Relevant bibliographies by topics / Depletion Layer

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Depletion Layer'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Depletion Layer"

1

Zeng, Yan, Xiao Yang Huang, Wei Dong Zhou, and Sheng Kai Yu. "A Numerical Study on Heat Transfer and Lubricant Depletion on an Anisotropic Multilayer Hard Disk." Applied Mechanics and Materials 232 (November 2012): 770–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.232.770.

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This paper presents a numerical investigation on the effect of thermal anisotropy of the top layer alloy on heat transfer and lubricant depletion on the disk surface in a heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) system. The disk consists of multilayer structures and a thin layer of lubricant on the top surface. Cases under different laser powers and initial lubricant film thicknesses are examined. The top-layer alloy thermal anisotropy does show non-negligible effect on the heat transfer and lubricant depletion. With the top-layer alloy being more anisotropic, higher temperature increase and lager lubricant depletion can be observed on the disk surface. The results also show that the thermal anisotropy effect is more significant under a lower laser power but nearly keeps no much difference under different initial lubricant film thicknesses. Thus it is of importance to include the thermal anisotropy effect of the top-layer Co-alloy when simulating the heat transfer and lubricant depletion in practical multilayer HMAR systems, especially for the cases under the condition of lower laser power, as the effect cannot be neglected under such conditions.
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Srivani, Alla. "Effect of Ozone Layer Depletion on Advanced Materials." Radiology Research and Diagnostic Imaging 2, no. 1 (February 9, 2023): 01–03. http://dx.doi.org/10.58489/2836-5127/010.

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From ozone exposure can result in significant economic losses due to the higher costs of maintenance, upkeep, and replacement of these materials. Common plastic materials' outdoor service life is restricted by their vulnerability to sun UV radiation. The UV-B component of the solar spectrum is highly effective in causing photo damage in manufactured and naturally occurring materials. This is especially true with plastics, rubber, and wood utilised in the construction and agriculture industries. Any drop in the stratospheric ozone layer and resulting increase in the UV-B component of terrestrial sunlight will therefore tend to reduce the service life of these materials. However, estimating the extent to which the service life is shortened is challenging because it is dependent on various factors.
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Ransley, J. H. T., A. Aziz, C. Durkan, and A. A. Seshia. "Silicon depletion layer actuators." Applied Physics Letters 92, no. 18 (May 5, 2008): 184103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2920440.

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De Winter-Sorkina, Renata. "Impact of ozone layer depletion I: ozone depletion climatology." Atmospheric Environment 35, no. 9 (March 2001): 1609–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1352-2310(00)00436-2.

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De Winter-Sorkina, Renata. "Impact of ozone layer depletion II:." Atmospheric Environment 35, no. 9 (March 2001): 1615–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1352-2310(00)00437-4.

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Rowlands, Ian H. "OZONE LAYER DEPLETION AND GLOBAL WARMING." Peace & Change 16, no. 3 (July 1991): 260–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0130.1991.tb00572.x.

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Watanabe, H. "Depletion Layer of Gate Poly-Si." IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 52, no. 10 (October 2005): 2265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ted.2005.856791.

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Yan, Zeng, Xiao Yang Huang, Wei Dong Zhou, and Sheng Kai Yu. "Numerical Study on Heat Transfer and Lubricant Depletion in a Heat Assisted Magnetic Recording System with Multilayer Disk Structure." Advanced Materials Research 452-453 (January 2012): 1384–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.452-453.1384.

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Heat transfer and lubricant depletion in a HAMR system with multilayer disk substrate are numerically simulated in this study. Cases under two types of multilayer disk substrates with different materials on the top layer as well as different laser powers are examined. The results show the significant effects of the material property and the laser power. Compared with pure glass disk substrate, larger thermal conductivity of top-layer material in the multilayer disk substrate causes faster heat conduction and thus substantial reductions in the temperature increase and lubricant depletion on the top surface. Hence it is necessary and important to incorporate the real multilayer structure in modeling heat transfer and lubricant depletion in practical HAMR systems.
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Maynard, N. C., W. J. Burke, J. D. Scudder, D. M. Ober, G. L. Siscoe, W. W. White, K. D. Siebert, et al. "Observed and simulated depletion layers with southward IMF." Annales Geophysicae 22, no. 6 (June 14, 2004): 2151–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-2151-2004.

