Journal articles: 'Deposit account contract'

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Ishtiaq, Sheikh Muhammad, Wasie Fasih Butt, Fahad Ahmed Qureshi, and Mubeen Butt. "Contemporary Issues in Current Account Operations in Pakistani IBs - Sharia Compliant Solution." Global Review of Islamic Economics and Business 6, no. 1 (December 25, 2018): 025. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/grieb.2018.061-02.

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Contemporary Sharia scholars have three stances about the Current Account Operations in Pakistani Islamic Banks (IBs) i.e., (i) Ijarah based contract (ii) Wadi’ah based contract, and (iii) Qard based contract. This paper is an attempt to delve into the root causes of the differences of scholars and to find the Sharia-compliant solution acceptable for all. Descriptive as well as applied approaches are used in this paper. Clearing of ambiguity on this issue may result in twofold benefits: from the public point of view, it would satisfy practising Muslims which may result in form of huge deposits in this account (ii) from IBs viewpoint the Current Account is a bonus deposit.

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Bidabad, Bijan. "Rastin Swap Deposit (RSD): A Financial Account of Rastin Banking." International Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance Research 3, no. 2 (May 25, 2019): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/ijibfr.v3i2.270.

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This paper introduces Rastin Swap Deposit account as a new banking deposit account which is interest-free and is based on Swap Contract in Rastin Banking. In this depositing by opening the deposit, the depositor is entitled to use an interest-free loan to the amount and duration that his resources have been being deposited and then return the money back to the bank. Depositor and bank agree that a combination of money and duration be selected in such a way that the products of amount and duration in both operations of depositing and loaning be the same. From the time of depositing to the first maturity (the date that depositor requests loan), the depositor is lender and bank is borrower; and from the time of the first maturity to second maturity (the date that depositor returns the money back to the bank) depositor is borrower and bank is a lender. Rastin Swap Deposit (RSD) can be issued in both local and foreign currencies. JEL: E43, E44, E52, E58, E62, E63

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Drechsler, Itamar, Alexi Savov, and Philipp Schnabl. "The Deposits Channel of Monetary Policy*." Quarterly Journal of Economics 132, no. 4 (May 29, 2017): 1819–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjx019.

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Abstract We present a new channel for the transmission of monetary policy, the deposits channel. We show that when the Fed funds rate rises, banks widen the spreads they charge on deposits, and deposits flow out of the banking system. We present a model where this is due to market power in deposit markets. Consistent with the market power mechanism, deposit spreads increase more and deposits flow out more in concentrated markets. This is true even when we control for lending opportunities by only comparing different branches of the same bank. Since deposits are the main source of liquid assets for households, the deposits channel can explain the observed strong relationship between the liquidity premium and the Fed funds rate. Since deposits are also a uniquely stable funding source for banks, the deposits channel impacts bank lending. When the Fed funds rate rises, banks that raise deposits in concentrated markets contract their lending by more than other banks. Our estimates imply that the deposits channel can account for the entire transmission of monetary policy through bank balance sheets.

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Nurul Fadhilah and Achmad Tohirin. "COMPARING THE RETURN ON MUDHARABAH DEPOSIT AND THE RETURN ON EQUITY: ASSESSING THE FAIRNESS IN INDONESIAN ISLAMIC BANKING INDUSTRY." Mutanaqishah : Journal of Islamic Banking 1, no. 1 (September 5, 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.54045/mutanaqishah.v1i1.289.

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Abstract This paper compared the return on mudharabah deposit (ROMD) and the return on equity (ROE) in Indonesian Islamic banks to unveil the differences and factors that affect them. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the profit and loss sharing mechanism in Islamic banking through the return on mudharabah deposit and on equity. The quarterly financial report from 10 Islamic banks within the period of 2011 to 2016 are processed using independent t-test to compare means and panel regression method to disclose the variables affecting the behavior of ROMD and ROE. The results show that the ROMD and ROE are statistically different, with ROMD tend to be lesser than ROE. It also found that ROA, total equity/total asset, total total deposit/total asset, total financing/total asset, bank size and total of mudharabah deposit accounts are affect the variability of ROMD, and the same variables,exclude the mudharabah deposit account, affect the ROE. Following this result, Islamic banks in Indonesia need to evaluate the governance to treat the mudharabah contract as a mode of equity participation in nature, as like as the contract with the shareholders, in order to comply with Islamic economic framework through the presence of the fairness in banking business.

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Jalaludin, Jalaludin. "The Review of Opening Procedures of Sharia Based Saving in Sharia Financial Services Cooperation BMT Mitra Sadaya Branch of Purwakarta." Journal of Economicate Studies 1, no. 2 (August 1, 2018): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32506/joes.v1i2.180.

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This article describes the variation of syariah savings in the institution of the temple al-Maal wa al-Tamwil (BMT) Mitra sadaya. The approach used in this study is a qualitative approach and the type of data used in this study is descriptive. The object of this research is the analysis of the opening procedure of sharia savings at the institution of bait al-Maal wa al-Tamwil (BMT) Mitra Sadaya Purwakarta branch. The subject of the research is the source of data asked for the information according to the research problem. This study aims to determine the form of procedures, implementation procedures, the benefits of procedures and factors in running procedures in the opening of syariah savings. The results of this study are: Variations of Islamic savings at the institution of the temple al-Maal wa al-Tamwil (BMT) Mitra sadaya there are three contracts used: (1) principle akad wadi'ah, (2) Mudharabah contract principle, (3) Qard. Then for the opening procedure of syariah savings as follows: (1) Prospective customers / members come to the office or hold an appointment with marketing bait al-Maal wa al-Tamwil (BMT); (2) The prospective customer / member meets with the Customer Service section bait al-Maal wa al-Tamwil (BMT) Mitra sadaya; (3) Prospective customers / members fill out the application form of syariah account opening or savings account; (4) Prospective client / member shall sign the approval for opening of syariah saving account; (5) Entered and checked by the teller section; (6) Print sharia savings book in accordance with customer / member application; (7) The signing of officials related to the institution of al-Maal wa al-Tamwil (BMT) Mitra sadaya; (8) Calculate and give the first deposit money to the teller; (9) Input of initial deposit and deposit of deposit; (10) Re-check the nominal deposit with the amount of balance and stamp teller; (11) Account opening is completed and customers / members are welcome to go home. Shariah-compliant profit sharing of bait al-Maal wa al-Tamwil (BMT) Partners sadaya partner, if the form of ordinary sharia savings (other than deposits) gifts or profits are given equivalent to 35% of office income. However, if included in the category of gift deposits granted equivalent to 9% -13% per year. As well as deposits that fall into the category of capital of the institution of bait al-Maal wa al-Tamwil (BMT). Sadaya Partners that last from 4-5 years, the profits are equal to 30% -110%.

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Moch. Novi Rifa’i, Putri Zakiatul Immamah &. "Penerapan Akad Wadi’ah Pada Produk Giro Di Bank Mega Syariah Kantor Cabang (KC) Malang." FALAH: Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah 2, no. 1 (February 2, 2017): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jes.v2i1.4363.

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This article aims to know how the application of wadiah contract on the current account in the bank, and what are the current product and how to withdraw it. To conduct this research selected Bank Mega Syariah KC Malang as the object of research. Bank Mega Syariah is also a subsidiary of PT Mega Corpora which is under CT Corpora, one of the largest multinational companies in Indonesia that oversees nearly 30 companies. Based on research conducted, can be concluded that Bank Mega Syariah used wadiah contract on Giro products due to be taken by the customer at any time. Because if using mudharabah contract the customer can not take at any time, and must at maturity. Furthermore, by using wadiah contract, the bank can not register a demand deposit account in the program. In the wadiah contract is not known for profit or loss sharing, yet there is a bonus. There are two ways of take giro; first, by using check or transfer form (bilyet giro). If the Bank is designated in check or transfer form with the same bank account, the withdrawal may be directly at the bank’s counter. Second, if the intended bank in the check or transfer form is in different bank account, then the mechanism of clearing is done first.

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Ustymenko, A. V. "RESTRICTION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF CONTRACTUAL FREEDOM IN THE BRANCH OF BANKING SERVICES." Economics and Law, no. 3 (October 22, 2020): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econlaw.2020.03.091.

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Today, the consumer of banking services is actually a weak party, being in a wide range of financial (banking) relations. Due to the different status of the parties, one being able to dictate their conditions in the legal relationship and the other having no real influence on the counterparty. One of the legal guarantees is the extension of the scope of contractual freedom also to bank deposit relations, account opening and servicing, credit relations, etc. Accordingly, the limitation inherent in the very nature of contractual freedom is an integral part of it. In this connection, the role of contractual freedom in the private and public legal sphere, which is characterized by the existence of State coercion, is of particular interest. The banking sector of the economy proves the existence of contractual freedom in organic unity with its limitations. A practical problem is the effect on the contractual freedom of public authority or a body authorized to administer justice. This creates an imbalance of interest in favor of public law against private law. The purpose of the article is to study the impact, place and role of the principle of freedom of contract at the stages of conclusion, modification and termination of contracts in the branch of banking services. The article examines the relations of the bank and its clients within the framework of such contractual types (types) which are distinguished by publicity in the sense of article 633 of the Ukrainian Civil Code: bank account contract, bank deposit contract. The author’s vision of the principle of freedom of contract through the dialectic of unity of contract freedom and its limitations is presented and justified. This approach is the basis for the study of bank-client relations. The conditions for limiting the principle of freedom of contract beyond the elements of the traditional triad in the banking sphere at the stages of conclusion, performance, modification and termination are also described. The article affirms the existence of limitations to the principle of freedom of contract not only by law but also by the principles of law (general and special), by contract, by the customs of business and by the activities of the State in the form of administrative and judicial measures.

