Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Dépistage rapide du VIH'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 47 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Dépistage rapide du VIH.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Leblanc, Judith. "L’apport infirmier dans le dépistage : l’exemple du dépistage infirmier ciblé du VIH par test rapide dans les services d’urgences d’Ile-de-France." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV016/document.
Full textScreening is essential to controlling the HIV epidemic as it ensures early treatment initiation, which limits morbidity, mortality and secondary transmission. In France, thousands of individuals remain unaware of their HIV status and a quarter of diagnoses occur at a late stage of infection. Nurse participation in HIV screening is widely discussed as a means by which to get a greater number of actors involved. Through a systematic review we suggested that, in countries with concentrated epidemics such as France, the United States and the United Kingdom, nurses could increase the number of screening tests being offered and performed. In these countries, Health authorities have recommended non-targeted systematic HIV screening in non-specialized health care settings. While this recommendation has gradually been questioned due to its limited effectiveness and associated increased workload, the DICI-VIH trial was designed to explore a new targeted method of HIV screening, performed by nurses in the Emergency Departments of the Paris metropolitan area, where HIV prevalence is high. A large-scale trial with a cluster-randomized two-period crossover design showed that this screening strategy is a compelling approach. By limiting the use of resources allocated to screening in Emergency Departments and by targeting a limited number of patients, this strategy is shown to be feasible and effective in identifying individuals who are unaware of their HIV status. It is also associated with limited costs. These results contribute new data to the discussion on how to best adapt HIV screening strategies in contexts where the epidemic is concentrated and to the evaluation of the contribution of the nursing profession to screening programs
Suarez-Diaz, Emmanuelle. "Expériences de dépistage du VIH à résultat rapide, en milieu communautaire et peu médicalisé : une analyse psychosociale." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM3071.
Full textSince 2007, regulation on the part of the screening in France evolves and is favourable to the creation of community screening experiments. From a psychosocial perspective, this study analyzes screening experiences in two experimental protocols’ context: ANRS Com’Test and ANRS DragTest. The main objectives of the protocols are (1) to study the feasibility of a rapid HIV testing performed by non-medical community actors (association against Aids AIDES) among men who have sex with men, using rapid testing policy diagnostic and motivational counselling (ANRS Com'Test), and (2) to evaluate the non-inferiority of the proposal in comparison with a conventional supply (ANRS DragTest).The purpose of this study is to understand the lived experience’s meaning from a ternary reading (subject-object-context) and a link between experience and social representations. Research is based on a qualitative methodology, both including a longitudinal analysis of community actors involved, and also a cross-sectional analysis of those screened’ lived experiences. Triangulation of material collection and analytical methods brings a dual perspective on the data. Analyzes are showing both the mobilization of common references universes, and the involvement of lived experience in the construction and communication of experience
Bègue-Guidon, Geneviève. "Vih : le centre de dépistage anonyme et gratuit de Bordeaux." Bordeaux 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR25007.
Full textRégnier-Aeberhard, Françoise. "Comportements et motivations des personnes venant dans un centre de dépistage : counseling-VIH." Paris 5, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA05H029.
Full textNgangue, Patrice, and Patrice Ngangue. "Le retour pour les résultats et le conseil post-test après un dépistage volontaire du VIH dans la ville de Douala, Cameroun : étude des déterminants individuels, interpersonnels, organisationnels et structurels." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27724.
Full textIntroduction: Le conseil et le dépistage représentent l’une des principales stratégies de prévention du VIH. Il s’agit de la porte d’accès aux services de prise en charge thérapeutique et psychosociale et d’une opportunité de modifier les comportements à risque. Toutefois, les taux de dépistage du VIH demeurent bas dans les pays d’Afrique subsaharienne. Au Cameroun, les résultats de l’Enquête Démographique et de Santé à Indicateurs Multiples réalisée en 2011 ont montré que 4,3 % des individus âgés de 15 à 49 ans étaient séropositifs. Selon cette même enquête, une proportion importante de femmes (30 %) et d’hommes infectés (36 %) n’ont jamais effectué de test du VIH ou encore, ont effectué un test, mais n’en connaissent pas le résultat. En vue d’accroitre l’efficacité des stratégies de conseil et dépistage, cette recherche vise à identifier les facteurs qui motivent et empêchent les personnes qui se font dépister volontairement pour le VIH à revenir prendre connaissance de leurs résultats. Méthodes: Afin de répondre à cet objectif, nous avons eu recours à une étude de cas unique combinant des méthodes qualitatives et quantitatives et dans laquelle nous avons réalisé: (1) une recension systématique des écrits sur les barrières et les facteurs qui facilitent le retour pour les résultats; (2) une étude rétrospective, sur 5 ans, des données de routine des personnes ayant fait un test de dépistage dans six hôpitaux de district de la ville de Douala; (3) une étude qualitative visant à identifier les attitudes, les perceptions et les croyances sur le retour pour les résultats des personnes venues se faire dépister pour le VIH; et enfin, (4) une étude qualitative des défis dans la délivrance du conseil et dépistage du VIH et leur implication sur la qualité des services de conseil et de dépistage du VIH selon la perspective du personnel en charge du conseil et dépistage dans les hôpitaux de district de la ville de Douala au Cameroun. La collecte de données a consisté en un recueil des données à partir des registres de conseil et de dépistage, des entretiens semi-dirigés et des observations non participantes. Résultats: Les résultats principaux montrent que les facteurs qui expliquent le retour ou non pour les résultats et le conseil post-test sont à la fois: (1) individuels (âge, profession, la raison du test, le résultat du test, l'état de santé, le besoin de changer de comportement); (2) interpersonnels (l'influence des parents, des enfants et du conjoint); (3) organisationnels (le temps d'attente pour les résultats, l'absence de confidentialité et d'intimité lors du conseil, la formation, la rémunération et la reconnaissance des conseillers) et (4) structurels (la disponibilité de la prise en charge, la peur de la discrimination et de la stigmatisation). Conclusion: Les résultats de ce travail prouvent que le problème du retour pour les résultats après un dépistage volontaire est une réalité et qu’au-delà de la responsabilité individuelle, il existe des problèmes organisationnels et structurels qui y contribuent. Il est donc nécessaire et urgent que les autorités sanitaires de la ville de Douala réorganisent la procédure du conseil et de dépistage afin de la rendre plus efficiente. Mots clés : VIH/SIDA, dépistage, connaissance des résultats, connaissances, attitudes et pratiques en santé, étude de cas, Cameroun
Introduction: HIV testing and counselling (HTC) is a cornerstone of the prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS. HTC offers the opportunity to benefit of counselling and changing of behaviours. HTC is also seen as the gateway to various other forms of treatment and psychosocial support. However, HIV testing rates remains low especially in sub-Saharan Africa. In Cameroon, data from the 2011 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) show that 4.3 % of people between 15 and 49 are HIV-positive. In addition, it is estimated that a significant proportion of infected women (30 %) and infected men (36 %) had never tested for HIV or had undergone testing, but ignore the results. In order to increase the effectiveness of HTC procedures in Cameroon, this research aimed to identify factors that motivate and prevent people who are voluntarily tested for HIV to return for their results. Methods: The methodology was a unique case study combining qualitative and quantitative methods. We realized: (1) a systematic literature review of barriers and facilitators associated to the return for HIV test results; (2) a retrospective analysis of HTC records over 5 years; (3) a qualitative study based on theory of planned behaviour to identify the attitudes, perceptions and beliefs that may influence the return for HIV test results; (4) a qualitative study based on Donabedian’s framework to identify the factors influencing the quality of HTC services in six Douala’s district hospitals. Data collection consisted of HTC records, semi-structured interviews with individuals who underwent a voluntary HIV test, nurses and counsellors, and non-participant observation of the physical environment. Results: The main results show that the factors influencing the return for HIV results and post-test counselling are multi-level: (1) individual level (age, occupation and reason for the test, the test result, the health status, the need to behaviour change); (2) interpersonal (the influence of parents, children and spouse); (3) organizational (the waiting time for results, lack of confidentiality and privacy during counselling, training, compensation and recognition of counsellors) and (4) structural (availability of the treatment, fear of discrimination and stigma). Conclusion: The results of this research indicate that the problem of the return for results after a voluntary testing is a reality and goes beyond individual responsibility. There are organizational and structural problems, which play a major role. Therefore, it is necessary and urgent for the health authorities of the city of Douala to reorganize the procedure of counselling and testing to make it more efficient. Key words: HIV/AIDS, screening, case study, knowledge of results, Health knowledge; Attitudes; Practices, Cameroon
Introduction: HIV testing and counselling (HTC) is a cornerstone of the prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS. HTC offers the opportunity to benefit of counselling and changing of behaviours. HTC is also seen as the gateway to various other forms of treatment and psychosocial support. However, HIV testing rates remains low especially in sub-Saharan Africa. In Cameroon, data from the 2011 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) show that 4.3 % of people between 15 and 49 are HIV-positive. In addition, it is estimated that a significant proportion of infected women (30 %) and infected men (36 %) had never tested for HIV or had undergone testing, but ignore the results. In order to increase the effectiveness of HTC procedures in Cameroon, this research aimed to identify factors that motivate and prevent people who are voluntarily tested for HIV to return for their results. Methods: The methodology was a unique case study combining qualitative and quantitative methods. We realized: (1) a systematic literature review of barriers and facilitators associated to the return for HIV test results; (2) a retrospective analysis of HTC records over 5 years; (3) a qualitative study based on theory of planned behaviour to identify the attitudes, perceptions and beliefs that may influence the return for HIV test results; (4) a qualitative study based on Donabedian’s framework to identify the factors influencing the quality of HTC services in six Douala’s district hospitals. Data collection consisted of HTC records, semi-structured interviews with individuals who underwent a voluntary HIV test, nurses and counsellors, and non-participant observation of the physical environment. Results: The main results show that the factors influencing the return for HIV results and post-test counselling are multi-level: (1) individual level (age, occupation and reason for the test, the test result, the health status, the need to behaviour change); (2) interpersonal (the influence of parents, children and spouse); (3) organizational (the waiting time for results, lack of confidentiality and privacy during counselling, training, compensation and recognition of counsellors) and (4) structural (availability of the treatment, fear of discrimination and stigma). Conclusion: The results of this research indicate that the problem of the return for results after a voluntary testing is a reality and goes beyond individual responsibility. There are organizational and structural problems, which play a major role. Therefore, it is necessary and urgent for the health authorities of the city of Douala to reorganize the procedure of counselling and testing to make it more efficient. Key words: HIV/AIDS, screening, case study, knowledge of results, Health knowledge; Attitudes; Practices, Cameroon
Bâ, Mamadou. "Des hommes et le dépistage du VIH/Sida au Sénégal : les dessous du refus." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29495.