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Abstract. We present observations from the Polar satellite that confirm the existence of two types of depletion layers predicted under southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions in magnetohydrodynamic simulations. The first depletion type occurs along the stagnation line when IMF BX and/or dipole tilt are/is present. Magnetic merging occurred away from the equator (Maynard et al., 2003) and flux pile-ups developed while the field lines drape to the high-latitude merging sites. This high-shear type of depletion is consistent with the depletion layer model suggested by Zwan and Wolf (1976) for low-shear northward IMF conditions. Expected sites for depletion layers are associated with places where IMF tubes of force first impinge upon the magnetopause. The second depletion type develops poleward of the cusp. Under strongly driven conditions, magnetic fields from Region 1 current closure over the lobes (Siscoe et al., 2002c) cause the high-latitude magnetopause to bulge outward, creating a shoulder above the cusp. These shoulders present the initial obstacle with which the IMF interacts. Flow is impeded, causing local flux pile-ups and low-shear depletion layers to form poleward of the cusps. Merging at the high-shear dayside magnetopause is consequently delayed. In both low- and high-shear cases, we show that the depletion layer structure is part of a slow mode wave standing in front of the magnetopause. As suggested by Southwood and Kivelson (1995), the depletions are rarefactions on the magnetopause side of slow-mode density compressions. While highly sheared magnetic fields are often used as proxies for ongoing local magnetic merging, depletion layers are prohibited at merging locations. Therefore, the existence of a depletion layer is evidence that the location of merging must be remote relative to the observation.
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Rowland, F. Sherwood. "Stratospheric ozone depletion." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 361, no. 1469 (February 21, 2006): 769–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2005.1783.

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Solar ultraviolet radiation creates an ozone layer in the atmosphere which in turn completely absorbs the most energetic fraction of this radiation. This process both warms the air, creating the stratosphere between 15 and 50 km altitude, and protects the biological activities at the Earth's surface from this damaging radiation. In the last half-century, the chemical mechanisms operating within the ozone layer have been shown to include very efficient catalytic chain reactions involving the chemical species HO, HO 2 , NO, NO 2 , Cl and ClO. The NO X and ClO X chains involve the emission at Earth's surface of stable molecules in very low concentration (N 2 O, CCl 2 F 2 , CCl 3 F, etc.) which wander in the atmosphere for as long as a century before absorbing ultraviolet radiation and decomposing to create NO and Cl in the middle of the stratospheric ozone layer. The growing emissions of synthetic chlorofluorocarbon molecules cause a significant diminution in the ozone content of the stratosphere, with the result that more solar ultraviolet-B radiation (290–320 nm wavelength) reaches the surface. This ozone loss occurs in the temperate zone latitudes in all seasons, and especially drastically since the early 1980s in the south polar springtime—the ‘Antarctic ozone hole’. The chemical reactions causing this ozone depletion are primarily based on atomic Cl and ClO, the product of its reaction with ozone. The further manufacture of chlorofluorocarbons has been banned by the 1992 revisions of the 1987 Montreal Protocol of the United Nations. Atmospheric measurements have confirmed that the Protocol has been very successful in reducing further emissions of these molecules. Recovery of the stratosphere to the ozone conditions of the 1950s will occur slowly over the rest of the twenty-first century because of the long lifetime of the precursor molecules.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Depletion Layer"

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Rowlands, Ian. "International regime formation : the politics of ozone layer depletion and global warming." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1992. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/122/.

