 20%. Conclusion. Both orthodontists and patients were interested in techniques that can decrease the treatment duration. Noninvasive accelerating procedures were more preferable by orthodontists and patients than invasive surgical procedures.

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Bianco, Antonio, Domenico Dalessandri, Bruno Oliva, Ingrid Tonni, Gaetano Isola, Luca Visconti, Corrado Paganelli, and Stefano Bonetti. "COVID-19 and Orthodontics: An Approach for Monitoring Patients at Home." Open Dentistry Journal 15, no. 1 (March 16, 2021): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874210602115010087.

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Aim: The aim of this study was to test an experimental approach involving the remote monitoring of orthodontic patients through the use of their smartphones. Background: Due to the COVID-19 emergency, dental offices were asked to stop elective treatments; suddenly orthodontic patients found themselves isolated at home, without the possibility of monitoring by their orthodontists. The use of telemonitoring via smartphones can be a quick way to recover the orthodontist-patient relationship, monitor and continue the treatment. Objective: The purpose of this study was to propose an innovative, simple and reliable approach for the remote management of orthodontic patients. Methods: 137 patients were contacted verbally by phone and via WhatsApp®; they were asked to send a set of photographs taken with their smartphone. They were asked to complete a questionnaire to evaluate the effectiveness of the approach. Descriptive statistics (frequency with percent) of questionnaire results and the presence of procedural errors while taking pictures were calculated. Correlations between different questionnaire answers were analyzed with the Chi-Square test. Variables with p < 0:05 were declared as significant. Results: The majority of patients considered that this approach was positive and they did not feel abandoned. Difficulties emerged from a technical point of view, that is, in terms of photoshoot, and part of the patients expressed perplexity regarding the fact that telemonitoring can replace completely an outpatient visit. Conclusion: The use of telemonitoring managed to recreate a relationship with the orthodontist, especially in emergency periods.

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Travess, H., D. Roberts-Harry, and J. Sandy. "Orthodontics. Part 6: Risks in orthodontic treatment." British Dental Journal 196, no. 2 (January 2004): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4810891.

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Silva, Maurício Barbosa Guerra da, and Eduardo Franzotti Sant'Anna. "The evolution of cephalometric diagnosis in Orthodontics." Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 18, no. 3 (June 2013): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2176-94512013000300011.

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INTRODUCTION: Although the development of CT have represented a landmark in diagnostic imaging, its use in Dentistry turned out very discretely over the years. With the appearance of programs for analysis of three-dimensional images, specific for Orthodontics and Orthognathic surgery, a new reality is being built. OBJECTIVE: The authors of this study aim to inform the orthodontic society of fundamentals about digital cephalometric radiographic image and computed tomography, discussing about: Field of view (FOV), radiation doses, demands for the use in Orthodontics and radiographic simulations.

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Kwak, Jin Hee, and Eric Chen. "An Overview of the American Board of Orthodontics Certification Process." APOS Trends in Orthodontics 8 (March 1, 2018): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/apos.apos_2_18.

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The American Board of Orthodontics (ABO) was founded nearly ninety years ago as the first American specialty board in the field of dentistry. The ABO, in affiliation with the American Association of Orthodontists, is, in fact, the only orthodontic specialty board that is recognized by the American Dental Association. In order to become board-certified by the ABO, an orthodontist must successfully pass a written examination as well as a clinical examination. Important to the clinical exam is the ability to measure case complexity and case outcome. To this end, the ABO has established a comprehensive Discrepancy Index (DI) system which systematically analyzes and scores every element of the selected case and its difficulty, thereby measuring case complexity. Similarly, the ABO has established a comprehensive Cast-Radiograph (CR) evaluation which systematically analyzes every element of the selected case and its finished occlusion, thereby measuring case outcome. This review article presents an overview of the ABO certification process and reviews a classic high-angle Class II growing patient case that successfully passed the ABO exam. This article further presents a walkthrough of how to complete the DI and CR evaluation using the high-angle Class II growing patient case as an example. By establishing the DI form and CR evaluation and by making this information available to the public, the ABO strives to be both objective and transparent in allowing orthodontists to self-assess their finished cases.

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Ridgeway, William V. "News of dentistry and orthodontics." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 105, no. 6 (June 1994): 11A—15A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-5406(05)80759-0.

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Guthrie, Frank B. "News of dentistry and orthodontics." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 104, no. 5 (November 1993): 13A—16A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-5406(06)80059-4.

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Bourzgui, Farid, Hakima Aghoutan, and Samir Diouny. "Craniomandibular Disorders and Mandibular Reference Position in Orthodontic Treatment." International Journal of Dentistry 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/890942.