Full textHalfen, Sandrine. "Le dépistage du VIH en Martinique : des pratiques médicales aux comportements des populations." Paris 10, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA100149.
Full textd'Almeida, Kayigan Wilson. "Changement de paradigme dans le dépistage du VIH : intérêt d’un dépistage systématique de la population générale dans les urgences hospitalières françaises. Exemple d’une intervention dans 29 services d’urgences hospitalières d’Ile-de-France." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013VERS0032.
Full textIn the era of highly effective antiretroviral therapies, late presentation for HIV infection is one of the main barriers for controlling the epidemic. To encourage early testing, national health authorities in developed countries have recommended HIV screening for all patients in health-care settings. Such guidelines were issued in France in 2009. The aims of this thesis were to examine the acceptability, feasibility and public health impact of universal HIV screening in French emergency departments and to assess the correlates of late presentation for HIV infection in France, in order to question the relevancy of universal screening guidelines. Analysis of data from the ANRS 95008/Sidaction study showed a modest public health impact of emergency department-based universal HIV screening. Patients’ acceptance of HIV screening in emergency departments (EDs) was high while the feasibility varied across EDs and was associated with diverse contextual barriers. Data from the ANRS-VESPA2 study was used to assess the correlates of late presentation for HIV infection. We found that late presentation was high not only among traditional high risk groups but also among non-African heterosexual men and those diagnosed over 40. Our results suggest that in France, the recommendations for non-targeted HIV testing should be reformulated to reach both populations at high risk of HIV infection and those at low risk of HIV infection with high risk of late diagnosis. Moreover, we underline the limits of ED-based HIV universal screening and the barriers to its implementation while bringing insights into the potential role of such healthcare settings in the French HIV screening strategy
Ba, Mamadou. "Des hommes et le dépistage du VIH/Sida au Sénégal les dessous du refus." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29648/29648.pdf.
Full textDelpierre, Cyrille. "Dépistage tardif de la séropositivité pour le VIH. : facteurs de risque dans deux études nationales (ANRS-EN12-VESPA, Nadis)." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30069.
Full textThe part of social factors on the delay of HIV diagnosis could explain the social inequalities of mortality, the french situation being little explored. From two national data sources, the aim was to estimate the prevalence of the late HIV diagnosis, to describe the characteristics of late testers and to analyse social factors associated with late testing. The association between mortality and low socicoeconomic status was not explained by a diagnosis more delayed in these persons, except for migrants in whom late testing was rapidly made after their arrival. Persons with a professional activity, in couple with children, were more likely to be late testers and tested because of symptoms or diagnosed at hospital. The institutions seem suggest more systematically HIV testing to persons in social difficulties, a priori at risk of infection, contrary to persons without social difficulties who are considered as not at risk and who are late diagnosed
Cartoux, Michel. "Conseil et dépistage de l'infection à VIH chez les femmes enceintes en Afrique de l'Ouest." Bordeaux 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR28590.
Full textWu, Tao. "Comparaison de la detection du VIH volontaire en France et en Chine : le dépistage dans le CDAG français et la Consultation du VIH-sida du CPCM chinois." Paris 8, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA083547.
Full textCurrently, AIDS is still incurable, but the effectiveness of antiretroviral treatments is considerable and the quality of life of patients AIDS is much improved. In France, the number of new seropositive broadly stable since 2007. In order to detect more HIV seropositivity in early, french experiments were considered useful for the Chinese. So the objectives of the research are: compared to organizations in the prevention of HIV / AIDS in CDAG in France, and the CPCM of China. Concrete measures are implemented to achieve this comparison, it is research on regulations and legislation concerning the health system and the prevention of HIV / AIDS, research field or through France and China, to recognize and understand the operating procedures of agencies in the prevention of HIV / AIDS. Finally, an actual comparison was done in several ways. In addition, this study also showed that the French experiences in CDAG may provide useful elements for the prevention of HIV / AIDS in China. Including the consultation of HIV / AIDS in the CPCM. In contrast, Chinese elements were also considered of interest to CDAG French
Champenois, Karen. "VIH : comment la recherche en épidémiologie s'est orientée de l'évaluation thérapeutique au dépistage et à la prévention." Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00689884.
Full textChampenois, Karen. "VIH : comment la recherche en épidémiologie s’est orientée de l’évaluation thérapeutique au dépistage et à la prévention." Thesis, Lille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL2S043/document.
Full textIn years following the onset of HIV infection, priority was given to therapeutic research. Since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy in 1996, mortality and morbidity related to HIV have decreased dramatically. However, the epidemic remains active, especially among men who have sex with men (MSM), highlighting the need for changes in testing and prevention policies. This thesis presents the evolution of a part of research in epidemiology of HIV in Northern countries, focusing first on HIV treatments effectiveness then moving toward to limitations of current HIV testing strategies, new strategies of HIV testing, and finally addressing prevention. This Ph.D thesis contains five epidemiological studies conducted in France.The first study, conducted in 175 HIV-1 infected antiretroviral-naive patients, showed that lopinavir/ritonavir was efficient regardless to polymorphisms carried by the viral protease.The second study, based on an economic model accounting changes in medical practices and the impact of new drugs, showed that lifetime cost associated with HIV care is €535,000/patient (€320,700 discounted) for a life expectancy of 26.5 years under current conditions. Moreover, it highlighted that annual cost of care increases with late access to care (€21,600/year if AIDS or CD4 count <200 cells/mm3 at HIV care initiation, vs. €19,400 if CD4 count >500 cells/mm3, undiscounted costs).The third study conducted in 1,008 HIV-infected patients newly diagnosed, showed that 93% of patients had seen a general practitioner within 3-year period prior to HIV diagnosis. Of patients enrolled, 82 who sought care for HIV-related symptoms within this period had a missed opportunity for HIV testing proposition. Similarly, 55% of MSM who notified to a healthcare setting that they belonged to this risk group had a missed opportunity for HIV testing proposition. The fourth study assessed a community-based HIV testing strategy targeting MSM (532 MSM tested into the program studied). This HIV testing reached people at high risk of HIV, on third of these was little or not tested in other testing facilities. Among the 15 patients who tested positive (2.8%), 12 (80%) received confirmation and linked to care (median CD4 count =550 cells/mm3). The fifth study, a case-control study conducted in MSM in northern France (53 cases of early syphilis and 90 controls) showed receptive oral sex without a condom and anal sex toy use as the main risk factors for syphilis acquisition. Our results highlight limitations of current HIV testing strategies. They show the importance of promoting routine HIV testing in primary care settings, and extension of testing facilities that target populations with specific risk. In addition, they enhanced prevention for risk reduction measures for HIV and STIs. In the era of effective and well tolerated but expensive antiretroviral therapy, testing and prevention are significant issues in the control of the HIV epidemic
Chaabo, Ayman. "Mise au point de deux stratégies analytiques de (dépistage rapide et confirmation) pour la détection du Synacthène dans le plasma dans le cadre du contrôle anti-dopage." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066385.