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This thesis examines the politics of international regime formation, with particular reference to the global atmospheric problems of ozone layer depletion and global warming. A review of the international relations literature reveals that there are three approaches to the study of international regime formation: global, state-centred and individualistic. Building upon these, three preconditions and four catalysts for international regime formation are proposed. Each of the hypothesised preconditions -- scientific consensus, tolerable domestic economics costs and global equity -- is necessary, though not by itself sufficient, for international regime formation. Meanwhile, although no one of the hypothesised catalysts -- political entrepreneurs, the solidity of the broader international political system, environmental pressure groups and the mobilisation of public opinion -- is a necessary element for the formation of an international regime, the presence of any one can nevertheless accelerate the rate at which regimes are formed. The theoretical framework that is proposed is applied to the histories of the ozone layer depletion and global warming issues. In this investigation, data up to the end of 1991 were considered. The thesis also considers some issues that extend beyond the end of 1991, for the nature of parts of the analysis precludes an unwavering commitment to this cut-off date. The findings of this investigation have both theoretical and empirical dimensions. First, because the application of the theoretical framework does not invalidate it, thinking about the formation of regimes in international society in general is advanced. And second, by applying the framework to these two particular issues, explanations are offered as to why an international regime had been formed by the end of 1991 to preserve the earth's ozone layer, while one to deal with global warming had not.
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Tang, Apollo Teck Choon. "A computer simulation of polar sunrise ozone depletion in the planetary boundary layer." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ59206.pdf.

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Cardozo, Benjamin Lewin. "GaAs Blocked-Impurity-Band Detectors for Far-Infrared Astronomy." Berkeley, Calif. : Oak Ridge, Tenn. : Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory ; distributed by the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, U.S. Dept. of Energy, 2004. http://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/840239-bSExpZ/native/.

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Thesis (Ph.D.); Submitted to the University of California, Berkeley, 210 Hearst Mining Memorial Bldg, Berkeley, CA 94720 (US); 21 Dec 2004.
Published through the Information Bridge: DOE Scientific and Technical Information. "LBNL--57248" Cardozo, Benjamin Lewin. USDOE. Office of Management Budget and Evaluation National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Ames Research Center Orders A53228D and NNA04CA94I (US) 12/21/2004. Report is also available in paper and microfiche from NTIS.
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Cybulski, Walter J. "Assessing the consequences of ozone depletion on ecosystem function effects of ultraviolet-B radiation on plant biomass, tissue quality and litter decomposition /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2000. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1661.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2000.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 193 p. : ill. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.
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Hosseini, Jamaladdin. "Global environment an emerging challenge for international cooperation building a legal regime for ozone layer depletion /." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1992. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/31166235.html.

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Ishida, Yukiaki, Atsushi Fujimori, Hiromichi Ohta, Masahiro Hirano, and Hideo Hosono. "Potential profiling of the nanometer-scale charge-depletion layer in n-ZnO/p-NiO junction using photoemission spectroscopy." American Institute of Physics, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/8768.

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Garvin, Theresa Dawn. "Evidence, policy and practice in environmental health : an international case study of sun safety /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0033/NQ66209.pdf.

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Binyamin, Jacqueline. "Modelling spectral and broadband UV-B (290-325 nm) irradiance for Canada /." *McMaster only, 2001.

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Lawrence, Gareth Rhys. "MHD analysis of the solar-terrestrial interaction : development of tools for studying magnetopause reconnection and the plasma depletion layer." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241659.

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Yanis, Hilal. "Investigating Preservice Science Teachers." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614546/index.pdf.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate preservice science teachers&rsquo
mental models about the role and distribution of ozone layer and ozone layer depletion regarding their ontological orientation. This study was conducted with twenty four preservice science teachers who were enrolled in Elementary Science Education Program of Education Faculty of one public university located in Central Anatolia. From each grade level six preservice science teachers were selected
two from low achiever, two from middle achiever and two from high achiever. Moreover, in the study, data were collected by using semi structured interview and interview consists of eleven questions and with five questions having multiple parts. Interview recordings were transcribed and analyzed qualitatively. In the following steps of the analysis, researcher proceeded with the already formed and described codes in an easygoing way. The results revealed that preservice science teachers&rsquo
responses were mostly seen as skin cancer and sunburn as harmful effects of ultraviolet rays and preservice science teachers&rsquo
responses were mostly seen as activation vitamin D and photosynthesis of plants as beneficial effects of Sun&rsquo
s rays. Half of preservice science teachers thought that ozone layer exists in the atmosphere. Moreover, preservice science teachers&rsquo
responses were mostly seen as perfume, deodorant, car, and spray as harmful materials to ozone layer. Chlorofluorocarbon, carbon monoxide, and carbon-dioxide were the most seen responses as harmful chemicals to ozone layer. Similar misconceptions were identified when compared with past studies. Also, different misconceptions were found in the study. Ten distinct models were formed regarding role and distribution of ozone layer and five distinct models were formed regarding ozone layer depletion. Moreover, absorbing and reflecting surface was mostly seen ontological belief regarding role and distribution of ozone layer. Hole was mostly seen ontological belief regarding ozone layer depletion. Generally, achievement and grade level did not make difference among preservice science teachers forming which type of mental models and having ontological beliefs.
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Books on the topic "Depletion Layer"