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The aim of this paper is to bring into focus the literature on the choice of the mandibular reference position in orthodontic treatment; of a particular reference to this paper is intercuspal position, centric relation position, or therapeutic position. To give a comprehensive account of the literature review on craniomandibular disorders (CMD), we have relied on books and articles using both Google Scholar and PubMed. Selection criteria included a combination of Mesh and type of article. Article classification was made by two authors, using the following structure outline: prevalence of craniomandibular disorders, its etiology and pathophysiology, occlusion and craniomandibular disorders, orthodontic treatment and CMD, and the mandibular reference position in orthodontics. An important conclusion that emerged from the present literature review is that CMD do not seem to be directly related to orthodontic treatment, and their appearance cannot be predicted or prevented by any means. Therefore, orthodontists must adopt a mandibular reference suitable to their patients and which best respects the balance existing in the stomatognathic system.

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Rampon, Fabio Brandalise, Celestino Nóbrega, José Luiz Gonçalves Bretos, Franco Arsati, Sérgio Jakob, and Maria Cristina Jimenez-Pellegrin. "Profile of the orthodontist practicing in the State of São Paulo - Part 2." Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 18, no. 1 (February 2013): 32e1–32e6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2176-94512013000100008.

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INTRODUCTION: The choice of brackets, bands and wires is a very important aspect of orthodontic treatment. Stainless steel prevailed for a long time, but new alloys and resources have emerged to diversify the orthodontic wire mechanics. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the profile and materials used by orthodontists practicing in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to 2,414 specialists in Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics registered with the Regional Board of Dentistry of São Paulo State (CRO-SP). To assess the association between qualitative variables, the Chi-square association test was employed at 5% significance level. RESULTS: Five hundred and ninety-three (24.65%) questionnaires were completed and sent back. Efficiency was the key reason given by the professionals for choosing a particular material. The majority showed a preference for metal brackets (98%), followed by ceramics (32%) and polycarbonate (7.8%). The most widely used brackets had 0.022 x 0.028-in slots (73.2%). Regarding orthodontic wires, 88.2% employed round steel wires and conventional round NiTi wires, while 52.6% used round heat-activated NiTi and 46.5% rectangular TMA wires. Elastics (92.9%) were the most widely used method to tie the orthodontic archwire to the bracket. CONCLUSIONS: In this survey, the orthodontists claimed that efficiency was the major motivator for choosing orthodontic materials. Conventional brackets tied with conventional elastic ligatures are still the most used by the professionals. Among steel and conventional Nitinol wires, round wires ranked first. The use of resources recently available to Brazilian orthodontists, such as self-ligating brackets and mini-implants, was not significant.

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Peter, Elbe, R. M. Baiju, N. O. Varghese, Remadevi Sivaraman, and David L. Streiner. "How to develop and validate a questionnaire for orthodontic research." European Journal of Dentistry 11, no. 03 (July 2017): 411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ejd.ejd_322_16.

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ABSTRACTThe use of psychometric tools to assess various psychological aspects of malocclusion and treatment is increasing in orthodontics. Mere evaluation of an orthodontic patient with normative criteria is not enough; instead, the psychological status should be assessed using a questionnaire. Many generic and few condition-specific tools are available for assessing quality of life (QoL) in orthodontics. The steps involved in the development of such tools are complex and unknown to many. This article outlines the methodology involved in the development and validation of a psychometric tool for dental and orthodontic use. It also helps the clinician to translate and cross-culturally adapt an existing QoL tool to a different setting.

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Jose Cherackal, George, Eapen Thomas, and Akhilesh Prathap. "Combined Orthodontic and Surgical Approach in the Correction of a Class III Skeletal Malocclusion with Mandibular Prognathism and Vertical Maxillary Excess Using Bimaxillary Osteotomy." Case Reports in Dentistry 2013 (2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/797846.

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For patients whose orthodontic problems are so severe that neither growth modification nor camouflage offers a solution, surgery to realign the jaws or reposition dentoalveolar segments is the only possible treatment. Surgery is not a substitute for orthodontics in these patients. Instead, it must be properly coordinated with orthodontics and other dental treatments to achieve good overall results. Dramatic progress in recent years has made it possible for combined surgical orthodontic treatment to be carried out successfully for patients with a severe dentofacial problem of any type. This case report provides an overview of the current treatment methodology in managing a combination of asymmetrical mandibular prognathism and vertical maxillary excess.

