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Journal articles on the topic 'Depigmentant'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Andrei, Felicia, Alexa Ersilia, Camelia Tulcan, and Anca Dragomirescu. "Chemical Composition and the Potential of Lavandula angustifolia L. Oil as a Skin Depigmentant." Records of Natural Products 12, no. 4 (January 24, 2018): 340–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.25135/rnp.36.17.10.061.

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2

Lajis, Ahmad. "A Zebrafish Embryo as an Animal Model for the Treatment of Hyperpigmentation in Cosmetic Dermatology Medicine." Medicina 54, no. 3 (May 25, 2018): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina54030035.

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For years, clinical studies involving human volunteers and several known pre-clinical in vivo models (i.e., mice, guinea pigs) have demonstrated their reliability in evaluating the effectiveness of a number of depigmenting agents. Although these models have great advantages, they also suffer from several drawbacks, especially involving ethical issues regarding experimentation. At present, a new depigmenting model using zebrafish has been proposed and demonstrated. The application of this model for screening and studying the depigmenting activity of many bioactive compounds has been given great attention in genetics, medicinal chemistry and even the cosmetic industry. Depigmenting studies using this model have been recognized as noteworthy approaches to investigating the antimelanogenic activity of bioactive compounds in vivo. This article details the current knowledge of zebrafish pigmentation and its reliability as a model for the screening and development of depigmenting agents. Several methods to quantify the antimelanogenic activity of bioactive compounds in this model, such as phenotype-based screening, melanin content, tyrosinase inhibitory activity, other related proteins and transcription genes, are reviewed. Depigmenting activity of several bioactive compounds which have been reported towards this model are compared in terms of their molecular structure and possible mode of actions. This includes patented materials with regard to the application of zebrafish as a depigmenting model, in order to give an insight of its intellectual value. At the end of this article, some limitations are highlighted and several recommendations are suggested for improvement of future studies.

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3

Fabbrocini, G., V. De Vita, N. Fardella, F. Pastore, M. C. Annunziata, M. C. Mauriello, A. Monfrecola, and N. Cameli. "Skin Needling to Enhance Depigmenting Serum Penetration in the Treatment of Melasma." Plastic Surgery International 2011 (April 7, 2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/158241.

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Melasma is a common hypermelanotic disorder affecting the facial area which has a considerable psychological impact on the patient. Managing melasma is a difficult challenge that requires long-term treatment with a number of topical agents, such as rucinol and sophora-alpha. Aims. We aim to compare the combined treatment of skin needling and depigmenting serum with that using depigmenting serum alone in the treatment of melasma, in order to evaluate the use of microneedles as a means to enhance the drug’s transdermal penetration. Methods. Twenty patients were treated with combined skin needling and depigmenting serum on one side of the face and with depigmenting serum alone on the other side. The outcome was evaluated periodically for up to two months using the Melasma Area Severity Index score and the Spectrocolorimeter X-Rite 968. Results. The side with combined treatment (skin needling + depigmenting serum) presented a statistically significant reduction in MASI score and luminosity index (L) levels compared to the side treated with depigmenting serum alone, and clinical symptoms were significantly improved. Conclusions. Our study suggests the potential use of combining skin needling with rucinol and sophora-alpha compounds to achieve better results in melasma treatment compared to rucinol and sophora-alpha alone.

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4

Lajis, Ahmad Firdaus B., Muhajir Hamid, and Arbakariya B. Ariff. "Depigmenting Effect of Kojic Acid Esters in Hyperpigmented B16F1 Melanoma Cells." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/952452.

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The depigmenting effect of kojic acid esters synthesized by the esterification of kojic acid usingRhizomucor mieheiimmobilized lipase was investigated in B16F1 melanoma cells. The depigmenting effect of kojic acid and kojic acid esters was evaluated by the inhibitory effect of melanin formation and tyrosinase activity on alpha-stimulating hormone- (α-MSH-) induced melanin synthesis in B16F1 melanoma cells. The cellular tyrosinase inhibitory effect of kojic acid monooleate, kojic acid monolaurate, and kojic acid monopalmitate was found similar to kojic acid at nontoxic doses ranging from 1.95 to 62.5 μg/mL. However, kojic acid monopalmitate gave slightly higher inhibition to melanin formation compared to other inhibitors at doses ranging from 15.63 to 62.5 μg/mL. Kojic acid and kojic acid esters also show antioxidant activity that will enhance the depigmenting effect. The cytotoxicity of kojic acid esters in B16F1 melanoma cells was significantly lower than kojic acid at high doses, ranging from 125 and 500μg/mL. Since kojic acid esters have lower cytotoxic effect than kojic acid, it is suggested that kojic acid esters can be used as alternatives for a safe skin whitening agent and potential depigmenting agents to treat hyperpigmentation.