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Giné, Xavier, Dean Karlan, and Jonathan Zinman. "Put Your Money Where Your Butt Is: A Commitment Contract for Smoking Cessation." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 2, no. 4 (October 1, 2010): 213–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.2.4.213.

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We designed and tested a voluntary commitment product to help smokers quit smoking. The product (CARES) offered smokers a savings account in which they deposit funds for six months, after which they take a urine test for nicotine and cotinine. If they pass, their money is returned; otherwise, their money is forfeited to charity. Of smokers offered CARES, 11 percent took up, and smokers randomly offered CARES were 3 percentage points more likely to pass the 6-month test than the control group. More importantly, this effect persisted in surprise tests at 12 months, indicating that CARES produced lasting smoking cessation. (JEL D12, I12, O15)

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Supriatiningsih, Eka. "The Principal of Risk and Profit Sharing in Islamic Banking." Ijtimā'iyya: Journal of Muslim Society Research 3, no. 2 (September 28, 2018): 253–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.24090/ijtimaiyya.v3i2.1850.

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The role of banking that is very strategic in achieving Indonesia's economic development goals recently, requires a careful study of banking concepts that have been operationalized, both conceptually and their applications, so as to create a strong banking system in the era of globalization in the future. The existence of Islamic banks in Indonesia has not been fully accepted, there are still some people who equate with conventional banks. Based on the background of the problem above, which is the identification of the problem in this paper, namely: 1) What is the application of the principle of sharing the results and risks in fundraising activities in Islamic banking? 2) What are the operational constraints faced in implementing profit sharing and risk principles in Islamic Banking?. Based on the discussion above, conclusions can be drawn, as follows: 1) The implementation of fundraising using the profit sharing principle in Islamic Banking is carried out using the principles of Wadiah and Mudharabah. The Wadiah principle uses the Wadiah Current Account using products such as: Singapore BSM Dollar Current Account, BSM Current Account, BSM Currency Current Account, BSM Ouro Current Account, Bank Muamalat Wadiah Deposit Account in Rupiah and Foreign Currency, personal and corporate, and Wadiah Savings Account using products like: Junior Community Savings which is a special savings for students, Simpatik Savings, BSM Dollar Savings. While the mudharabah principle uses the Tabungan Mudharabah contract using products such as: Mudharabah Savings Accounts are Hajj Savings, Investa Scholar Savings, Qurban Savings and Savings Cards and time deposits for mudharabah use products such as: Bank Syariah Mandiri Savings, BSM Foreign Currency Deposits and Mudharabah deposits. In calculating profit sharing only in Mudharabah principles, the wadiah principle is only a bonus given to the bank's willingness. The pattern of calculation for results is to use the principle of profit sharing, which means that the results are calculated from the total income of the fund management and the amount of profit sharing depends on the initial agreement, 2) There are a number of operational constraints faced by Sharia Banking in financing Financing Results such as limited human resources, Islamic Banking management, limited Office Networks, and still weak government regulations on Islamic Banking.

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송재일. "A Legal Study on the Special Account of Mutual Credit -Focusing on the change of legal characteristics from deposit to trust contract-." KOREAN JOURNAL OF COOPERATIVE STUDIES 28, no. 3 (December 2010): 23–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.35412/kjcs.2010.28.3.002.

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Bidabad, Bijan. "Rastin Swap Card (RSC): A Financial Instrument of Rastin Banking." International Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance Research 3, no. 2 (May 25, 2019): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/ijibfr.v3i2.271.

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Rastin Swap Card is defined in Rastin Banking. This card is issued based on the Swap Contract in Rastin Banking or principle of sovereignty rights of contracts. In Rastin Swap Card there are two periods. In the first period card issuer lends money to the cardholder, and in the second period borrows money from card holder instead. At the first stage card issuer credits a certain amount of money for specific time duration to the card of cardholder and requests the cardholder to deposit the same amount for the same period at the end of the cited time duration (first maturity) in the issuer's deposit account. Card issuer and cardholder can agree for a combination of amount and duration for which the product of them (amount by the duration) be equal for both operations of lending money by the issuer and depositing by the cardholder.Rastin Swap Card (RSD) has no interest rate and is different from conventional debit and credit cards, but considering the ICT-based systems, RSD is being processed and managed through electronic banking systems. Rastin Swap Card can be issued in both local and foreign currencies. Bank receives a fee by offering Rastin Swap Card service. JEL: E43, E44, E52, E58, E62, E63

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Wanto, Muhammad. "Implementasi Akad Produk Tabungan Rencana di PT. Bank Syariah Mega Indonesia Gallery Cianjur." Muqtasid: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Perbankan Syariah 5, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/muqtasid.v5i1.75-97.

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Mudharabah savings is one product collector of funds applied to PT. BankSyariah Mega Indonesia Gallery Cianjur which one is the product SavingsPlan. On the product Savings Plan in PT. Bank Syariah Mega Indonesia GalleryCianjur use mudharabah product and in doing transactions through bookSavings Savings Plan Home / parent who uses contract wadiah. That mechanism Savings Plan held by PT. Bank Syariah Mega IndonesiaGallery Cianjur is (1) Fill out the application form Individual customers /Institutions; (2) Fill out the contract form wadiah (primary Savings); (3) Fillout the deposit slip early; (4) Fill out the form mudharabah (Savings Plan); (5)Customer Savings Plan (mudharabah) regularly to conduct the transactionto go through Main Savings account book / parent use wadiah agreement;(6) Facilities Savings Plan that is certified as proof of ownership savingsand checking account books as a book report. Legal basis in the productSavings Plan (mudharabah) No DSN. 02/DSNMUI/IV/2000 on Saving.In perspective muamalah two covenants in the transaction was prohibited.In practice the contract products Savings Plan (mudharabah) it looks likethere are two covenants in the transaction, the results of that research in thecontract mechanism problems Savings Plan product in PT. Bank SyariahMega Indonesia Gallery Cianjur is procedural only from banks and are inaccordance with the fatwa of DSN No.02 and there are no violations in fikihmuamalah.

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Mauludianah, Moh. Mukhsinin Syu'aibi, and Sukamto. "ANALISIS STRATEGI PEMASARAN TABUNGAN MABRUR DI BANK SYARIAH MANDIRI KCP PANDAAN PASURUAN." MALIA (TERAKREDITASI) 10, no. 2 (May 25, 2019): 237–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.35891/ml.v10i2.1450.

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The Hajj is the fifth pillar of Islam that must be fulfilled by Muslims for those who are able to finance and physically. The waiting list for the Hajj pilgrimage in Indonesia can now reach 20 years or more, with it awakening many Muslims who then plan the Hajj from an early age by opening a Hajj and Umrah savings account at Bank Syariah Mandiri. This study used qualitative research with primary data sources. Customers using Mabrur Savings products at Bank Syariah Mandiri Pandaan, Customer Service, Branch Operation Supervisor, Sales Force, other employees who served in Bank Syariah Mandiri KCP Pandaan. While secondary data sources come from books and other literature. Data collection techniques are carried out in 3 ways, namely: Observation, Interview and Documentation. This study found that Marketing Mix in Mabrur Savings products, namely 1. Product Strategy: Based on sharia principles with mudharabah muthlaqah contract, competitive profit sharing based on the ratio determined by the bank, payments can be made using the ABATANA (auto debit) system from a savings account BSM for monthly deposits, the Validation Process is very fast and can be awaited, in collaboration with KBIH (Hajj Guidance Group) which is officially registered with the Department of Religion. 2. The Price Strategy consists of: a light initial deposit of IDR 100,000. 3. Strategy Place: The strategic location of Bank Syariah Mandiri with a minimalist yet modern design. 4. Strategy Promotion: Through websites, brochures, and various advertisements, Opening outlets or stands, Door to door, Bank Syariah Mandiri has an image as a Hajj Bank.

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Cook, D., and G. Pereira. "Records of settlement of the M5 motorway over the Somerset Levels." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 7, no. 1 (1991): 627–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.eng.1991.007.01.62.

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AbstractAn account is given of the secondary consolidation characteristics of recent alluvial deposits under the line of the M5 motor-way where it crosses the Somerset levels. It uses a group of 161 long term settlement records between East Clevedon and St George which were maintained after contract completion in 1973 as the instrumentation installed during construction had .predicted continued settlement. The records were combined with a data file of soils information from the same area compiled by the first author in 1984. The key features of secondary consolidation are reviewed as a guide to the analysis of the records, which are examined for statistical relationships between the measured rates of secondary compression and the operative field variables namely, the embankment loading, the depth of consolidating material and its light preconsolidation. Because of the complex deposition sequence it was only found possible to follow trends. These showed that secondary consolidation was most sensitive to the loading relative to the preconsolidation, or thresh-hold pressure. They also gave some indication of decreasing overall rates of secondary strain with increasing thickness of deposit. Laboratory tests significantly underestimated the field rates of secondary consolidation in all cases. It was reckoned that persistent low level vibrations from heavy traffie contribute to the variations, affecting the shallower layers by a greater amount.

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Kim, Kyungwon, and Jae Song. "Managing Bubbles in the Korean Real Estate Market: A Real Options Framework." Sustainability 10, no. 8 (August 13, 2018): 2875. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082875.

