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1
Akinseye, S. A., and J. T. Harmse. "Water quality in two catchment areas: a case study of Crocodile (West) and Berg Catchment areas." Water Practice and Technology 9, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 526–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2014.059.
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This study focuses on the different physical and chemical water quality parameters of two catchment areas centring on the extent of water pollution in the two basins. Data containing physical and chemical water quality parameters for the Crocodile (West) Catchment area (Gauteng) and the Berg Catchment area (Western Cape) at reconnaissance level of detail were collected from the Department of Water Affairs (DWA) over a period of 5 years, 2007–2011. The relevant data were screened and sorted using the SPSS Software Version 2.0. The data were subjected to ANOVA statistics to search for significant variations in the water quality parameters of concern across the study period in each of the catchment area. The physical and chemical analyses were carried out to determine whether the water quality falls within the total water quality range as prescribed by DWA and WHO for domestic use. Pearson correlation analyses were used to determine the relationship between physical and chemical water quality parameters and the rainfall data over the study period.
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de Souza, P. F., J. E. Burgess, M. Swart, V. Naidoo, and A. Blanckenberg. "Web enablement of a Water Safety Plan via the municipal-based electronic Water Quality Management System (eWQMS)." Water Supply 11, no. 5 (December 1, 2011): 568–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2011.089.
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Despite a good legislative framework, South Africa faces significant challenges in the sustainable provision of adequate and safe water services. To improve the situation, South Africa's Department of Water Affairs (DWA) and other water sector partners undertook initiatives to assist municipalities with operation and management of water services. By way of example, in 2006, the municipal engineering oriented electronic Water Quality Management System (eWQMS) was implemented, providing municipalities with a platform for loading drinking water quality data and tracking performance of key water services management functions. Following this in 2008, DWA introduced an incentive-based regulatory programme, Blue Drop Certification (BDC), and the associated regulatory drinking water quality information system, the Blue Drop System (BDS) which is, for example, populated with data loaded by municipalities onto eWQMS. An integral part of BDC is the development of Water Safety Plans (WSPs). Due to the challenges faced by municipalities in developing WSPs, the Water Research Commission (WRC) saw a need to assist municipalities, and subsequently a generic Water Safety Plan for Small Community Water Supplies was developed. The WRC also saw the need to develop an easy-to-use WSP tool for municipalities. The eWQMS was selected as the platform for making the tool available. This paper presents the development of a web-enabled WSP tool on the eWQMS which ultimately will provide the information to the BDS.
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Gyamfi, C., J. M. Ndambuki, and R. W. Salim. "A Historical Analysis of Rainfall Trend in the Olifants Basin in South Africa." Earth Science Research 5, no. 1 (January 31, 2016): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/esr.v5n1p129.
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<span style="font-size: 10.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">A set of homogeneity test methods and the Mann-Kendall trend test were applied on historical rainfall records of the Olifants Basin to detect changes in rainfall pattern under a changing climate. In total, historical rainfall records from 13 stations obtained from the South African Weather Service (SAWS) and the Department of Water Affairs (DWA) spanning the period 1975-2013 were used in the analysis. Results of the study indicate an insignificant declining rainfall trend in the Olifants Basin with a mean annual rainfall of 664 mm. Rainfall in the basin exhibits spatio–temporal variation with coefficient of variation of 24%. Inter-annual and seasonal variability is dominant in the records examined. Changes observed in rainfall over the years were therefore concluded to have resulted due to climate change impacts.</span>
4
Singh, A. "Selection of an appropriate risk assessment tool for waste water risk abatement planning: an eThekwini case study." Water Practice and Technology 9, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 283–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2014.019.
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A Wastewater Risk Abatement Plan (WWRAP) has become an integral part in the operation of wastewater treatment plants across South Africa with the introduction of the Green Drop initiative. With each successive Green Drop season the WWRAP has become more of a focal point of the assessments and is intended to engender a more risk aware and risk averse philosophy into the operation of wastewater plants. The WWRAP, itself, is intended to be used as a tool to prioritize the deployment of limited resources and funds to achieve better compliance and management of wastewater treatment plants across the country. This is only effective if the method used for rating risk successfully identifies risks inherent on the plants. In essence the WWRAP will not achieve its objectives unless risks are properly identified. This paper explores the two successive WWRAPs produced by the eThekwini Municipality and the evolution of the risk rating systems employed. In 2011 the eThekwini Municipality's WWRAP was based on a modified risk matrix as proposed in the Draft Guidelines for the development of WWRAPs by DWA and the WRC. While the results of this assessment generally correlated with the Department of Water Affairs' Cumulative Risk Rating assessments, the rating system was based primarily on health targets and as a result was ineffectual as a tool for prioritization of resources. In 2012 with the next revision of the WWRAP there was a need to further ‘tweak’ the risk matrix used in order to more accurately reflect and identify risks on the various plants. This entailed increasing the complexity of the risk rating methodology and care was taken to ensure usability while still enhancing the efficacy of the risk assessment process. It was decided that ‘Administrative’ or ‘Reputational’ risk be taken into account when evaluating risk at the various plants and the risk assessment matrix was adjusted accordingly. It was decided that both administrative and reputational risk could be adequately represented by the influence that a particular risk had on the Affairs' potential Green Drop score. Multiple permutations and approaches were evaluated to determine which method would best reflect the ‘on the ground situation’. Using the new rating system, a total of 1,235 low risks were identified over the previous year's 913, medium risks numbered 223 over the 17 from 2011 and 105 high risks were identified for 2012 as compared to 2011 where no high risks were identified at all. The new rating system was thus deemed a more appropriate tool for the prioritization of resources for the municipality.
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Aniyikaiye, Tolulope, Temilola Oluseyi, John Odiyo, and Joshua Edokpayi. "Physico-Chemical Analysis of Wastewater Discharge from Selected Paint Industries in Lagos, Nigeria." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 7 (April 7, 2019): 1235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071235.
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Effluents from the paint industry have been a major source of environmental pollution. There is a need to investigate the compliance of wastewater discharged from paint industries with regulatory standards. In response, this study evaluates the physicochemical parameters of both raw and treated wastewater, the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) efficiencies as well as the compliance level of five selected paint manufacturing companies in Lagos, Nigeria with some regulatory standards: Federal Ministry of Environment (FME) in Nigeria, World Health Organization (WHO) and Department of Water Affairs (DWA) in South Africa. All parameters investigated were analysed using standard methods. The values of pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) levels were in the range of 4–12.2, 149.1–881.3 mS/m and 1100–6510 mg/L, respectively. The range of other parameters include total suspended solids (TSS); 0–2470 mg/L, TS; 1920–6510 mg/L, chloride; 63.8–733.8 mg/L, dissolved oxygen (DO); 0–6.7 mg/L, oil and grease (O & G); 44–100 mg/L, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD); 162.8–974.7 mg/L, chemical oxygen demand (COD); 543–1231 mg/L, nitrates;12.89–211.2 mg/L, phosphate; below detection limit (bdl)–0.02 mg/L, sulphate; 195–1434 mg/L, nickel; bdl–1.9 mg/L while copper, lead and chromium were below detection limits. The results indicated that the WWTPs of the studied paint companies were ineffective in reducing the TS, TSS, BOD, COD and (O & G) to acceptable limits. Routine monitoring of wastewater from paint industries is therefore recommended to prevent the risk of contamination to the receiving watershed which many communities rely on as source for domestic water.
6
du PLESSIS, ERIKA M., FRANCOIS DUVENAGE, and LISE KORSTEN. "Determining the Potential Link between Irrigation Water Quality and the Microbiological Quality of Onions by Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Escherichia coli Isolates." Journal of Food Protection 78, no. 4 (April 1, 2015): 643–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-486.
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The potential transfer of human pathogenic bacteria present in irrigation water onto fresh produce was investigated, because surface water sources used for irrigation purposes in South Africa have increasingly been reported to be contaminated with enteric bacterial pathogens. A microbiological analysis was performed of a selected river in Limpopo Province, South Africa, that is often contaminated with raw sewage from municipal sewage works and overhead irrigated onions produced on a commercial farm. Counts of Escherichia coli, coliforms, aerobic bacteria, fungi, and yeasts and the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and Listeria monocytogenes were determined. Identities of bacterial isolates from irrigation water and onions were confirmed using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry, PCR, and biochemical tests. To establish a potential link between the microbiological quality of the irrigation source and the onions, the E. coli isolates from both were subjected to antibiotic resistance, virulence gene, and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR analyses. River water E. coli counts exceeded South African Department of Water Affairs and World Health Organization irrigation water guidelines. Counts of aerobic bacteria, coliforms, fungi, and yeasts of onions from the market were acceptable according to Department of Health Directorate, Food Control, South Africa, microbiological guidelines for ready-to-eat fresh fruits and vegetables. E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and L. monocytogenes were not detected in onions, whereas only Salmonella was detected in 22% of water samples. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry and PCR identification of E. coli isolates from water and onions correlated. Of the 45 E. coli isolates from water and onions, 42.2% were resistant to multiple antibiotics. Virulence genes eae, stx1, and stx2 were detected in 2.2, 6.6, and 2.2% of the E. coli isolates, respectively. Phenotypic (antimicrobial) and genotypic (virulence gene prevalence, DNA fingerprinting) analyses showed a link between river, dam, irrigation pivot point, and onion E. coli isolates.