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5

Sato, Kazuomi, and Masaru Toriyama. "Depigmenting Effect of Catechins." Molecules 14, no. 11 (November 4, 2009): 4425–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules14114425.

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6

Lima, Larissa Lavorato, Rebeca Mól Lima, Annelisa Farah da Silva, Antônio Márcio Resende do Carmo, Adilson David da Silva, and Nádia Rezende Barbosa Raposo. "Azastilbene Analogs as Tyrosinase Inhibitors: New Molecules with Depigmenting Potential." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/274643.

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This research has been an effort to develop synthetic resveratrol analogs in order to improve the depigmenting potential of natural resveratrol. Six resveratrol analogs were synthesized and tested for tyrosinase inhibitory activityin vitro, by qualitative and quantitative steps. The results showed the analogCas being the most powerful tyrosinase inhibitor (IA50= 65.67 ± 0.60 μg/mL), followed by the analogsB,E,F,A, andD, respectively. The analogCpresented a tyrosinase inhibition potential better than natural resveratrol (P<0.001). The best depigmenting activity was provided by the presence of hydroxyl in the orthoposition on the second phenolic ring.

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7

Nudelman, A., Z. Ben-Ishai, M. Ruse, and J. Schamroth. "Skin-depigmenting prodrugs of hydroquinone." European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 28, no. 2 (January 1993): 159–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0223-5234(93)90008-3.

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8

Indro, RM Norman Tri Kusumo. "KOMPARASI ELECTROSURGERY, ABRASIVE BUR DAN SCALPEL TECHNIQUE PADA DEPIGMENTASI GUSI DENGAN TEKNIK SPLIT MOUTH (Case Series)." Jurnal Ilmiah dan Teknologi Kedokteran Gigi 14, no. 1 (September 19, 2018): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32509/jitekgi.v14i1.640.

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Pendahuluan dan tujuan : pigmentasi gingiva merupakan keluhan estetik utama terutama orang Asia. Pigmentasi melanin disebabkan oleh berlebihnya granul melanin didalan lapisan epitelium gingiva. Senyum yang harmonis dipengaruhi tidak hanya dari bentuk, posisi ,warna dari gigi, akan tetapi gusi berpengaruh. Pigmentasi melanin bukan merupakan kelainan patologis dan tidak berbahaya, penanganan secara estetik dapat dilakukan dengan hasil yang sangat baik. Penatalaksanaan : kasus ini menjelaskan teknik split mouth pada prosedur depigmentasi dengan tiga teknik yang berbeda. Prosedur dengan pisau bedah,dan dengan mata bur. kedua teknik ini dinilai efektif untuk menangani kasus depigmentasi gingiva. Pengukuran komparasi akan diukur dari wound healing index and visual analog scale. Kesimpulan : teknik dengan pisau bedah merupakan teknik yang paling umum dan memberikan hasil yang baik, kelemahan teknik pisau bedah adalah waktu operasi yang cukup lama. Prosedur dengan bur merupakan teknik yang mulai sering digunakan, teknik ini tidak memakan waktu serta hasil maksimal. Kelemahan teknik ini membutuhkan presisi. Kasus ini akan membahas mengenai kekurangan dan kelebihan dari ketiga teknik tersebut dengan mempertahankan prosedur pisau bedah sebagai terapi gold standard untuk depigmentasi.

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9

Kim, Kyuri, YoonJung Huh, and Kyung-Min Lim. "Anti-Pigmentary Natural Compounds and Their Mode of Action." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 12 (June 8, 2021): 6206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126206.

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Hyper-activated melanocytes are the major cause of skin hyper-pigmentary disorders, such as freckles and melasma. Increasing efforts have been made to search for materials with depigmenting activity to develop functional cosmetics. As a result, numerous materials have been reported to have depigmenting activity but some of them are known to cause unwanted side effects. Consequently, anti-pigmentary natural compounds without concern of toxicity are in great demand. Virtually all sorts of natural sources have been investigated to find anti-pigmentary natural compounds. This review summarizes recently reported anti-pigmentary natural compounds and their mode of action from the ocean, plants, and bacteria.