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Chatterjee, K. Ozone depletion and montreal protocol on substances depleting ozone layer. New Delhi: Environment Systems Branch, Development Alternatives, 1993.

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Ozone depletion. Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Radiation, 1999.

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Washington (State). Air Quality Program., ed. Ozone layer depletion: An action guide. [Olympia]: Washington State Dept. of Ecology, Air Quality Program, 1993.

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Programme, United Nations Environment, ed. The Impact of ozone-layer depletion. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme, 1992.

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Parker, Larry. Stratospheric ozone depletion: Implementation issues. [Washington, D.C.]: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1997.

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Larry, Parker. Stratospheric ozone depletion: Implementation issues. [Washington, D.C.]: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 2000.

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Washington (State). Dept. of Ecology., ed. Ozone depletion and global warming. Olympia, WA: Washington State Dept. of Ecology, 1992.

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Larry, Parker. Stratospheric ozone depletion: Implementation issues. [Washington, D.C.]: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1998.

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Morgan, G. W. Ozone depletion and the geo-dynamo. Ukiah, CA: G.W. Morgan, 1992.

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Wahl, Petra. Messung und Charakterisierung laminarer Ozonstrukturen in der polaren Stratosphäre =: Observation and characterization of laminated ozone structures in the polar stratosphere. Bremerhaven: Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Depletion Layer"

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Mönch, Winfried. "Depletion Layer." In Springer Series in Surface Sciences, 21–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-06945-5_2.

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Karplus, Walter J. "Ozone Layer Depletion." In The Heavens Are Falling, 129–41. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-6024-5_5.

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Falkner, Robert. "Ozone Layer Depletion." In Business Power and Conflict in International Environmental Politics, 49–93. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230277892_3.

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Savaşan, Zerrin. "Case Study I: Ozone Layer Depletion." In Paris Climate Agreement: A Deal for Better Compliance?, 93–151. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14313-8_5.

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Leun, Jan C. van der. "Effects of Ozone Layer Depletion on Man." In Biologic Effects of Light, edited by Michael F. Holick and Albert M. Kligman, 376–86. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110856156-048.

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Ibanez, Jorge G., Margarita Hernandez-Esparza, Carmen Doria-Serrano, Arturo Fregoso-Infante, and Mono Mohan Singh. "Halogenated Hydrocarbons and the Ozone Layer Depletion." In Environmental Chemistry, 115–21. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-49493-7_10.

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De Fabo, Edward C. "Stratospheric Ozone Depletion and Uv-Induced Immune Suppression: Implications for Human Health." In Protecting the Ozone Layer, 47–54. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5585-8_7.

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Krasouski, Aliaksandr, and Siarhei Zenchanka. "Ozone Layer Depletion, Climate Change, Risks and Adaptation." In Climate Change Management, 137–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72874-2_8.

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Bosnjakovic, Branko F. M. "Towards a Solution of the Ozone Layer Depletion Problem." In NATO ASI Series, 395–415. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0661-8_34.

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Denton, Richard E., Brian J. Anderson, Stephen A. Fuselier, S. Peter Gary, and Mary K. Hudson. "Ion Anisotropy-driven waves in the Earth's magnetosheath and plasma depletion layer." In Solar System Plasmas in Space and Time, 111–19. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm084p0111.

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Conference papers on the topic "Depletion Layer"

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Ransley, James H. T., Colm Durkan, and Ashwin A. Seshia. "A Depletion Layer Actuator." In TRANSDUCERS 2007 - 2007 International Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sensor.2007.4300403.