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The aim of this paper is to propose a real options framework to measure and manage bubbles in the Korean real estate market. The proposed framework carefully defines and utilizes the unique leasing mechanism in Korea, called the Jeonse system, a tentative contract for one or two years with a large amount of deposit, to represent the value of residence. Furthermore, the proposed framework applies the volatility with heteroscedasticity to improve the numerical accuracy in comparison to the traditional real options valuation model. The results of the model ultimately suggest the investment strategy that takes into account the measured bubbles in the market. Specifically, given that the Korean real estate market could be regarded as an American option, the investment strategy with early exercise completely eliminates the existing arbitrage opportunities in both long and short positions. In this context, the investment decisions based on the results of the proposed framework are expected to encourage the reflection of bubble-related information in the market, which eventually reduces the formation of bubbles via market mechanism for arbitrage elimination. In conclusion, the bubble-related information obtained from the model is expected to contribute to the stability of the real estate market by reducing the volatility of house price and quick price adjustment to new information.

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Rizuwan, Malik. "Implementasi Prinsip Bagi Hasil dan Resiko di Perbankan Syariah (Studi di Bank Aceh Syariah Cabang Meulaboh Aceh Barat)." Tadabbur: Jurnal Peradaban Islam 1, no. 2 (October 1, 2019): 349–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/tadabbur.v1i2.33.

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This research entitled Implementation of Profit Sharing and Risk in Sharia Banking (Study at Bank Aceh Syariah Branch Meulaboh West Aceh), with the aim of: First, to know the implementation of aqad funding products at Bank Aceh Syari'ah Branch Meulaboh. Second, to know the implementation of financing product aqad at Bank Aceh Syari'ah Branch Meulaboh and Third, to know the obstacle in implementation of profit sharing principle and risk at Bank Aceh Syari'ah Branch Meulaboh. The method used in this study is a qualitative method with data collection techniques such as observation, interview and documentation. While the results of this study indicate that: First, the implementation of aqad funding products at Bank Aceh Syariah Branch Meulaboh done using wadi'ah and Mudharabah principles. Wadi'ah principle with aqad wadi'ah giro product and wadi'ah savings. While the principle of mudharabah using mudharabah savings account and mudharabah deposit. In the calculation of profit sharing only on the principle of mudharabah while in principle wadi'ah only a bonus given to the willingness of the bank. The calculation pattern for the results is by using the revenue sharing principle which means the calculation of the total revenue from the management of funds and the amount of the share of profit sharing depends on the initial agreement. Second, the implementation of aqad of financing products at Bank Aceh Syariah Branch Meulaboh using several contracts such as purchase and purchase agreement, profit sharing contract, lease agreement, contract and guarantee credentials trust. The profit-sharing agreement uses mudaraba and musharaka. In the implementation of financing with this principle is still low compared with other financing principles such as murabaha, this is due to several factors such as the difficulty of finding and obtaining honest customers, good character and high integrity, high risk to be borne by banks, the attitude of people who still consider banking products sharia is the same as conventional banks and the absence of moral standards in financing activities for the results. Third. obstacles in the implementation of profit sharing principles and risks at Bank Aceh Syari'ah Branch Meulaboh such as Human Resources, Sharia Banking Management, Limited Office Network, and still weak government regulations on Sharia Banking.

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Babaskin, Anatoliy. "Legal nature of the requirements of the banking legislation of Ukraine to ensure credit operations of banks." Yearly journal of scientific articles “Pravova derzhava”, no. 32 (2021): 297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/0869-2491-2021-32-297-305.

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Іintroduction. Despite the fact that a significant number of scientific publications by well-known Ukrainian authors are devoted to the issues of legal regulation of credit obligations, at the same time separate studies of banking legislation requirements on "acceptability of collateral" have not been conducted in Ukrainian civil science in recent years. This, taking into account the gradual alignment of banking legislation of Ukraine with the standards of Basel III, and Directive 2002/47 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 June 2002 on financial collateral mechanisms, necessitates such scientific research. The aim of the article. On the basis of the analysis of the legislation of Ukraine, the legislation of the European Union, scientific advances in the sphere of civil law and banking legislation, in the context of the analysis of the banking legislation of Ukraine, it is safe for creditors. In order to achieve this goal: 1. Conduct an analysis of civil and legal species for the protection of crops for the subject of іх possible delivery to “acceptable safety” and vrahuvannya banks when opening a credit card. 2. Significantly "quasi-security", as viewed by the banking legislation in the form of "acceptable security" for credit cards. 3. Zdіysniti analysis of the approaches to the legislation of the EU in the field of protection from credit denominations. Results. The methodological basis of the study is general scientific and special legal methods of scientific knowledge. In particular, the dialectical method, the method of analysis and synthesis, the comparative law method, the functional method, the modeling method, etc. Conclusions. First, the banking legislation does not consider as "acceptable collateral" such types of collateral as penalty, surety, deposit, retention. Secondly, the banking legislation considers as "acceptable collateral" not only those specified in Part 1 of Art. 546 of the Civil Code of Ukraine types of security for performance of obligations (pledge, right of trust ownership, guarantee), and other types of security for performance of obligations provided by law or contract (reserve letter of credit, performing the function of financial guarantee, guarantees of public entities, guarantee payment), but also contractual constructions which do not concern types of maintenance of performance of obligations (repo agreements). Thus, the banking legislation considers collateral in credit operations from the economic point of view, according to which "acceptable collateral" is only such liquid collateral that guarantees the rapid recovery of the property of the creditor bank, which suffered damage due to default or improper performance of the counterparty loan obligation, as well as "quasi-collateral", if such is referred by banking legislation to "acceptable collateral". Third, the existence of rules in the banking legislation on the acceptability of collateral in no way affects the right of banks to use any type of collateral provided by law or contract, if the application of such is possible in credit relations, taking into account the legal nature of the relevant types. software. Fourth, the set of regulations of the National Bank of Ukraine on the acceptability of collateral can be considered as an institution of banking law, which includes as rules of civil law governing the types of collateral, other rules of contract law governing other "quasi-collateral" contractual constructions, as well as public-law special norms of banking legislation, which establish additional regulatory requirements for banks to ensure credit operations and calculate credit risk.

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Ahmad, Mahadi, and Riaz Ansary. "Fiqhī views on bayʿwa salaf and qarḍ-based Islamic banking deposit accounts in Malaysia." ISRA International Journal of Islamic Finance 9, no. 1 (July 10, 2017): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijif-07-2017-011.

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Purpose Islamic banks are obliged to carry out transactions that only comply with Islamic commercial laws. Malaysia has been championing the Sharīʿah-based banking system, and so, continuous improvement on the compliance level of the institutions offering Islamic financial services is key to its global recognition in this industry. One of the issues that can affect deposit products is existence of a sale contract and loan facility in one transaction. Famous prophetic tradition prohibits this. Hence, this paper aims to examine the linkage between bayʿwa salaf (combination between a sale contract and loan in one transaction) and deposits accounts in Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach The subject matter of this paper is one that is researchable within library-based research. It is on this premise the research used the non-empirical qualitative research methodology. It used inductive method of analysis of both Islamic and policy documents on Islamic banking in Malaysia. Literature from Islamic jurisprudence, websites of some of the Islamic banks in Malaysia and relevant resolutions from the Shariah Advisory Council of Central Bank of Malaysia were consulted. Findings Based on the methodology mentioned above, the researchers arrived at the following findings: that, although there is no juristic disagreement about the prohibition of bayʿwa salaf, disagreement, however, occurs in results of some contracts. The most notable area of agreement on the existence of bayʿwa salaf is when there is express stipulation of sale or rendering of service and express or implied stipulation of loan alongside of the sale or service rendering. In an organized reversed tawarruq, the use of these deposits by the banks is regarded as loan from the depositors to the banks, who will soon put the money into sale that will generate profit to be divided between the banks and their depositors. However, this study finds that this is not bayʿwa salaf prohibited by the prophetic tradition. Originality/value The originality of this topic is proven by the new banking regulation regime of Malaysia, which compels Islamic banks to guarantee all deposits under them. As Islamic banks carry out their banking activities through trading, there is need to conduct a research such as this. This is to examine whether Islamic banks’ unilateral use of depositors’ funds in non-investment accounts which is translated, constructively, as loan from the depositors to Islamic banks amounts to bayʿwa salaf before the future tawarruq. Here there is loan and sale, which is the tawarruq. Hence, the need to do this research.

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Bard, Pierre-Yves, and Jean-Christophe Gariel. "The seismic response of two-dimensional sedimentary deposits with large vertical velocity gradients." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 76, no. 2 (April 1, 1986): 343–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0760020343.

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abstract An extension of the Aki-Larner technique to vertically inhomogeneous media is presented, so that vertical velocity gradients may be taken into account in two-dimensional models. Only SH waves are considered here, but the theory is valid for P and SV waves as well. This method is applied to investigate the seismic response of two-dimensional sedimentary deposits with large velocity gradients. Three different cases are considered: a shallow, high-contrast valley, a deep, high-contrast valley, and a deep, low-contrast valley. In each case, a comparison is performed with the results of a two-dimensional model taking into account only homogeneous sediments and a one-dimensional model taking into account the vertical inhomogeneity of sediments. The presence of a large velocity gradient does not change a lot the qualitative behavior of a two-dimensional deposit: local surface waves and/or two-dimensional resonance patterns are observed as in the case of homogeneous sediments. Nevertheless, the surface waves are much more dispersive with lower phase and group velocities and larger amplitudes. Only very deep valleys give rise to the development of two-dimensional resonance. On the other hand, the amplifications obtained in such deposits may reach much larger values than those predicted with either two-dimensional, homogeneous models or one-dimensional, inhomogeneous models. Since these results have been obtained for realistic values of valley geometrical and mechanical considerations, they should find some application in earthquake engineering or seismic microzonation studies.