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10

Malaspina, Paola, Erica Catellani, Bruno Burlando, Daniele Brignole, Laura Cornara, Miriam Bazzicalupo, Simona Candiani, et al. "Depigmenting potential of lichen extracts evaluated by in vitro and in vivo tests." PeerJ 8 (May 15, 2020): e9150. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9150.

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Melanin is the main pigment of human skin, playing the primary role of protection from ultraviolet radiation. Alteration of the melanin production may lead to hyperpigmentation diseases, with both aesthetic and health consequences. Thus, suppressors of melanogenesis are considered useful tools for medical and cosmetic treatments. A great interest is focused on natural sources, aimed at finding safe and quantitatively available depigmenting substances. Lichens are thought to be possible sources of this kind of compounds, as the occurrence of many phenolic molecules suggests possible effects on phenolase enzymes involved in melanin synthesis, like tyrosinase. In this work, we used four lichen species, Cetraria islandica Ach., Flavoparmelia caperata Hale, Letharia vulpina (L.) Hue, and Parmotrema perlatum (Hudson) M. Choisy, to obtain extracts in solvents of increasing polarity, viz. chloroform, chloroform-methanol, methanol, and water. Cell-free, tyrosinase inhibition experiments showed highest inhibition for L. vulpina methanol extract, followed by C. islandica chloroform-methanol one. Comparable results for depigmenting activities were observed by means of in vitro and in vivo systems, such as MeWo melanoma cells and zebrafish larvae. Our study provides first evidence of depigmenting effects of lichen extracts, from tyrosinase inhibition to cell and in vivo models, suggesting that L. vulpina and C. islandica extracts deserve to be further studied for developing skin-whitening products.

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11

George, Anju. "Tranexamic acid: An emerging depigmenting agent." Pigment International 3, no. 2 (2016): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2349-5847.196295.

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12

Nazzaro-Porro, Marcella. "The Depigmenting Effect of Azelaic Acid." Archives of Dermatology 126, no. 12 (December 1, 1990): 1649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archderm.1990.01670360117026.

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13

Nazzaro-Porro, M. "The depigmenting effect of azelaic acid." Archives of Dermatology 126, no. 12 (December 1, 1990): 1649b—1651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archderm.126.12.1649b.

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14

Sorg, O., B. Kasraee, D. Salomon, and J. H. Saurat. "The Potential Depigmenting Activity of Retinaldehyde." Dermatology 227, no. 3 (2013): 231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000354294.

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15

Shin, Jung Won, and Kyoung Chan Park. "Current clinical use of depigmenting agents." Dermatologica Sinica 32, no. 4 (December 2014): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsi.2014.07.003.

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16

Katsambas, Andreas D., and Alexander J. Stratigos. "Depigmenting and bleaching agents: coping with hyperpigmentation." Clinics in Dermatology 19, no. 4 (July 2001): 483–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0738-081x(01)00182-1.

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17

Zhou, Zhike, Jun Hou, Juanjuan Xiong, and Min Li. "Characterization of sulfuretin as a depigmenting agent." Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology 33, no. 2 (September 30, 2018): 208–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/fcp.12414.

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18

Wilkerson, Michael G. "The Depigmenting Effect of Azelaic Acid-Reply." Archives of Dermatology 126, no. 12 (December 1, 1990): 1650. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archderm.1990.01670360118027.

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19

Hori, Ikuyo, Ken-ichi Nihei, and Isao Kubo. "Structural criteria for depigmenting mechanism of arbutin." Phytotherapy Research 18, no. 6 (June 2004): 475–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1456.

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20

Villarama, C. D., and H. I. Maibach. "Glutathione as a depigmenting agent: an overview." International Journal of Cosmetic Science 27, no. 3 (June 2005): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2494.2005.00235.x.

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21

Ling, Jin, Hyang-Bok Lee, Dung Hoang Nguyen, and Eun-Ki Kim. "Screening of depigmenting agents from Philippine plants." Journal of Biotechnology 136 (October 2008): S439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.1018.

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22

Moldovan, Zenovia, Dana Elena Popa, Iulia Gabriela David, Mihaela Buleandra, and Irinel Adriana Badea. "A Derivative Spectrometric Method for Hydroquinone Determination in the Presence of Kojic Acid, Glycolic Acid, and Ascorbic Acid." Journal of Spectroscopy 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6929520.