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Alsulaimani, Fahad F. "Evaluation of Undergraduate Orthodontic Courses at the Faculty of Dentistry in King Abdulaziz University." Journal of King Abdulaziz University - Medical Sciences 20, no. 4 (October 1, 2013): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4197/med.20-4.6.

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The undergraduate orthodontic courses at the Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University are two and a half academic year, starting from the 4th year with an introduction to orthodontics. During the 5th year, students get exposed to different treatment modalities. During the 6th and final year, students are exposed to clinical cases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the content of these courses, teaching techniques, and the importance of teaching orthodontics to the undergraduate students. Nineteen questions were distributed to the graduating class of 2011-12 (40 male and 55 females). The topics covered were: 1) the importance of orthodontic teaching to the undergraduate students, 2) the importance of the laboratory projects, 3) the teaching methods, and 4) the competency of the student after finishing the orthodontic courses. Answers were analyzed according to gender and final grades. Pearson's chi-squared test was used to evaluate significance. There was no significant difference between male and female in all of the 19 questions. When analyzing the data according to the final grades, there were also no significant differences in most of the questions. Most of the graduating students were satisfied with the content of the orthodontic courses.

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Worker, Charlotte. "Guiding local sedation services in dentistry." Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 90, no. 2 (February 1, 2008): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/147363508x276215.

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Over the past three years, the Faculty of General Dental Practice (UK) and the Department of Health (DH) have worked together to develop a series of competency frameworks for dentists with special interests (DwSIs). The frameworks are intended for use by dentists and primary care trusts (PCTs) and set out competencies for the scope of treatment that can be undertaken by dentists who have developed special interests. By the end of 2007, frameworks had been published in minor oral surgery, orthodontics, periodontics, endodontics and prison dentistry.

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Preoteasa, Cristina Teodora, Ecaterina Ionescu, Elena Preoteasa, J. A. Tenreiro Machado, Mihaela Cristina Baleanu, and Dumitru Baleanu. "Multidimensional Scaling for Orthodontic Root Resorption." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/383698.

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The paper investigates the risk factors for the severity of orthodontic root resorption. The multidimensional scaling (MDS) visualization method is used to investigate the experimental data from patients who received orthodontic treatment at the Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Faculty of Dentistry, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, during a period of 4 years. The clusters emerging in the MDS plots reveal features and properties not easily captured by classical statistical tools. The results support the adoption of MDS for tackling the dentistry information and overcoming noise embedded into the data. The method introduced in this paper is rapid, efficient, and very useful for treating the risk factors for the severity of orthodontic root resorption.

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Azeem, Muhammad, Zubair Hassan Awaisi, Sohaib Hassan, Farhan Ahmad, Saadia Ata, and Abdul Rasheed. "Orthodontic Treatment Need at Nishter Institute of Dentistry." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 8 (August 25, 2021): 1903–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211581903.

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Background: The Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) is one of the important index to find out orthodontic need of patients. Aim: To find out the need of orthodontic treatment in patients visiting Nishter Institute of Dentistry, Multan (NID). Method: The index was applied using plaster models and intraoral examination. The measurements of various components of IOTN index was taken with the help of digital vernier calliper. Results: The results of various measurements of IOTN index was taken, recorded and analyzed statistically. Result of the present cross-sectional study showed that 65% patients were in grade 4 and 5 of IOTN. The analysis showed that 13% were in grade 4 of IOTN, 52% were in grade 5, 15% were in grade 3, 16% were in grade 2 and 4% patients was in grade 1 of IOTN index. Conclusion: No significant sex differences were shown for the need of orthodontic therapy in any category of IOTN. The need of orthodontic treatment is very high in patients of Southern Punjab, Pakistan. Keywords: Treatment Need; IOTN; Orthodontics.

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Boke, Fatma, Cagri Gazioglu, Sevil Akkaya, and Murat Akkaya. "Relationship between orthodontic treatment and gingival health: A retrospective study." European Journal of Dentistry 08, no. 03 (July 2014): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1305-7456.137651.

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ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the relationship between orthodontic treatment and gingival health. Materials and Methods: A total of 251 patients among whom 177 were girls and 74 were boys, recruited from the records pool of the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Gazi, were included in the study. Patients’ treatments have been completed by postgraduate students during the period between 2006 and 2012. Patients’ folders were analyzed according to their age, treatment time, and the type of orthodontic treatment. Intra-oral photographs were analyzed, and the presence or absence of visible plaque, visible inflammation, and gingival recession were recorded, and incisor inclinations analyzed on lateral cephalometric films, before and after orthodontic treatment. Results: No statistically significant difference was found in patients treated with functional appliances before and after treatment. In patients treated with fixed orthodontic appliances, visible plaque, visible inflammation, and gingival recession showed significant increases after treatment, gingival biotype did not show any significant difference. Positive correlation was found between lower incisor position and gingival recession in patients treated with fixed appliance and extraction. And also cuspids were the teeth with the highest prevalence of gingival recession. Conclusion: Considering the relationship between orthodontic treatment and gingival health, cooperation among patients, orthodontists, and periodontists is important.

