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Journal articles on the topic 'Deployment of aircraft'
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Behere, Ameya, Tejas Puranik, Michelle Kirby, and Dimitri Mavris. "Parametric optimization of aircraft arrival trajectories for aviation noise mitigation using BADA4 performance model." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 2 (August 1, 2021): 4641–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-2783.
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Successful mitigation of aviation noise is a key enabler for sustainable aviation growth. A key focus of this effort is the noise arising from aircraft arrival operations. Arrival operations are characterized by the use of high-lift devices, deployment of landing gear, and low thrust levels, which results in the airframe being the major component of noise. In order to optimize for arrival noise, management of the flap schedule and gear deployment is crucial. This research aims to create an optimization framework for evaluating various aircraft trajectories in terms of their noise impact. A parametric representation of the aircraft arrival trajectory will be created to allow for the variation of aircraft's flap schedule. The Federal Aviation Administration's Aviation Environmental Design Tool will be used to simulate the aircraft trajectory and performance, and to compute the noise metrics. Specifically, the latest performance model from EUROCONTROL called "Base of Aircraft Data - Family 4" will be used. This performance model contains higher fidelity modeling of aircraft aerodynamics and other characteristics which allows for better parametric variation.
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Sprong, J. P., X. Jiang, and H. Polinder. "Deployment of Prognostics to Optimize Aircraft Maintenance – A Literature Review." JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS RESEARCH AND MARKETING 5, no. 4 (2020): 26–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/jibrm.1849-8558.2015.54.3004.
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Historic records show that the cost of operating and supporting an aircraft may exceed the initial purchase price as much as ten times. Maintenance, repair and overhaul activities rep- resent around 10-15% of an airlines annual operational costs. Therefore, optimization of maintenance operations to minimize cost is extremely important for airlines in order to stay competitive. Prognostics, a process to predict remaining useful life of systems and/ or components suffering from aging or degradation, has been recognized as one of the revolutionary disciplines that can improve efficiency of aircraft operations and optimize aircraft maintenance. This study focuses on literature that has used prognostics to optimize aircraft maintenance and identifies research gaps for further optimization of aircraft maintenance in commercial aviation. In this paper, the origin and development of prognostics is firstly introduced. Thereafter, the state of art of aircraft maintenance is reviewed. Next, the applicability of prognostics to optimize aircraft maintenance is explained, reviewed, and potential challenges and opportunities are explored. Finally, the state-of-the-art of prognostics in aircraft maintenance is dis- cussed and research gaps are identified in perspective of the deployment of prognostics to optimize aircraft maintenance.
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Kustra, Todd W., Subhashini Ganapathy, Amanda C. Muller, and S. Narayanan. "Decision Support System for Logistics Systems Analysis Using Image Theory and Work Domain Analysis." Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation: Applications, Methodology, Technology 2, no. 2 (April 2005): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154851290500200203.
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In this study, image theory and work domain analysis were used to develop an interactive decision support system for sortie generation tasks in an Air Force aircraft maintenance unit. Aircraft maintenance personnel were charged with creating a short list of aircraft for deployment using either maintenance information alone or maintenance information with the interactive decision support system. Results were compared with a deployment list developed by expert aircraft maintenance superintendents. The deployment lists generated with the interactive decision support system more closely resembled the experts' list and took less time to create than those generated using maintenance information alone. These results show the viability of the methodology outlined in this study for creating decision support systems in complex logistics planning.
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Kudryavtsev, A. V., and S. N. Kulikov. "Spontaneous Deployment of Braking Flaps in Aircraft Landing." Russian Engineering Research 41, no. 6 (June 2021): 504–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068798x21060125.
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Parrish, Douglas K., Cara H. Olsen, and Richard J. Thomas. "Aircraft Carrier Personnel Mishap and Injury Rates during Deployment." Military Medicine 170, no. 5 (May 2005): 387–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/milmed.170.5.387.
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Langford, John S., and Kerry A. Emanuel. "An Unmanned Aircraft for Dropwindsonde Deployment and Hurricane Reconnaissance." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 74, no. 3 (March 1993): 367–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1993)074<0367:auafdd>2.0.co;2.
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Hsu, J. C. "Using system engineering on an aircraft improvement project." Aeronautical Journal 110, no. 1114 (December 2006): 813–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000001688.
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A complete system engineering process is applied to a pilot project that will determine the initial deployment of the system engineering process for future projects. It was a challenge to complete the entire systems engineering process to include project team utilisation of system engineering tools in such a short time span. Therefore, systems engineering products had to be useful and productive to the project. The system requirements definition, quality function deployment (QFD) evaluation, trade study, risk identification and risk mitigation processes were completed in a timely manner and assisted in the system eequirements, system design and preliminary design reviews successfully.
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Arum, Steve Chukwuebuka, David Grace, Paul Daniel Mitchell, Muhammad Danial Zakaria, and Nils Morozs. "Energy Management of Solar-Powered Aircraft-Based High Altitude Platform for Wireless Communications." Electronics 9, no. 1 (January 18, 2020): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9010179.
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With the increasing interest in wireless communications from solar-powered aircraft-based high altitude platforms (HAPs), it is imperative to assess the feasibility of their deployment in different locations with the constraints on energy consumption and payload weight under consideration. This paper considers the energy management of solar-powered aircraft-based HAPs for wireless communications service provisioning in equatorial regions and regions further up the northern hemisphere. The total solar energy harvested and consumed on the shortest day of the year is analyzed, and it is explained how this determines the feasibility of long endurance, semi-permanent missions. This takes into account the different aircraft-based HAPs and the energy storage systems currently available, and how these can be deployed for wireless communications. We show that the solar-powered HAPs are energy and weight limited, and this depends largely on the platform’s wingspan available for the deployment of solar collectors. Our analysis show that services can be provided for a duration of 15–24 h/day using current platforms, with wingspans ranging between 25–35 m, depending on the configuration and coverage radius. Furthermore, we show that doubling an aircraft’s wingspan can increase its payload capacity by a factor of 6, which in turn enhances its feasibility for wireless communications.
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Fujita, Koji, and Hiroki Nagai. "Robustness analysis on aerial deployment motion of a Mars aircraft using multibody dynamics simulation: effects of wing-unfolding torque and timing." Aeronautical Journal 121, no. 1238 (January 16, 2017): 449–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aer.2016.123.
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ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the effects of the design variables of an aerial deployment mechanism on the robustness of the aerial deployment through a multibody dynamics simulation. The aircraft is modelled as three joined rigid bodies: a right wing, a left wing and a centre body. A spring-loaded hinge is adopted as an actuator for deployment. The design variables are the hinge torque and the deployment timing. The robustness is evaluated using a sigma level method. The margins for the safe deployment conditions are set for the evaluation functions. The dispersive input variables are the initial drop velocity, the surrounding gust velocity, the initial pitch angle and the initial height. The design point with a deployment torque scale valueFof 0.7 and a right-wing deployment delay timeTSRof 1.0 s can safely deploy in the low-torque deployment condition. This design point is able to accomplish both a safe deployment and a lightweight deployment mechanism.
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Karion, A., C. Sweeney, S. Wolter, T. Newberger, H. Chen, A. Andrews, J. Kofler, D. Neff, and P. Tans. "Long-term greenhouse gas measurements from aircraft." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 5, no. 5 (October 2, 2012): 7341–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-5-7341-2012.