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A new, simple, and sensitive spectrometric method was developed for hydroquinone (HQ) determination in the presence of other depigmenting agents (kojic acid (KA), glycolic acid (GA), and ascorbic acid (AA)), commonly introduced in skin lightening products. The method is based on the oxidation of the depigmenting agents by potassium dichromate in sulfuric acid medium and subsequent measurement of the amplitude of the first-order derivative absorption spectrum at 268 nm. By applying the zero-crossing method, at this wavelength, the oxidation products of KA, AA, and GA do not interfere in the indirect determination of HQ. Beer’s law was obeyed in the range of 0.22–22 μg·mL−1 HQ, with a detection limit of 0.07 μg·mL−1. The developed method was applied with good results for the first time to the rapid determination of HQ in binary, ternary, and quaternary mixtures, thus proving that it could represent an effective tool for various skin lightening products analyses.

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23

Hseu, You-Cheng, Xuan-Zao Chen, Yugandhar Vudhya Gowrisankar, Hung-Rong Yen, Jing-Yuan Chuang, and Hsin-Ling Yang. "The Skin-Whitening Effects of Ectoine via the Suppression of α-MSH-Stimulated Melanogenesis and the Activation of Antioxidant Nrf2 Pathways in UVA-Irradiated Keratinocytes." Antioxidants 9, no. 1 (January 10, 2020): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9010063.

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Ultraviolet A (UVA)-irradiation induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production mediates excessive melanogenesis in skin cells leading to pigmentation. We demonstrated the depigmenting and anti-melanogenic effects of Ectoine, a natural bacterial osmolyte, in UVA-irradiated human (HaCaT) keratinocytes, and the underlying molecular mechanisms were elucidated. HaCaT cells were pre-treated with low concentrations of Ectoine (0.5–1.5 μM) and assayed for various depigmenting and anti-melanogenic parameters. This pre-treatment significantly downregulated ROS generation, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) production, and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) expression in UVA-irradiated HaCaT cells. Also, antioxidant heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone 1] (NQO-1), and γ-glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (γ-GCLC) protein expressions were mediated via the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) whose knockdown indeed impaired this effect signifying the importance of the Nrf2 pathway. Ectoine was mediating the activation of Nrf2 via the p38, protein kinase B (also known as AKT), protein kinase C (PKC), and casein kinase II protein kinase (CKII) pathways. The conditioned medium obtained from the Ectoine pre-treated and UVA-irradiated HaCaT cells downregulated the tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1 and -2 (TRP-1/-2), cyclic AMP (c-AMP) protein kinase, c-AMP response element-binding protein (CREB), and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) expressions leading to melanoma B16F10 cells having inhibited melanin synthesis. Interestingly, this anti-melanogenic effect in α-MSH-stimulated B16F10 cells was observable only at 50–400 μM concentrations of Ectoine, signifying the key role played by Ectoine (0.5–1 μM)-treated keratinocytes in skin whitening effects. We concluded that Ectoine could be used as an effective topical natural cosmetic agent with depigmenting and anti-melanogenic efficacy.

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24

Faye, Ousmane, Somita Keita, F. S. Diakite, H. D. Konare, and Hawa Thiam Ndiaye. "Side effects of depigmenting products in Bamako, Mali." International Journal of Dermatology 44, s1 (October 2005): 35–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2005.02809.x.

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25

Lima, Rebeca, Kauana Souza, Jordana Lazzarini, Isabela Souza, Adilson Silva, and Nadia Raposo. "Quinoline Derivatives as Novel Depigmenting and Antioxidant Agents." Letters in Drug Design & Discovery 14, no. 4 (February 23, 2017): 374–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570180813666160930164926.

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26

Abella, M. L., J. de Rigal, and S. Neveux. "A simple experimental method to study depigmenting agents." International Journal of Cosmetic Science 29, no. 4 (August 2007): 311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2494.2007.00385.x.

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27

Nguyen, Dung Hoang, Hyang-Bok Lee, Ling Jing, You-Ri Lee, Jung-Hyun Kim, Jeong-Hyun Shin, and Eun-Ki Kim. "Isolation of skin depigmenting agents from Vietnamese plants." Journal of Biotechnology 136 (October 2008): S439—S440. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.1019.