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Dewey, John F., and Paul D. Ryan. "Storm, rogue wave, or tsunami origin for megaclast deposits in western Ireland and North Island, New Zealand?" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 50 (November 27, 2017): E10639—E10647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1713233114.

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The origins of boulderite deposits are investigated with reference to the present-day foreshore of Annagh Head, NW Ireland, and the Lower Miocene Matheson Formation, New Zealand, to resolve disputes on their origin and to contrast and compare the deposits of tsunamis and storms. Field data indicate that the Matheson Formation, which contains boulders in excess of 140 tonnes, was produced by a 12- to 13-m-high tsunami with a period in the order of 1 h. The origin of the boulders at Annagh Head, which exceed 50 tonnes, is disputed. We combine oceanographic, historical, and field data to argue that this is a cliff-top storm deposit (CTSD). A numerical model for CTSDs is developed which indicates that boulder shape in addition to density and dimensions should be taken into account when applying hydrodynamic equations to such deposits. The model also predicts that the NE Atlantic storms are capable of producing boulderites that, when size alone is considered, cannot be distinguished from tsunamites. We review the characteristics that identify the origins of these two deposits.

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Lateh, Bukhoree. "Multiple Contracts According to the Fatwa of National Sharia Council." International Journal of Nusantara Islam 4, no. 1 (March 14, 2016): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/ijni.v4i1.1184.

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At the recent decades, the business activity in Islamic Financial Institutions consists of funding, financing, and service. These are addressed to economic development and improving the society welfare. In the line of funding, the people can invest their money such saving and deposit. Uniquely, deposits may be withdrawn at any time with the use of checks, gyro, forms of payment order, or money transfer. But, not all gyro transactions can be justified by Islamic law (Sharia) in which uses the principle of sharia mutual benefit. Therefore, the National Sharia Council National Sharia Council of Indonesian Council of Ulama (NSC-ICU) deems it necessary to be set in the Fatwa mu’ā mala form that can be used as the guidelines for the implementation of current accounts in Sharia Banking Institution. It is referring to the National Sharia Board Fatwa DSN-MUI Number: 01/DSN-MUI/IV/2000). Based on the reason, this paper will explain the Implementation of Multiple Contract (al-'uqū d al-murakkaba) according to the fatwa of National Sharia Council.

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Haddow, Gaby. "Self-archiving to Institutional Repositories Is Improved by Assisted and Mandated Deposit; Disciplinary Culture is not a Factor." Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 3, no. 2 (June 17, 2008): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/b8sk5n.

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A review of: Xia, Jingfeng. “Assessment of Self-Archiving in Institutional Repositories: Across Disciplines.” The Journal of Academic Librarianship 33.6 (Dec. 2007): 647-54. Objective – To test the assumption that authors familiar with subject-based repositories are more likely to self-archive to institutional repositories. Design – Comparative content analysis. Setting – Institutional repositories (IRs) from the following seven universities: Queensland University of Technology (QUT), University of Melbourne, University of Queensland, Lund University, University of Glasgow, University of Southampton, and University of Strathclyde. The IRs included in the study were selected on the basis of repository size and use of EPrints software. Faculty size data and IR deposit policies were drawn from universities’ Web sites. Methods – Each IR was searched to determine the number of deposits in the disciplines of chemistry, physics, economics and sociology. Physics and economics were selected because these disciplines have established internationally renowned subject-based repositories, in contrast to chemistry and sociology, which have not. Deposits from the disciplines were identified from subject terms, keywords and departmental names in metadata records. A “deposit rate” for the four disciplines in each IR was calculated. The metadata records were examined for name of the depositor, date of deposit, full-text availability, item type, and format. Information in the field “Deposited By” was used to identify the extent of self-archiving (that is, deposited by the author). Faculty size for the four disciplines at the seven universities was established from departmental Web site information. For the purposes of making comparisons between the IRs, these data were converted into “rates of faculty” size by dividing the number of faculty in the department by the total number of faculty at the institution. A weighted rate of deposits by discipline was calculated by dividing the rate of faculty size by the deposit rates. To take into account disciplinary differences in publication productivity, these rates were subjected to further analysis. Using an “average publications per year” calculation for each discipline (from a 1977 paper), a final weighted rate of depositing was calculated for the four disciplines in the seven IRs. Main Results – Without weighting for faculty size, deposit rates vary greatly between disciplines. In most institutions, deposit rates for chemistry and sociology were higher than rates for physics and economics. When faculty size is controlled for, the highest deposit rates in five IRs were for chemistry and sociology. Only two IRs were found to have the highest deposit rates for physics and economics. These results did not change overall when the weighting for publishing productivity was applied: the same five IRs had highest deposit rates for chemistry and sociology. Exceptions to these findings were the IRs at University of Melbourne and University of Queensland, where the highest deposit rates were for economics and physics. On examination of depositor information, it was found that only 2.3% of economics deposits in the Melbourne IR were self-archived. Administrative assistants and other staff were responsible for depositing 97.7% of the IR’s economics holdings. Self-archiving of physics items to the Melbourne IR was 90%; however, these deposits comprised student theses and dissertations only. Self-archiving practices were examined for: chemistry, physics and economics deposits at the University of Melbourne; chemistry and economics at the University of Queensland; and chemistry, physics and sociology at Queensland University of Technology (the only IR in the sample with a mandatory deposit policy). Like Melbourne, self-archiving of economics deposits at the University of Queensland was also low, at 17%. Of the remaining economics deposits, a librarian was responsible for depositing 68%. Chemistry deposits at both Melbourne and Queensland had much higher self-archiving rates, 76.2% and 100% respectively, than those found for physics and economics. At QUT, where deposit into the IR is mandatory, self-archiving rates are high for the three disciplines for which findings are reported. The self-archiving rate for chemistry was 68.3%, sociology 46.3%, and physics 42.9%. A librarian was responsible for the majority of the remaining deposits. Conclusion – This research tested the proposition that disciplines familiar with subject-based open access repositories, such as physics and economics, are more likely to contribute to IRs. Its findings did not support this view. Instead, the study found no particular pattern of deposit rate across the four disciplines of chemistry, physics, economics and sociology in the seven IRs. Operational aspects of IRs, such as assisted and mandated deposit, appear to have a more significant effect on deposit rates. Assisted deposit, either through departmental administrative staff or librarians, accounted for relatively high deposit rates for economics in the Queensland and Melbourne IRs. Deposit date information in the Queensland IR suggests administrative staff of the economics department deposit to the IR on an ongoing basis. Students showed a high rate of self-archiving for theses and dissertations. It might be speculated that a mandate policy at Queensland University of Technology is responsible for the high self-archiving rates seen for economics, chemistry and sociology. However, librarians have assisted in the process, depositing over half the items for physics and sociology. The author recognises the value of both assisted and mandated deposit, but raises questions about how this will affect faculty use of IRs. For example, in cases where faculty have no role in contributing to an IR and therefore no familiarity with it, will they in fact use it? Another important consideration is the policy approach taken to temporary faculty and a mobile academic workforce. In conclusion, the author states, “Institutional repositories need a mandate policy to ensure success”.

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AlShattarat, Wasim K., and Muhannad A. Atmeh. "Profit-sharing investment accounts in islamic banks or mutualization, accounting perspective." Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting 14, no. 1 (July 4, 2016): 30–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfra-07-2014-0056.

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Purpose Islamic banks use Mudarabah contract to replace the interest-bearing deposits with profit-sharing investment accounts. The purpose of this paper is to explore the challenges and problems associated with the employment of Mudarabah contract by Islamic banks. Design/methodology/approach The study critically analyzes the Mudarabah contract used by Islamic banks. It reviews the evolution of the contract from its traditional type to more complicated types such as compound, unrestricted, commingled and continuous Mudarabah. The paper investigates the problems that have emerged from implementing such types in current business settings. Findings The paper proves that implementing the Mudarabah contract by banks imposes several problems among which are the following: difficulty in the determination of total profit resulting from Mudarabah and in allocating this profit to the multiple parties involved in Mudarabah; usage of reserves to cater against future losses may undermine the concept of Mudarabah profit-loss sharing and lead to earnings management; corporate governance is also a major problem in Mudarabah contract, as the depositors are exposed to risks but have no governance rights; and Mudarabah may also lessen the fair presentation of financial reporting. Research limitations/implications The paper examines the evolving Mudarabah contract and its implementation challenges, based on available literature (no empirical analysis was conducted). Practical implications The implications are significant for the future development of Islamic contracts and Islamic accounting treatments. Originality/value Many studies explored the Mudarabah contract from a Shariah or law perspective. However, this paper investigates the Mudarabah contract with a focus on the implication on accounting and financial reporting because of the lack of studies in this area. Furthermore, it demonstrates the persistent flaws in the Mudarabah contract, and it proposes a new model for mobilizing funds, i.e. mutual fund.