7
MacKay, H. M., D. J. Roux, P. J. Ashton, H. R. van Vliet, and S. Jooste. "The development of South African water quality guidelines for the natural aquatic environment." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 5-6 (September 1, 1995): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0629.
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This paper describes the progress made by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry in the development of documented water quality guidelines for aquatic ecosystems in South Africa, which will be able to take into account local and site-specific conditions. Proposed guidelines for toxic substances, nutrients and physico-chemical variables are described.
8
Harris, J., H. R. van Vliet, and H. M. MacKay. "Water resource quality policy: the approach adopted by the department of water affairs and forestry under the water law principles." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 10-11 (May 1, 1999): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0627.
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An intensive review of existing Water Law has just been conducted by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. The review was motivated by the need for preparation for new legislation to support water resource management with a goal of “some for all, forever.” The development of a water resource protection policy was begun in that review. This paper describes the major aspects of the policy at one point in a process of rapid development. Initial proposals are to use the concept of ecological integrity as an indicator of sustainable use of the resource. While management's goal is to ensure all water users will benefit from access to the water resource, ecological integrity provides a good indication of sustainability in the use of the resource. More discussion in this paper is, therefore, centred on ecological integrity than on individual water users under the assumption that the resource will only be able to provide for long term water uses if ecological integrity is assured. A water Reserve has been defined that is intended to protect water resources, so basic human needs can be met and ecological functions and processes can be sustained. Components of ecological integrity, that is, the chemical and physical characteristics of water, the quantity and assurance of water, the habitat (instream and riparian), and the structure and function of the associated biotic communities would be assessed through the use of a resource classification system. The approach integrates resource-directed measures for protection (such as resource quality objectives) with source-directed measures (such as effluent standards).
9
Hnidan, Travis. "Treating Water: Engineering and the Denial of Indigenous Water Rights." International Journal of Engineering, Social Justice, and Peace 4 (December 31, 2015): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ijesjp.v4i1-2.5177.
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In 2011, the Department of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada released the National Assessment of First Nations Water and Wastewater Systems as prepared by Neegan Burnside Ltd. This assessment has been largely used by government, media, and Indigenous groups to point to the decrepit state of water and wastewater systems on First Nations reserves across the country, and to advance Senate Government Bill S-8 that seeks to improve conditions in these communities. In this article, I provide a critique of the National Assessment to outline its underlying assimilationist ideology and to demonstrate how technical engineering documents can have political implications. Power is wielded by technocratic discourses like engineering and, in this case, respect for Indigenous rights and sovereignty are at stake when so-called “objective” practices reflect institutional power.
10
Schreiner, Barbara, and Barbara van Koppen. "Policy and law for addressing poverty, race and gender in the water sector: the case of South Africa." Water Policy 5, no. 5-6 (October 1, 2003): 489–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2003.0031.
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The aims of the new water policies and laws of post-apartheid South Africa are to contribute to the eradication of the country's widespread poverty and to redress historical race and gender discrimination with regard to water. After placing these policy and legal changes in a historical context, the paper discusses their operationalization and impact during the first years of implementation. Three key aspects are highlighted. The first aspect concerns internal changes within the implementing government department, the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF). The second aspect regards water services and sanitation directly targeted at poor women and men. Lastly, the paper discusses the emerging equity issues in public participation processes, as an illustration of the new approach to integrated water resources management.
11
Gravelet-Blondin, L. R., S. J. Barclay, C. M. Carliell, and C. A. Buckley. "Management of water resources in South Africa with respect to the textile industry." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 2-3 (July 1, 1997): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0544.
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South Africa is a water scarce country with an average annual rainfall of less than 60% of the world average. It is therefore important to encourage industries to minimise water consumption, and recycle and re-use water and effluent where possible. The South African Department of Water Affairs and Forestry is responsible for the management of water resources in South Africa, thereby ensuring the provision of adequate water supplies of acceptable quality for all recognised users. Of the industrial effluents produced in South Africa, textile effluents are considered to be one of the most problematic in the KwaZulu-Natal coastal area, especially in terms of colour, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and salinity (total dissolved solids, TDS). Of these, colour is perceived to be the most problematic as it is visual pollution and gives rise to public complaints. The Department has been actively involved, through negotiations with management and local authorities, in encouraging the textile industries to reduce the colour load discharged from the factories. Four case studies will be presented describing the approach taken by the Department to solve the problem of textile effluent discharge.
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Sukhodolov, Alexander, Andrey Fedotov, Pavel Anoshko, Alina Kolesnikova, Polina Sorokina, and Natalya Mamonova. "Mathematical Modeling in Researching the Complex Determinants of Illegal Fishing of Water Bio-Resources (the Omul Fish) in Lake Baikal." Russian Journal of Criminology 14, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2020.14(1).76-86.
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Lake Baikal is a unique natural object and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. At the same time, Baikal is a major fresh water inland fishing water body of Russia and the whole Eurasian continent. Extensive fishing began here in the second half of the 19th century and continued, with short-term moratoriums on commercial fishing connected with the depletion of valuable fish stocks, until October 2017, when a new ban was imposed. One of the reasons for this ban was a growing scale of illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing. In spite of restrictive measures, illegal fishing in Baikal is massive. According to statistical data provided by Chief Department of Internal Affairs in Irkutsk Region, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Buryat Republic, Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in Zabaikalsky Region and the Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources, the number of crimes under Art. 256 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation increased 45 % from 2013 to 2018. After the fishing of omul was limited in 2017, the problem of illegal fishing became a burning issue. The current measures of preventing environmental violations in this sphere are not always well-coordinated. To improve their effectiveness, it is necessary to take into account the results of a systemic monitoring of the complex of causes that determine this problem when developing new measures. The authors of the article use mathematical modeling, primarily, regression analysis, to research the factors that lead to crimes and violations of law in the sphere of fishing. The identification and research of factors determining illegal fishing of water bio-resources with the use of mathematical modeling is an element of a deeper analysis of criminological data carried out with the purpose of improving the effectiveness of counteracting illegal fishing and protection of a unique natural object - Lake Baikal.
13
van Vliet, H. R., S. J. Swart, and D. J. Roux. "National and regional surface water quality assessment in the Republic of South Africa." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 10 (November 1, 1994): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0508.
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Concern over the deteriorating quality of South African surface water resources in the past several decades has resulted in a number of fundamental changes in the approach to national water quality management, the most significant being a shift from a point-source control approach to a more complex and information-intensive receiving-water-quality based strategy. These changes highlighted the urgent need for a new focus on the development of a balanced and integrated strategy for the national and regional assessment of water quality and aquatic ecosystem health. An overview of the current developments, direction and strategies for water quality assessment of the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, is presented.
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Brown, S. A. P., and A. M. van Niekerk. "Strategic approaches to the development and implementation of water quality management plans." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 5-6 (September 1, 1995): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0560.
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Catchment water quality management plans are central to the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry's (DWAF) water quality management strategy. Catchment plans provide a coherent framework to ensure that fitness for use is achieved at catchment level. This paper describes DWAF's perspective on and approach to key aspects associated with the development and implementation of catchment water quality management plans. It expands on the role and composition of a catchment water quality management plan; the guiding principles inherent to the development of a management plan; the key success factors ensuring implementability; key aspects associated with the development of the plan, public participation, project structure, water users and setting water quality objectives and various aspects in DWAF's approach for future consideration.
15
Van Robbroeck, T. P. C. "Inter basin water transfers." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 4, no. 3 (March 18, 1985): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v4i3.1036.
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Most economic development in South Africa has taken place on the dry plateau of the interior following the discovery of minerals. The much smaller wetter parts get most of the run-off and have generally limited possibilities for advantageous use of their water resources. Consequently, it is logical to transfer water between basins with a surplus to ones experiencing shortages. There is a body of opinion that such transfers should be stopped in the interest of the decentralistion policy, but such action is not considered in the national interest. The intricate system of inter-basin transfer from the Komati, the Usutu and the Vaal River to supply the Eastern Transvaal coalfields is described. This system has shown its flexibility during the recent drought. The most important inter-basin transfer scheme is the Tugeia- Vaal Project which is described in broad terms. The advantages of the principle of reserve storage and of co-operation with Escom are dealt with. Possible further projects to augment the Vaal River supplies are mentioned. Other inter-basin transfer schemes implemented by the Department of Water Affairs such as the Orange River Project, the Riviersonderend-Berg River Project and others of lesser importance are dealth with.