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Tonezzer, Matteo, Salvatore Iannotta, Dang Thi Thanh Le, and Tran Quang Huy. "Depletion layer and dimensionality of ZnO nanostructures." In 2015 XVIII AISEM Annual Conference. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aisem.2015.7066833.

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Chinone, N., Y. Cho, and T. Nakamura. "Evaluation of Power SiC-MOSFET Using Super-Higher-Order Scanning Nonlinear Dielectric Microscopy—Imaging of Carrier Distribution and Depletion Layer." In ISTFA 2014. ASM International, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2014p0289.

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Abstract Evaluation techniques for semiconductor devices are keys for device development with low cost and short time to market. Especially, dopant and depletion layer distribution in devices is a critical electrical property that needs to be evaluated. Super-higher-order nonlinear dielectric microscopy (SHOSNDM) is one of the promising techniques for semiconductor device evaluation. We developed a method for imaging detailed dopant distribution and depletion layers in semiconductor devices using SHO-SNDM. As a demonstration, a cross-section of a SiC power semiconductor device was measured by this method and detailed dopant distribution and depletion layer distributions were imaged.
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Bindu, S., Subodh Kumar Panda, and P. Rekha. "Estimation of Depletion Layer Thickness in PEDOT-PSS Films." In 2022 3rd International Conference for Emerging Technology (INCET). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/incet54531.2022.9824522.

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Hirschfeld, Deidre A. "Elastic Recoil Detection of Depletion Layer Formation During Anodic Bonding." In APPLICATION OF ACCELERATORS IN RESEARCH AND INDUSTRY: 17TH International Conference on the Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry. AIP, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1619742.

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Khan, M. Ayub, Yousuf Zai, M. Arif Hussain, and M. Rashid Kamal Ansari. "Investigating chaos in ozone layer depletion at Pakistan air space." In 2009 4th International Conference on Recent Advances in Space Technologies (RAST). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rast.2009.5158280.

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Dhope, Kiran, and Siddharth Tallur. "Equivalent Force Analysis of a Schottky Depletion Layer MEMS Actuator." In 2019 Joint Conference of the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium anEuropean Frequency and Time Forum (EFTF/IFC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fcs.2019.8856079.

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Chakraborty, Shouvik, Kalyani Mali, Sankhadeep Chatterjee, Soumen Banerjee, Kyamelia Roy, Nairik Dutta, Navoniloy Bhaumik, and Sourav Mazumdar. "Dermatological effect of UV rays owing to ozone layer depletion." In 2017 4th International Conference on Opto-Electronics and Applied Optics (Optronix). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/optronix.2017.8349975.

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Zhang, X. C., J. Darrow, B. B. Hu, and D. H. Auston. "Optical Rectification from Semiconductor Surface Field." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1989.pd19.

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We report optical rectification from the surface depletion layer of a semiconductor. As an ultrafast laser pulse illuminates a bare semiconductor surface, photons are absorbed, creating electron-hole pairs. The free carriers are swept cross the depletion layer and form a photocurrent driven by the internal field. This transient current in the depletion layer radiates diffraction-limited electromagnetic waves. The radiation field with a bandwidth from DC to 2 THz does not depend on the long carrier lifetime. The forward and backward rectified fields satisfy a generalized Fresnel's law. To generate a electrical beam with a terahertz bandwidth, in contrast with photoconducting transmitter, a semiconductor wafer does not require radiation-damage, antenna fabrication and external bias. In addition, from the analysis of measured waveforms of the rectified field, strength of the build-in static field and depletion width at the surfaces and interfaces can be estimated with a noncontact approach. The rectified fields from several III-V, II-VI and group IV semiconductors have been examined.
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Huiyong Hu, Rui Chen, Heming Zhang, and Jianjun Song. "Collector junction depletion-layer transit time model of SiGe HBT with space SiGe layer." In 2009 IEEE International Conference of Electron Devices and Solid-State Circuits (EDSSC 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/edssc.2009.5394240.

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Reports on the topic "Depletion Layer"

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Kim, Jeong Won, and Sungjin Kim. International Agreements and Global Initiatives for Low-Carbon Cooling. Asian Development Bank Institute, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56506/rpae4386.