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Abstract. In March 2009 the NOAA/ESRL/GMD Carbon Cycle and Greenhouse Gases Group collaborated with the US Coast Guard (USCG) to establish the Alaska Coast Guard (ACG) sampling site, a unique addition to NOAA's atmospheric monitoring network. This collaboration takes advantage of USCG bi-weekly Arctic Domain Awareness (ADA) flights, conducted with Hercules C-130 aircraft from March to November each year. NOAA has installed window-replacement inlet plates on two USCG C-130 aircraft and deploys a pallet with NOAA instrumentation on each ADA flight. Flights typically last 8 h and cover a very large area, traveling from Kodiak, AK in the south up to Barrow, AK in the north, and making altitude profiles near the coast as well as in the interior. NOAA instrumentation on each flight includes: a flask sampling system, a continuous CO2/CH4/CO/H2O analyzer, a continuous ozone analyzer, and an ambient temperature and humidity sensor. GPS time and location from the aircraft's navigation system are also collected. Air samples collected in flight are analyzed at NOAA/ESRL for the major greenhouse gases and a variety of halocarbons and hydrocarbons that influence climate, stratospheric ozone, and air quality. Instruments on this aircraft are designed and deployed to be able to collect air samples and data autonomously, so that NOAA personnel visit the site only for installation at the beginning of each season. We present an assessment of the cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) CO2/CH4/CO/H2O analyzer performance operating on an aircraft over a three-year period. We describe the overall system for making accurate greenhouse gas measurements using a CRDS analyzer on an aircraft with minimal operator interaction. Short and long-term stability of the CRDS analyzer over a seven-month deployment period is better than 0.15 ppm, 2 ppb, and 5 ppb for CO2, CH4, CO respectively, considering differences of on-board reference tank measurements from a laboratory calibration performed prior to deployment. This stability is not affected by variation in pressure or temperature during flight. Biases and standard deviations of comparisons with flask samples suggest that atmospheric variability, flask-to-flask variability, and possible flask sampling biases may be driving biases in the comparison between flasks and in-situ CRDS measurements.
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Wu, Minggong, Zekun Wang, Xusheng Gan, Guozhou Yang, and Xiangxi Wen. "Identification of Key Flight Conflict Nodes Based on Complex Network Theory." Xibei Gongye Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University 38, no. 2 (April 2020): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jnwpu/20203820279.
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The air traffic density in the terminal area is high and the traffic situation is relatively complex by the development of aviation, which brings great challenges to controller. In order to understand the flight situation and provide decision basis for controllers, this paper proposes a key flight conflict nodes identification method based on complex network theory and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)-entropy weight method. Firstly, an aircraft state network is established with aircraft as nodes and Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS) communication relations as connecting edges. On this basis, four parameters, node degree, node weight, clustering coefficient and betweenness, are selected as evaluation indexes of node importance, and the weight of each index is determined by using AHP. And entropy weight method is introduced to revise the results. Node importance is calculated through multi-attribute decision-making method to determine key conflict aircrafts. The simulation and experiment on the artificial network and the aircraft state network of a certain day in the terminal area of Kunming Changshui Airport show that the method proposed in this paper can identify the key flight conflict nodes in the aircraft state network, allocate the selected node deployment can effectively reduce the complexity of the aircraft state network, can provide reference for air traffic control services (ATCS), and reduce the allocation difficulty of controller.
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Xie, Jianxi. "METHOD OF FUZZY QUALITY FUNCTION DEPLOYMENT IN AIRCRAFT TOP-LEVEL DESIGN." Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 40, no. 09 (2004): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/jme.2004.09.165.
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Williams, Paul, and Pavel Trivailo. "Cable-Supported Sliding Payload Deployment from a Circling Fixed-Wing Aircraft." Journal of Aircraft 43, no. 5 (September 2006): 1567–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.21132.
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Shingler, T., S. Dey, A. Sorooshian, F. J. Brechtel, Z. Wang, A. Metcalf, M. Coggon, et al. "Characterisation and airborne deployment of a new counterflow virtual impactor inlet." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 5, no. 6 (June 6, 2012): 1259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-1259-2012.
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Abstract. A new counterflow virtual impactor (CVI) inlet is introduced with details of its design, laboratory characterisation tests and deployment on an aircraft during the 2011 Eastern Pacific Emitted Aerosol Cloud Experiment (E-PEACE). The CVI inlet addresses three key issues in previous designs; in particular, the inlet operates with: (i) negligible organic contamination; (ii) a significant sample flow rate to downstream instruments (∼15 l min−1) that reduces the need for dilution; and (iii) a high level of accessibility to the probe interior for cleaning. Wind tunnel experiments characterised the cut size of sampled droplets and the particle size-dependent transmission efficiency in various parts of the probe. For a range of counter-flow rates and air velocities, the measured cut size was between 8.7–13.1 μm. The mean percentage error between cut size measurements and predictions from aerodynamic drag theory is 1.7%. The CVI was deployed on the Center for Interdisciplinary Remotely Piloted Aircraft Studies (CIRPAS) Twin Otter for thirty flights during E-PEACE to study aerosol-cloud-radiation interactions off the central coast of California in July and August 2011. Results are reported to assess the performance of the inlet including comparisons of particle number concentration downstream of the CVI and cloud drop number concentration measured by two independent aircraft probes. Measurements downstream of the CVI are also examined from one representative case flight coordinated with shipboard-emitted smoke that was intercepted in cloud by the Twin Otter.
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Shingler, T., S. Dey, A. Sorooshian, F. J. Brechtel, Z. Wang, A. Metcalf, M. Coggon, et al. "Characterization and airborne deployment of a new counterflow virtual impactor inlet." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 5, no. 1 (February 14, 2012): 1515–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-5-1515-2012.
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Abstract. A new counterflow virtual impactor (CVI) inlet is introduced with details of its design, laboratory characterization tests, and deployment on an aircraft during the 2011 Eastern Pacific Emitted Aerosol Cloud Experiment (E-PEACE). The CVI inlet addresses three key issues in previous designs; in particular, the inlet operates with: (i) negligible organic contamination; (ii) a significant sample flow rate to downstream instruments (~15 l min−1) that reduces the need for dilution; and (iii) a high level of accessibility to the probe interior for cleaning. Wind tunnel experiments characterized the cut size of sampled droplets and the particle size-dependent transmission efficiency in various parts of the probe. For a range of counter-flow rates and air velocities, the measured cut size was between 8.7–13.1 μm. The percentage error between cut size measurements and predictions from aerodynamic drag theory are less than 13%. The CVI was deployed on the Center for Interdisciplinary Remotely-Piloted Aircraft Studies (CIRPAS) Twin Otter for thirty flights during E-PEACE to study aerosol-cloud-radiation interactions off the central coast of California between July and August 2011. Results are reported to assess the performance of the inlet including comparisons of particle number concentration downstream of the CVI and cloud drop number concentration measured by two independent aircraft probes. Measurements downstream the CVI are also examined from one representative case flight coordinated with shipboard-emitted smoke that was intercepted in cloud by the Twin Otter.
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Zajkowski, Thomas J., Matthew B. Dickinson, J. Kevin Hiers, William Holley, Brett W. Williams, Alexander Paxton, Otto Martinez, and Gregory W. Walker. "Evaluation and use of remotely piloted aircraft systems for operations and research – RxCADRE 2012." International Journal of Wildland Fire 25, no. 1 (2016): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf14176.