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van Veelen, M., and F. C. van Zyl. "Integrated water quality management: getting people involved in the Jukskei River." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 5-6 (September 1, 1995): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0587.
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Although the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry has committed itself to public participation with regard to water quality management in South Africa, no formal structure exists as yet within which this can take place. The Jukskei River Water Quality Steering Committee, which consists of representatives of various government departments, the Provincial Government, local authorities as well as non-government organisations and community-based organisations, therefore functions without a legal framework and without funds of its own. Nonetheless, the committee has been highly successful in co-ordinating various actions such as an in-depth study of the catchment and various public awareness campaigns. The latter were specifically aimed at changing the value systems of the community in the Jukskei River Catchment, as this was found to be one of the major stumbling blocks in addressing the various water quality problems in the catchment.
17
Makela, Timo. "Improved Industrial Water Pollution Control in Botswana – From Strategy to Practical Implementation." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 1 (July 1, 1991): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0005.
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Botswana is at the moment industrializing and developing rapidly due to favorable economical conditions. Unfortunately, this development has also some negative impacts. Pollution hazards are increasing and more systematic and sound approach to pollution control is needed. Recently the new strategy for water pollution control was developed. Several areas of development were identified. Actions plans are based on rather practical and pragmatic approach with parallel activities in several areas so that delays in some areas will not hamper achievements in other areas. The areas of development are policy formulation, legislation, practical principles for handling pollution cases, inspection and monitoring activities, systematic guidelines, filing and reporting systems and cooperation with polluters and between different authorities. The paper presents chosen approach and some practical work already done to develop water pollution control work in the Department of Water Affairs.
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Haddad, Marwan. "An Islamic perspective on food security management." Water Policy 14, S1 (March 1, 2012): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2012.006.
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Islamic regulation has a balanced management approach to food management and towards attaining sustainable food security. This approach includes many social, spiritual, resource supply, security, and institutionally-related perspectives. If harmonization between Allah's1 orders and Moslem behavior was maintained, either within or outside an Islamic state, food security would already be happening, succeeding, and sustaining, regardless of time or space. An institutional structure to maintain this harmonization with regard to food security management in an Islamic State was proposed, including three interconnected departments responsible for interrelated administration and duties: a Moslem Treasury Department, Department of Food Reserves, and Department of Social Affairs. The three departments would be governed by a Moslem Council of Consultants. A thorough discussion of the Islamic view of food security and related water policy implications was presented including the leading rules and specifications, the administrative aspects required, procedures used and guiding directions for proper development and planning.
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Lepono, T., H. H. Du Preez, and M. Thokoa. "Monitoring of water transfer from Katse Dam into the Upper Vaal river system: water utility’s perspective." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 10 (November 1, 2003): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0548.
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Water quality is of prime importance to Rand Water’s core business of ensuring a reliable supply of good quality drinking water to more than 10 million people. Rand Water has, therefore, implemented a water quality monitoring programme of the source water as well as the drinking water produced. The establishment of the Lesotho Highlands Water Transfer scheme necessitated the expansion of the monitoring programme. In 1996, Rand Water and Lesotho Highlands Development Authority (LHDA) signed an agreement to jointly develop an extensive water quality monitoring programme for the Lesotho Highlands Water Project (LHWP). Prior to this agreement, monitoring was mainly undertaken by consultants on behalf of LHDA in the main feeder rivers within the Katse Dam catchment (donor system). On the recipient system (Ash/Liebenbergsvlei), extensive physical and chemical monitoring was undertaken by Rand Water and Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF). Biological monitoring was however only carried out superficially prior to the release of water. Information gained from carrying out biological and chemical assessments clearly indicates that the water from LHWP has negatively impacted on the biological communities in the recipient system. The importance of detailed before and after biological and physio-chemical monitoring of both donor and recipient systems is emphasised.
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Ravesteijn, Wim. "Controlling Water, Controlling People: Irrigation Engineering and State Formation in the Dutch East Indies." Itinerario 31, no. 1 (March 2007): 89–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300000085.
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AbstractIn 1885, the Dutch East Indian state began a huge ‘civilisation offensive’ in the field of irrigation focussed on Java. It comprised creating modern irrigation works, regulating irrigation management and planning construction activities. This paper shows the successes and failures of this irrigation programme, which was part of the Dutch ‘colonial project’ as a whole. Particular attention is given to the question of why the colonial state made irrigation affairs one of its special missions. What emerges is that Dutch exploitation interests (sugar) were dominant, though the welfare interests of the native population (rice) clearly became more prominent. Another question to be dealt with is the issue of how the Dutch East Indian state realized its plans. As this paper argues, the engineers of the Public Works Department played a key part, but only in competition and cooperation with other relevant groups.
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Couzens, Ed, Devarasi Maduramuthu, and Adrian Bellengère. "Water Security and Judicial and Administrative Confusion in South Africa: The Trustees of the Time Being of the Lucas Scheepers Trust, IT 633/96 and Others v MEC for the Department of Water Affairs, Gauteng and Others Case nr 40514/2013." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 20 (January 20, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2017/v20i0a1686.
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One of the gravest constraints which South Africa faces in its efforts to promote development and to lift much of its population out of poverty is the relative scarcity of its water. Significant changes were made to South Africa’s water law in the 1990s, especially with the promulgation of the National Water Act 36 of 1998. In terms of this Act a Water Tribunal was created which ought to have enhanced water security and to have provided a settled forum to adjudicate disputes and to assist in developing the jurisprudence of water law. Instead the Tribunal appears to have created almost as much confusion as clarity before it was dissolved in much uncertainty over whether it would continue in existence or not. A recent judgment in the Gauteng High Court (The Trustees of the Time Being of the Lucas Scheepers Trust, IT 633/96 and Others v MEC for the Department of Water Affairs, Gauteng and Others) has created uncertainty by departing from the precedent of a relatively recent judgment in the North Gauteng High Court (Escarpment Environment Protection Group and Wonderfontein Community Association v Department of Water Affairs and Xstrata Alloys (Pty) Ltd and The Water Tribunal). In the context of the uncertainty created by the falling into desuetude, at least between 2011 and 2016, of the Water Tribunal, and contradictory indications from National Government, litigants have been forced to seek other fora for remedies. On occasion, courts have been sympathetic and given sensitive judgments – on occasion they have not. Against this background of inconsistent jurisprudence, it is important that there be greater clarity of rights, duties and institutions, and that institutions become settled as soon as possible so that a consistent jurisprudence can begin to emerge in the water rights field. While the situation stabilizes, which it is hoped that it will soon begin to do, it is suggested that both courts and government act with circumspection in considering applications concerning water use rights; and be sensitive of the current uncertain circumstances when making decisions. The difficulties of ensuring water security and administrative fairness in South Africa demand nothing less.
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Aucamp, P. J. "Pollution research in the Republic of South Africa." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 5, no. 4 (March 18, 1986): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v5i4.1002.
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Pollution is a complex and wide subject. It is endeavoured to categorize it in manageable subdivisions. Since very little information is available on the expenditure on research by the industry, the paper concentrates on the expenditure by the public sector. Research on water pollution is funded by the WRC, the CSIR and the Departments of Water Affairs and Health. The latter is the main source of funds for air-pollution research. The Department of the Environment funds several projects on the abatement of pollution, especially by solid wastes. Some universities conduct research on pollution abatement. With reference to some projections of future developments, the conclusion is reached that much more funds are needed to combat pollution.
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Ololade, Olusola O., Sabelo Mavimbela, Saheed A. Oke, and Rinae Makhadi. "Impact of Leachate from Northern Landfill Site in Bloemfontein on Water and Soil Quality: Implications for Water and Food Security." Sustainability 11, no. 15 (August 6, 2019): 4238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11154238.
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Solid waste management in developing cities is a threat to water and food security. The final disposal option for solid wastes is usually landfill sites. Possible contaminants and their impact on surface and groundwater, and soil quality, at the northern solid waste landfill in Bloemfontein city, South Africa, was investigated. Soil samples were analysed for basic cations and heavy metals. A one-point surface leachate, groundwater, and surface water samples were analysed for physicochemical and microbiological parameters. Hydrochemical speciation models were developed using these parameters to determine the influence of the leachate emanating from the landfill on the quality of the water samples. Findings from the study showed that the low metal content in the soil and water samples posed no immediate threat to food and water security. However, most of the other parameters were above the permissible limit of South African National Standard 241 (SANS241) and World Health Organisation) (WHO for drinking water, a(nd the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) specification for irrigation, an indication that the groundwater was unfit for drinking, domestic and irrigation purposes. Metal concentrations in the soil also increased with distance downslope of the landfill along drainage lines. The implementation of a circular economy in Bloemfontein will translate to less pollution and enhance sustainable development.