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Since the mid-1980s, the international community has controlled refrigerants that may damage the ozone layer and cause climate change based on several international agreements. In particular, the Montreal Protocol contributed to not only solving the ozone layer depletion problem but also limiting global warming. Given that the global demand for cooling would triple by 2050 and this rise would increase global greenhouse gas emissions significantly, the Montreal Protocol has expanded its regulatory scope to decarbonize the cooling sector through the adoption of the Kigali Amendment. Also, increasing interest in low-carbon cooling has driven the launch of various global initiatives to complement the international agreements and accelerate low-carbon cooling in developing countries. The experience of implementing the Montreal Protocol and its amendments suggests some lessons and insights for making the Kigali Amendment work well. First, each country should develop and enforce national policies aligned with international agreements. Second, financial and technical support mechanisms should be strengthened to facilitate developing countries’ compliance with the Kigali Amendment. Third, along with the improving energy efficiency of cooling, the substances that neither harm the ozone layer nor exacerbate climate change should be used as substitutes for hydrofluorocarbons. Last, the monitoring, reporting, and verification of controlled substances need to be strengthened.
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Brenan, J. M., K. Woods, J. E. Mungall, and R. Weston. Origin of chromitites in the Esker Intrusive Complex, Ring of Fire Intrusive Suite, as revealed by chromite trace element chemistry and simple crystallization models. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328981.

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To better constrain the origin of the chromitites associated with the Esker Intrusive Complex (EIC) of the Ring of Fire Intrusive Suite (RoFIS), a total of 50 chromite-bearing samples from the Black Thor, Big Daddy, Blackbird, and Black Label chromite deposits have been analysed for major and trace elements. The samples represent three textural groups, as defined by the relative abundance of cumulate silicate phases and chromite. To provide deposit-specific partition coefficients for modeling, we also report on the results of laboratory experiments to measure olivine- and chromite-melt partitioning of V and Ga, which are two elements readily detectable in the chromites analysed. Comparison of the Cr/Cr+Al and Fe/Fe+Mg of the EIC chromites and compositions from previous experimental studies indicates overlap in Cr/Cr+Al between the natural samples and experiments done at >1400oC, but significant offset of the natural samples to higher Fe/Fe+Mg. This is interpreted to be the result of subsolidus Fe-Mg exchange between chromite and the silicate matrix. However, little change in Cr/Cr+Al from magmatic values, owing to the lack of an exchangeable reservoir for these elements. A comparison of the composition of the EIC chromites and a subset of samples from other tectonic settings reveals a strong similarity to chromites from the similarly-aged Munro Township komatiites. Partition coefficients for V and Ga are consistent with past results in that both elements are compatible in chromite (DV = 2-4; DGa ~ 3), and incompatible in olivine (DV = 0.01-0.14; DGa ~ 0.02), with values for V increasing with decreasing fO2. Simple fractional crystallization models that use these partition coefficients are developed that monitor the change in element behaviour based on the relative proportions of olivine to chromite in the crystallizing assemblage; from 'normal' cotectic proportions involving predominantly olivine, to chromite-only crystallization. Comparison of models to the natural chromite V-Ga array suggests that the overall positive correlation between these two elements is consistent with chromite formed from a Munro Township-like komatiitic magma crystallizing olivine and chromite in 'normal' cotectic proportions, with no evidence of the strong depletion in these elements expected for chromite-only crystallization. The V-Ga array can be explained if the initial magma responsible for chromite formation is slightly reduced with respect to the FMQ oxygen buffer (~FMQ- 0.5), and has assimilated up to ~20% of wall-rock banded iron formation or granodiorite. Despite the evidence for contamination, results indicate that the EIC chromitites crystallized from 'normal' cotectic proportions of olivine to chromite, and therefore no specific causative link is made between contamination and chromitite formation. Instead, the development of near- monomineralic chromite layers likely involves the preferential removal of olivine relative to chromite by physical segregation during magma flow. As suggested for some other chromitite-forming systems, the specific fluid dynamic regime during magma emplacement may therefore be responsible for crystal sorting and chromite accumulation.
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