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Small remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS), also known as unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), are expected to provide important contributions to wildland fire operations and research, but their evaluation and use have been limited. Our objectives were to leverage US Air Force-controlled airspace to (1) deploy RPAS in support of the 2012 Prescribed Fire Combustion and Atmospheric Dynamics Research (RxCADRE) project campaign objectives, including fire progression at multiple scales and (2) assess tactical deployment of multiple RPAS with manned flights in support of incident management. We report here on planning for the missions, including the logistics of integrating RPAS into a complex operations environment, specifications of the aircraft and their measurements, execution of the missions and considerations for future missions. Deployments of RPAS ranged both in time aloft and in size, from the Aeryon Scout quadcopter to the fixed-wing G2R and ScanEagle UAS. Real-time video feeds to incident command staff supported prescribed fire operations and a concept of operations (a planning exercise) was implemented and evaluated for fires in large and small burn blocks. RPAS measurements included visible and long-wave infrared (LWIR) imagery, black carbon, air temperature, relative humidity and three-dimensional wind speed and direction.
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Matthews, J. J. "Role 2 Afloat support to the QUEEN ELIZABETH (QE) Class – an update from WESTLANT 18." Journal of The Royal Naval Medical Service 105, no. 2 (2019): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jrnms-105-103.
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AbstractWESTLANT 18 saw a Role 2 Afloat (R2A) team deploy on HMS QUEEN ELIZABETH (QNLZ) to support the First of Class Flying Trials for the F-35 Lightning 2 aircraft. This team established the R2A capability onboard QNLZ and began the process of developing R2A support to Carrier Strike Group (CSG) operations. The deployment was a great success and many lessons were identified. The experience from this deployment is summarised and the current R2A support to CSG is described.
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Jacob, D. J., J. H. Crawford, H. Maring, A. D. Clarke, J. E. Dibb, R. A. Ferrare, C. A. Hostetler, et al. "The ARCTAS aircraft mission: design and execution." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, no. 4 (August 12, 2009): 17073–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-17073-2009.
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Abstract. The NASA Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) mission was conducted in two 3-week deployments based in Alaska (April 2008) and western Canada (June–July 2008). The goal of ARCTAS was to better understand the factors driving current changes in Arctic atmospheric composition and climate, including (1) transport of mid-latitude pollution, (2) boreal forest fires, (3) aerosol radiative forcing, and (4) chemical processes. ARCTAS involved three aircraft: a DC-8 with detailed chemical payload, a P-3 with extensive aerosol payload, and a B-200 with aerosol remote sensing instrumentation. The aircraft augmented satellite observations of Arctic atmospheric composition, in particular from the NASA A-Train, by (1) validating the data, (2) improving constraints on retrievals, (3) making correlated observations, and (4) characterizing chemical and aerosol processes. The April flights (ARCTAS-A) sampled pollution plumes from all three mid-latitude continents, fire plumes from Siberia and Southeast Asia, and halogen radical events. The June-July flights (ARCTAS-B) focused on boreal forest fire influences and sampled fresh fire plumes from northern Saskatchewan as well as older fire plumes from Canada, Siberia, and California. The June–July deployment was preceded by one week of flights over California sponsored by the California Air Resources Board (ARCTAS-CARB). The ARCTAS-CARB goals were to (1) improve state emission inventories for greenhouse gases and aerosols, (2) provide observations to test and improve models of ozone and aerosol pollution. Extensive sampling across southern California and the Central Valley characterized emissions from urban centers, offshore shipping lanes, agricultural crops, feedlots, industrial sources, and wildfires.
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Mahoro Ntwari, Donald, Daniel Gutierrez-Reina, Sergio Luis Toral Marín, and Hissam Tawfik. "Time Efficient Unmanned Aircraft Systems Deployment in Disaster Scenarios Using Clustering Methods and a Set Cover Approach." Electronics 10, no. 4 (February 9, 2021): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10040422.
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Unmanned aircraft, which are more commonly known as drones, are nowadays extensively used in an ever increasing set of applications. In a wider system, the aircraft are usually associated to additional elements such as ground-based controllers. Furthermore, when these components form a network of elements that can communicate, the system is said to form an Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS). This system is particularly effective when the aircraft within are organized into swarms with sets of objectives to accomplish. The extensive use of swarms into UASs is more and more exploited nowadays due to the decreasing cost of those aircraft. In the present work we are interested in a particular application of UASs, namely their deployment in disaster scenarios for communications services provision to targets on the ground. These ground targets, however, are not part of the UASs and should not be confused with ground-based controllers. The present work does not only focus on coverage for ground targets but also on a guaranteed minimum number of covers for each target, which is called the redundancy requirement. The research work also ensures that the deployed UAS forms a unique connected component so that a steady stream of communication is kept with the targets to cover. Research work similar to the present perform the initial deployment of their aircraft in a different manner, either randomly, based on a predetermined grid formation, or using other elaborated methods. This work proposes a new solution based on the use of clustering algorithms, combined to a design of the problem formulated as a set cover optimization model. The clustering phase is used to discretize the search space and ease the optimization phase by locating regions of interest, and then a further procedure is applied, only when needed, to reconnect scattered connected components and guarantee connectivity in the networks. This way of doing it has achieved a deployment of UASs with maximum coverage for all targets, a guaranteed minimum number of covers for each of them, and results in a competitive computation time. The latter also allowed for more scalability by extending the tests to very large input instances.
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Fadil, Rabie, Badr Abou El Majd, Hassan El Ghazi, and Hicham Rahil. "Optimizing the Multi-Objective Deployment Problem of Mlat System." MATEC Web of Conferences 200 (2018): 00014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820000014.
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Multilateration (MLAT) systems are powerful means for air traffic surveillance. These systems aim to extract, and display to air traffic controllers identification of aircrafts or vehicles equipped with a transponder. They provide an accurate and real-time data without human intervention using a number of ground receiving stations, placed in some strategic locations around the coverage area, and they are connected with a Central Processing Subsystem (CPS) to compute the target (i.e., aircraft or vehicle) position. The MLAT performance strongly depends on system layout design which consists on deploying the minimum number of stations, in order to obtain the requested system coverage and performance, meeting all the regulatory standards with a minimum cost. In general, choosing the number of stations and their locations to cope with all the requirements is not an obvious task and the system designer has to make several attempts, by trial and error, before obtaining a satisfactory spatial distribution of the stations. In this work we propose a new approach to solve the deployment of Mlat stations problem by focusing on the number of deployed stations and the coverage as the main objectives to optimize. The Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II(NSGA-II) was used in order to minimize the total number of stations required to identify all targets in a given area, with the aim to minimize the deployment cost, accelerating processes, and achieve high availability and reliability. The proposed approach is more efficient and converge rapidly which makes it ideal for our research involving optimal deployment of Mlat station.
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King, Oluwatosin Damilola, and Sunday Ayoola Oke. "Preventive Maintenance Planning in A Nigerian Aircraft Industry using Quality Function Deployment." Technological Engineering 15, no. 1 (October 1, 2018): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/teen-2018-0005.
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Abstract Quality improvement research in aircraft maintenance as well as our knowledge of the methods in the course of which enhancement is achieved and managed is disoriented and deficient. Current preventive maintenance practices are usually based on the number of flight cycles, flight hours or calendar time. Such PM activities are technical programme-oriented without any consideration for customer requirements are expectations. The unfortunate issue is that the results provided by these technically-oriented decisions are usually sub-optional. After characterised by poor customer satisfaction, requiring repeat services in some cases. A worse situation may even result such that total customer dissatisfaction may trigger out souring maintenance services despite having resources for repairs and services. In this communication, a complete departure from current practice in preventive maintenance of pure technical content to technical plus customer focused practice is adopted. This innovative approach involves obtaining customer requirements and translating them into design requirements in the house of quality of the quality function deployment (QFD). Questionnaire were developed and administered while the results were coupled with interviews to obtain the desired model validation of the QFD structure formulated. The results indicated feasibility of the proposed approach in practice. With thus novel contribution to literature, preventive maintenance managers in airline could confidently schedule services for success with a customer orientation.