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YOMAN, Michaël N’goh Koffi, Raphaël Kouadio OURA, and Arsène DJAKO. "Conflits d’usage des petits barrages pastoraux à Ferkessédougou, Nord de la Côte d’Ivoire: la difficile sédentarisation des éleveurs Peuls." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 29 (October 31, 2016): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n29p337.
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n the mid 1970s, the Ivorian State developed a great project of pastoral hydraulic construction to settle and reduce conflicts between breeders and farmers in the North of the country. More than 300 small dams were then built, among them 20 in the department of Ferkessedougou. However, today the small dams banks are gradually colonized by garden crops. This state of affairs prevents the livestock to get access to water places and creates conflicts between the users due to the damage caused by the animals to crops. This article analyzes the conflicts about the use of small dams that hinder the settlement of Peul breeders in the department of Ferkessedougou. Some questionnaire surveys about 19 small dams were conducted from 2014 to 2015 next to 58 senoufo breeders, 55 gardeners, 36 peul breeders and 65 herdsmen. Moreover, the members of various small dam management committees, village committees for conflict resolution and the administrative authorities were interviewed in conducting the surveys to obtain qualitative data.
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Slaughter, Andrew R., and Denis A. Hughes. "A simple model to separately simulate point and diffuse nutrient signatures in stream flows." Hydrology Research 44, no. 3 (November 30, 2012): 538–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2012.213.
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A simple model has been developed to simulate the relationships between stream flow and point and diffuse nutrient concentrations. The point source component is based on a mechanistic approach (including uncertainty), while the diffuse component relies on a statistical regression model. The model is explained and its application illustrated using flow and nutrient data from the South African Department of Water Affairs national monitoring database. The study sites represent a wide range of different combinations of point and diffuse source contributions to the total nutrient signature. The model has been successfully calibrated against the observed data and the study concludes that the point source component offers opportunities for use as a scenario assessment management tool, largely related to its mechanistic basis. However, further research is required to link the parameters of the diffuse source model to diffuse load causative factors so that the model can be used effectively in un-gauged situations or to assess management scenarios.
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Howard, J. R., M. E. Ligthelm, and A. Tanner. "The development of a water quality management plan for the Mgeni River catchment." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 5-6 (September 1, 1995): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0608.
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Located in the province of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, the Mgeni River catchment provides the potable water resources for nearly two million people, in an area of approximately 4 400 km2. The river system is well developed and impounded, but increasing population pressures in the catchment are placing greater demands on this critical water resource resulting in increasing loads of nutrients, faecal bacteria and suspended solids. Umgeni Water and the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry are developing an affordable and practically implementable plan to manage the water quality on an integrated catchment basis, encompassing demographic, land-use and management considerations. The development of the plan is discussed and information on the water management related issues provided. A multidisciplinary approach has proved essential, facilitated by the development of a GIS-based system to manage and utilize the information from the study. Establishment of communication links with interested and affected parties has been critical, as has the clarification of their roles and responsibilities in dealing with identified pollution issues. Future development within the catchment is considered and the implementation of the management plan is discussed against the background of the Reconstruction and Development Programme.
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Masindi, Vhahangwele, Wilson Mugera Gitari, and Tholiso Ngulube. "Kinetics and equilibrium studies for removal of fluoride from underground water using cryptocrystalline magnesite." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 5, no. 3 (April 9, 2015): 282–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2015.080.
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In the present study, the defluoridation capabilities and adsorption mechanisms of cryptocrystalline magnesite were evaluated. All experiments were done by batch procedure. Conditions assessed include time, dosage, concentration, pH and the effects of competing ions. Optimum defluoridation conditions were observed to be 20 g/L magnesite, 2:100 solid:liquid ratio, 20 min of agitation and 60 mg/L fluoride concentration. Adsorption of fluoride by magnesite was observed to be independent of pH. Cryptocrystalline magnesite showed >99% efficiency for fluoride removal. Adsorption kinetics fitted better to a pseudo-second order than a pseudo-first order thus confirming chemisorption. Adsorption data fitted better to a Langmuir than a Freundlich adsorption isotherm thus confirming monolayer adsorption. Cryptocrystalline magnesite successfully removed excess fluoride from aqueous solution to below Department of Water Affairs and Forestry water quality guidelines. As such, this material can be used for a point source defluoridation technique in rural areas and households in South Africa and other developing countries. Based on comparison studies, cryptocrystalline magnesite proved to have high adsorption capacity for fluoride removal and can be used as a substitute for conventional treatment methods.
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Pegram, G. C., D. Weston, and S. T. Reddy. "Implementation of the waste discharge charge system." Water Practice and Technology 9, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2014.013.
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The waste discharge charge system (WDCS) is being developed by the Department of Water Affairs to promote waste reduction and water conservation. It forms part of the Pricing Strategy, which is being established under the National Water Act (Act 36 of 1998). The WDCS is based on the polluter-pays principle and aims to:promote the sustainable development and efficient use of water resourcespromote the internalisation of environmental costs by impactorscreate financial incentives for dischargers to reduce waste and use water resources in a more optimal way. The WDCS is premised on resource quality objectives (RQOs) as the measure of acceptable risk, and seeks to achieve RQOs at lowest total cost to the catchment. Where RQOs are exceeded or are threatened, impact on the resource is unacceptable and the WDCS may be deployed to achieve RQOs. The system will be applied at a catchment scale where the catchment is defined as those areas that have a significant impact on water quality, or are impacted by the specific water quality problem such as salinity, nutrients, heavy metals and organics. This paper aims to provide a summary of the WDCS Strategy.
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Mckenzie, R. S., and P. G. van Rooyen. "Management of large water resource systems." Water Supply 3, no. 3 (June 1, 2003): 297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0039.
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South Africa has one of the most complicated and integrated water resource systems in the world involving numerous interlinked river systems and major interbasin transfer schemes. The management of the various schemes has become a key issue over the past 15 years resulting in the development of sophisticated systems models which are now used to analyse and operate all of the country's major schemes. The models have been developed through a partnership between the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry in association with several of the country's consultants specialising in this area of expertise. The models have now reached a stage where they are considered to be both practical and sufficiently robust to use in other parts of the world. Australia and South Africa are quite similar in many respects with regards to the water resources and climate. Both countries share the same problem of large arid or semi-arid areas together with areas where the local water resources are insufficient to meet the existing or predicted future demands. Environmental considerations are also of major importance in both countries which in turn necessitates the effective use of the available resources before any new resources can be developed. In order to use the available water effectively much effort has been placed on various aspects of Water Demand Management in order to reduce leakage and excessive consumer use. It is also necessary, however, to ensure that the raw water resources are managed in an efficient and practical manner - something that is often easier said than done. This paper provides general details of the system analysis techniques that have been pioneered in South Africa and discusses the most recent developments that can be used to assist water resource managers in the analysis and planning of their water resource systems.
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Heath, Ralph G., Machiel C. Steynberg, Rita Guglielmi, and Annelie L. Maritz. "The implications of point source phosphorus management to potable water treatment." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 2 (January 1, 1998): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0158.
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The Vaal River Barrage reservoir is an important source of raw water for Rand Water which supplies at least 10 million people with drinking water daily. Return effluents from waste water treatment works, industries and informal urban settlements in the catchment has resulted in algal problems in the raw water and treatment process. In order to attempt to reduce the effect of eutrophication of South African inland water quality the Department of Water Affairs implemented in 1985 a 1 mg/l ortho-phosphate standard for waste water treatment works effluents. The amount of phosphate originating from the waste treatment works decreased significantly over the 10 years after the standard was implemented even though 40% of the time the works do not comply to the standard. This has resulted in no significant change in the chlorophyll values at Rand Water Intake No. 1. The algal species composition has changed with blue-greens becoming more dominant which has resulted in a higher incidence of algal related problems. The stabilizing of the chlorophyll values is not only as a result of lower ortho-phosphate levels but also due to residence times, turbidity and conductivity. To further reduce the algal concentrations at Rand Water Intake No. 1 the 1 mg/l ortho-phosphate standard will have to be enforced, the standard possibly reduced and diffuse sources managed on a catchment basis.
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Castonguay, Stéphane, and Vincent Bernard. "National and Local Definitions of an Environmental Nuisance: Water Pollution and River Decontamination in Six Urban Areas of Quebec, 1945–1980." Urban History Review 44, no. 1-2 (August 10, 2016): 10–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1037233ar.