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Mangat, Sukhpreet, Modi S. Kichorchandra, Akash Handa, and Suresh Bindhumadhav. "Correlation of Orthodontic Treatment by Fixed or Myofunctional Appliances and Periodontitis: A Retrospective Study." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 18, no. 4 (2017): 322–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2039.

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ABSTRACT Introduction Malocclusion plays an important role in the development of periodontitis. Thus, by treating malocclusion, a good gingival health can be achieved. This study was conducted to establish the correlation between orthodontic tooth movement and periodontitis. Materials and methods This is a retrospective study conducted on 220 patients who underwent orthodontic treatment for malocclusion. They were divided into two groups: Group I patients were treated with fixed orthodontics, while group II patients received myofunctional appliances. Results The value for plaque, gingival recession, and tooth mobility significantly increased in group I patients. However, the difference was statistically nonsignificant in group II patients. Conclusion The authors concluded that there is correlation between malocclusion and periodontitis. Malocclusion leads to periodontitis. Clinical significance Malocclusion is the main reason for the development of poor periodontal health. Combined effort has to be played by both periodontist and orthodontist for the treatment of various orthodontic-periodontal problems. How to cite this article Sharma K, Mangat S, Kichorchandra MS, Handa A, Bindhumadhav S, Meena M. Correlation of Orthodontic Treatment by Fixed or Myofunctional Appliances and Periodontitis: A Retrospective Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(4):322-325.

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SEZEN ERHAMZA, Türkan, and Kübra A. ARSLAN ÇARPAR. "Orthodontics-Awareness Amongst Medical Students." Orthodontic Journal of Nepal 10, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ojn.v10i3.35496.

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Introduction: The study aimed to evaluate the knowledge and awareness of orthodontics, a specialty of dentistry,amongst Medical Students. Materials and Method: A sample of 550 students (279 female, 226 male aged between 18 and 36 years) were attented.Of the subjects, 58.6% (n = 296) were preclinical students, while 41.4% (n = 209) were clinical students. The students were informed about the questionnaire and asked to fill in the questionnaire forms. For the comparison of data between groups (gender, level of education), the chi-square test was used. A chi-square test was used for statistical evaluation and the p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result: 385 students (76.2%) had heard the term orthodontics although 41.2% of the subjects knew that orthodonticswas concerned with malocclusions and their treatment. The question about treatment procedures was answeredas scaling by 35.8%, tooth polishing by 40%, tooth aligning by 89.9% of the students. The percentage of knowingorthodontics to be related to tooth aligning showed a significant difference between female and male (p = 0.006), andpreclinical and clinical students (p = 0.033). Of the participants, 42.8% thought that dentures, 83% brackets, 78.8% ofremovable appliances were used by orthodontists. Conclusion: Our results have shown that medical students should have more information about orthodontics, aspecialty of dentistry.

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Peltomaki, T. "Comprehensive dentistry (2008)." European Journal of Orthodontics 31, no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjp005.

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Giannetti, L., and R. Apponi. "Combined Orthodontic and Restorative Minimally Invasive Approach to Diastema and Morphology Management in the Esthetic Area. Clinical Multidisciplinary Case Report with 3-Year Follow-Up." Case Reports in Dentistry 2020 (June 10, 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3628467.