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Vidal, Ivan, Francisco Valera, Miguel Diaz, and Marcelo Bagnulo. "Design and practical deployment of a network-centric remotely piloted aircraft system." IEEE Communications Magazine 52, no. 10 (October 2014): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2014.6917397.
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Palmer, P. I., M. Parrington, J. D. Lee, A. C. Lewis, A. R. Rickard, P. F. Bernath, T. J. Duck, et al. "Quantifying the impact of BOReal forest fires on Tropospheric oxidants over the Atlantic using Aircraft and Satellites (BORTAS) experiment: design, execution and science overview." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 13 (July 1, 2013): 6239–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-6239-2013.
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Abstract. We describe the design and execution of the BORTAS (Quantifying the impact of BOReal forest fires on Tropospheric oxidants over the Atlantic using Aircraft and Satellites) experiment, which has the overarching objective of understanding the chemical aging of air masses that contain the emission products from seasonal boreal wildfires and how these air masses subsequently impact downwind atmospheric composition. The central focus of the experiment was a two-week deployment of the UK BAe-146-301 Atmospheric Research Aircraft (ARA) over eastern Canada, based out of Halifax, Nova Scotia. Atmospheric ground-based and sonde measurements over Canada and the Azores associated with the planned July 2010 deployment of the ARA, which was postponed by 12 months due to UK-based flights related to the dispersal of material emitted by the Eyjafjallajökull volcano, went ahead and constituted phase A of the experiment. Phase B of BORTAS in July 2011 involved the same atmospheric measurements, but included the ARA, special satellite observations and a more comprehensive ground-based measurement suite. The high-frequency aircraft data provided a comprehensive chemical snapshot of pyrogenic plumes from wildfires, corresponding to photochemical (and physical) ages ranging from < 1 day to ~
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Swenson, Sara, Brian Argrow, Eric Frew, Steve Borenstein, and Jason Keeler. "Development and Deployment of Air-Launched Drifters from Small UAS." Sensors 19, no. 9 (May 9, 2019): 2149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19092149.
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Supercell thunderstorms can form extremely dangerous and destructive tornadoes. While high fidelity supercell simulations have increased the understanding of supercell mechanics to help determine how and when tornadoes form, there is a lack of targeted, in situ measurements taken aboveground in supercells to validate these simulations. Pseudo-Lagrangian drifters (PLDs) are atmospheric probes that can be used to attain thermodynamic measurements in areas that are difficult or dangerous to access, such as from within supercells. Of particular interest in understanding tornadogenesis is the rear-flank downdraft (RFD). However, strong outflow winds behind the rear-flank gust front (RFGF) make the RFD particularly difficult to access with balloon-borne sensors launched from the ground. A specific type of PLD, an air-launched drifter (ALD) that is released from unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), can be used to access RFD inflows, present at higher altitudes. Results from initial tests of ALDs are shown, along with results from a ground-released PLD test during a supercell intercept in the Oklahoma Panhandle on 12 June 2018. In characterization tests performed at the 2018 International Society for Atmospheric Research using Remotely piloted Aircraft (ISARRA) flight week, it was found that the ALD sensor system performs reasonably well against industry standards. However, improvements will be made to increase the aspiration of the sensor.
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Fratantoni, David M. "Environmentally Adaptive Deployment of Lagrangian Instrumentation Using a Submerged Autonomous Launch Platform (SALP)." Marine Technology Society Journal 48, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.48.1.3.
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AbstractSatellite-tracked surface drifters, acoustically tracked subsurface floats, and actively ballasted profiling floats provide an effective and efficient means of describing the ocean environment over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. Many coastal and blue-water process studies require the repetitive deployment of such instrumentation over periods of days to years. At best, reliance on ships and/or aircraft for serial instrument deployment can be expensive and logistically difficult. At worst, such deployments may be impossible in remote locations, areas of unfavorable weather, or seasonal ice cover or in response to transient or episodic phenomena such as spawning events or severe storms.The submerged autonomous launch platform (SALP) enables serial deployment of an arbitrary mixture of drifting instrumentation (surface drifters, subsurface floats, profiling floats) from depths as great as 2,000 m on a standard oceanographic mooring. A single SALP magazine allows up to 16 floats to be deployed automatically according to a user-defined schedule, interactively by real-time acoustic remote control or adaptively in response to observed environmental conditions. Here, we describe the design and implementation of the SALP prototype and evaluate its performance during extended field trials in the Atlantic Ocean near Bermuda. During these trials, moored subsurface measurements of temperature, pressure, and velocity were autonomously processed by the SALP and used to preferentially deploy novel glass-encapsulated GPS/Argos surface drifters within mid-ocean mesoscale anticyclones.
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Dewhirst, Simon. "CASE STUDY OF SPILL RESPONSES UNDERTAKEN BY AND PRACTICAL ISSUES OF IMPLEMENTING A TIER 2 AERIAL DISPERSANT AND SURVEILLANCE SERVICE IN WEST AND CENTRAL AFRICA1." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2005, no. 1 (May 1, 2005): 443–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2005-1-443.
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ABSTRACT Following detailed investigation into the need and practical issues involved, The Global Alliance successfully implemented a cost effective solution to provide a Tier 2 regional aerial dispersant and surveillance service in West and Central Africa (WACAF). The will paper provide a case study ofi) The practical issues concerned with the implementation of the project from conception, through development and implementation. Transboundary issues concerning the logistics and deployment of the service and location of depots are discussed along with the need for the oil community to work closely together and with national authorities are discussed.ii) The solution and rationale adopted to enable an effective response and cost effective service.iii) The response and lessons learnt by The Global Alliance following the deployment of the service to two live spills in the region. Video footage of the aircraft trials and an actual spill response will be provided along with details of the aircraft and associated equipment.
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Khan, M. Saif I., Ralf Ohlemüller, Richard F. Maloney, and Philip J. Seddon. "Monitoring Dynamic Braided River Habitats: Applicability and Efficacy of Aerial Photogrammetry from Manned Aircraft versus Unmanned Aerial Systems." Drones 5, no. 2 (May 17, 2021): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones5020039.
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Despite growing interest in using lightweight unmanned aerial systems (UASs) for ecological research and conservation, review of the operational aspects of these evolving technologies is limited in the scientific literature. To derive an objective framework for choosing among technologies we calculated efficiency measures and conducted a data envelopment productivity frontier analysis (DEA) to compare the efficacy of using manned aircraft (Cessna with Aviatrix triggered image capture using a 50 mm lens) and UAS (Mavic Pro 2) for photogrammetric monitoring of restoration efforts in dynamic braided rivers in Southern New Zealand. Efficacy assessment was based on the technological, logistical, administrative, and economic requirements of pre (planning), peri (image acquiring) and post (image processing) phases. The results reveal that the technological and logistic aspects of UASs were more efficient than manned aircraft flights. Administratively, the first deployment of UASs is less efficient but was very flexible for subsequent deployment. Manned aircraft flights were more productive in terms of the number of acquired images, but the ground resolution of those images was lower compared with those from UASs. Frontier analysis confirmed that UASs would be economical for regular monitoring of habitats—and even more so if research personnel are trained to fly the UASs.