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28

Scarpa, Antonio, and Antonio Guerci. "Depigmenting procedures and drugs employed by melanoderm populations." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 19, no. 1 (January 1987): 17–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(87)90136-x.

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29

Sato, Kazuomi, Hideki Takahashi, and Masaru Toriyama. "Depigmenting mechanism of NSAIDs on B16F1 melanoma cells." Archives of Dermatological Research 303, no. 3 (November 16, 2010): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00403-010-1094-8.

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30

Nguyen, Dung Hoang, Ji-Ean Lee, and Eun-Ki Kim. "Identification of depigmenting components from Nigella glandulifera Freyn." Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 28, no. 4 (March 1, 2011): 1070–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11814-010-0457-3.

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31

Kim, Jinhwan, Yo-Han Kim, Seunghyun Bang, Hanju Yoo, InKi Kim, Sung Chang, and Youngsup Song. "L-765,314 Suppresses Melanin Synthesis by Regulating Tyrosinase Activity." Molecules 24, no. 4 (February 21, 2019): 773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24040773.

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Although melanin production is a key self-defense mechanism against ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced skin damage, uneven or excessive deposition of melanin causes hyperpigmentary disorders. Currently available whitening agents are unsatisfactory because of issues with efficacy and safety. To develop more effective depigmenting agents, we performed high-throughput melanin content assay screening using the B16F10 melanoma cell line and identified L-765,314 as a drug that suppressed melanin production in cultured melanocytes in a dose-dependent manner as well as cAMP- or 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA)-stimulated melanin production without cytotoxicity. Interestingly, melanogenic gene expression was not altered by L-765,314. Rather, diminished melanin production by L-765,314 appeared to be caused by downregulation of tyrosinase activity via inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC). Because L-765,314 did not show any adverse effect in melanocytes, altogether our data suggest that L-765,314 could be a potential therapeutic candidate for skin hyperpigmentary disorders and further discovery of selective inhibitors targeting PKC might be a promising strategy for the development of depigmenting agents to treat hyperpigmentary disorders.

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32

Fauzia, Dina. "Aspek Farmakologi Retinoid pada Kosmeseutikal." Jurnal Kesehatan Melayu 1, no. 1 (September 19, 2017): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26891/jkm.v1i1.2017.35-40.

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Retinoid merupakan salah satu senyawa aktif yang paling luas penggunaannya di bidang dermatologi, yaitu sebagai anti-akne, anti-aging dan depigmenting agent. Penggunaan retinoid dapat menimbulkan iritasi pada kulit yang dapat diminimalkan dengan cara pemakaian konsentrasi dan frekuensi yang dinaikkan bertahap. Selain itu, retinoid memiliki potensi teratogenik sehingga harus dihindari penggunaannya pada wanita hamil dan usia produktif.

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Fauzia, Dina. "Aspek Farmakologi Retinoid pada Kosmeseutikal." Jurnal Kesehatan Melayu 1, no. 1 (September 19, 2017): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26891/jkm.v1i1.24.

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Retinoid merupakan salah satu senyawa aktif yang paling luas penggunaannya di bidang dermatologi, yaitu sebagai anti-akne, anti-aging dan depigmenting agent. Penggunaan retinoid dapat menimbulkan iritasi pada kulit yang dapat diminimalkan dengan cara pemakaian konsentrasi dan frekuensi yang dinaikkan bertahap. Selain itu, retinoid memiliki potensi teratogenik sehingga harus dihindari penggunaannya pada wanita hamil dan usia produktif.

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34

Fauzia, Dina. "Aspek Farmakologi Retinoid pada Kosmeseutikal." Jurnal Kesehatan Melayu 1, no. 1 (September 19, 2017): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26891/jkm.v1i1.24.35-40.

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Retinoid merupakan salah satu senyawa aktif yang paling luas penggunaannya di bidang dermatologi, yaitu sebagai anti-akne, anti-aging dan depigmenting agent. Penggunaan retinoid dapat menimbulkan iritasi pada kulit yang dapat diminimalkan dengan cara pemakaian konsentrasi dan frekuensi yang dinaikkan bertahap. Selain itu, retinoid memiliki potensi teratogenik sehingga harus dihindari penggunaannya pada wanita hamil dan usia produktif.