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When it created the Water Purification Board in 1961, the Quebec government intended to proceed with a major reorganization of the municipal wastewater treatment and drinking water systems throughout the province. In the following decades, the Department of Municipal Affairs and Environment developed a series of programs and policies for the treatment of wastewater. If water pollution then appeared as a national problem and the subject of a consensual definition, neighbouring communities were facing specific problems that government policies tended to obscure. Our analysis of six municipalities (Drummondville, Sherbrooke, Saint-Hyacinthe, Granby, Trois-Rivières, and Shawinigan) located in three river basins (Saint-François, Yamaska, and Saint-Maurice), each with its own topography and hydrology, population, and industrial growth, and political and cultural history, reveals precisely how communities articulated their different understandings of pollution problems, as well as their distinct definitions of nuisance and means of coping with pollution. By identifying, at the local level, multiple representations of pollution phenomena and practices put forward to decontaminate water, we shed light on the difficulties surrounding the implementation of water treatment infrastructure in municipalities across Quebec between 1945 and 1980.
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Mulamattathil, Suma George, Carlos Bezuidenhout, and Moses Mbewe. "Analysis of physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of drinking water in Mafikeng, South Africa." Journal of Water and Health 13, no. 4 (June 1, 2015): 1143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2015.273.
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Mafikeng, the capital of the North West Province, receives water from two sources, namely the Molopo eye and the Modimola dam. Once treated, the potable water is mixed and supplied to the city via distribution systems. This study was designed to assess the quality of drinking water in Mafikeng and also to determine whether the water from the two sources has an impact on the mixed water quality. Physico-chemical parameters and bacteriological quality (faecal coliforms (FCs), total coliforms (TCs), heterotrophic bacteria and Peudomonas spp.) was monitored at three drinking water sites weekly for 4 months. The results revealed that the physico-chemical quality of the water was generally acceptable. The pH ranged from 5.7 ± 0.18 to 8.6 ± 0.14, the temperature ranged from 18.3 ± 0.69 to 25.1 ± 0.69 °C and the total dissolved solids (TDS) ranged from 159.9 ± 22.44 to 364.4 ± 12.44 mg/l. These values are within the target water quality range for drinking water as prescribed by WHO, Department of Water Affairs and SANS 241. What is of concern was the microbial quality of the water. FCs, TCs, heterotrophic bacteria and Pseudomonas spp. were present in some of the treated water samples. The most significant finding of this study is that all drinking water samples were positive for Pseudomonas spp. (>100/100 ml).
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Ligthelm, M. E., R. Ranwedzi, M. Morokane, and M. Senne. "Development of a resource protection and waste strategy for water use by the agricultural sector." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 3 (February 1, 2007): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.069.
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The South African Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) has started developing a strategy to regulate activities and water uses by the agricultural sector that could impact on the water resource quality. The aim would not be to over-regulate the sector, but to protect the water resource where necessary. Most of these activities constitute diffuse sources of potential pollution. The strategic process will start with investigative discussions with major stakeholders and determining the strategic context and current situation. The latter will consist of a detailed literature and stakeholder survey, and an evaluation of existing agricultural activities. The next steps of determining a vision and the setting of strategic objectives will be done with active participation by the major players. An action plan will be developed to achieve the set objectives. Important components of the strategy will be to: classify activities according to their risk to the water resource, taking into account the sensitivity of the water resource; set regulatory measures in accordance with the risk posed by the activity (measures could include the promulgation of regulations, general authorisations and/or issuing of licenses); harmonise and link the process with existing relevant processes and guidelines within DWAF and other government departments; review existing guidelines; sign agreements with relevant government departments and the agricultural sector; and provide training, built capacity and raise awareness during and after the process.
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Coopmans, E. J. A., H. P. Schwarz, and M. J. Pryor. "The dewatering of a mining sludge containing hexavalent chromium using a tubular filter press - a South African development." Water Supply 1, no. 5-6 (June 1, 2001): 371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2001.0135.
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A chromium smelting process can result, under oxidising conditions, in the production of a dust which when slurried and pumped to a waste dump heap is likely to pollute the environment. South Africa is a large producer of chromium metal and the problem of the release of hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) to the environment is a serious concern. The department of Water Affairs and Forestry in South Africa monitors all environmental discharges and regulate the levels of toxic chemicals and pollutants. The ‘Tubular Filter Press’ a South African developed sludge dewatering system was proposed for the recovery of dust in this effluent. The filter press was operated for the dewatering of waterworks sludges and promises to be successful for this application. A single tube pilot study shows that chromium discharge to the environment can be eliminated. Feed solids concentrations of between 40 and 50 g/l were fed to the tubular filter resulting in cake solids concentrations in excess of 50%. The operating pressure of the system was between 200 and 300 kPa and the flux reduced to 200 L/m2.h during the filtration cycle. The filtration was modelled using a variable pressure, internal cylindrical compressible cake filtration model and operating parameters for a full scale plant were proposed.
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Chidakwa, Patience, Clifford Mabhena, Blessing Mucherera, Joyline Chikuni, and Chipo Mudavanhu. "Women’s Vulnerability to Climate Change: Gender-skewed Implications on Agro-based Livelihoods in Rural Zvishavane, Zimbabwe." Indian Journal of Gender Studies 27, no. 2 (June 2020): 259–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971521520910969.
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Climate change presents a considerable threat to human security, with notable gender disproportions. Women’s vulnerability to climate change has implications on agro-based livelihoods, especially the rural populace. The primary purpose of this study was to assess women’s vulnerability to climate change and the gender-skewed implications on agro-based livelihoods in rural Zvishavane, Zimbabwe. A qualitative approach that used purposive sampling techniques was adopted. Data was collected through 20 in-depth interviews with 11 de jure and 9 de facto small-scale female-headed farmer households. Two focus group discussions with mixed de facto and de jure small-scale female-headed farmer households were also conducted. Five key informant interviews were held with departmental heads of the Ministry of Women’s Affairs, Gender and Community Development; the Agriculture Technical Extension Service Department; the Livestock Production Department; the Runde Rural District Council and the Meteorological Services Department. Gendered effects were noted in terms of increased roles and responsibilities for women. Observations showed that there was an increase in distances travelled by women to fetch water owing to a depleted water table. Climate-induced migration of men due to depleted livelihoods in rural areas has also increased roles and responsibilities for women. The traditional male responsibilities assumed by women included cattle herding and ox-driven ploughing. This study concluded that adaptation strategies towards vulnerability to climate change have to be gender-sensitive and area-specific. This study also recommended that response programmes and policies meant to curb existing gendered vulnerabilities should be informed by evidence because climate-change effects are unique for different geographical areas. Moreover, adaptation activities should be mainstreamed in community processes so as to reduce the burden on women and increase sustainability opportunities.
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Der-Martirosian, Claudia, Deborah Riopelle, Diana Naranjo, Elizabeth M. Yano, Lisa V. Rubenstein, and Aram Dobalian. "Pre-earthquake Burden of Illness and Postearthquake Health and Preparedness in Veterans." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 29, no. 3 (April 10, 2014): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x14000272.
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AbstractBackgroundDuring an earthquake, vulnerable populations, especially those with chronic conditions, are more susceptible to adverse, event-induced exacerbation of chronic conditions such as limited access to food and water, extreme weather temperatures, and injury. These circumstances merit special attention when health care facilities and organizations prepare for and respond to disasters.MethodsThis study explores the relationship between pre-earthquake burden of illness and postearthquake health-related and preparedness factors in the US. Data from a cohort of male veterans who were receiving care at the Sepulveda Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC) in Los Angeles, California USA during the 1994 Northridge earthquake were analyzed.ResultsVeterans with one or more chronic conditions were more likely to report pain lasting two or more days, severe mental/emotional stress for more than two weeks, broken/lost medical equipment, having difficulty refilling prescriptions, and being unable to get medical help following the quake compared to veterans without chronic conditions. In terms of personal emergency preparedness, however, there was no association between burden of illness and having enough food or water for at least 24 hours after the earthquake.ConclusionThe relationship that exists between health care providers, including both individual providers and organizations like the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), and their vulnerable, chronically-ill patients affords providers the unique opportunity to deliver critical assistance that could make this vulnerable population better prepared to meet their postdisaster health-related needs. This can be accomplished through education about preparedness and the provision of easier access to medical supplies. Disaster plans for those who are burdened with chronic conditions should meet their social needs in addition to their psychological and physical needs.Der-MartirosianC, RiopelleD, NaranjoD, YanoE, RubensteinL, DobalianA. Pre-earthquake burden of illness and postearthquake health and preparedness in veterans. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2014;29(3):1-7.
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Fenge, Terry. "Conservation of Polar Bear Pass, Bathurst Island, and the Emerging Comprehensive Conservation Policy for Northern Canada." Environmental Conservation 12, no. 3 (1985): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900015964.
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During 1975 to 1984, a particularly divisive debate accompanied proposals to conserve Polar Bear Pass, NWT. Virtually all interests that participated in the debate supported a more comprehensive approach towards conservation of natural areas than had hitherto prevailed, and criticized the ad hoc manner in which conservation proposals were being handled by the Federal Government of Canada.Chastened by the experience with Polar Bear Pass, and suffering land-use allocation problems in many locations, the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development responded with a Northern Land-use Planning Policy (Diand, 1981a, 1981b), and is now developing a comprehensive conservation policy.Future conservation reserves in northern Canada are likely to be established as a result of regional land-use planning. It is important, however, that conservation of natural areas in both Territories support northern political development and devolution of resource management authority to northern governments, and settlement of landclaims made by native peoples.