Full textSynacthen is a drug which corresponds to 24 first amino acid of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and presents the same biological activity by stimulation of adrenal cortex and the syntheses of different steroids hormone (Glucocorticoïdes, mineralocorticoides and androgens). The taken of this drug is prohibited in and out of competition by the World Anti Doping Agency (WADA). In this work, three different analytical strategies were engaged for Synacthen detection in plasma. Electrophoreses and iso-electrofocalisation techniques were used in the first one, and a high sensitivity in the order of 1 pg/mL was obtained. The immunoassay was used in the second one, After ACTH elimination from plasma by the use of solid phase extraction cartridge, the Synacthen is specifically detected by the use of this kit of immunoassay. This method may be used as a screening method because of the high sensitivity less or more of 10 pg/mL. The LC/MS/MS analysis was used in the third one, selected reaction monitoring mode was used and the method was validated with a high sensitivity of 8 pg/mL. The limit of quantification of the method was 15 pg/mL. This method may be used as a confirmation method. The two explored methods were tested on 9 subjects who were administrated with two forms of Synacthen. Concentrations between 16 and 310 pg/mL were observed
Crespin, Renaud. "Appropriation et régulation publique d'un instrument biologique, la carrière sociale des tests de dépistage du VIH : une étude comparative." Paris 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA010341.
Full textJaquet, Antoine. "Cancers du col de l’utérus et infection à VIH en Afrique de l’Ouest : Epidémiologie descriptive, déterminants et dépistage." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR21979/document.
Full textCervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer among women in West Africa, where infection with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is endemic. This work study the link between these two pathologies as well as the specificities linked to cervical cancer screening in the context of HIV infection. Our research project was conducted in several stages. A first hospital-based study compared the prevalence of HIV in women with cervical cancer and in women with other cancers. We then implement a cervical cancer screening program with visual inspection methods in three HIV clinics in Abidjan during several months. A sample of women screened was finally selected and collected for human papillomavirus (HPV) identification. Of the 152 cases of cervical cancer included during the first study, 25% were HIV-positive compared to 4.7% among the 257 patients of the comparison group, giving an adjusted odd ratio (OR) of 7.6 (3.6 - 16.2). A total of 4,046 women were screened by visual inspection. The frequency of a positive test was 9.0% (8.0 - 10.0) in the 2,998 HIV-positive women and 3.9% (2.7 - 5.1) in the 1,048 HIV-negative women. The prevalence of oncogenic HPV was 33.0% in the 191 HIV-negative women and 52.8% in the 254 HIV-positive women that underwent PCR testing. A CD4 count <200 cells/mm3 was associated with the presence of oncogenic HPV (OR = 2.8 [1.1 - 8.3] Ref. CD4≥500). HIV infection is strongly associated with cervical cancer and the presence of its precursors, oncogenic HPV. The implementation of adapted screening programs combined with good immune reconstitution seems to be key measures to reduce the burden of cervical cancer in HIV-positive women in West Africa in the era of expanded access to antiretroviral drugs
Batona, Georges. "Promouvoir le dépistage volontaire du VIH chez les travailleuses du sexe au Bénin : développement, mise en oeuvre et évaluation d'une intervention." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27655.
Full textThis research project based on the intervention mapping framework aimed to develop, implement and evaluate an intervention that encourages female sex workers (FSW) to get regularly tested for HIV (every three months) in adapted health services (AS). The research was structured in three phases. The first phase was to identify the factors associated with the intention of FSW to get tested for HIV within the next three months based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Structural equation modeling showed that 55% of the variance in intention is explained by the theoretical model, and that the main predictors sorted in descending order of importance are as follow: perceived behavioral control (β = 0.26; P < 0.001); descriptive norms (β = 0.24; P < 0.001); behavioral beliefs (β = 0.22; P < 0.001); the habit (β = 0.20; P < 0.001); attitude (β = 0.12; P = 0.01); perceived risk (β = 0.07; P = 0.03) and the normative beliefs (β = 20.07; P = 0.03). The second phase focused on the development and implementation of an intervention based on the results from the first phase. The intervention included activities targeting changes at both the individual and environmental levels, through various methods such as motivational counseling, peer education, persuasive communication, capacity building, the reorganization of clinical services, consultation meetings, and strategies adapted to the context of the environment and needs of FSW. The third phase, which aimed to assess the implementation and the effects of the targeted intervention, showed its efficacy in increasing the proportion of FSW who adopt HIV testing every three months. The results point out to a positive and significant relationship between exposure to intervention and the adoption of the desired behavior. When exposure to the activities of the intervention increases by one unit, the odds of adoption of HIV testing among FSW increases by 13% (odds ratio: 1.13; 95 % confidence interval [1.10; 1.14]; p < 0.001). A dose-response relationship is highlighted, showing that the more FSW are exposed to promotion activities, the more likely they adopt HIV testing.
Peltier, Cécile. "Prévention de la transmission du VIH-1 par le lait maternel au Rwanda et dépistage précoce des enfants infectés." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209572.
Full textLa première partie décrit l’étude AMATA conçue en 2005 au Rwanda, étude prospective basée sur le suivi d’une cohorte répartie en deux groupes d’intervention postnatale. Cette étude avait pour objectif de tester l’hypothèse que l’allaitement maternel (AM) sous trithérapie antirétrovirale maternelle (HAART) pouvait être une prévention aussi efficace que le lait artificiel (LA) afin de réduire drastiquement la transmission du virus VIH de la mère à l’enfant avec une moindre mortalité infantile. Cette intervention permettait de préserver les avantages de l’AM, connue pour offrir une prévention naturelle minimisant les infections graves, en particulier les gastro-entérites et diminuant le taux de malnutrition protéino-énergétique (MPE). Dans la cohorte « AMATA », un groupe d’enfants était allaité exclusivement durant six mois, les mères étant sous trithérapie antirétrovirale systématique et un autre groupe d’enfants était nourri au LA durant les six premiers mois de vie. L’intervention débutait durant la grossesse à partir de la 28ème semaine d’âge gestationnel, une trithérapie antirétrovirale étaient donnée à toutes ces femmes enceintes infectées par le VIH participant à l’étude, quel que soit leur stade immunitaire ou clinique. Cette trithérapie était poursuivie à vie pour les femmes nécessitant cette combinaison de traitements antirétroviraux pour des raisons cliniques et/ou immunitaires et non poursuivie pour les autres femmes, avec un schéma d’interruption minimisant les résistances aux ARVs.
Les critères d’évaluation de comparaison des deux interventions postnatales étaient la survie à 9 mois des enfants non infectés, le taux d’infection par le VIH et la mortalité des enfants dans chaque groupe. La présence de facteurs confondants a été recherchée en effectuant une analyse de variance car la randomisation était impossible pour des raisons éthiques.
Dans l’étude AMATA, parmi les 532 enfants inclus, 227 (43%) étaient allaités et 305 (57%) recevaient du LA, 7 enfants furent infectés par le VIH (1,3%) dont 6 in utero (3 enfants par groupe). Un enfant fut infecté par l’AM correspondant à un risque cumulatif postnatal de 0,5% [IC95% 0,1–3,4%; P 0,24]. Ce taux de transmission reste parmi les plus bas dans un pays à ressources limitées même en comparant avec d’autres études où la trithérapie fut aussi utilisée durant l’AM. Ces études furent publiées après le début de l’enrôlement des patientes dans l’étude rwandaise AMATA en 2005.
La différence de mortalité à 9 mois n’était pas statistiquement différente dans les 2 groupes avec 3,3% (95% IC 1,6–6,9%) pour les enfants allaités et 5,7% (95% IC 3,6–9,2%) pour les enfants recevant du LA (P= 0,20).