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Alhammadi, Salah, Simon Archer, Carol Padgett, and Rifaat Ahmed Abdel Karim. "Perspective of corporate governance and ethical issues with profit sharing investment accounts in Islamic banks." Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance 26, no. 3 (July 9, 2018): 406–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfrc-01-2017-0014.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the practices of Islamic banks in managing the so-called profit sharing investment accounts (PSIA) which they offer as a Shari’ah-compliant alternative to interest-bearing deposit accounts using an unrestricted Mudarabah contract. In particular, the paper aims to examine the risk-return characteristics of such accounts and to compare these to the returns and risks of shareholders in the same banks. It is relevant that PSIA holders (unrestricted investment account holders – UIAH) are exposed to losses on the assets in which their deposits are invested, while the bank as asset manager (Mudarib) does not bear these losses and as Mudarib typically receives more than 50 per cent of the profits earned on the PSIA. The issue is whether the UIAH are being treated equitably. The influence of a set of corporate governance variables on this issue was also analyzed. Design/methodology/approach A sample of 28 Islamic banks was selected from five countries for the period 2002-2013, with data being obtained from Bankscope and Bloomberg and, where necessary, from the banks’ annual reports. First, the risk-return characteristics of the UIAHs’ rates of return and shareholders’ rates of return on equity (ROE) were compared by calculating for each bank the coefficients of variation (CV) of the two series of rates of return. Second, a panel data approach was used to evaluate the effectiveness of corporate governance by examining the extent to which the size of the difference between the rates of return for shareholders and for UIAH was associated with a set of corporate governance variables. Third, a comparison was made between the risk-return characteristics of UIAH’s rates of return and shareholders’ dividend yield rate for a sub-sample of 20 banks for which the information was available. Findings For a significant proportion of the banks (9 out of 28), the CVs of the PSIA returns were higher than those of the shareholders’ ROEs, which suggested that in these cases the PSIA holders were receiving inequitable treatment. Likewise, for 7 out of the 20 banks in the sub-sample, the CVs of the PSIA holders’ rates of return were higher than those of the shareholders’ dividend yield rate. In explaining the size of the differences between the rates of return on PSIA and the shareholders’ ROEs, the variable with the greatest explanatory power was the return on assets, implying that when this was high the bank took a maximum Mudarib share of profits. Some other corporate governance variables had the expected signs, as did a country dummy representing the maturity of the market for Islamic banking, but there was little evidence of the effectiveness of corporate governance in protecting the interests of the UIAH. Research limitations/implications A limitation of the research was that the inefficiency of the stock markets in the relevant countries and the fact that a few of the banks were not listed made it impossible to use shareholders’ stock market returns. ROE is not a very good proxy, as it is unclear how much value should be placed on retained earnings. Dividend yield rates provide a better comparison with UIAH rates of return, but the data were available for only 20 of the banks. Nevertheless, the results of the analysis strongly suggest that in a significant proportion of cases, UIAH are not being treated equitably. Practical implications The implication is that the regulation of Islamic banks needs to be improved to provide better protection to UIAH. Social implications Islamic banks operate mainly in emerging markets where the effectiveness of regulation is limited. The ethical basis of Islamic finance provides some mitigation of this problem but apparently fails to do so in a significant proportion of cases. This should be borne in mind when assertions are made about the ethical basis of Islamic finance. Originality/value There is a dearth of empirical studies of the practices of Islamic banks and in particular of their treatment of their customers. This is because of various factors: the relative novelty of Islamic finance, the paucity of data and the relatively small size of the body of researchers in the field. This paper aims to contribute to filling this gap.

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King, Gary M. "Contributions of Atmospheric CO and Hydrogen Uptake to Microbial Dynamics on Recent Hawaiian Volcanic Deposits." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 7 (July 2003): 4067–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.7.4067-4075.2003.

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ABSTRACT A series of sites were established on Hawaiian volcanic deposits ranging from about 18 to 300 years old. Three sites occurred in areas that supported tropical rain forests; the remaining sites were in areas that supported little or no plant growth. Sites >26 years old consumed atmospheric CO and hydrogen at rates ranging from about 0.2 to 5 mg of CO m−2 day−1 and 0.1 to 4 mg of H2 m−2 day−1, respectively. Respiration, measured as CO2 production, for a subset of the sites ranged from about 40 to >1,400 mg of CO2 m−2 day−1. CO and H2 accounted for about 13 to 25% of reducing equivalent flow for all but a forested site, where neither substrate appeared significant. Based on responses to chloroform fumigation, hydrogen utilization appeared largely due to microbial uptake. In contrast to results for CO and hydrogen, methane uptake occurred consistently only at the forest site. Increasing deposit age was generally accompanied by increasing concentrations of organic matter and microbial biomass, measured as phospholipid phosphate. Exoenzymatic activities (acid and alkaline phosphatases and α- and β-glucosidases) were positively correlated with deposit age in spite of considerable variability within sites. The diversity of substrates utilized in Biolog Ecoplate assays also increased with deposit age, possibly reflecting changes in microbial community complexity.

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Febrianti, Salwa Aini, Dedi Junaedi, and Erna Indiastuti. "Mekanisme Simpanan Haji dan Umrah (SHAUM) di KSPPS Khidmatul Ummah Bogor." El-Mujtama: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat 1, no. 2 (June 22, 2021): 144–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.47467/elmujtama.v1i2.412.

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This study aims to analyze the financing mechanism of Hajj and Umrah in KPPPS Khidmatul Ummah Bogor. The method used is descriptive qualitative analysis based on field studies and observations during PPL. The results are as follows: the mechanism of umrah and hajj savings products in KSPPS Khidmatul Ummah consists of several procedures such as: opening savings accounts, receiving savings deposits, withdrawing savings and closing accounts. The contract used has been in accordance with the principles of sharia, namely using the revenue sharing system and mudharabah contract. In fatwa DSN No.07/DSN-MUI/IV/2000 on mudharabah and the foundation of sharia law In accordance with the Qur'an and hadith that have been explained in Surat An-nisa 'verse 29 and hadith from Ibn Majjah.

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Akimova, Lyudmila Nikolayevna, and Alla Vasilievna Lysachok. "STATE REGULATION OF THE FINANCIAL SERVICES MARKET IN UKRAINE." UKRAINIAN ASSEMBLY OF DOCTORS OF SCIENCES IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 1, no. 11 (January 24, 2018): 30–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/vadnd.v1i11.12.

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The essence of such concepts is “financial service”, “financial ser- vices market”, and “participants of the financial services market”; determined the purpose of state regulation of the financial services market; forms of state regu- lation of the financial services market; financial services that are present in the financial services market; the structure of state regulation bodies of the financial services market in Ukraine is given; The role of state bodies in the regulation of the financial services market was studied; to characterize the regulatory le- gal regulation of the financial services market in Ukraine; the main problems of functioning of the domestic market of financial services are revealed; ways to solve existing problems. It is grounded that the state regulation of financial ser- vices markets consists in the state’s implementation of a set of measures aimed at regulating and overseeing financial services markets to protect the interests of financial services consumers and preventing crisis phenomena. It is concluded that the financial services market is an important element of the development of the economy as a whole, in particular, it concerns not only the state but also society. We must understand that when this market is settled, that is, all bodies that carry out state regulation are competent in their powers, only then will we make informed, effective decisions about the normal and effective functioning of the RFP. It is important that the data of the subjects of control do not overlap, their activities should be fixed at the legislative level. It is also worth bearing in mind that appropriate conditions must be created to create compensatory mecha- nisms in the financial services markets by developing a system for guarante- eing deposits and providing for payments under long-term life insurance contracts, non-state pension provisions, deposits with deposit accounts to credit unions, etс.

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Akimova, Lyudmila Nikolayevna, and Alla Vasilievna Lysachok. "STATE REGULATION OF THE FINANCIAL SERVICES MARKET IN UKRAINE." UKRAINIAN ASSEMBLY OF DOCTORS OF SCIENCES IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 1, no. 12 (February 14, 2018): 30–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/vadnd.v1i12.47.

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The essence of such concepts is “financial service”, “financial services market”, and “participants of the financial services market”; determined the purpose of state regulation of the financial services market; forms of state regulation of the financial services market; financial services that are present in the financial services market; the structure of state regulation bodies of the financial services market in Ukraine is given; The role of state bodies in the regulation of the financial services market was studied; to characterize the regulatory legal regulation of the financial services market in Ukraine; the main problems of functioning of the domestic market of financial services are revealed; ways to solve existing problems. It is grounded that the state regulation of financial services markets consists in the state’s implementation of a set of measures aimed at regulating and overseeing financial services markets to protect the interests of financial services consumers and preventing crisis phenomena. It is concluded that the financial services market is an important element of the development of the economy as a whole, in particular, it concerns not only the state but also society. We must understand that when this market is settled, that is, all bodies that carry out state regulation are competent in their powers, only then will we make informed, effective decisions about the normal and effective functioning of the RFP. It is important that the data of the subjects of control do not overlap, their activities should be fixed at the legislative level. It is also worth bearing in mind that appropriate conditions must be created to create compensatory mechanisms in the financial services markets by developing a system for guaranteeing deposits and providing for payments under long-term life insurance contracts, non-state pension provisions, deposits with deposit accounts to credit unions, etс.

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Crespo, E., J. Luque, J. F. Barrenechea, and M. Rodas. "Mechanical graphite transport in fault zones and the formation of graphite veins." Mineralogical Magazine 69, no. 4 (August 2005): 463–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0026461056940266.