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Bhagwan, J., W. Wegelin, R. Mckenzie, and A. Wensley. "Counting the lost drops: South Africa's study into non-revenue water." Water Practice and Technology 9, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 502–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2014.056.
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The Draft Second National Water Resources Strategy of South Africa, which has been published for comment, has identified the implementation of water use efficiency, conservation and water demand management as a core strategy to ensure sufficient water to meet South Africa's needs going into the future. This, ‘non-negotiable performance area’, it says, must be implemented immediately in all water use sectors, specifically municipalities. ‘In view of water scarcity, it is essential that such water losses must be curtailed, especially in terms of the need to provide for the growing water demands of new socioeconomic development’, the strategy points out. While South Africa's non-revenue water levels compare well internationally, as a water scarce country it needs to do all it can to prevent the unnecessary loss of water. This is one of the main recommendations of a recent study into the state of non-revenue water in South Africa commissioned by the Water Research Commission (WRC). To improve the current situation, the water sector must have a clear indication of the current status of non-revenue water in South African municipalities, more specifically what the actual water losses are and how they are split between physical leakage (real losses) and commercial losses (apparent losses). It is for this reason that the WRC, in collaboration with the Department of Water Affairs, launched the latest investigation into the state of non-revenue water in South Africa, which has now been published. In the most comprehensive and detailed study of its kind, to date, data were gathered from 132 municipalities throughout South Africa representing over 75% of the total volume of municipal water supply. The study follows on from similar WRC assessments undertaken in 2001, 2005 and 2007. This is the first time the country has a single, representative estimate of non-revenue water as opposed to various estimates in previous years. The paper shares in more detail findings from this study which have highlighted on average 38% non-revenue water and provide a deeper insight into the problems and challenges faced in tackling water losses in South Africa.
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Luther, Edward. "Educational Service of the Tennessee Division of Geology, 1831-Present." Earth Sciences History 4, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.4.1.d1x1x86234042354.
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The Tennessee Division of Geology has a close, long-term relationship with the educational establishment in Tennessee that has changed in nature over the years but remains strong. Gerard Troost, the first State Geologist, was a college professor, as was his successor, James M. Safford, and, more recently, L. C. Glenn. From 1909 to 1923 the affairs of the State Geological Survey were overseen by a Geological Commission that included, ex officio, the President of the University of Tennessee, the Chancellor of Vanderbilt University, and the Vice Chancellor of the University of the South; then, from 1923 to 1937, the Division of Geology was administratively part of the State Department of Education. Since becoming part of the Conservation Department in 1937 the Division has served an educational function by publishing both scholarly and popular works on the geology of the state; by answering inquiries on every subject from paleontology to water-witching; by advising news media on geology-related stories; by giving talks to school, museum, and other groups; and by close cooperation with university geology departments on research projects. The Division has had a strong role in graduate education, particularly at the Master's level, by conducting field excursions for students, financing theses through student mapping projects, by loans of field equipment, and serving as informal thesis advisors. Long-term assistance to geology departments has also included part-time employment of professors as consultants, publication of studies by professors and students, and part-time teaching by Division staff members. Most of these forms of educational assistance have suffered in recent years, due to budget cuts and loss of staff positions.
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Estacio, Maria Amelita, Liezl Atienza, Roxanne Gapasin, Jonna Rose Maniwang, James Ryan Aranzado, Carmela Jhoy Mercado, Maria Anville Dela Cruz, et al. "Acute Oral Toxicity Test of Selected Philippine Indigenous Berries as Potential Food Supplements." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa050_007.
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Abstract Objectives “Bignay” (Antidesma bunius), “lipote” (Syzygium polycephaloides) and “duhat” (Syzgium cumini) are indigenous berries in the Philippines that are known to contain high antioxidant properties and other health-promoting and disease-preventing compounds. However, oral toxicity studies on these berries are not yet explored. Hence, this study evaluated the acute oral toxicity of these berries in freeze-dried forms using 6-week old ICR mice following the OECD guidelines 425 (up and down method). Methods Treatment groups were administered with freeze-dried powders of “bignay”, “lipote” and “duhat” reconstituted in distilled water at various doses: 55 mg/kg body weight (BW), 175 mg/kg BW, 550 mg/kg BW, 2000 mg/kg BW and 5000 mg/kg BW while control group was administered with distilled water. Body weight, feed and water intake were obtained daily. Biochemical profiles were measured prior to administration of reconstituted berries at day 1 and prior to euthanasia. Toxicity, morbidity and mortality cases were observed daily. Euthanasia and necropsy were performed to check for gross organ abnormalities. Results Mice that received the different concentrations of “bignay”, “lipote” and “duhat” had normal feed and water consumption and gained weight during the test period. No clinical and behavioral signs of toxicity were observed and there was zero morbidity and mortality. Post-mortem evaluation showed no lesions on various organs examined. Blood ALT, BUN and creatinine levels were within normal published values. Conclusions These results show that different concentrations of freeze-dried “bignay”, “lipote” and “duhat” are non-toxic using ICR mice and therefore have high potential to be developed into food supplements and nutraceuticals. Funding Sources Philippine Council for Health Research and Development - Department of Food Science and Technology Enhanced Creative Work and Research Grant - Office of Vice Chancellor for Academic Affairs, University of the Philippines.
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Decker, Brooke K., Michihiko Goto, Shantini D. Gamage, and Stephen Kralovic. "1230. Estimating Effective Point-of-Use Biocide Levels for Legionella Control in Building Water Systems Using a Large, Real-World Dataset." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S442—S443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.1093.
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Abstract Background Legionnaires’ disease is a potentially life-threatening illness often associated with Legionella growth in water sources. Oxidizing biocides, such as chlorine (CL), monochloramine (MC) and chlorine dioxide (CD), can reduce Legionella contamination. However, limited guidance exists regarding optimal target biocide levels in building water systems to prevent Legionella growth. We examined Legionella and biocide data collected by Department of Veterans Affairs medical facilities nationally to estimate effective biocide levels. Methods Water samples collected at point of use for routine surveillance purposes between 2015 and 2017 were used for this analysis. Samples were limited to those with reported biocide being CL, MC or CD. Samples with biocide levels above safe drinking water maximums and from nonpotable water sources were excluded. Samples were stratified by hot and cold water and univariate logistic generalized additive models were used to assess nonlinear associations of probability of Legionella positivity and biocide level. Results The dataset included 144,458 samples (cold: 72,674; hot: 71,784) from 789 buildings at 168 hospitals, with 99,419 samples with reported biocide as CL, 40,922 as MC, and 4,117 as CD. For CL, cold water analysis showed a minimum probability of positivity at approximately 0.5 parts per million (ppm), but with a second minimum at 2 ppm. Hot water showed an inflection point around 0.6 ppm, but the likelihood of positivity continued to decrease until plateauing beyond 2 ppm (Figure 1). Cold water with MC showed a minimum probability of positivity at 0.3 ppm followed by a second minimum at 1.7 ppm with plateau beyond that concentration. Hot water showed a similar graph with initial minimum at 0.25 ppm and a second minimum at 1.6 ppm (Figure 2). CD graphs for both hot and cold showed a decrease at 0.2 ppm (Figure 3). Conclusion The variability in the dynamics of Legionella inhibition by different biocides as seen in our analysis indicates minimum biocide targets for the different agents. For CL and MC, biocide levels >2 ppm at point of use in building water systems may not provide added benefit for suppression of Legionella. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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Jacobs, Nancy. "The Flowing Eye: Water Management in the Upper Kuruman Valley, South Africa, c. 1800–1962." Journal of African History 37, no. 2 (July 1996): 237–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700035210.
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This paper considers the intensification of agriculture along racial lines in South Africa by looking at the history of one spring and nine miles of river valley. It illustrates how racial conflict included struggles over nature, and how whites and blacks had different perceptions and abilities regarding its exploitation.The ‘Eye’ of Kuruman is a large spring in a semi-arid region. Tswana herders originally used it as a water hole. Their food production system was extensive, making use of wide areas rather than increasing output in a limited area. Pastoralism was more important than agriculture. Irrigation, introduced by representatives of the London Missionary Society, was not widely practiced away from the missions until a subsistence crisis during the 1850s. It continued after the crisis passed. However, households continued to operate with the logic of extensive production, fitting irrigation into the pre-existing system.In 1885, tne British annexed the region as part of the Crown Colony of British Bechuanaland. They demarcated African reserves at springs and in river valleys, and grazing lands were opened for white settlement. The upper Kuruman valley was designated a Crown reserve and the Eye became a town site. Downstream were Tswana households which cultivated with less security than on a native reserve. Land alienation with rinderpest devastated stock keeping and caused a widespread famine at the turn of the century, yet Tswana cultivators did not greatly intensify their use of irrigable lands. More extensive methods endured and wage labor became the basis of support.In the twentieth century under Union government, use of the Eye intensified, and access to the valley became segregated by race. After 1918 the municipality of Kuruman operated a modern irrigation project, and in 1919, evicted black cultivators living at the Eye. Blacks continued to live and garden at Seodin, five miles downstream, but suffered water shortages which made even their casual irrigation impossible. Political expediency dictated against their pressing for water rights. In the 1940s the Department of Native Affairs drilled boreholes, but these were not sufficient to sustain cultivation. In 1962, the policy of Apartheid mandated the removal of blacks from Seodin. Despite state aid, the whites-only irrigation project never developed into a commercial success.