Cette étude renforce la notion que l’AM sous trithérapie antirétrovirale (HAART) reste une approche à recommander dans les contextes où la mortalité infantile est élevée. Cette prévention postnatale permet non seulement de réduire très efficacement la transmission du VIH de la mère à l’enfant en préservant les avantages de l’AM et en évitant les risques du LA distribué dans des contextes d’hygiène précaire où un accès à l’eau potable est difficile.
Dans cette étude, l’efficacité de ces 2 interventions postnatales était comparable avec des taux de transmission et de mortalité semblables statistiquement.
La deuxième partie de ce travail, basée sur les résultats d’une cohorte d’enfants âgés de moins de 18 mois nés de mères infectées par le VIH permettait d’évaluer les signes cliniques présomptifs proposés par l’OMS en 2005. Ces signes
étaient créés afin de pouvoir effectuer le diagnostic clinique d’infection par le VIH chez les enfants exposés au virus VIH
dans les pays où les techniques moléculaires de PCR n’étaient pas accessibles. Les enfants nés de mères infectées par le
VIH gardent parfois des anticorps anti-VIH maternels jusqu’à l’âge de 18 mois sans être pourtant contaminés par le VIH/SIDA. Avant cet âge, la confirmation de l’infection par le VIH repose sur la démonstration de la présence d’ADN proviral ou ARN par la technique PCR. La mortalité précoce des nourrissons infectés par le VIH est élevée, il est important de pouvoir bénéficier d’ARVs dès le diagnostic précoce de l’infection.
Les signes cliniques de présomption d’infection par le VIH chez l’enfant exposé (sérologie VIH +) de moins de 18 mois ont été proposés en 2005 par l’OMS et modifiés en 2006 mais ne furent jamais évalués.
Cette étude transversale comprenant 236 enfants de moins de 18 mois ayant une sérologie VIH positive consistait à évaluer la sensibilité (76,6%) et la spécificité (52,7%) de ces signes cliniques en confirmant leur statut infectieux réel par le test PCR pour le VIH, test de référence.
Cette spécificité basse inquiétante était liée aux enfants présentant des signes cliniques similaires bien que non infectés par le VIH mais souvent carencés par manque d’apport calorique et/ou souffrant d’une forme avancée de tuberculose extra pulmonaire ou d’autres affections chroniques. Ces enfants cachectiques pouvaient présenter les mêmes signes cliniques que les enfants infectés par le VIH car ils avaient une baisse de leur immunité cellulaire due à la MPE.
Dans la première partie de ce travail, l’étude AMATA a montré 2 façons efficaces de diminuer la transmission du VIH de la mère à l’enfant.
Dans la deuxième partie, on a évalué une méthode de diagnostic clinique précoce proposé par l’OMS afin de détecter les enfants infectés par le VIH en l’absence de test virologique PCR mais la basse spécificité indique la nécessité d’améliorer cette méthode diagnostique.
Doctorat en Sciences médicales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Salvadori, Nicolas. "Evaluation of Strategies Aimed at Optimizing the Uptake of HIV Testing Services Impact of Counseling Methods on HIV Retesting Uptake in At-Risk Individuals: A Randomized Controlled Study Appointment Reminders To Increase Uptake of HIV Retesting By At-Risk Individuals: A Randomized Controlled Study in Thailand." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASR017.
Full textHIV still remains a major global public health concern. This is due in large part to the low proportion of infected people aware of their HIV status, a clear indicator that uptake of regular HIV testing by at-risk individuals is insufficient. In the setting of an interventions research project in northern Thailand providing testing and counseling services for HIV, hepatitis B and C and syphilis to 5,733 clients between October 2015 and January 2019, we evaluated strategies aimed at optimizing the uptake of HIV testing services. In a first randomized controlled trial (RCT), we found that computer-assisted counseling significantly reduced the time spent on counseling while having similar efficacy as standard counseling in terms of uptake of retesting, change in HIV knowledge, change in sexual risk behaviors, and acceptability. In a second RCT, we found that scheduling an appointment and sending a reminder one week before was a simple, easy-to-implement and affordable intervention that significantly increased the uptake of HIV retesting by at-risk individuals. In a retrospective study, we found that the decision to recommend HIV retesting based on the counselor’s assessment was strongly dependent on the counselor and poorly consistent with that based on data-driven assessment (clients’ answers to self-administered questionnaires and syphilis test results)
Perriat, Delphine. "Intégration et généralisation des stratégies du type “Dépistage et traitement universels du VIH” en Afrique sub-saharienne : Exemple de l’essai ANRS 12249 TasP." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0872/document.
Full textIncreasing evidence of the preventive effect of antiretroviral treatment (ART) on HIV transmission havelaid the foundations for mathematical models to suggest that universal and repeated HIV testing,combined with immediate initiation of ART among those diagnosed HIV-positive could curtail the HIVepidemic, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. It is still unknown if this strategy, labelled as “UniversalTest and Treat” (UTT), could be workable at population level, given the unprecedented HIV servicesuptake rates that it requires.The objective of this thesis was to explore the terms of large-scale UTT implementation. Based on theprotocols of community-based trials conducted in sub-Saharan Africa, we characterized the diversity ofUTT approaches. Within the framework of one of those studies, the ANRS 12249 TasP trial, conductedin rural South Africa, we described the perceptions of health care workers regarding UTT and studiedthe care trajectories of people living with HIV from care referral to viral suppression.The findings reported in this thesis highlight that UTT strategies encompass a variety of healthinterventions, challenging the assessment of their impact on the HIV epidemic. Analyses of health careworkers opinions and patients’ behaviours when exposed to UTT underlined the potential of the strategyto change professional practices and patients’ access to care. Overall this work provides some insightson the efforts needed to allow the maximal public health impact of UTT in sub-Saharan Africa
Lorente, Nicolas. "Diversifier l'offre de dépistage du VIH à destination des hommes ayant des rapports sexuels avec des hommes : un élément essentiel de la prévention combinée." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5021.
Full textMen who have sex with men (MSM) are the most affected by HIV. In this population, HIV prevention must be diversified, using several tools aiming to reduce risks: treatment of HIV positive persons, preventive treatment among HIV negative persons and, sexual risk reduction behaviours. HIV testing thus becomes the cornerstone of HIV prevention.Diversifying HIV testing is one of the most important results of this thesis. Other questions are also addressed: access to HIV testing among MSM living in Cameroon and interest in prevention research among MSM in France.The discussion of all these results leads to several perspectives in terms of researches that should be conducted, but also in terms of recommendations for prevention policies towards MSM
Ndondoki, Monny Kosso Eugénie Anne Camille. "Recherche et évaluation des stratégies de prise en charge précoce de l’enfant infecté par le VIH en Afrique de l’Ouest : accès, efficacité, et déterminants." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR21915/document.
Full textThis thesis aimed to assess the accessibility, the efficiency and operational difficulties of treatment and care of HIV infected children in West Africa: Cote d’Ivoire, Mali and Burkina Faso. This region is particularly marked by poor access to care for HIV infected children. Our work has show that besides the insufficient provision of care in this region, the delay to care for these children was particularly influenced by the low acceptability of HIV early infant diagnosis, with a key role of the father in the decision making for the care of the child. Children begin antiretroviral treatment very late, at a very advanced stage of disease and severely immunocompromised. After twelve months of antiretroviral therapy, there was a clinical or immunological treatment failure in more than half of all children, especially among those who had started antiretroviral therapy with poor clinical and immunological status. Interventions to prevent mother to child transmission do not seem related to children treatment failure in this region. However, adherence to antiretroviral therapy in young children is good in this region. These results support the need for early antiretroviral treatment for HIV infected children at an earlier stage of the disease. This necessarily requires improved early infant diagnosis, through the involvement of fathers, the strengthening of the technical platform for screening and monitoring of children, and training of health staff. Also, cohort studies on prognostic factors for treatment failure in West African context are needed to investigate the issue of antiretroviral treatment response in these children
Jean, Kévin. "Mise à l'épreuve de la stratégie de prévention du VIH "Tester et Traiter" : l'exemple de la Côte d'Ivoire." Phd thesis, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00964183.
Full textZah, Vladimir. "Is it worth performing early HIV detection from burden of illness perspective in the United Kingdom and Poland." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1124/document.