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Baker, Frank J., and Jacek B. Franaszek. "Lessons from a DC10 Crash, American Airlines, Flight 191, Chicago, Illinois." Journal of the World Association for Emergency and Disaster Medicine 1, no. 2 (1985): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00065560.
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With the development and deployment of commercial jet aircraft in the mid 1950's, airline travel has become commonplace throughout the world. A rapid increase in the numbers of aircraft, airline routes, and flying time has occurred. New technology has added sophisticated and complicated gear to aircraft and their support systems. Every new system has the potential for failure and to some extent additional components increase the risk of technological breakdown. The increased chance of technological breakdown favors an increase in aircraft accidents. Fortunately, development and utilization of sophisticated redundant electronic and mechanical improvements aimed specifically at improving safety have also occurred. The results of these changes over the past twenty-five years has been a decreasing rate of accidents per mile flown. Due to the tremendous increase in flying, however, the absolute numbers of accidents associated passenger morbidity and mortality have risen (1). For the health care system, the major impact has resulted from the absolute increase in aircrash victims.Aircraft accidents have regularly produced mass casualty incidents with the number of victims ranging from a few to several hundred. Aircraft accidents can be divided into essentially four types: mid-air crashes (so called “hard impact”); crashes on takeoff; crashes on landing; and on-ground accidents (“soft impact”). Mid-air accidents are frequently away from population centers and usually there are no survivors. The medical impact therefore is minimal. Accidents occurring on takeoff, landing, and on the ground, occur at or close to airports, and the nature of the accident is such that there may be many victims (1).
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Jones, D. H., and G. H. Gudmundsson. "Tracking B-31 iceberg with two aircraft-deployed sensors." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 15, no. 6 (June 16, 2015): 1243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-1243-2015.
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Abstract. Icebergs are a natural hazard to maritime operations in polar regions. Iceberg populations are increasing, as is the demand for access to both Arctic and Antarctic seas. Soon the ability to reliably track icebergs may become a necessity for continued operational safety. The temporal and spatial coverage of remote sensing instruments is limited, and must be supplemented with in situ measurements. In this paper we describe the design of a tracking sensor that can be deployed from a fixed-wing aircraft during surveys of Antarctic icebergs, and detail the results of its first deployment operation on iceberg B-31.
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Jones, D. H., and G. H. Gudmundsson. "Tracking B-31 iceberg with two aircraft deployed sensors." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 2, no. 7 (July 10, 2014): 4609–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-2-4609-2014.
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Abstract. Icebergs are a natural hazard to maritime operations in polar regions. Iceberg populations are increasing, as is the demand for access to both Arctic and Antarctic seas. Soon the ability to reliably track icebergs may become a necessity for continued operational safety. The temporal and spatial coverage of remote sensing instruments is limited, and must be supplemented with in situ measurements. In this paper we describe the design of a tracking sensor that can be deployed from a fixed-wing aircraft during iceberg surveys, and detail the results of its first deployment operation on iceberg B-31.
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HAN Xue-feng, 韩雪峰, 刘晓东 LIU Xiao-dong, 马伍元 MA Wu-yuan, 马. 青. MA Qing, and 袁东明 YUAN Dong-ming. "Optimization and experiments of deployment performance for folding wing mechanism of an aircraft." Optics and Precision Engineering 24, no. 9 (2016): 2262–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/ope.20162409.2262.
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Parate, Bhupesh Ambadas. "Propellant Actuated Device for Parachute Deployment during Seat Ejection for an Aircraft Application." HighTech and Innovation Journal 1, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/hij-2020-01-03-03.
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Propellant Actuated Devices (PAD) are installed on various combat aircraft of Air Force and Naval bases to perform extremely important operations such as parachute deployment, harness and leg restrain, cable cutting, pullers, seat ejection, bomb release or fuel tanks etc. They are basically called as gas generators. Such devices produce the high temperature and pressure combustion gases on initiation and used to perform different operations. These cartridges are single-shot operating devices. The performance of such kind of PADs cannot be tested by non-destructive techniques. Hence, cartridges are designed to function with high reliability and stringent quality control checks at all levels during entire development cycle. The safety features required during handling, storage and transportation are built in the design of PAD. The cartridges are required to undergo different exhaustive design qualification tests to qualify design aspects. Total life of 6 years is assigned to cartridge after performance degradation study of the propellant which includes 2 years installed life. This paper explains about the development aspects of PAD, its use, function, testing and performance evaluation methodology in a suitable fabricated Velocity Test Rig (VTR). The maximum slug velocity is 121.14 m/s in hot condition and minimum slug velocity is 99.14 m/s in cold condition. The main objective of this paper is to device a novel method to measure actual slug velocity of the aircraft gun inside a cartridge using VTR and Doppler RADAR.
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Hubbard, Sarah, and Bryan Hubbard. "A Method for Selecting Strategic Deployment Opportunities for Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) for Transportation Agencies." Drones 4, no. 3 (July 2, 2020): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones4030029.
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Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) are increasingly used for a variety of applications by state Departments of Transportation (DOT) and local transportation agencies due to technology advancements, lower costs, and regulatory changes that have simplified operations. There are numerous applications (e.g., bridge inspection, traffic management, incident response, construction and roadway mapping) and agencies find it challenging to prioritize which applications are most appropriate. Important factors to consider when prioritizing UAS applications include: (1) benefits, (2) ease of adoption, (3) stakeholder acceptance, and (4) technical feasibility. These factors can be evaluated utilizing various techniques such as the technology acceptance model, benefit analysis, and technology readiness level (TRL). This paper presents the methodology and results for the prioritization of UAS applications’ quality function deployment (QFD), which reflects both qualitative and quantitative components. The proposed framework can be used in the future as technologies mature, and the prioritization can be revised on a regular basis to identify future strategic implementation opportunities. Numerous transportation agencies have begun to use UAS, some have developed UAS operating policies and manuals, but there has been no documentation to support identification of the UAS applications that are most appropriate for deployment. This paper fills that gap and documents a method for identification of UAS applications for strategic deployment and illustrates the method with a case study.
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Hardesty, Michael, Sara Tucker, Sunil Baidar, and Mark Beubien. "Airborne tests of an OAWL Doppler lidar: Results and potential for space deployment." EPJ Web of Conferences 176 (2018): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817602004.
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The 532 nm Green Optical Covariance Wind Lidar (GrOAWL) was flown on a NASA WB-57 research aircraft during the summer of 2016 to validate the instrument design and evaluate wind measurement capability and sensitivity. Comparisons with dropsondes and atmospheric models showed good agreement, demonstrating that a GrOAWL type instrument could provide high-value wind measurements from both airborne and space-based platforms
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Antonov, Andrey, Andrey Zubyuk, Mikhail Kuznetsov, Ilya Obukhov, Elizaveta Smirnova, Egor Fadeev, Leonid Chelyschev, and Oleg Chikalo. "Combined system of precise positioning of pilotless helicopter-type aircraft in the landing area." ITM Web of Conferences 30 (2019): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20193003004.
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On-board equipment, ground equipment, and special software have been developed and tested that makes it possible to determine with high accuracy the relative coordinates of a helicopter-type unmanned aerial vehicle relative to a quick deployment runway in the absence of signals from global navigation systems.
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Karion, A., C. Sweeney, S. Wolter, T. Newberger, H. Chen, A. Andrews, J. Kofler, D. Neff, and P. Tans. "Long-term greenhouse gas measurements from aircraft." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 6, no. 3 (March 1, 2013): 511–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-511-2013.