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Osunla, Ayodeji C., Oluwatayo E. Abioye, and Anthony I. Okoh. "Distribution and Public Health Significance of Vibrio Pathogens Recovered from Selected Treated Effluents in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa." Water 13, no. 7 (March 29, 2021): 932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13070932.
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Treated sewage harbours pathogenic microbes, such as enteric bacteria and protozoa, are capable of causing several diseases. Some of these are emerging pathogens sometimes recovered in the absence of common water quality indicator organisms. The possibility of selected treatments plants serving as momentary reservoirs of Vibrio pathogens during a non-outbreak period was assessed. The occurrence and diversity of Vibrio pathogens were monitored for one year (December 2016 to November 2017) in the treated effluents and upstream and downstream areas of the receiving water bodies of two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), designated AL and TS. Physicochemical parameters of TS and AL WWTPs’ water samples were analysed using a multi-parameter meter (Hanna, model HI 9828, Padova, Italy) and a turbidimeter (HACH, model 2100P, Johannesburg, South Africa). Water samples were augmented with alkaline peptone water and cultured on thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose agar at 37 °C for 24 h. The recovered probable pathogens were confirmed via PCR amplification, using primers specific for Vibrio species of public health significance. The distribution of Vibrio species positively and significantly (p < 0.01) correlated with turbidity (r = 0.630), temperature (r = 0.615), dissolved oxygen (r = 0.615), pH (r = 0.607), biological oxygen demand (r = 0.573), total dissolved solid (r = 0.543), total suspended solid (r = 0.511), electrical conductivity (r = 0.499), residual chlorine (r = 0.463) and salinity (r = 0.459). The densities of Vibrio species were found to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) in effluents from both AL and TS WWTPs than upstream and downstream of the receiving rivers across the sampling regime. Furthermore, the maximum Vibrio species density across the sampling regime were observed during the warmer Summer and Spring season. Moreover, six medically important Vibrio species were detected in the water samples, indicating that the methods employed were efficient in revealing that WWTPs are potential reservoirs of Vibrio pathogens, which could pose a substantial public health risk if the receiving water is used for domestic purposes. Our findings further strengthen existing calls for the inclusion of emerging bacterial pathogens, including Vibrio species, as water quality indicators by the South African Department of Water Affairs. Hence, we recommend regular monitoring of treated effluents and receiving water bodies to ensure early control of potential outbreaks of vibriosis and cholera.
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Dangeubun, Fernando D. W. "Fishermen Adherence on Source Utilization in Southeast Aru Conservation Area." International Journal of Human Resource Studies 3, no. 4 (December 10, 2013): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v3i4.4719.
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Southeast Aru Conservation Area is stipulated in the decree of Ministry of Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia No. 27/Kpts-II/1991, as Marine Sanctuary which is fully managed by Department of Forestry Affairs, henceforth it is returned to the Ministry of Marine and Fisheries in 2009 through the decree of the Ministry of Marine and Fisheries No. 63/Men/2009 under the status of Water Nature Reserve (IN: Suaka Alam Perairan/SAP). Purpose of the establishment is to preserve endemic source which should be retained altogether with its ecosystem diversity. Decreasing of this existence along with the utilization rate by society which is predicted as simultaneity of society's social, economic and culture variables becomes the aim of this study to understand some factors. These factors affect the decision of society in adhering or violating formal regulation about conservation to formulate continuous management plan. Data collection method was performed by structured interview supported with list of questions, while analysis was performed by using basic model of adherence and renewable adherence model. Based on the analysis result, it is concluded that some factors affecting society's decision in adhering or violating formal regulation about conservation include economic profit frequency if the society catches fishes in conservation region, law enforcement capacity by Jagawana (EN: Rangers), productive age level and experienced men to access the sources as well as the background of society.
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Goklany, Indur M. "A Climate Policy for the Short and Medium Term: Stabilization or Adaptation?" Energy & Environment 16, no. 3-4 (July 2005): 667–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0958305054672420.
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An evaluation of analyses sponsored by the predecessor to the U.K. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) of the global impacts of climate change under various mitigation scenarios (including CO2. stabilization at 550 and 750 ppm) coupled with an examination of the relative costs associated with different schemes to either mitigate climate change or reduce vulnerability to various climate-sensitive hazards (namely, malaria, hunger, water shortage, coastal flooding, and losses of global forests and coastal wetlands) indicates that, at least for the next few decades, risks and/or threats associated with these hazards would be lowered much more effectively and economically by reducing current and future vulnerability to those hazards rather than through stabilization. Accordingly, over the next few decades the focus of climate policy should be to: (a) broadly advance sustainable development (particularly in developing countries since that would generally enhance their adaptive capacity to cope with numerous problems that currently beset them, including climate-sensitive problems), (b) reduce vulnerabilities to climate-sensitive problems that are urgent today and might be exacerbated by future climate change, and (c) implement “no-regret” emission reduction measures while at the same time striving to expand the universe of such measures through research and development of cleaner and more affordable technologies. Such a policy would help solve current urgent problems facing humanity while preparing it to face future problems that might be caused by climate change.
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Timmons, Andrew K., Anna M. Korpak, Jenny Tan, Kathryn P. Moore, Cindy H. Liu, Christopher W. Forsberg, Jack Goldberg, Nicholas L. Smith, and David M. Cohen. "Heritability and individuality of the plasma sodium concentration: a twin study in the United States veteran population." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 316, no. 6 (June 1, 2019): F1114—F1123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00581.2018.
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Little is known about the population genetics of water balance. A recent meta-genome-wide association study on plasma sodium concentration identified novel loci of high biological plausibility, yet heritability of the phenotype has never been convincingly shown in European ancestry. The present study linked the Vietnam Era Twin Registry with the Department of Veterans Affairs VistA patient care clinical database. Participants ( n = 2,370, 59.6% monozygotic twins and 40.4% dizygotic twins) had a median of seven (interquartile range: 3−14) plasma sodium determinations between October 1999 and March 2017. Heritability of the mean plasma sodium concentration among all twins was 0.41 (95% confidence interval: 0.35−0.46) and 0.49 (95% confidence interval: 0.43−0.54) after exclusion of 514 twins with only a single plasma sodium determination. Heritability among Caucasian ( n = 1,958) and African-American ( n = 268) twins was 0.41 (95% confidence interval: 0.34−0.47) and 0.36 (95% confidence interval: 0.17−0.52), respectively. Exclusion of data from twins who had been prescribed medications known to impact systemic water balance had no effect. The ability of the present study to newly detect substantial heritability across multiple racial groups was potentially a function of the cohort size and relatedness, exclusion of sodium determinations confounded by elevated plasma glucose and/or reduced glomerular filtration rate, transformation of plasma sodium for the independent osmotic effect of plasma glucose, and use of multiple laboratory determinations per individual over a period of years. Individual-level plasma sodium concentration exhibited longitudinal stability (i.e., individuality); the degree to which individual-level means differed from the population mean was substantial, irrespective of the number of determinations. In aggregate, these data establish the heritability of plasma sodium concentration in European ancestry and corroborate its individuality.
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Gamage, Shantini, Alan Bender, Loretta Simbartl, Gary Roselle, Stephen Kralovic, Meredith Ambrose, John David Coppin, et al. "Building/Campus Characteristics and Legionella in Potable Water Systems at Veterans Health Administration Facilities." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 41, S1 (October 2020): s23—s24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.500.