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AbstractThis paper describes a vein-shaped graphite occurrence in which, for the first time, the geological, mineralogical and isotopic evidence support its formation by physical remobilization of previously formed syngenetic graphite. The deposit studied is located in the Spanish Central System and it occurs along the contact between a hydrothermal Ag-bearing quartz vein and a graphite-bearing quartzite layer. The characteristics of this occurrence differ from those of fluid-deposited vein-type graphite mineralization in that: (1) graphite flakes are oriented parallel to the vein walls; (2) graphite crystallinity is slightly lower than in the syngenetic precursor (graphite disseminated in the quartzite); and (3) the isotopic signatures of both types of graphite are identical and correspond to biogenic carbon. In addition, the P-T conditions of the hydrothermal Ag-bearing quartz veins in the study area (P <1 kbar, and T up to 360°C) contrast with the high degree of structural order of graphite in the vein. Therefore, physical remobilization of graphite can be regarded as a suitable alternative mechanism to account for some cases of vein-shaped graphite deposits. Such a mechanism would require a previous concentration of disseminated syngenetic graphite promoted, in this case, by the retrograde solubility of quartz. This process would generate monomineralic graphite aggregates enhancing its lubricant properties and permitting graphite to move in the solid state along distances in the range of up to several metres.

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Bidabad, Bijan, and Mahmoud Allahyarifard. "Interbank Withdrawal Protocol (IWP): A Complementary System of Rastin Banking." International Journal of Islamic Business & Management 3, no. 1 (May 22, 2019): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/ijibm.v3i1.259.

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Purpose: This paper aims to define a new protocol, whereby brings the required preparations for the bank to collect its claim or its customer’s claim through withdrawal from the debtor’s account in other banks and financial institutions that have signed the protocol. Design: According to this protocol and under central bank supervision, the bank (as owner or attorney of the third party) as claimer of check, promissory note, bill, or a debt initiated by customer's commitment based on collaterals or guarantees, withdraws the claim from the debtor’s accounts in other banks and financial institutions that are members of the protocol through Automatic Clearing House (ACH). Findings: Despite taking collaterals, guarantees, and binding of contracts, executive debt collection process through the legal proceedings is a major challenge that banks, financial institutions, and persons are facing. The legal and execution process of debt collection through collaterals and guarantees are complicated, lengthy, and costly. Interbank Withdrawal Protocol (IWP) solves the problem by proposing a protocol to be accepted by banks to permit withdrawal of the account of the debtor in other banks. Practical implications: It is seen much that a person owes a lot to a person or bank, but s/he deposits her/his money at her/his accounts in other banks. The Interbank Withdrawal Protocol (IWP) is an agreement between banks which permits the bank to collect the debt through online-withdraw from the accounts of the debtor at other banks after depleting the account of the debtor at the agent bank. Social implications: This protocol increases reliance and security upon commitments and provides fast settlement and debt collection without time-consuming judicial process. It also reduces judicial proceedings and execution of active files in courts and consequently related costs. Originality/value: Complementary systems in Rastin Banking have been designed to solve the prevailing problems of banking and financial activities. IWP was designed to provide necessary arrangements for fast, clean debt collection and encashing check and collecting the bill. JEL: L86, L87, G21, G24

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Abelev, O. A., M. M. Vinogradova, and M. G. Nersesyan. "Expert Study of the Execution of the Terms of an Investment Life Insurance Contract." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science 16, no. 1 (April 23, 2021): 78–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2021-1-78-91.

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A significant decrease in bank deposits’ profitability forces citizens to look for more profitable investment options, including purchasing various financial products. One such product is an investment life insurance contract. However, investors’ expectations are not always fully met since dealing with financial instruments, such as options, requires a certain of financial literacy, understanding of the futures stock market’s organization and functioning. Arising disputes are often resolved in court. To obtain answers to economical questions, a forensic examination is appointed and carried out.Forensic analysis on this topic has some features that are discussed in the article. The paper gives a list of objects for expert research and their brief characteristics. The main sources of reference information on quotations of financial instruments are provided. Some concepts and economic categories related to the stock market and derivatives are considered. The Russian and English terms used by the experts during the study are presented and explained.Using an example from expert practice, the authors explain the logic of the analysis of an option contract and show the sequence of actions that makes it possible to calculate the investment income amount. The article justifies the conditions that restrict the experts when carrying out calculations and should be taken into account when forming and studying the expert opinions.

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Prasetiono, P., and Anisa Puspa Dina. "Determinant analysis of MSMEs credit in Indonesia." Diponegoro International Journal of Business 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 104–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/dijb.3.2.2020.104-114.

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This study was conducted to analyze several variables as the determinants of credit of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSME) in Indonesia. Those variables are society income, geographic branch penetration (GBP), demographic branch penetration (DBP), credit account per capita (CAC), and deposit account per capita (DAC) of commercial banks. The samples used in this study are 33 Provinces in Indonesia in the period 2013-2017 using the purposive sampling technique. We examined data uses the non-participant observation method by directly quoting financial, GRDP, banking, geographical, and demographic data. The analysis used in this research is multiple linear regression consisting of the classic assumption test, F test, t-test, and hypothesis testing. This study indicated that society income, CAC, and DBP have a positive and significant effect on MSME credit. In contrast, GBP has a positive but non-significant effect on MSME credit, and DBP has a significant negative effect on MSME credit.

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Golubev, Vasily, Alexey Shevchenko, and Igor Petrov. "Simulation of Seismic Wave Propagation in a Multicomponent Oil Deposit Model." International Journal of Applied Mechanics 12, no. 08 (September 2020): 2050084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1758825120500842.

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A seismic survey is perhaps the most common geophysical technique used to locate potential oil and natural gas deposits in the geologic structures. Thanks to the rapid development of modern high-performance computing systems, the computer simulation technology plays a crucial role in processing the field data. The precision of the full-waveform inversion (FWI) essentially depends on the quality of the direct problem solver. This paper introduces a new approach to the numerical simulation of wave processes in complex heterogeneous media. The linear elasticity theory is applied to simulate the dynamic behavior of curvilinear geological layers. In contrast to the conventional approach, the producing oil formation is described in the frame of a porous fluid-filled model. It allows us to explicitly take into account the porosity, oil density, and other physical parameters. The method of setting the physically correct contact conditions between the reservoir and the geological massif based on the transport equation solution for Riemann invariants was successfully implemented. The grid-characteristic method, previously thoroughly verified on acoustic and elastic problems, was adopted. The explicit time-stepping procedure was derived for a two-dimensional case with a method of splitting along coordinate axes. This method guarantees the preservation of the scheme approximation order. The potential application of the new method to a complex model based on the data from the famous Russian oil deposit — the Bazhen Formation — is demonstrated. The seismic responses were registered on the wave fields and synthetic seismograms. The novelty of this paper relates to a uniform approach to the wave propagation simulation in the heterogeneous medium containing contacting subdomains with different rheology types.

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Neil Phillips, G. "Metamorphic fluids and gold." Mineralogical Magazine 57, no. 388 (September 1993): 365–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1993.057.388.02.

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AbstractLow-salinity fluids (T > 200°C reduced S, modest CO2) and high geothermal gradients are common to many gold deposits and provinces. In contrast, host rocks, hosting structures, depth of formation (in the crust during deposition), subsequent metamorphic overprint, alteration mineralogy and isotopic signatures can vary dramatically within single deposits or provinces. Gold deposits with co-product base metals are an exception to the above comments, and probably relate to saline fluids.The low salinity fluids inferred for major gold-only deposits are not easily explained by seawater, basinal brines, meteoric fluid or common magmatic processes. In contrast, metamorphic devolatilisation of mafic/greywacke rocks is one effective way to produce low-salinity metamorphic fluids with characteristics matching the gold fluids. Such an origin also explains the link to geothermal gradients.The transition from chlorite—albite—carbonate assemblages to amphibole-plagioclase assemblages (commonly greenschist—amphibolite facies boundary) involves considerable loss of metamorphic fluid whose composition is buffered by the mineral assemblage, and is a function of P and T. This low salinity, H2O-CO2 fluid is evolved at T > 400°C commonly carries reduced sulphur, and may contain Au complexed with this sulphur. This auriferous fluid is likely to mix with other fluid types during times of elevated temperature, especially magmatic fluids at depth, and upper crustal fluids at higher levels.Gold deposits in Archaean greenstone belts exhibit good evidence of low salinity, H2O-CO2 fluids of T > 300°C these include examples from Canada, Australia, Brazil, Zimbabwe, India, and South Africa. Turbidite-hosted (slate-belt) deposits exhibit similar evidence for such fluids but commonly with appreciable CH4; the Victoria and Juneau (Alaska) goldfields are examples. The Witwatersrand goldfields also show evidence of low salinity, H2O-CO2 fluids carrying reduced sulphur and gold, but their distribution and timing are not well established. Epithermal (sensu lato) gold deposits have evidence for low salinity fluids carrying Au and S, but are much more diverse in character than those from the previously mentioned gold provinces: this probably arises from mixing of several fluid types at high crustal levels. Together these four types of gold provinces account for over 80% of the primary gold mined to date.

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Pystin, А. M., Yu I. Pystina, and V. B. Hubanov. "The first results of U-Pb datings of detrital zircons from the basal deposits of the Upper Precambrian of the Subpolar Urals." Доклады Академии наук 488, no. 2 (September 24, 2019): 172–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-56524882172-175.