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Abstract. In March 2009 the NOAA/ESRL/GMD Carbon Cycle and Greenhouse Gases Group collaborated with the US Coast Guard (USCG) to establish the Alaska Coast Guard (ACG) sampling site, a unique addition to NOAA's atmospheric monitoring network. This collaboration takes advantage of USCG bi-weekly Arctic Domain Awareness (ADA) flights, conducted with Hercules C-130 aircraft from March to November each year. Flights typically last 8 h and cover a large area, traveling from Kodiak up to Barrow, Alaska, with altitude profiles near the coast and in the interior. NOAA instrumentation on each flight includes a flask sampling system, a continuous cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) carbon dioxide (CO2)/methane (CH4)/carbon monoxide (CO)/water vapor (H2O) analyzer, a continuous ozone analyzer, and an ambient temperature and humidity sensor. Air samples collected in flight are analyzed at NOAA/ESRL for the major greenhouse gases and a variety of halocarbons and hydrocarbons that influence climate, stratospheric ozone, and air quality. We describe the overall system for making accurate greenhouse gas measurements using a CRDS analyzer on an aircraft with minimal operator interaction and present an assessment of analyzer performance over a three-year period. Overall analytical uncertainty of CRDS measurements in 2011 is estimated to be 0.15 ppm, 1.4 ppb, and 5 ppb for CO2, CH4, and CO, respectively, considering short-term precision, calibration uncertainties, and water vapor correction uncertainty. The stability of the CRDS analyzer over a seven-month deployment period is better than 0.15 ppm, 2 ppb, and 4 ppb for CO2, CH4, and CO, respectively, based on differences of on-board reference tank measurements from a laboratory calibration performed prior to deployment. This stability is not affected by variation in pressure or temperature during flight. We conclude that the uncertainty reported for our measurements would not be significantly affected if the measurements were made without in-flight calibrations, provided ground calibrations and testing were performed regularly. Comparisons between in situ CRDS measurements and flask measurements are consistent with expected measurement uncertainties for CH4 and CO, but differences are larger than expected for CO2. Biases and standard deviations of comparisons with flask samples suggest that atmospheric variability, flask-to-flask variability, and possible flask sampling biases may be driving the observed flask versus in situ CO2 differences rather than the CRDS measurements.
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Schallhorn, Craig S. "Vigilance Aid Use and Aircraft Carrier Landing Performance in Pilots of Tactical Aircraft." Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance 91, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 518–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3357/amhp.5532.2020.
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BACKGROUND: Fatigue is a well-known hazard in aviation. In military fighter communities, policies have evolved to allow for in-flight use of pharmacological vigilance aids to counteract the negative effects of fatigue. With limited objective evidence supporting the role of these medications in continuous flight operations, the present study seeks to evaluate whether use of modafinil is associated with pilot aircraft carrier landing performance.METHODS: A retrospective, observational study was completed following carrier-based flight operations in support of Operation Inherent Resolve. All graded landing passes were included in the analysis. Mixed-effect multivariate linear regression analysis was utilized for the primary outcome of landing signal officer grade of landing performance following combat sorties for events with reported in-flight use of modafinil.RESULTS: A total of 1122 sorties were flown by 79 different pilots with an average landing pass grade of 3.86. The primary outcome of modafinil use in-flight was not generally associated with landing performance. In a subset analysis of more senior ranked aviators, modafinil use appeared to offer a relative performance improvement back to baseline (+0.19). Secondary outcome analysis revealed landing performance was associated with advanced landing technologies (+0.25), sorties later in deployment (+0.05 per 30 d), total career carrier landings (+0.03 per 100 traps), and longer mission duration (-0.04 per hour).DISCUSSION: In the context of evidence supporting subjective benefits of vigilance aid use by aircrew, the results of this study provide ample objective support to the controlled use of modafinil in the operational environment.Schallhorn CS. Vigilance aid use and aircraft carrier landing performance in pilots of tactical aircraft. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2020; 91(6):518–524.
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Gostlow, B., A. D. Robinson, N. R. P. Harris, L. M. O'Brien, D. E. Oram, G. P. Mills, H. M. Newton, S. E. Yong, and J. A Pyle. "<i>μ</i>Dirac: an autonomous instrument for halocarbon measurements." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 3, no. 2 (April 29, 2010): 507–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-507-2010.
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Abstract. We describe a new instrument (μDirac) capable of measuring halocarbons in the atmosphere. Portability, power efficiency and autonomy were critical design requirements and the resulting instrument can be readily deployed unattended on a range of platforms: long duration balloon, aircraft, ship and ground-based stations. The instrument is a temperature programmed gas chromatograph with electron capture detector (GC-ECD). The design requirements led to μDirac being built in-house with several novel features. It currently measures a range of halocarbons (including short-lived tracers having biogenic and anthropogenic sources) with measurement precision relative standard deviations ranging from ± 1% (CCl4) to ± 9% (CH3I). The prototype instrument was first tested in 2005 and the instrument has been proved in the field on technically challenging aircraft and ground-based campaigns. Results from an aircraft and a ground-based deployment are described.
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Brickman, Bart J., Lawrence J. Hettinger, and Michael W. Haas. "Tactical Aviation and Human Factors: Designing the SIRE Supercockpit." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 41, no. 1 (October 1997): 299–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107118139704100167.
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Modern air combat represents a highly complex, dynamic domain that presents many significant challenges for military aviators. Current military aircraft provide much more, complex dynamic information than a single human has the ability to simultaneously attend to, let alone comprehend. As technological developments lead to the deployment of enhanced capabilities for information sharing, this trend is expected to continue. Consequently, a significant challenge for aircraft interface designers is to provide mission critical information to pilots in a rapid and effective manner, and to facilitate intuitive and accurate comprehension and operation of aircraft systems. This paper describes the process and one product of an approach to the design of future tactical crewstations that employs human performance evaluations as a design tool, and is offered as a model for the development of any complex system in which enhanced human performance is the desired outcome.
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de Boer, Gijs, Constantin Diehl, Jamey Jacob, Adam Houston, Suzanne W. Smith, Phillip Chilson, David G. Schmale, et al. "Development of Community, Capabilities, and Understanding through Unmanned Aircraft-Based Atmospheric Research: The LAPSE-RATE Campaign." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 101, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): E684—E699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-19-0050.1.
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ABSTRACT Because unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) offer new perspectives on the atmosphere, their use in atmospheric science is expanding rapidly. In support of this growth, the International Society for Atmospheric Research Using Remotely-Piloted Aircraft (ISARRA) has been developed and has convened annual meetings and “flight weeks.” The 2018 flight week, dubbed the Lower Atmospheric Profiling Studies at Elevation–A Remotely-Piloted Aircraft Team Experiment (LAPSE-RATE), involved a 1-week deployment to Colorado’s San Luis Valley. Between 14 and 20 July 2018 over 100 students, scientists, engineers, pilots, and outreach coordinators conducted an intensive field operation using unmanned aircraft and ground-based assets to develop datasets, community, and capabilities. In addition to a coordinated “Community Day” which offered a chance for groups to share their aircraft and science with the San Luis Valley community, LAPSE-RATE participants conducted nearly 1,300 research flights totaling over 250 flight hours. The measurements collected have been used to advance capabilities (instrumentation, platforms, sampling techniques, and modeling tools), conduct a detailed system intercomparison study, develop new collaborations, and foster community support for the use of UAS in atmospheric science.