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Background: When control mechanisms such as water temperature and biocide level are insufficient, Legionella, the causative bacteria of Legionnaires’ disease, can proliferate in water distribution systems in buildings. Guidance and oversight bodies are increasingly prioritizing water safety programs in healthcare facilities to limit Legionella growth. However, ensuring optimal implementation in large buildings is challenging. Much is unknown, and sometimes assumed, about whether building and campus characteristics influence Legionella growth. We used an extensive real-world environmental Legionella data set in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) healthcare system to examine infrastructure characteristics and Legionella positivity. Methods: VHA medical facilities across the country perform quarterly potable water sampling of healthcare buildings for Legionella detection as part of a comprehensive water safety program. Results are reported to a standardized national database. We did an exploratory univariate analysis of facility-reported Legionella data from routine potable water samples taken in 2015 to 2018, in conjunction with infrastructure characteristics available in a separate national data set. This review examined the following characteristics: building height (number of floors), building age (reported construction year), and campus acreage. Results: The final data set included 201,936 water samples from 819 buildings. Buildings with 1–5 floors (n = 634) had a Legionella positivity rate of 5.3%, 6–10 floors (n = 104) had a rate of 6.4%, 11–15 floors (n = 36) had a rate of 8.1%, and 16–22 floors (n = 9) had a rate of 8.8%. All rates were significantly different from each other except 11–15 floors and 16–22 floors (P < .05, χ2). The oldest buildings (1800s) had significantly less (P < .05, χ2) Legionella positivity than those built between 1900 and 1939 and between 1940 and 1979, but they were no different than the newest buildings (Fig. 1). In newer buildings (1980–2019), all decades had buildings with Legionella positivity (Fig. 1 inset). Campus acreage varied from ~3 acres to almost 500 acres. Although significant differences were found in Legionella positivity for different campus sizes, there was no clear trend and campus acreage may not be a suitable proxy for the extent or complexity of water systems feeding buildings. Conclusions: The analysis of this large, real-world data set supports an assumption that taller buildings are more likely to be associated with Legionella detection, perhaps a result of more extensive piping. In contrast, the assumption that newer buildings are less associated with Legionella was not fully supported. These results demonstrate the variability in Legionella positivity in buildings, and they also provide evidence that can inform implementation of water safety programs.Funding: NoneDisclosures: Chetan Jinadatha, principal Investigator/Co-I: Research: NIH/NINR, AHRQ, NSF principal investigator: Research: Xenex Healthcare Services. Funds provided to institution. Inventor: Methods for organizing the disinfection of one or more items contaminated with biological agents. Owner: Department of Veterans Affairs. Licensed to Xenex Disinfection System, San Antonio, TX.
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Hosokawa, Masafumi. "Research and Development Efforts in Fire Safety and Disaster Preparedness." Journal of Disaster Research 10, no. 4 (August 1, 2015): 584–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2015.p0584.
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Fire departments are expected to respond quickly and effectively to disasters by extinguishing fires and rescuing those in harm’s way, for example. They are also required to prevent fires and disasters by enforcing fire-prevention measures at hotels and care facilities and to monitor safety measures in facilities storing hazardous materials. Concerns have arisen that destructive disasters may occur due to environmental changes in local communities or due to the Tokyo Metropolitan earthquake or Nankai Trough earthquake. To ensure that fire departments use their firefighters, materials and equipment effectively to prevent or control fires and reduce damage of disasters, research and development (R&D) on fire safety and disaster preparedness must be conducted actively and resulting findings must be applied in advanced fire safety and disaster preparedness activities. Fire safety R&D in Japan is undertaken by the National Research Institute of Fire and Disaster,which is the research organ of the Fire and Disaster Management Agency. Here R&D is being conducted on safety measures for facilities storing hazardous materials, fire-fighting robot technology, and fire extinguishing techniques. Fire departments in major cities also study firefighting operations and advanced materials and equipment. Although the number of institutions directly conducting fire safety R&D is limited and allotted research and development budget is extremely small. Private-sector R&D in fire safety unfortunately cannot be described as vigorous because it focuses on equipment used by fire department personnel and fire-safety facilities required by law, such as fire engines and rescue materials and equipment, fire sensors, fire extinguishing systems, etc., whose market is limited. To conduct innovative fire extinguishing R&D on equipment that could dramatically improve fire-fighting efficiency, it is important to inform research institutions and private firms of the issues and needs in fire safety rather than to make efforts solely among organizations involved in fire safety and to conduct research by engaging a wide range of researchers from the pure sciences in practical technologies. The Fire and Disaster Management Agency of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications set up a competitive research funding effort in fiscal 2003 called Promoting Program for Scientific Fire and Disaster Prevention Technologies (Competitive Research Funding Program) to promote R&D based on the collaboration of industry, academia, and the national government. This competitive research program solicits research proposals for promoting advances in fire safety and disaster preparedness science and technology and achieving safe and secure society. It involves researchers in industry, academia, and government and provides funding for proposals considered worth promoting. Some 104 studies had been completed under this program by fiscal 2014. The Kitakyushu municipal fire department, for instance, proposed developing a fire extinguishing composition able to extinguish fires using only a small amount of water. After building a system for collaboration with the University of Kitakyushu and local industries, they developed such a composition based on a natural surfactant whose use has greatly reduced the environmental load and whose performance meets the needs of fire-fighting operations conducted by fire department personnel in general fires. The team earned the Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications Award in the Fifth Merit Awards for Industry/Academia/Government Collaboration in fiscal 2007. In publishing the special issue on Fire and Disaster Prevention Technologies edited by Prof.Tomonori Kawano, Prof. Kazuya Uezu, and Prof. Takaaki Kato of the Research and Development Center of Fire and Environmental Safety, the University of Kitakyushu, it is shown that fire safety and disaster preparedness R&D undertaken by universities, local industries, and fire departments in Kitakyushu is proceeding on in an expanded scale. It is hoped that such undertakings and their findings will be extended to other areas, thus further promoting R&D in fire safety.
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Denier, Louisa, and Willemien Du Plessis. "Editorial." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal / Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 16, no. 2 (November 14, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2013/v16i2a3507.
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On Sunday 3 July 2011 the Research Committee of the IUCN Academy of Environmental Law, the IUCN Environmental Law Centre, Bonn and the IUCN Commission on Environmental Law organised a pre-conference workshop entitled “Towards the legal recognition and governance of ecosystem services” at Mpekweni, Eastern Cape, South Africa. At this workshop, papers were delivered on various aspects of ecosystem services. These included an introduction to ecosystem services from a legal perspective by Alejandro Iza of the IUCN Environmental Law Centre, and an introduction from a scientific perspective, by Christo Marais of the South African Department of Water Affairs. Justice Antonio Benjamin from the High Court of Brazil gave a presentation on Jurisprudential experiences in Brasilia and the importance of the legal recognition of ecosystem services; Alistair Rieu Clarke (University of Dundee) spoke on “The 1997 UN Watercourses Convention and Ecosystem Services: Can a Combined Reading Ensure that International Watercourses are Utilised in an Equitable and Reasonable Manner?”; Jamie Benidickson (University of Ottawa) presented the new IUCN “Guidelines for Protected Areas Legislation” and David Hodas (Widener University) gave a presentation entitled “Seeing into Law's Blindspot: Ecosystem Energy Services”. The discussions during the workshop enabled participants to realise that there were numerous angles to the topic of ecosystem services and that the discussion had not been fully explored, in particular concerning the human livelihoods aspect and the intricate relationship between ecosystem services and rights. It was therefore decided that there would be an open call for papers for publication on these issues, which would contribute to furthering this important discussion in the light of the major world conferences that would have taken place from 2012 onwards.
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South, David B., J. B. Zwolinski, and D. G. M. Donald. "Interactions among seedling diameter grade, weed control, and soil cultivation for Pinusradiata in South Africa." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, no. 10 (October 1, 1993): 2078–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x93-259.
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A study was established in the southern Cape Province, South Africa, to examine survival and growth in response to seedling grade and various methods of site preparation. Second-year performance was examined in relation to (i) initial groundline diameter, (ii) intensity of weed control, and (iii) method of soil cultivation. Weeds were controlled with (i) manual release 1 year after planting (the standard method used by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry) or (ii) total weed control for 1 year involving the use of herbicides and additional hoeing. Soil cultivation treatments included (i) pitting by hand, (ii) pitting with a mechanical auger, (iii) ripping, and (iv) ripping plus disking. The influence of initial seedling diameter on survival was significant. Seedlings with a 2-mm groundline diameter averaged 62% survival, whereas 5-mm seedlings averaged 85% survival. Use of large-diameter stock improved survival regardless of soil cultivation or weed control treatments. For survival, there was an interaction between soil cultivation treatments and the use of herbicides. Total weed control with herbicides and hoeing improved survival for plots that received ripping or disking treatments. However, seedling survival was decreased where herbicides were used on plots where pits were used. On average, seedlings with larger diameters grew better than those with smaller diameters. However, small-diameter seedlings with total weed control grew better than large-diameter seedlings with standard weed control. Average seedling volume after 2 years was 33% greater for high-grade seedlings (2.4 dm3) than for low-grade seedlings (1.8 dm3). However, there were interactions between soil cultivation and weed control treatments for height and diameter growth. With the standard method of weed control, ripping improved height and diameter growth. Total weed control with herbicides and hoeing greatly improved growth for all treatments, and as a result, little or no differences in average seedling volume were observed between pitting and ripping treatments.