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Introduction. Ceramic laminates are restorations that are bonded using adhesive techniques, which provide for the treatment of the prepared dental elements according to well-defined steps. Adhesive cementation guarantees high predictability and esthetics. Orthodontic treatment is the first choice in patients with a dental misalignment. Patients who have dental element color and shape issues will undergo restorative treatment following orthodontics. Case Report. This clinical report describes a case treated with an interdisciplinary approach (orthodontic and prosthetic) of a patient who presented with diastemas, inversion of dental axes, small clinical crowns, and chromatic imperfections in the anterior maxillary teeth. The esthetic expectations of the patient for the anterior portion of the maxillary anterior teeth have been successfully achieved through orthodontic treatment and the realization of ceramic veneers. An accurate interdisciplinary evaluation of the treatment was necessary for a satisfactory result in the anterior maxillary teeth esthetically compromised in several aspects. Discussion. The modern materials used with the strict protocol of the adhesive procedures allow a minimally invasive, highly esthetic approach with an excellent long-term prognosis. The restorations must reproduce the physiological characteristics of the natural teeth aiming at an excellent biological, biomechanical, functional, and esthetic integration. Many adult patients come to visit with a combination of problems; the esthetic rehabilitation of these cases requires the evaluation of the quantity of gingival exposure, of the gingival architecture, of the size of the clinical crowns, and of the dental position. The ideal treatment of these cases involves an interdisciplinary approach. Prosthodontists, periodontists, orthodontists, and dental technicians must work together because the understanding of the various phases of treatment is fundamental to achieve the desired clinical result. Conclusion. The coordinated treatment of the orthodontist, periodontist, and prosthodontist, with careful consideration of the expectations and requests of patients, was fundamental for the success and satisfaction of the patient.

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Gontijo, Leonardo, Roberval de Almeida Cruz, and Paulo Roberto Gomes Brandão. "Dental enamel around fixed orthodontic appliances after fluoride varnish application." Brazilian Dental Journal 18, no. 1 (2007): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-64402007000100011.

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Poor oral hygiene has been considered one of the main problems routinely faced in the orthodontic treatment. Orthodontic appliance creates an environment that provides mineral loss from the dental enamel. Such condition is clinically seen as white spot lesions and cavitations in the most severe cases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a fluoride varnish application as a caries prevention method for clinical orthodontics. The experiment analyzed dental enamel adjacent to orthodontics accessories after treatment. In addition, it was observed the calcium, phosphorus and fluoride contents on enamel treated with a fluoride varnish. The results showed that fluoride varnish application is a simple and fast technique that could be useful in preventing enamel demineralization associated to orthodontic treatment. Scanning electron microscopy revealed significant amount of calcium fluoride-like material deposited on enamel and energy dispersive x-ray analysis demonstrated a large incorporation of calcium and fluoride to the enamel of the treated specimens. It was concluded that fluoride varnish could indeed be considered an efficient preventive method to enhance enamel resistance against the cariogenic challenges during orthodontic therapy.

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Saini, P. "Master dentistry. Volume 2: restorative dentistry, paediatric dentistry and orthodontics, 3rd edition." British Dental Journal 215, no. 11 (December 2013): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2013.1190.

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Petrova, A. V., O. M. Makarova, Yu V. Rud, and V. D. Kuroiedova. "CURRENT STRUCTURE OF PATIENTS SEEKING FOR ORTHODONTIC CARE." Актуальні проблеми сучасної медицини: Вісник Української медичної стоматологічної академії 20, no. 2 (July 6, 2020): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2077-1096.20.2.215.

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Now an orthodontist is a very demandable dental specialist due to increasing number of patients seeking for orthodontic care. Analysis of patients by their age, diagnosis and sex can allow orthodontists to understand more clearly which pathology and which patients are the most prevalent and to find the best approaches to satisfy the clients’ demands. This analysis provides the potential to create more targeted approach in diagnosis, treatment and prevention of malocclusions. At the Department of Postgraduate Education of Orthodontists, Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy, we performed an analysis of 2,359 outpatient medical cards (1296 patients, who took treatment in 2019, and 1063 patients, who took treatment in 1999). It is noteworthy that for the 20-year period the number of people seeking for orthodontic care has risen in 9.9 times, despite the rapid development of private dentistry services. The data of the analysis have demonstrated that today adults make up the larges share of the orthodontic patients. Therefore, orthodontic correction by using fixed appliances has become a priority. Moreover, female individuals ask for help more often that is determined by the increase in women's social attitude to their appearance. All this confirms social and psychological significance of orthodontics. As for the male individuals seeking for orthodontic care, their number has been found out to increase in the age 14 – 18 that may be related to the findings revealed at pre-military medical checkups. As for the commonest types of malocclusions for these two periods, I class malocclusion by Angle has been found out as the most prevalent, II class by Angle is ranking the second position and III class by Angle and a deep bite are sharing the third position.

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Pourghadiri, M. "Review: Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry (2000)." European Journal of Orthodontics 23, no. 5 (October 1, 2001): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/23.5.585.

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Oliver, R. G. "Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, Colour Guide." Journal of Orthodontics 29, no. 1 (March 2002): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ortho/29.1.75.

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Ike, Jun. "My Esthetic Dentistry by Prostho-orthodontics." Journal of the Kyushu Dental Society 49, no. 6 (1995): 558–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2504/kds.49.558.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Dentistry Orthodontics'

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