Full textVladimir Zah brings more than 20 years of Health Economics technology and business experience. Since 2000, in various roles as Health Economist, Project Manager and Chief Investigator, Vlad has implemented more than 170 health economic models and assessments in the phase 2, 3 and 4 settings, across various disease areas for top 30 global pharmaceutical companies. Vlad worked extensively over the last 6 years in opioid dependence.His PhD research on early vs. late HIV detection in the United Kingdom contributed to revisions in HIV early detection policies made by the UK Parliament in 2011. He co-founded the Serbian Chapter of the International Society for Pharmaco-economics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) in 2007 and served as President of that chapter until 2012. Vlad is an active member of various ISPOR special interest groups (SIG) (including rare diseases) and is ISPOR Central East Europe Executive Committee Chair 2015-2017.Vlad lectures extensively and serves as a key opinion leader in the areas of HEOR, opioid addiction, HIV, diabetes and other. He also consults and provided HEOR training relating to both medications and medical devices to Ministry of Health, National Insurance Funds or at national congresses in Russia, Turkey, Greece, Egypt, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Slovenia, FYROM, Republic of Srpska and India
Azour, Halima. "Etude et réalisation d'un nouveau concept de dépistage rapide d'anticorps anti-érythrocytaires et élaboration d'un nouveau mode de titrage d'anticorps anti-érythrocytaires utilisables dans la surveillance des immunisations fœto-maternelles." Bordeaux 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR28551.
Full textBauffe, Frédérique. "Etude de protéines parasitaires pour l'amélioration des tests de diagnostic rapide du paludisme." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM5068.
Full textMalaria is a public health problem in many countries. Five species infect humans: P. falciparum, responsible for the vast majority of deaths, and P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae and P. knowlesi causing mild forms of the disease. The diagnostic is a means of control and a medical emergency. The rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) whose are recommended by WHO, are increasingly used. However, the detection and identification of not P. falciparum species is insufficient. New "antigen-antibody" couples are a need to improve the RDTs performance. In this work, new anti LDH antibodies from P. malariae were produced. A search for new antigens was also undertaken. For this purpose, some enzyme of glycolysis pathway were studied. For the first time the sequences of the enzymes from this pathway were obtained for P. ovale and P. malariae. We identified many potential target epitopes specific and common to all those species. In a second step, a proteomics approches has been conducted to identify parasites biomarkers. The study of red blood cells and plasma of infected patients has led to the selection of 8 original target proteins. This work prepares the manufacturing and marketing of a new generation of RDTs for malaria by the company Whidiag
Tron, Laure. "Comportements de santé en lien avec le risque de comorbidités parmi les personnes vivant avec le VIH en France." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066507/document.
Full textIn the era of combined antiretroviral therapy, the burden of HIV-related morbidity/mortality has decreased while other health conditions are of growing concern among HIV-infected people. Cancer screening uptake and management of behavioral risk factors for cardiovascular disease (tobacco smoking, alcohol intake, lack of physical activity, obesity) are two major components in the prevention of those comorbidities among HIV-infected people. Analysis of data from the ANRS-Vespa2 survey showed that levels of cancer screening uptake were not lower among HIV-infected people compared to the general population. However, the level of cervical cancer screening uptake within the past year was suboptimal and the level of colorectal cancer screening uptake was low. Low educational attainment and immunodepression were correlated with a lower level of screening uptake for gynecological cancers. Furthermore, more than half of the HIV-infected population was exposed to at least one behavioral cardiovascular risk factor. Intravenous drug users and men who have sex with men were particularly prone to addictive behaviors (and lack of physical activity) and risk factors were often combined. Sub-Saharan African migrant women were mainly exposed to obesity and insufficient physical activity. Those behaviors were associated with social status and certain characteristics of the HIV-infection. This thesis allows to better understand the frequency and correlates of those health behaviors among the various sub-groups of people living with HIV and provides evidence to improve the prevention of comorbidities in order to reduce their burden on the health of those living with HIV
Boisvert, Moreau Marianne. "Exploration des éléments influençant la mise en oeuvre, la distribution et l'utilisation des autotests du VIH chez les travailleuses du sexe à Cotonou et ses environs." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69814.
Full textIn Benin, a high burden of HIV is observed in female sex workers (FSWs). Despite the importance given totesting services in HIV control, its uptake among FSWs remains suboptimal in Benin. HIV self-testing (HIVST) may be useful for increasing testing rates in FSWs. We conducted a pilot study of the distribution of HIVST kits among FSWs in Cotonou, Benin. The HIVST distribution model included three complementary strategies: community-based, facility-based and secondary distribution. In this qualitative study, we explored the elements influencing HIVST implementation, distributionand use among FSWs. We conducted 29 semi-structured individual interviews with professional FSWs. Datawere interpreted with a thematic analysis method, using the Theoretical Domains Framework.Only two FSWs (6.9%) were aware of HIVST before participating in the study. All participants were interested inusing HIVST if available in Benin. Many advantages of HIVST were mentioned, such as: autonomy, privacy,discretion, accessibility, rapidity and the fact that it is a painless test. Barriers to the use of HIVST included: the possible unreliability, the lack of psychological support and medical follow-up and the possibility of result dissimulation. Participants thought HIV self-tests were easy to use, and were confident they could use it correctly without assistance. HIVST enabled linkage to care for a few FSW in denial of their HIV-positive status. No case of suicide or violence associated with HIVST was reported. HIV self-tests secondary distribution within FSWs social network was well received. Some FSWs reported using HIVST to practice serosorting or to guide their decisions concerning condom use. Findings indicate that HIVST use and secondary distribution are highly acceptable and feasible among FSWs in Cotonou. Results also demonstrate the feasibility of implementing HIV self-tests distribution of in Benin. HIVST should be available in Benin quickly and free of charge to all individuals at risk of HIV.
Djeutchouang, Sayang Collins. "Intérêt de l’utilisation des tests de diagnostic rapide du paludisme sur le coût et l’efficacité de la prise en charge des patients fébriles à Yaoundé, Cameroun." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX20663/document.
Full textThis study was conducted in a health center in Yaoundé with the aim to develop a rational management of febrile patients with the use of a rapid diagnostic test for malaria (RDT). Patients suspected to be suffering from uncomplicated malaria and satisfying the inclusion criteria were enrolled and treated with antimalarial drugs based on a presumptive diagnosis (presumptive arm) or the test result (RDT arm). The first phase of the study (November 2007-January 2008), performed in 313 children and adults using the RDT DiaSpot® showed the impact of RDT on the improvement of cure rate in children less than five years of age despite the sensitivity of 71.4%. On the contrary, RDT was not useful in patients > 5 years. During the second phase of the study (October 2008-January 2009), 382 patients < 5 years were enrolled. Malaria was the fourth cause of morbidity (14.7%); 42.9% of them had fever of unknown origin, probably of viral origin, requiring only antipyretics. Children suffered essentially from acute respiratory infections (31.4%) and diarrhea (16.2%). The RDT Paracheck-Pf® was used and showed a sensitivity of 96.2% and a specificity of 97.6%. The use of RDT resulted in 13.7% of unjustified antimalarial treatment due to false-positives, as compared to 84% of unjustified antimalarial treatment in the presumptive strategy. After 3 days of follow-up, the recovery rates in the presumptive and RDT arms were 68.4% and 80.5%, respectively. Treatment of a malaria case cost, in average, 20.00 euros in the presumptive arm, as compared with 8.40 euros in the RDT arm, i.e. an incremental cost of 2.30 euros per false positive averted due to the use of the novel diagnostic tool. An interactive model based on these economic parameters in relation with malaria prevalence was developed with Excel spreadsheet. Theoretically, of the two methods, the RDT-based management is less expensive if the proportion of malaria-related fever is < 80% and the price of RDT is < 2.65 euros. Based on these results, the use of malaria RDT is recommended to improve management of febrile patients at a lower cost and reduce the unjustified use of antimalarial drugs in Yaoundé
Setbon, Michel. "Analyse des processus décisionnels en santé publique dans la lutte contre l'épidémie de SIDA : les politiques comparées de dépistage de l'infection par le VIH en France, Grande-Bretagne et Suède." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992IEPP0010.