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In the north of the Timan-Ural region, in contrast to its southern regions, there are no Lower Riphean deposits. The question of the presence of Middle Riphean stratons here remains open, since their age is accepted conditionally. In the Subpolar Urals, the Puiva Formation, which lies at the base of the Upper Precambrian section of this region, belongs to the Middle Riphean. The first U-Pb results of the LA-SF-ICP-MS dating of detrital zircons from terrigenous deposits of the Puiva Formation give reason to limit the lower age interval of their formation abroad about 900 million years ago. The obtained dating of the detrital zircons of their obviously basal terrigenous sediments for the Timan-Northern Ural Upper Precambrian, taking into account already available data on the age of the Upper Precambrian strata of this region, indicate that the lower age limit of the Timan continental margin of the Baltic is close to the boundary of the Middle and Late Riphean.

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Matveevskii, S. S. "PROSPECTS FOR THE APPLICATION OF DISTRIBUTED LEDGER TECHNOLOGY TO IMPROVE FINANCING OF START-UP (JAPAN EXPERIENCE)." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 9 (October 26, 2019): 166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2019-9-166-172.

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A project on the use of distributed registry technology to improve funding for start-ups in Japan has been considered. The project is based on the application of distributed registry technology, smart contracts, a big database of start-ups credit risk (in Japan CRDS), a local investment fund, a unified marketing and trading platform. The model of investor behavior (taking into account risk and profitability) has made it possible to show, that with growing investor confidence (individuals and households) and a certain level of profitability of startups, investing in startups will be more preferable, than a bank deposit. The features of the project have been highlighted and a conclusion has been made, that under certain conditions, the adduced scheme for financing start-ups can be used in Russia, for example, by the Industry Development Fund.

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Madzhirov, B. S., and A. M. Zadorina. "An analysis of the operations use practice on the market of precious metals." Proceedings of higher educational establishments. Geology and Exploration, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32454/0016-7762-2017-1-67-73.

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The results of an analysis of the use of trade operations in the market of precious metals have been enumerated. We gave the characteristic of the market objects (standard and small bars) and accounts (allocated and unallocated), which are used for accounting precious metals in the market. The assignment for the subsoil use of the operations such as “spot” and “swap” types, as well as deposit, optional, futures and forward transactions, has been presented. The actions of a gold mining company, within the situation of an expected fall of prices, and a company that consumes gold (precious metals), in terms of a projected increase of prices, have been considered. The formulae for determining the forward price of the precious metals and the cost of the forward contract for subsoil users have been proposed.

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Feininger, Tomas, and Ingo Ermanovics. "Geophysical interpretation of the Torngat orogen along the North River – Nutak transect, Labrador." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 31, no. 4 (April 1, 1994): 722–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e94-064.

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A 19.3 mGal (1 Gal = 1 cm/s2) positive Bouguer gravity anomaly and a broad aeromagnetic low coincide with the Tasiuyak domain of the early paleo-Proterozoic Torngat orogen. The domain evolved during the collision of the western margin of the Archean Nain Province with an inferred, eastward-facing, platform-to-rise, sedimentary wedge sited on a proto-continent of Churchill (Rae) Province.A density contrast of +0.065 g∙cm−3 was measured between rocks of the Tasiuyak domain and those of the flanking Lac Lomier complex of the orogen and Nain Province. Using this contrast, a two and one-half dimensional model shows that rocks of Tasiuyak domain constitute a triangular prismatic body with maximum thickness of 13 km adjacent to Nain Province, which thins westward to a feather edge. The model is compatible, qualitatively, with the aeromagnetic anomaly and consonant with geological interpretation of an eastward-facing and thickening continental slope deposit. Deep exhumation of the Torngat orogen may account for the absence of paired gravity anomalies characteristic of many sutures elsewhere in the Canadian Shield.

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Kurylo, Mykola, Alyona Klochko, Gennady Timchenko, and Andriy Gulyk. "Banking in Ukraine as an object of criminal and legal protection." Banks and Bank Systems 12, no. 4 (November 28, 2017): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.12(4).2017.11.

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Banking institutions spend a lot of money and use various resources to ensure both their activities’ security and their customers’ security. States and international institutions make significant efforts in this regard. But, unfortunately, this cannot always completely protect bank or client from attackers (lawbreakers). This problem is not only of technical, economic and informational character, but also legal. The article deals with issues of ensuring the criminal law protection of banking in Ukraine. Current criminal legislation of Ukraine, and draft regulations as to the holding responsible for crimes in banking sector are analyzed. The proposals as to criminalization of actions dangerous for a society in the field of banking activity are put forward: illegal obtaining of a loan; willful evasion of satisfaction of accounts payable; improper execution of the bank deposit contract terms; abuse of authority in banking; fraud with bank electronic payments.

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Mal’tsev, A. S. "Iranian Risk-Oriented Service Contracts as a Mechanism for Attracting Investments in the Oil and Gas Sector." Accounting. Analysis. Auditing 8, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2408-9303-2021-8-3-40-47.

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The article contains an overview of the mechanisms for attracting production and technological investments of transnational companies in the development of hydrocarbon deposits and a detailed analysis of the national experience of the Islamic Republic of Iran in this area. The results of the analysis of the evolutionary development of four generations of Iranian service contracts showed that the mechanism developed by the Iranian government made it possible to restore oil production in the country to the peak levels of the 70s of the last century and at the same time to ensure the protection of national interests from the withdrawal of excess income by investors. It is argued that in the near future, the Russian hydrocarbon industry will continue to develop new projects together with foreign oil and gas companies. During the research, analytical and graphical methods of comparison and generalization were used. The need for further in-depth study of the Iranian experience in the development of the hydrocarbon sector and its application in the oil and gas sector of the Russian Federation, taking into account the structural features, has been proved. The study may be of interest to specialists from federal authorities with the aim of developing the Russian energy sector and ensuring the protection of national interests.

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Shapoval, Yu I. "Household usage of financial services around the world and Ukraine." Ukrainian society 75, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 34–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/socium2020.04.034.

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Under the Findex dataset, paper suggests a comparative assessment of the usage of financial accounts by groups (developing countries, high-income countries, and Ukraine). Authors outlines the barriers, which arise while using financial services and both socio-economic (income level, employment), and demographic characteristics (gender, age) of users. The increase of account holders, who make payments using mobile phones and the Internet, was marked. Simultaneously, women and poorer users have less access to these technologies, both among the banked and unbanked population. In contrast to world indicators in Ukraine, the level of financial account ownership is the same for both women and men, but there is a gap between richer and poorer, and a gap across the active labour force. Having analysed the unbanked population’s causes and characteristics, Ukrainians’ distrust of financial institutions was a significant barrier to account ownership. An overview of the indicators of financial account usage to make public payments, receive wages in the private sector, settlements with business (utility payments, domestic remittances, payments from individual entrepreneurs) is under consideration. The intensification of digital payments in Ukraine is observed in comparison with the majority of developing countries. The holders use debit cards more often in developing countries as well as in high-income countries and Ukraine. It is highlighted that financial account ownership does not indicate the population’s addiction to use it to accumulate savings. In general, the level of financial inclusion from the demand side is growing globally, and faster in developing countries, including Ukraine, due to the outspread of mobile phones and the Internet. There is more active usage of financial services in high-income countries, despite inequality in age, gender, employment. Although Ukraine usage indicators correspond to the average, the level lags far behind the indicators of high-income countries. It has been revealed that people in high-income countries owning financial account are more likely to be economically active, to save and borrow from financial institutions than those living in developing countries, who prefer informal ways of saving and lending. A low level of penetration of deposits and loans among individuals was noted alongside activation of non-cash payments. It is substantiated that the high level of financial inclusion of the population depends not only on the possession of a financial account but also on its usage mechanisms. The ways of increasing the use of financial services are identified, such as mobile payments, digitalisation of private and public payments, and an increase in financial literacy.

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Boruah, Dibakor, Xiang Zhang, and Matthew Doré. "Theoretical prediction of residual stresses induced by cold spray with experimental validation." Multidiscipline Modeling in Materials and Structures 15, no. 3 (May 7, 2019): 599–616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mmms-08-2018-0150.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop a simple analytical model for predicting the through-thickness distribution of residual stresses in a cold spray (CS) deposit-substrate assembly.Design/methodology/approachLayer-by-layer build-up of residual stresses induced by both the peening dominant and thermal mismatch dominant CS processes, taking into account the force and moment equilibrium requirements. The proposed model has been validated with the neutron diffraction measurements, taken from the published literature for different combinations of deposit-substrate assemblies comprising Cu, Mg, Ti, Al and Al alloys.FindingsThrough a parametric study, the influence of geometrical variables (number of layers, substrate height and individual layer height) on the through-thickness residual stress distribution and magnitude are elucidated. Both the number of deposited layers and substrate height affect residual stress magnitude, whereas the individual layer height has little effect. A good agreement has been achieved between the experimentally measured stress distributions and predictions by the proposed model.Originality/valueThe proposed model provides a more thorough explanation of residual stress development mechanisms by the CS process along with mathematical representation. Comparing to existing analytical and finite element methods, it provides a quicker estimation of the residual stress distribution and magnitude. This paper provides comparisons and contrast of the two different residual stress mechanisms: the peening dominant and the thermal mismatch dominant. The proposed model allows parametric studies of geometric variables, and can potentially contribute to CS process optimisation aiming at residual stress control.

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Fukuyama, Hirofumi, and William L. Weber. "Estimating Two-Stage Network Technology Inefficiency." International Journal of Operations Research and Information Systems 3, no. 2 (April 2012): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/joris.2012040101.