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Palmer, P. I., M. Parrington, J. D. Lee, A. C. Lewis, A. R. Rickard, P. F. Bernath, T. J. Duck, et al. "Quantifying the impact of BOReal forest fires on Tropospheric oxidants over the Atlantic using Aircraft and Satellites (BORTAS) experiment: design, execution and science overview." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, no. 2 (February 14, 2013): 4127–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-4127-2013.
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Abstract. We describe the design and execution of the BORTAS (Quantifying the impact of BOReal forest fires on Tropospheric oxidants using Aircraft and Satellites) experiment, which has the overarching objective of understanding the chemical aging of airmasses that contain the emission products from seasonal boreal wildfires and how these airmasses subsequently impact downwind atmospheric composition. The central focus of the experiment was a two-week deployment of the UK BAe-146-301 Atmospheric Research Aircraft (ARA) over eastern Canada. The planned July 2010 deployment of the ARA was postponed by 12 months because of activities related to the dispersal of material emitted by the Eyjafjallajökull volcano. However, most other planned model and measurement activities, including ground-based measurements at the Dalhousie University Ground Station (DGS), enhanced ozonesonde launches, and measurements at the Pico Atmospheric Observatory in the Azores, went ahead and constituted phase A of the experiment. Phase B of BORTAS in July 2011 included the same measurements, but included the ARA, special satellite observations and a more comprehensive measurement suite at the DGS. The high-frequency aircraft data provided a comprehensive snapshot of the pyrogenic plumes from wildfires. The coordinated ground-based and sonde data provided detailed but spatially-limited information that put the aircraft data into context of the longer burning season. We coordinated aircraft vertical profiles and overpasses of the NASA Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer and the Canadian Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment. These space-borne data, while less precise than other data, helped to relate the two-week measurement campaign to larger geographical and longer temporal scales. We interpret these data using a range of chemistry models: from a near-explicit gas-phase chemical mechanism, which tests out understanding of the underlying chemical mechanism, to regional and global 3-D models of atmospheric transport and lumped chemistry, which helps to assess the performance of the simplified chemical mechanism and effectively act as intermediaries between different measurement types. We also present an overview of some of the new science that has originated from this project from the mission planning and execution to the analysis of the ground-based, aircraft, and space-borne data.
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Ali, Z. A., P. Alvarez, A. Cheng, K. Hanna, M. Kandlagunta, J. Lott, G. Perryman, et al. "A Review of Science Ground Operations for the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA)." Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation 07, no. 04 (December 2018): 1840002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2251171718400020.
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The NASA Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) is a 2.5[Formula: see text]m telescope in a modified Boeing 747SP aircraft that is flown at high altitude to do unique astronomy in the infrared. SOFIA is a singular integration of aircraft operations, telescope design, and science instrumentation that delivers observational opportunities outside the capability of any other facility. The science ground operations are the transition and integration point of the science, aircraft, and telescope. We present the ground operations themselves and the tools used to prepare for mission success. Specifically, we will discuss operations from science instrument delivery to aircraft operation and mission readiness. We will also provide a discussion of instrument life cycle including maintenance and repair, both before and after acceptance by the observatory as well as retirement. Included in that will be a description of the facilities and their development, an overview of the SOFIA telescope assembly simulator, our deployment capabilities, as well as an outlook to the future of novel science instrument support for SOFIA.
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Luo, Ya, and Jian-jun Zhu. "Resilience Strategy Optimization for Large Aircraft Supply Chain Based on Probabilistic Language QFD." International Journal of Information Systems and Supply Chain Management 13, no. 4 (October 2020): 23–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijisscm.2020100102.
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This paper proposes an optimization model of supply chain resilience strategy for large passenger aircraft. A quality function deployment (QFD) framework is conducted to analyze the resilience of the large passenger aircraft supply chain, and the key parameters are characterized based on the probabilistic linguistic term. Then based on the output of the QFD framework an optimization model of the resilience strategy considering the stochastic disturbance faced by the supply chain is constructed. Taking the supply chain for large aircraft cockpit control display module as an example to illustrate the application steps and feasibility of the model, the results demonstrate that change of supply chain management responsibilities, implementing hierarchical management of suppliers, seeking coordinated implementation of inventory management mode, and improving the pre-risk identification system, play prominent roles in enhancing supply chain resilience, and the combination of different strategies can indeed enhance the supply chain resilience under the budget constraint.
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Mach, D. M. "Technique for Reducing the Effects of Nonlinear Terms on Electric Field Measurements of Electric Field Sensor Arrays on Aircraft Platforms." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 32, no. 5 (May 2015): 993–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-14-00029.1.
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AbstractA generalized technique has been developed that reduces the contributions of nonlinear effects that occur during measurements of natural electric fields around thunderstorms by an array of field mills on an aircraft. The nonlinear effects can be due to nearby charge emitted by the aircraft as it acquires and sheds charge, but the nonlinear effects are not limited to such sources. The generalized technique uses the multiple independent measurements of the external electric field obtained during flight to determine and remove nonlinear contaminations in the external vector electric field. To demonstrate the technique, a simulated case with nonlinear contaminations was created and then corrected for the nonlinear components. In addition, data from two different field programs utilizing two different aircraft and field mill configurations, each containing observable and different nonlinear effects, were also corrected for the significant nonlinear effects found in the field mill outputs. The expanded independent measurements in this new technique allow for the determination and correction of components in the field mill outputs from almost any measurable source. Alternate utilization of the technique can include removing effects in the aircraft charging such as aircraft altitude, cloud properties, engine power settings, or aircraft flap deployment. This technique provides a way to make more precise measurements of the true external electric field for scientific studies of cloud electrification.
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Privé, N. C., Yuanfu Xie, Steven Koch, Robert Atlas, Sharanya J. Majumdar, and Ross N. Hoffman. "An Observing System Simulation Experiment for the Unmanned Aircraft System Data Impact on Tropical Cyclone Track Forecasts." Monthly Weather Review 142, no. 11 (October 24, 2014): 4357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-14-00197.1.
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Abstract High-altitude, long-endurance unmanned aircraft systems (HALE UAS) are capable of extended flights for atmospheric sampling. A case study was conducted to evaluate the potential impact of dropwindsonde observations from HALE UAS on tropical cyclone track prediction; tropical cyclone intensity was not addressed. This study employs a global observing system simulation experiment (OSSE) developed at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Earth System Research Laboratory (NOAA/ESRL) that is based on the NOAA/National Centers for Environmental Prediction gridpoint statistical interpolation (GSI) data assimilation system and Global Forecast System (GFS) model. Different strategies for dropwindsonde deployment and UAS flight paths were compared. The introduction of UAS-deployed dropwindsondes was found to consistently improve the track forecast skill during the early forecast up to 96 h, with the caveat that the experiments omitted both vortex relocation and dropwindsondes from manned flights in the tropical cyclone region. The more effective UAS dropwindsonde deployment patterns sampled both the environment and the body of the tropical cyclone.
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Baxter, Glenn, Panarat Srisaeng, and Graham Wild. "A Cross Sectional Study of the Ten Longest Ultra-Long-Range Air Routes." Transport and Telecommunication Journal 20, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 162–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ttj-2019-0015.