Full textDecision-making concerning HIV infection (coming before the eventuality of developing aids) and national modalities of testing are analysed as policies attempting to respond both to a public health problem, preventing the spreading of contamination, and to a public problem, the fear of contamination. That gives them a great heterogeneity, unusual regarding biological practice and explains the quarrelling and unstable character of national policies. The comparison points out national choices as a social and political construction through a decision-making-process in which different structured-interests-groups in conflict try to direct policy testing to a pattern corresponding to their strategies. In 1985 the availability of HIV test and its introduction in the blood transfusion services put an end to the non-decision period noticed in the three studied countries inducing the politicization phase during which policies testing were concived and worked out. These policies get organized around a politico-technical coalition fitting the priority objective of the policy; this aim may be : epidemiological (detecting "groups risks"), medical (detecting seropositives in order to get them into the health care system) or in a direction of primary prevention (helping individuals to reduce their risk level to avoid futur hiv infection). These choices are expressed by very well differenciated national policies, quantitatively and qualitatively : two of them are extensive (France and Sweden), the third one is selective (Great-Britain) trying to meet individuals with behavior risks
Gbenafa-Agossa, Clémence. "Prévalence et facteurs de risque des infections génitales à Neisseria gonorrhoeae et Chlamydia trachomatis chez les travailleuses de sexe au Bénin en 2003-2004 et évaluation d'un test rapide dans le dépistage de la gonococcie génitale." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18455.
Full textBournique, Bruno. "Détection de l'ADN proviral du virus de l'immunodéficience humaine type 1 par "polymerase chain reaction" (PCR) : validation technique et clinique, étude de sujets séronégatifs à risque." Compiègne, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992COMPD540.
Full textEkouevi, Didier Koumavi. "Bénéfices et risques des antirétroviraux utilisés pour la prévention de la transmission mère-enfant du VIH-1 en Afrique : le projet ANRS 1201/1202, Ditrame Plus à Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, 2000-2004." Bordeaux 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR21171.
Full textThe aim of ANRS Ditrame Plus project in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire was to evaluate a package of peripartum and postpartum interventions targeted at African HIV-infected women and children for PMTCT. This package of interventions proposed since May 2000 includes HIV test counseling services among pregnant women with rapid HIV testing, a PMTCT intervention with antiretroviral (ARV) as well as a nutritional intervention. The effectiveness or field efficacy of antiretroviral regimens (Zidovudine (ZDV) + single dose of Nevirapine (NVPsd) and ZDV + lamivudine (3TC) + NVPsd) and ZDV + lamivudine (3TC) + NVPsd) as well as the tolerance of the ARVs was studied. It included the identification of nevirapine (NVP) resistance of HIV in mothers and HIV-infected infants that had been exposed to NVP single dose (NVPsd) and the study of mitochondrial toxicity induced by ZDV among infants exposed to ARV. In conclusion the ANRS Ditrame Plus project has shown the field efficacy of two news ARV regimens as compared to ZDV alone
Gbenafa, Agossa Clémence. "Prévalence et facteurs de risque des infections génitales à Neisseria Gonorrhoeae et Chlamydia Trachomatis chez les travailleuses du sexe au Bénin en 2003-2004 et évaluation d'un test rapide dans le dépistage de la gonococcie génitale." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23891/23891.pdf.
Full textWarszawski, Josiane. "Apports du recueil des antécédents de maladies sexuellement transmissibles dans les enquêtes en population générale." Paris 11, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA11T004.
Full textThree obstacles stand in the way of identifying targets for the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and HIV infection: the heterogeneity of these infections, the large number of factors involved in their spread and methodological problems encountered in epidemiological investigations, especially in samples representative of the general population. We investigated the validity of collecting data conceming STD history by questionnaire and analysed such data from national surveys of sexual behaviour carried out between 1989 and 1994. Four French surveys (ACSF, ACSJ, KABP-92 and Baromètre Santé-93) and seven European surveys were studied as part of a Concerted Action (Belgium, Finland, France (ACSF), the former East and West Germany, Norway and the Netherlands). We took the various sampling designs, with their diverse levels of complexity, into account in the statistical analysis. We found that this method of data collection caused no major classification bias, as the results of the various studies were consistent, both with each other and with other published studies and epidemiological surveillance data. We found that not only was a history of STD a marker of past exposure to the risk of HIV infection in both sexes, it was also a marker for current high-risk sexual behaviour in men. A history ofmycosis in men was as effective a risk marker as a history ofbacterial STDs. Our results show that the strategies used for STD screening in France, in particular that for Chlamydia trachomatis, are not as effective as those used in northem European countries. The results of the French surveys also showed that men were less likely than women to tell their sexual partners that they had a STD. Screening was generally more widespread among women and individuals educated beyond schoollevel, but socially disadvantaged women and young people were less likely to undergo early screening
Taieb, Fabien. "Accès à la charge virale pour les patients infectés par le VIH sous traitement antiretroviral, en zone décentralisée des pays à niveau de ressources faible ou modéré." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTT041/document.
Full textWorldwide, the number of HIV-infected patients (PLWHA) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) is growing steadily. Low- and Middle-Incomes Countries (LMICs) are the most affected and strong inequalities still exist despite ambitious goals set by the United Nations in 2015 (90-90-90). The required biological monitoring of patients on ART is well known and the benefits of viral load (VL) measurement are well established, in terms of early detection of treatment failure, detection of non-adherence to ART and prevention of resistance accumulation. However, in LMICs and especially in decentralized areas, access to VL measurement remains scarce or unavailable. Barriers are various: difficulty for patients to reach a laboratory able to perform this measurement, lack of human and material resources. The use of Dried Blood Spot (DBS) as a sampling carrier allows to overcome these barriers, in particular because of its simplicity, the lack of the necessity of a cold chain and the use of existing machines. This PhD work aims at proposing and improving virological monitoring of PLWHA on ART living in decentralized areas of LMICs by demonstrating the feasibility and validity of a DBS collection system to provide access to VL measurement for patients followed in centres not equipped with costly machines and the logistics for its realization.A meta-analysis on virological success in Sub-Saharan Africa was conducted. This work showed a virological success rate in "intention to treat" analysis of 65.4%[61.8-69.1] and 56.8%[51.3-62.4] at 12 and 24 months of ART respectively, and a significantly higher proportion of success reported in clinical trials compared to cohorts. Then, several projects were conducted to obtain results in real life conditions in two different settings: Cameroon and Vietnam. In Cameroon, a study conducted in 12 decentralized sites evaluated 2215 PLWHA on ART, 937 of whom were virologically evaluated. This study showed a low retention rate with 63.3%, 53.5% and 39.9% at 12, 24 and 36 months after ART initiation, respectively. Virological suppression rate was also low with 66.6%, 62.7% and 59.8% at 12, 24 and 36 months of ART, respectively. Profiles of HIV Drug Resistance (HIVDR) in patients with VL>5000 cp/mL showed a significant accumulation of viral resistance, worsening over time and hypothecating therapeutic options. In Vietnam, two studies, involving 198 and 203 patients, were conducted to evaluate performance of VL measurement on DBS compared to plasma. Three VL techniques from two manufacturers were evaluated. Sensitivities of 93.3% [81.7-98.6], 90.1% [80.7-95.9] and 54.9% [40.3-68.9] were found with the old and optimized protocol provided by Abbott company and the new protocol provided by Roche company (FVE), respectively. Specificities were 94.8% [90.0-97.7], 96.2% [91.4-98.8] and 100% [97.5-100], respectively. Through this work, we showed that the use of DBS is feasible, immediately available and with an acceptable level of performance. It provides valuable data at the individual, collective and programmatic levels. The use of DBS should be integrated into the strategy of expanding access to VL. Virological monitoring of patients is a major public health challenge in a context of use in first line ART of molecules with a low genetic barrier to HIVDR, an increase of transmitted and acquired HIVDR and a persistently high incidence of infection
Nguyen, Truong Tam. "Co-infection VIH/VHC : développement et mise en oeuvre d’outils paracliniques pour la prise en charge dans le pays à ressource limitée et la personnalisation thérapeutique." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONT3508/document.