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The authors model the performance of DMUs (decision-making units) using the directional distance function within a two-stage framework. In the first stage of production, DMUs use inputs to produce an intermediate output. In stage 2, the intermediate output is used to produce final outputs. In contrast to DEA (data envelopment analysis) models, the two-stage directional model accounts for a network production structure and allows non-radial scaling of outputs and inputs. An empirical application of the method is provided for Japanese credit cooperative Shinkin banks. These banks use labor, physical capital, equity capital in a first stage to produce deposits, and then use the deposits to produce loans, securities investments, and other interest bearing assets in a second stage. The authors find evidence of greater inefficiency in the first stage of production than in the second stage of production. In addition, the findings indicate that models that ignore a network structure and measure performance using a black-box DEA model miss about 50% of total bank inefficiency when measured by the network model.

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Redenius, Scott A. "Designing a national currency: antebellum payment networks and the structure of the national banking system." Financial History Review 14, no. 2 (October 2007): 207–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565007000546.

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As reflected in the April 2006 issue of the Financial History Review, monetary historians remain divided over the central features of the US monetary union and their contribution to US economic development. In that issue – which focused on the monetary union formed by the Constitution and early federal monetary legislation – Ronald Michener and Robert E. Wright focused on the creation of a uniform unit of account defined in terms of specie. The establishment of a uniform unit of account ‘simplified domestic and international transactions’ compared with the colonial period when ‘[e]conomic calculations across regions were complicated by the fact that people had to reckon with different units of account, without the aid of electronic calculators’. By contrast, Richard Sylla emphasised the role the Bank of the United States played in reducing the costs and risks of clearing and settling interregional payments. An institution, like the Bank, that operated on a national scale was particularly important in the United States because of the limited geographical scope of state bank operations. The Bank's notes and deposits became a truly national monetary standard, and the Bank helped to maintain the value of state bank notes, the principal means of cash payment in the antebellum economy, by enforcing par redemption.

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Benson, Boyd E., Kurt A. Grimm, and John J. Clague. "Tsunami Deposits Beneath Tidal Marshes on Northwestern Vancouver Island, British Columbia." Quaternary Research 48, no. 2 (September 1997): 192–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1997.1911.

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AbstractTwo sand sheets underlying tidal marshes at Fair Harbour, Neroutsos Inlet, and Koprino Harbour on the northwestern coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, were probably deposited by tsunamis. The sand sheets become thinner and finer-grained landward, drape former land surfaces, contain marine microfossils, are locally graded or internally stratified, and can be correlated with earthquakes that generated tsunamis in the region. 137Cs dating and historical accounts indicate that the upper sand sheet was deposited by the tsunami from the great Alaska earthquake in 1964. Radiocarbon ages on plant fossils within and on top of the lower sand sheet show that it was deposited sometime after about A.D. 1660. We attribute the lower sand sheet to a tsunami from the most recent plate-boundary earthquake on the Cascadia subduction zone about 300 yr ago, extending the documented effects of this earthquake north of the Nootka fault zone. The 1964 tsunami deposits differ little in thickness and continuity among the three marshes. In contrast, the lower sand sheet becomes thinner and less continuous to the north, implying a tsunami source south of the study area.

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Frischknecht, Corine, Philippe Rosset, and Jean-Jacques Wagner. "Toward Seismic Microzonation—2-D Modeling and Ambient Seismic Noise Measurements: The Case of an Embanked, Deep Alpine Valley." Earthquake Spectra 21, no. 3 (August 2005): 635–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1941252.

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In the Sion area of Switzerland, part of a deep, embanked sediment-filled valley, investigations on soil site effects have been conducted using two independent methods. Two-dimensional (2-D) modeling was performed with a program based on the Indirect Boundary Element Method (Pedersen et. al. 1994). Numerical simulations allow taking into account the subsurface geometry of the valley and its peculiar characteristics, such as a variable shape ratio and a high shear-wave velocity contrast. The H/V method has been applied on ambient seismic noise measurements recorded on sites as close as possible to the 2-D modeling. This technique allows capturing the fundamental resonant frequency of the deepest sediments as well as identifying the existence of a surficial deposit. Both approaches agree on the fact that the fundamental resonant frequency of the valley is below 1 Hz. The amplification level of the predominant frequency obtained with numerical simulation is up to two times higher than the one given by the H/V ratio. These results provide the basis for further investigations in order to resolve differences.

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Doyen, John T., and George O. Poinar. "Tenebrionidae from Dominican amber (Coleoptera)." Insect Systematics & Evolution 25, no. 1 (1994): 27–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187631294x00027.

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AbstractOnly few fossil Tenebrionidae have been described, mostly from Baltic amber (see Spahr 1981). The only fossils described from the New World appear to be a few species from Florissant shales (Wickham 1913; 1914a, b), those from the California asphalt deposits (Doyen & Miller 1980) and a single species from Dominican amber (Kaszab & Schawaller 1984). Based on Wickham's description and illustrations, the fragmentary fossils he placed in or near extant genera may be ascribed to Tenebrionidae only with uncertainty. In contrast, the Tenebrionidae from the California asphalts all clearly represent species which occur in the immediate area today, and are probably best regarded as subfossils. Screening of many thousands of Dominican amber inclusions has gradually resulted in the accumulation of 29 species of Tenebrionidae, represented by 50 specimens. The account which follows possibly represents the most comprehensive taxonomic survey of any large insect family known to occur in Dominican amber.

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Petrie, Scott A., and Kevin H. Rogers. "Nutrient-reserve dynamics of semiarid-breeding White-faced Whistling Ducks: a north-temperate contrast." Canadian Journal of Zoology 82, no. 7 (July 1, 2004): 1082–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z04-085.

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Little is known about the nutrient-reserve dynamics of waterfowl that breed in semiarid environments. Breeding White-faced Whistling Ducks, Dendrocygna viduata (L., 1766), were collected on the Nyl River floodplain, South Africa, during 1992–1993 and 1995. Mass of major lipid (wet skin + visceral fat + abdominal fat) and protein (breast muscle + leg muscle + gizzard) deposits and organs of males and females were evaluated in relation to sex and reproductive stage. Both sexes arrived at breeding areas with large lipid reserves and did not store additional lipid after arrival. Stored reserves enabled females to begin laying shortly after arrival, an important adaptation to ephemeral wetlands in semiarid environments. Females catabolized at least 37 g of lipid and 27 g of body protein during rapid follicular growth and ovulation. This accounted for 87% of their total lipid and 60% of their protein requirements during egg laying. Males catabolized at least 19 g of lipid between arrival and the end of laying. Although diets of breeding White-faced Whistling Ducks are high in fat, females satisfied most of their lipid requirements for clutch formation from endogenous reserves. Female White-faced Whistling Ducks can reproduce despite their reliance on a relatively low protein diet, and this suggests that they efficiently assimilate amino acids from plant matter. Biparental care apparently decreases the reliance of female White-faced Whistling Ducks on stored nutrients after ovulation, thereby allowing greater allocation of stored nutrients to egg production.

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Kolapo, Funso T., Michael O. Oke, and Temitayo O. Olaniyan. "A study of the nexus between economic development and deposit funded bank loans issued to private-public entities." Corporate Governance and Organizational Behavior Review 2, no. 1 (2018): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cgobr_v2_i1_p4.

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We scrutinized bank deposits and loans issued to private-public sectors and its nexus with economic development in a developing country over the period 1970-2016. This study adopts per capita income as the proxy for economic development, while loans to private sectors, loans to government sectors, money supply, and lending interest rate were the financial deepening variables. We use the Ng-Perron and Augmented Dickey-Fuller Breakpoint Unit Root Tests to check the presence of unit root, and in determining the order of integration of the variables– I(d) in the presence of structural break for each variables respectively, while the T-Y augmented Granger non-causality test is used to reveal how causal effects flow in this study. Hence, taking into account the effect of structural breaks, we found that bank loans to government sectors and lending interest rates were stationary series as p < 0.01. We also found from the T-Y Granger non-causality results in its overall sense that the feedback hypothesis by contrast to prior studies holds in the developing country context. The feedback hypothesis establishes that bank loans and economic development Granger cause each other. In this paper, we recommended among other things that the monetary authorities should regulate the activities of bank deposits to ensure that they gear up the growth of loans to private sectors by examining factors, such as lending interest rate which can possibly undermine lending to these sectors; considering their role as key engine of economic growth in any developing economy.

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Madani, Nasser, and Sultan Abulkhair. "A hierarchical cosimulation algorithm integrated with an acceptance–rejection method for the geostatistical modeling of variables with inequality constraints." Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment 34, no. 10 (July 25, 2020): 1559–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00477-020-01838-5.

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Abstract This work addresses the problem of the cosimulation of cross-correlated variables with inequality constraints. A hierarchical sequential Gaussian cosimulation algorithm is proposed to address this problem, based on establishing a multicollocated cokriging paradigm; the integration of this algorithm with the acceptance–rejection sampling technique entails that the simulated values first reproduce the bivariate inequality constraint between the variables and then reproduce the original statistical parameters, such as the global distribution and variogram. In addition, a robust regression analysis is developed to derive the coefficients of the linear function that introduces the desired inequality constraint. The proposed algorithm is applied to cosimulate Silica and Iron in an Iron deposit, where the two variables exhibit different marginal distributions and a sharp inequality constraint in the bivariate relation. To investigate the benefits of the proposed approach, the Silica and Iron are cosimulated by other cosimulation algorithms, and the results are compared. It is shown that conventional cosimulation approaches are not able to take into account and reproduce the linearity constraint characteristics, which are part of the nature of the dataset. In contrast, the proposed hierarchical cosimulation algorithm perfectly reproduces these complex characteristics and is more suited to the actual dataset.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Deposit account contract'

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