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Abstract In recent times, several airlines have commenced the operation of ultra-long-range (ULR) services. Using a mixed methods research approach, this paper examines the aircraft deployment, the target passenger market segments, the aircraft cabin configurations, the flight stage lengths and the available seat kilometres (ASKs) produced on the world’s ten longest air routes. The study found that some airlines are operating ultra-long-range services on a hub-to-hub basis, whilst other airlines are operating these services to open new spoke city markets. The case airlines are targeting the premium and leisure travel market segments. The Boeing 787-9 is the most popular aircraft type for these services followed by the Airbus A380-800 and the Boeing B777-200LR aircraft. Qatar Airways Doha to Auckland service has the longest flight stage length (14,535 kilometres). The other 9 air routes all exceed 13,400 kilometres in length. The greatest number of annual ASKs are produced on the Emirates Dubai to Auckland services (5.09 billion ASKs) and the smallest number of annual ASKs are on the Qantas Airways Perth to London services (2.49 billion ASKs).
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LOHAN, Elena Simona, Ruben Morales FERRE, Philipp RICHTER, Emanuela FALLETTI, Gianluca FALCO, and Alberto DE LA FUENTE. "GNSS Navigation Threats Management on-Board of Aircraft." INCAS BULLETIN 11, no. 3 (September 9, 2019): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.13111/2066-8201.2019.11.3.10.
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This paper proposes low-complexity measures to be deployed on most aircraft to enable the management of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) interference, and in particularly of jamming and spoofing threats, in order to reach the Flightpath2050 safety and security targets. It is known that, if there is a jamming interference and GNSS navigation is lost, a disruption will be caused, requiring the likely intervention of Air Traffic Control. Also, the presence of a spoofing signal is a serious security threat with a potentially catastrophic impact on the safety of the aircraft and on any other ground infrastructure. Through our jamming and spoofing detection and localization stages, based on minimal additional infrastructure, we will reduce the time required to detect and localize an interfering source and, therefore, the time required to mitigate it and restore the nominal traffic operations. Our solutions will also improve the safety of the Air Traffic Management system. Moreover, the deployment of our solution, with its capability of localizing an interfering device, could be a deterrent to any agent interested in intentionally generating a jamming or spoofing signal, and so will reduce the likelihood of this type of interference events.
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Jacob, D. J., J. H. Crawford, H. Maring, A. D. Clarke, J. E. Dibb, L. K. Emmons, R. A. Ferrare, et al. "The Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) mission: design, execution, and first results." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 11 (June 14, 2010): 5191–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5191-2010.
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Abstract. The NASA Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) mission was conducted in two 3-week deployments based in Alaska (April 2008) and western Canada (June–July 2008). Its goal was to better understand the factors driving current changes in Arctic atmospheric composition and climate, including (1) influx of mid-latitude pollution, (2) boreal forest fires, (3) aerosol radiative forcing, and (4) chemical processes. The June–July deployment was preceded by one week of flights over California (ARCTAS-CARB) focused on (1) improving state emission inventories for greenhouse gases and aerosols, (2) providing observations to test and improve models of ozone and aerosol pollution. ARCTAS involved three aircraft: a DC-8 with a detailed chemical payload, a P-3 with an extensive aerosol and radiometric payload, and a B-200 with aerosol remote sensing instrumentation. The aircraft data augmented satellite observations of Arctic atmospheric composition, in particular from the NASA A-Train. The spring phase (ARCTAS-A) revealed pervasive Asian pollution throughout the Arctic as well as significant European pollution below 2 km. Unusually large Siberian fires in April 2008 caused high concentrations of carbonaceous aerosols and also affected ozone. Satellite observations of BrO column hotspots were found not to be related to Arctic boundary layer events but instead to tropopause depressions, suggesting the presence of elevated inorganic bromine (5–10 pptv) in the lower stratosphere. Fresh fire plumes from Canada and California sampled during the summer phase (ARCTAS-B) indicated low NOx emission factors from the fires, rapid conversion of NOx to PAN, no significant secondary aerosol production, and no significant ozone enhancements except when mixed with urban pollution.
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Redemann, Jens, Robert Wood, Paquita Zuidema, Sarah J. Doherty, Bernadette Luna, Samuel E. LeBlanc, Michael S. Diamond, et al. "An overview of the ORACLES (ObseRvations of Aerosols above CLouds and their intEractionS) project: aerosol–cloud–radiation interactions in the southeast Atlantic basin." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 3 (February 4, 2021): 1507–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1507-2021.
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Abstract. Southern Africa produces almost a third of the Earth's biomass burning (BB) aerosol particles, yet the fate of these particles and their influence on regional and global climate is poorly understood. ORACLES (ObseRvations of Aerosols above CLouds and their intEractionS) is a 5-year NASA EVS-2 (Earth Venture Suborbital-2) investigation with three intensive observation periods designed to study key atmospheric processes that determine the climate impacts of these aerosols. During the Southern Hemisphere winter and spring (June–October), aerosol particles reaching 3–5 km in altitude are transported westward over the southeast Atlantic, where they interact with one of the largest subtropical stratocumulus (Sc) cloud decks in the world. The representation of these interactions in climate models remains highly uncertain in part due to a scarcity of observational constraints on aerosol and cloud properties, as well as due to the parameterized treatment of physical processes. Three ORACLES deployments by the NASA P-3 aircraft in September 2016, August 2017, and October 2018 (totaling ∼350 science flight hours), augmented by the deployment of the NASA ER-2 aircraft for remote sensing in September 2016 (totaling ∼100 science flight hours), were intended to help fill this observational gap. ORACLES focuses on three fundamental science themes centered on the climate effects of African BB aerosols: (a) direct aerosol radiative effects, (b) effects of aerosol absorption on atmospheric circulation and clouds, and (c) aerosol–cloud microphysical interactions. This paper summarizes the ORACLES science objectives, describes the project implementation, provides an overview of the flights and measurements in each deployment, and highlights the integrative modeling efforts from cloud to global scales to address science objectives. Significant new findings on the vertical structure of BB aerosol physical and chemical properties, chemical aging, cloud condensation nuclei, rain and precipitation statistics, and aerosol indirect effects are emphasized, but their detailed descriptions are the subject of separate publications. The main purpose of this paper is to familiarize the broader scientific community with the ORACLES project and the dataset it produced.
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Kuznetsov, S. V. "Analysis of on-board wireless sensor network as an alternative to traditional wired network." Civil Aviation High Technologies 23, no. 1 (February 26, 2020): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26467/2079-0619-2020-23-1-49-58.
Full textAbstract:
Wireless networks based on the principle and technology of Wireless Avionics Intra-Communications (WAIC), that is, wireless avionics or wireless onboard intercom are becoming increasingly widespread on modern aircraft. The development and deployment of WAIC on board is a complex task, as its solution is directly related to ensuring safety of flights. It requires preliminary careful scientific analysis. The article analyzes the on-board wireless sensor network as an alternative to a traditional wired network using the example of a short-haul aircraft. A rough estimate of the length of the electrical harness connecting the sensors of the aircraft systems with the electronic units is carried out in order to determine the possible gain in the length of the wires when switching to a wireless sensor network (WSN). To solve this problem, the aircraft sensors of each aircraft system are placed on a large-scale grid; for each sensor, analyze the feeder circuits by the composition of the plug connectors, the number of occupied contacts and the length of wires for each contact to the corresponding electronic unit. It is shown that the heterogeneous sensor system of the aircraft with wireless sensors can reduce the number of wires by about 1200, the length of the wires of the feeder network by about 15 km. The most promising aircraft systems in terms of switching to wireless sensors are: fuel system (about 3400m), fire equipment system (about 1300m) and hydraulic system (about 1300m). Further scientific research is required to make an informed decision about the technical feasibility and advisability of using a wireless sensor network for each specific aircraft system.