Full textChronic viral hepatitis is a major public health issue worldwide in the field of infectious dis and mostly affects resource-constrained countries. The challenge for the resource-limited countries is to implement the strategies for screening and management of viral hepatitis, particularly for hepatitis C among people who inject drugs.In this thesis we have evaluated new tests and strategies to improved diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of HCV and HIV infection in low resource setting. The first study evaluated the performances of HIV testing using filter paper (DSS – Dried serum spot) compared with rapid tests during the early phase of HIV infections. A total of 39 serum samples form newly diagnosed HIV infected persons was included. Fourth generation immunoassays (ElecsysCombi PT test reactive and Liaison XL test reactive) identified 34 out of 39 HIV early infections using dried serum spot, whereas the Determine TM HIV-1/2 rapid test detected 24 out of 39 HIV positive serum (87.2% vs 61.5% respectively, p = 0.009). Fourth generation Ag/Ab immunoassays performed on DSS had good performance for HIV testing during the early phases of HIV infection. In the second study, we conducted a cross-sectional study aimed to assess the proportion of clinically significant fibrosis in HIV/HCV-co-infected patients followed in Viet Tiep Hospital in Haiphong, Northern Vietnam. From February to March 2014, 104 HIV-HCV coinfected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) were prospectively enrolled. 93 (89.4%) had detectable HCV RNA, median 6.19 (4.95-6.83 Log10 IU/mL). Patients were mainly infected with genotypes 1a/1b (69%) and genotypes 6a/6e (26%). 43 patients (41.3%) had fibrosis ≥ F2 including 24 patients (23.1%) with extensive fibrosis (F3) and/or cirrhosis (F4). Using Fibroscan® as a gold standard, the high threshold (2) of AST-to-platelet ratio index (APRI) had very good performances for the diagnosis of extensive fibrosis/cirrhosis (Se: 90%, Sp: 84%, AUROC=0.93, 95%CI: 0.86-0.99).In the last study, the impact of pegylated interferonα (PegINFα) and ribavirin therapy on T cell immune response was explored in HIV/HCV coinfected patients. Concentrations of 25 cytokines and CD8+ T cell activation were monitored in HCV/HIV co-infected patients. Results were compared between patients retrospectively classified as sustained virological responders (SVR, n=19) and non-responders (NR, n = 11). High pretreatment concentrations of IP-10 (CXCL-10) and MCP-1 (CCL-2) were associated with poor anti-HCV response. Highest rise in MIP-1β; and MCP-1 levels was observed four weeks after anti-HCV treatment initiation in SVR compared to NR, whereas a decrease of IL-8 concentration was associated with treatment failure (p= 0.052). Treatment based on drugs having immunomodulating activities may benefits from immunomonitoring using multiplex techniques. In conclusion, improving access to HIV and HCV diagnosis and monitoring are critical toward the control of these infections. Our work performed illustrate how dried blood spot, point of care testing, Fibroscan and simplified assays may contribute to HIV and HCV care in low resource setting. Key word : Co-infection HIV-HCV, IV drug user, dried blood Spot, liver fibrosis, fibroscan, APRI, Pegylated interferon, Vietnam
Poujol, Julie. "Techniques d'acquisitions et reconstructions IRM rapides pour améliorer la détection du cancer du sein." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0143/document.
Full textBreast cancer is nowadays the first cause of female cancer and the first cause of female death by cancer. Breast MRI is only performed in second intention when other imaging modalities cannot lead to a confident diagnosis. In high risk women population, breast MRI is recommended as an annual screening tool because of its higher sensitivity to detect breast cancer. Breast MRI needs contrast agent injection to visualize enhancing lesions and the diagnosis is mostly based on morphological analysis of these lesions. Therefore, an acquisition with high spatial resolution is needed. Despite the use of conventional MRI acceleration techniques, the volume of data to be acquired remains quite large and the temporal resolution of the exam is around one minute. This low temporal resolution may be the cause of the low specificity of breast MRI exam. Breast MRI with higher temporal resolution will allow the use of pharmacokinetic models to access physiological parameters and lesion specifications. The main aim of this work is to develop a MRI sequence allowing a flexible use of the acquired data at the reconstruction stage. On the one hand, the images can be reconstructed with a conventional reconstruction like the protocol used in clinical routine. On the other hand, the new MRI sequence will also allow the reconstruction of images with a higher temporal resolution allowing the use of pharmacokinetic models. The development of this sequence was done by modifying the acquisition order in the Fourier domain. A random acquisition of the Fourier domain will allow the reconstruction of sub-sampled domains acquired faster. We paid attention to fat suppression efficiency with this new Fourier domain acquisition order. Tests were performed on phantom, female volunteers and patients. These tests showed that the random acquisition did not impact the quality of images (MRI signal and lesion morphology) obtained by conventional reconstruction thus allowing the conventional diagnosis. The reconstructions of the sub-sampled Fourier domains were made using Compressed Sensing reconstructions to remove sub-sampling artifacts. These reconstructions were developed and tested on digital phantoms reproducing breast MRI. The potential of this new MRI acquisition was tested on an artificial enhancing breast lesion developed especially for this purpose
Cazanave, Charles. "Analyse du polymorphisme associé aux répétitions en tandem pour le typage de deux espèces de mycoplasmes pathogènes chez l’homme : mycoplasma genitalium et Mycoplasma pneumoniae." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR21725/document.
Full textHuman pathogenic mycoplasmas include respiratory tract species, such as M. pneumoniae and urogenital species, such as M. genitalium. M. genitalium is an emerging agent for which epidemiology is unclear. It is involved in sexually transmitted infections, mainly urethritis in men and cervicitis in women. M. pneumoniae is responsible for acute respiratory infections especially in children. M. genitalium is a fastidious species for which culture remains extremely difficult. In order to extend our collection of samples positive for M. genitalium, a clinical research study (FeminIST) was conducted. It consisted in a PCR screening for M. genitalium in the urogenital tract of HIV-infected women of the Aquitaine cohort. Genotyping methods have been widely applied to Mollicutes, but few simple and automatized methods have been developed for M. genitalium and M. pneumoniae. The MLVA (Multi-Locus Variable-Number Tandem-Repeats Analysis) method analyzes the genome polymorphism associated with tandem repeats. Its advantages are a high discriminatory power and the possibility of being used directly from clinical samples. This technique was applied to M. genitalium and M. pneumoniae and compared with other available genotyping methods. Six and five VNTR were selected for M. genitalium and M. pneumoniae, respectively. The use of multiplex PCR and capillary electrophoresis enabled a high-throughput analysis and allowed an easy interpretation of the results. The method was applied to our collection of 265 M. pneumoniae clinical strains and used directly from 123 clinical samples positive for M. genitalium. 89.4% of M. genitalium PCR-positive samples and all the M. pneumoniae isolates were amplified and typed. We showed a higher discriminatory power for our MLVA than for other genotyping methods, without the need of a fastidious sequencing step. The hierarchical representation of results confirms the M. genitalium species heterogeneity and the M. pneumoniae species homogeneity. MLVA appears to be a good tool for molecular typing of these two mycoplasma species, allowing an easy exchange of data between laboratories
Guillon, Marlène. "Essays in HIV Prévention." Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0153.
Full textThe main objective of this dissertation is to offer an economic insight in the prevention of HIV. I study individual behaviors and the way these behaviors might influence HIV incidence. Chapter 1 gathers the available empirical evidence for the concept of "prevalence elasticity" in the case of HIV and demonstrates the existence of rational behavioral reaction to the risk of HIV infection. The next two chapters aim to integrate the positive externality of antiretroviral treatments on prevention in their cost-benefit analysis. Chapter 2 investigates the epidemiological and economic effects of a large scale HIV testing and treatment policy in South Africa. The results of Chapter 2 show that the success of a large-scale HIV treatment policy depends on its implementation conditions. Chapter 3 assesses the cost-effectiveness impact of an early access to care for migrant people living with HIV in France and shows that early access to care for migrants living with HIV in France would be a cost-saving intervention. Chapter 4 focuses on the determinants of sexual behaviors among the French population and studies the role of time and risk preferences in sexual behaviors. Results of Chapter 4 demonstrate that risk aversion is positively correlated with condom use among heterosexual men while present preference is negatively correlated with condom use among MSM (men who have sex with men) and women
Angelesi, Bayenga Fils. "La protection de l'enfant contre le risque de naître avec le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine en droit congolais et comparé." Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC0060.
Full textPrenatal HIV transmission from mother to child is responsible for the majority of HIV / AIDS infections in infants. Despite the almost ubiquitous risk of infected children and still very limited access to antiretroviral therapy, the number of HIV-positive women who complete their pregnancies is increasing steadily in sub-Saharan Africa. Motivated by this empirical observation, the study tackles a range of legal and bioethical questions, some of which are still unpublished, torn between legitimate desire for children (right to the child) and society's obligation to protect future children against a predictable congenital disability recognized as incurable (right of the child). Fundamentally, it questions the legislator on how to capture the biological risk of maternal HIV transmission without breaking the necessary ethical balance between the fundamental rights and freedoms of the HIV-positive woman or mother and the best interests of the unborn child. Using the example of Congolese law and following the comparative information approach, the study seeks to systematically demonstrate that, in the face of the high probability of being born with HIV, the protection that the current African rights bring to the child is insufficient and, in some respects, incoherent. To remedy this, she advocates a new paradigm of normativity based on the philosophy of seeking an ethical reconciliation which does not appear to be manifestly disproportionate between the autonomy of the woman or mother who is HIV-positive on her body and the responsibility of its choices in reproductive health. Thus, thanks to its many innovative proposals for the revision of the law, has this study managed to contribute significantly to the search for theoretical tools necessary for the emergence of new African rights in order of battle for future generations without AIDS
Veillette-Bourbeau, Ludivine. "Analyse de l'implantation d'une innovation en prévention du VIH: le dépistage rapide en milieu communautaire gai." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9854.