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35

Thi Minh Tam, Ha, and Le Thi Phuong Hoa. "PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS, ANTIOXIDATIVE ACTIVITY AND THE DEPIGMENTING EFFECT OF Stemona cochinchinensis Gagnep ROOT EXTRACTS." Journal of Science, Natural Science 60, no. 4 (2015): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18173/2354-1059.2015-00088.

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36

Thi Minh Tam, Ha, and Le Thi Phuong Hoa. "PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS, ANTIOXIDATIVE ACTIVITY AND THE DEPIGMENTING EFFECT OF Stemona cochinchinensis Gagnep ROOT EXTRACTS." Journal of Science, Natural Science 60, no. 4 (2015): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18173/2354-1075.2015-00088.

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37

JIN, Y., G. LI, S. AHN, K. ROW, and E. KIM. "Extraction and Purification of Depigmenting Agents from Chinese Plants." Chemical Research in Chinese Universities 22, no. 2 (March 2006): 162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1005-9040(06)60067-6.

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38

Dadzie, OE, and A. Petit. "Skin bleaching: highlighting the misuse of cutaneous depigmenting agents." Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 23, no. 7 (July 2009): 741–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03150.x.

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39

Parvez, Shoukat, Moonkyu Kang, Hwan-Suck Chung, Chongwoon Cho, Moo-Chang Hong, Min-Kyu Shin, and Hyunsu Bae. "Survey and mechanism of skin depigmenting and lightening agents." Phytotherapy Research 20, no. 11 (2006): 921–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1954.

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40

de los A. Mesurado, María, María L. Arias Cassará, Rosana Misico, Alicia Bardón, María I. Ybarra, and Elena Cartagena. "A New Depigmenting-Antifungal Methylated Grindelane from Grindelia chiloensis." Chemistry & Biodiversity 14, no. 5 (April 5, 2017): e1600426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201600426.

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41

Kasraee, B., C. Tran, O. Sorg, and J. H. Saurat. "The Depigmenting Effect of RALGA in C57BL/6 Mice." Dermatology 210, no. 1 (2005): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000081499.

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42

Germanas, Juris, Kyonghee Kim, and Tomas Germanas. "26845 Toward novel depigmenting agents through repurposing existing drugs." Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 85, no. 3 (September 2021): AB118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2021.06.491.

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Liu, Shuo, Zhen Zhao, Zhijun Huo, Zhiru Xu, Yan Zhong, Xiaoling Wang, Yiting Yang, and Zhiyong Wang. "Osmanthus fragrans Flower Aqueous Extract and its Enriched Acteoside inhibit Melanogenesis and Ultraviolet-induced Pigmentation." Natural Product Communications 13, no. 5 (May 2018): 1934578X1801300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1801300515.

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The Osmanthus fragrans flower (OFF) is commonly used as an additive for tea in China and as a traditional medicine to treat dysentery, asthma and hepatitis. In the current study, we have acquired the aqueous extract of the dried OFF (OFFE) and determined its enriched acteoside contents. However, whether OFFE and acteoside can modulate melanogenesis and pigmentation has yet to be determined. We here provide novel data revealing that OFFE and acteoside inhibit melanogenesis induced by α-MSH in B16 melanoma cells via the MITF-tyrosinase signaling pathway. Treatment with α-MSH (1μM) enhanced melanin levels and tyrosinase activity, up-regulated the mRNA levels of MITF and tyrosinase and increased the dendritic number in B16 melanoma cells, effects all being intervened by OFFE and acteoside. Of interest, OFFE and acteoside showed no direct inhibition of tyrosinase activity as revealed by our ex vivo tyrosinase activity assay. In addition, OFFE produced a depigmenting action on UVB-induced hyperpigmentation in guinea pigs, as shown by the improved skin brightness and the decreased melanin staining. Our data have demonstrated that OFFE can alter melanogenesis via modulating the MITF-tyrosinase signaling thereby leading to its depigmenting action in the in vivo model. OFFE could be a substitute for acteoside as a promising skin-whitening agent.

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Phacharapiyangkul, Naphichaya, Krit Thirapanmethee, Khanit Sa-ngiamsuntorn, Uraiwan Panich, Che-Hsin Lee, and Mullika Traidej Chomnawang. "The Ethanol Extract of Musa sapientum Linn. Peel Inhibits Melanogenesis through AKT Signaling Pathway." Cosmetics 8, no. 3 (August 5, 2021): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics8030070.