Full textIn 2009, a multidisciplinary and intersectoral team implemented an innovative research-intervention project: Spot, a community-based rapid HIV testing service for men who have sex with men in Montreal. A case study was undertaken to describe the implementation process of Spot and the contextual factors that affected it. Grounded theory analysis of interviews, participant-observer, and a document analysis allowed the identification of a multistage dynamic implementation process. These stages were influenced by stakeholders’ motivations, the complexity of partnership dynamics, the challenges surrounding coordination and organization of staff members, as well as factors influencing staff members’ daily practices. Motivations like the unique opportunity to contribute to the implementation of an innovative and relevant prevention project, had a constant and positive influence, which united stakeholders in the project and maintained their involvement despite the difficulties. In terms of partnership dynamics, vague definitions of roles and tasks delayed the implementation of the project, although once clarified, everyone felt legitimate and actively participated in the success of the implantation. The management of interinstitutional funds was mentioned as one of the difficulties of coordinating the project and a factor that caused delays in the implementation process. This study allowed learning about the implementation and sustainability of a gay community-based rapid HIV testing service.
Aho, Joséphine. "Prévention du VIH chez les femmes travailleuses du sexe de Conakry, République de Guinée : conseil dépistage volontaire, comportements à risque et infections sexuellement transmissibles." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/5276.
Full textBackground: Female sex workers (FSW) constitute the population most at risk for HIV infection in many countries of Sub-Saharan Africa. Several interventions have been implemented in this population to reduce the risk of infection. These interventions include the promotion of condom use and the screening and treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STI). However, some components are poorly represented among the interventions offered to FSW. Voluntary counselling and testing could be a useful intervention of primary and secondary prevention for this population but the acceptability of this intervention by FSW is little-known. In addition, in terms of surveillance of the epidemics, the evaluation of the validity of self-reported condom use is important as this indicator is frequently used in population surveys. More information is also needed about the importance of the desire for children in using inconsistently condoms with the main non-paying regular partner. Finally, the prevalence of STIs such as HPV-16 and the combined impact of sociodemographic, behavioural and preventive factors on HIV/STIs infection in this population need to be assessed. Objectives: The objectives of this thesis are 1) to measure the acceptability and the consequences of voluntary HIV counselling and testing among FSW in Conakry, Guinea; 2) to assess the validity of self-report condom use in this population through a biological indicator of semen, the prostate specific antigen (PSA); 3) to measure condom use with clients and non-client partners of FSW and to study the importance of the desire for children in inconsistent condom use with the main regular non-client partner and 4) to measure the prevalence of STIs and HIV and the socio-demographic, behavioural and preventive factors related to these infection outcomes. Methodology: We conducted a longitudinal study in the city of Conakry, Guinea among 421 FSW recruited in three health centers adapted for FSW. A longitudinal mixed design allowed for quantitative and qualitative data collections at baseline and one year later. Biological screening tests for STIs and HIV were performed. Results: The first article presented in this thesis showed that the acceptability of voluntary counselling and testing is high among FSW. The acceptance rate of testing, the return rate for results and disclosure of HIV status were close to 100%. This acceptability seemed to be the result of a high risk perception of HIV infection and of social pressure on FSW by the sex work stakeholders to undergo testing and to disclose their serostatus. Negatives consequences to VCT were rare. The second paper showed that self-reported recent condom use had a very low sensitivity when compared to the gold standard. Thus, most women in whom the PSA was found did not report any recent unprotected intercourse. The discrepancy between self-reported recent condom use and the presence of PSA was associated with a perceived high risk of HIV infection. The third section showed that while condom use was very common with clients, it was much less with non-client regular partners. The desire for pregnancy among SW contributed significantly to inconsistent condom use with this type of sexual partner. Socio-demographic characteristics, behavioural factors and co-infection with other STIs were associated with the presence of STIs and HIV, which were common despite all the interventions that were conducted in this population. Conclusion: In conclusion, HIV prevention among FSW is a challenge requiring the development of integrated strategies that take into account the commercial context in which these interventions are implemented but also FSW’s childbearing aspirations.
Némouthé, Geneviève. "Projet de dépistage du VIH au sein des communautés caribéennes et africaines de Montréal : leçons apprises d’un exercice d’évaluation mettant en exergue des visions contrastées." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11786.
Full textDespite a significant reduction in new infections, sub-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean remain strongly affected by the HIV/aids pandemic. Caribbean and African diaspora communities living elsewhere in the West are also strongly impacted. There is an overrepresentation of individuals originating from these countries in the cohorts of people living with HIV. Moreover, individuals in these communities face specific challenges when trying to access voluntary counseling and testing services for HIV. These services are essential in trying to fight the HIV pandemic, thus, getting a better understanding of the issues at stake is crucial. Based on these observations, the “Moi je fais le test” project whose main objective was to increase HIV counseling and testing, was conducted in Montreal in 2010. Few interventions specifically addressing the needs of these communities in accessing voluntary counseling and testing for HIV have been reported, as such, the current evaluation has a double mandate: documenting the project and evaluating its implementation. The evaluation is conducted as a case study and is structured around two axes: the theory of change underlying the project and the implementation process. Key elements in the implementation process as well as the perspectives of the partners demonstrate how complex it is to conduct a project collaboratively, even modest in size. Insofar as combination HIV prevention strategies have been promoted, the evaluation demonstrates the many challenges that could be encountered in developing similar projects in national and international settings.
Beaulieu, Marianne. "Attitudes stigmatisantes envers les personnes vivant avec le VIH : développement et validation d’un instrument de mesure intégrant un dispositif participatif." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11178.
Full textBackground: A measurement scale is generally evaluated in terms of validity and reliability. However, the dynamic and evolutive nature of certain issues, such as the stigmatization of people living with HIV (PLHIV), suggests that it is particularly important to rapidly reinvest the knowledge into practice that has been obtained using validated measures. Objectives: The purpose of this thesis was to develop and validate a scale to assess stigmatizing attitudes towards PLHIV by integrating a steering committee into the process. Part of this thesis uses the data collected from a survey of attitudes towards PLHIV in Quebec. Three studies were conducted to achieve the three following objectives: 1) to validate the revised version of a measurement scale to assess stigmatizing attitudes towards PLWHA in the general Quebec population; 2) to analyze the relationship between stigmatizing attitudes and HIV testing in the general Quebec population, and 3) to describe and analyze how members of a steering committee used and disseminated knowledge produced by a research project. Methods: A steering committee made up of partners from various communities was formed once funding was obtained. The committee was actively involved before, during, and after the population telephone survey (n=1500) was conducted to collect the data. The Stigmatizing Attitudes towards People Living with HIV/AIDS Scale (SAT-PLWHA-S) was validated using psychometric analyses: exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, correlations, multiple linear regression, t-tests, hypothesis testing of factorial structure invariance, and Cronbach’s alphas (objective 1). The association between stigmatizing attitudes and HIV testing were tested using sequential logistic regression (objective 2). The dissemination and use of knowledge among professional networks were analyzed using a retrospective case study (objective 3). Results: The results revealed three significant findings. First, from a psychometric standpoint, the SAT-PLWHA-S is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring stigmatizing attitudes towards PLHIV. Second, one form of stigmatizing attitudes, concern about occasional contact with PLHIV, appeared to act as a barrier for HIV testing in the general Quebec population. Third, a steering committee appear to foster rapid translation of research results into concrete public health actions. Conclusion: These results shed light on the contribution of a steering committee to the validation of a measurement scale. The joining of scientific and practitioners’ concerns appears to be a promising avenue for improving the quality and relevance of data generated by such measures.
"Prévalence et facteurs de risque des infections génitales à Neisseria Gonorrhoeae et Chlamydia Trachomatis chez les travailleuses du sexe au Bénin en 2003-2004 et évaluation d'un test rapide dans le dépistage de la gonococcie génitale." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23891/23891.pdf.
Full text