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Hyperpigmentation caused by melanin overproduction can be induced by UV radiation. The quest for effective depigmenting agents continues because many anti-melanin agents have restricted use and/or produce side-effects. The present study was aimed to investigate the inhibitory activity of Musa sapientum Linn. (AA group) peel ethanol extracts (MPE) on α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-induced melanin production. In addition, the molecular mechanism related to this process was examined in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells. The results indicated that MPE remarkably inhibited melanogenesis in α-MSH-stimulated B16F10 cells. Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and tyrosinase expressions were suppressed by MPE in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, MPE significantly decreased the expression of melanosome transfer protein markers (Rab27a and Pmel17) in a dose-dependent manner. This study found that the elevated phosphorylation of AKT in the B16F10 cells was diminished by MPE treatment. Furthermore, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-II and p62 (autophagy markers) were affected after the B16F10 cells were treated with MPE. This study demonstrated that MPE might be an effective agent for anti-melanogenesis through the AKT pathway, subsequently diminishing MITF expression and tyrosinase enzyme family production. The findings indicated that MPE could potentially serve as a depigmenting agent in cosmeceuticals.

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Boo, Yong Chool. "Arbutin as a Skin Depigmenting Agent with Antimelanogenic and Antioxidant Properties." Antioxidants 10, no. 7 (July 15, 2021): 1129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10071129.

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Arbutin is a compound of hydroquinone and D-glucose, and it has been over 30 years since there have been serious studies on the skin lightening action of this substance. In the meantime, there have been debates and validation studies about the mechanism of action of this substance as well as its skin lightening efficacy and safety. Several analogs or derivatives of arbutin have been developed and studied for their melanin synthesis inhibitory action. Formulations have been developed to improve the stability, transdermal delivery, and release of arbutin, and device usage to promote skin absorption has been developed. Substances that inhibit melanin synthesis synergistically with arbutin have been explored. The skin lightening efficacy of arbutin alone or in combination with other active ingredients has been clinically evaluated. Combined therapy with arbutin and laser could give enhanced depigmenting efficacy. The use of arbutin causes dermatitis rarely, and caution is recommended for the use of arbutin-containing products, especially from the viewpoint that hydroquinone may be generated during product use. Studies on the antioxidant properties of arbutin are emerging, and these antioxidant properties are proposed to contribute to the skin depigmenting action of arbutin. It is hoped that this review will help to understand the pros and cons of arbutin as a cosmetic ingredient, and will lead to future research directions for developing advanced skin lightening and protecting cosmetic products.

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Rho, Ho Sik, Amal Kumar Ghimeray, Dae Sung Yoo, Soo Mi Ahn, Sun Sang Kwon, Keun Ha Lee, Dong Ha Cho, and Jae Youl Cho. "Kaempferol and Kaempferol Rhamnosides with Depigmenting and Anti-Inflammatory Properties." Molecules 16, no. 4 (April 18, 2011): 3338–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules16043338.

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Cho, Jun-Cheol, Ho-Sik Rho, Yung-Hyup Joo, Soo-Mi Ahn, Doo-Hyun Won, Song-Seok Shin, Young-Ho Park, Kyung-Do Suh, and Soo-Nam Park. "The Depigmenting Activities of Hydroxyl Carboxamide Derivatives Containing Hydrophobic Moiety." Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society 33, no. 4 (April 20, 2012): 1333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5012/bkcs.2012.33.4.1333.

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Hong, Yong Deog, Mi Hee Nam, Chang Suk Lee, Song Seok Shin, and Young Ho Park. "Depigmenting Effects of Esculetin and Esculin Isolated from Fraxinus rhynchophyllaHance." Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea 40, no. 1 (March 31, 2014): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15230/scsk.2014.40.1.89.

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Robins, Elvira J., Aodan S. Brcarhnach, Yash P. Bashin, Leslie Ethridge, Marcella Nazzaro-Porro, Siro Passi, and Mauro Picardo. "Effectiveness of Azelaic Acid As a Depigmenting and Chemotherapeutic Agent." Journal of Investigative Dermatology 87, no. 2 (August 1986): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12696768.

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FUNASAKA, YOKO, MARI KOMOTO, and MASAMITSU ICHIHASHI. "Depigmenting Effect of alpha-Tocopheryl Ferulate on Normal Human Melanocytes." Pigment Cell Research 13, Supplement 8 (June 2000): 170–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0893-5785.2000.130830.x.

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