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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Deposition condensates

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Journal articles
Dissertations / Theses
Book chapters
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Academic literature on the topic 'Deposition condensates'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 May 2022

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Deposition condensates"

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Tokarev, O. A., A. V. Demchyshyn, and G. A. Avtonomov. "The structure and mechanical properties of multilayer nanocrystalline TiN/ZrN coatings obtained by vacuum-arc deposition." Processing and Application of Ceramics 1, no. 1-2 (2007): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pac0702043t.

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TiN/ZrN multilayered condensates on BK-8 carbide tips substrates (62 HRC) were produced by the vacuumarc deposition technique, using Ti and Zr plasma flows in reactive nitrogen gas medium with working pressure of 6.6?10-1 Pa. The TiN/ZrN multilayered condensates consist of TiN and ZrN sublayers, which have a thickness of ~100 nm, controlled by the processing parameters of the used deposition technique. The obtained coatings have hardness of 45 GPa and Young?s modulus of 320 GPa. The obtained results show that mechanical properties of such multilayered composites are considerably improved in co

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Koman, Bohdan, Olexiy A. Balitskii, and Volodymyr Yuzevych. "The Nature of Intrinsic Stresses in Thin Copper Condensates Deposited on Solid State Substrates." Journal of Nano Research 54 (August 2018): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.54.66.

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Size effect for intrinsic stresses and thermodynamics of films formation established taking into account the nature of stresses in copper condensates deposited on solid state substrates. We believe that surface energy changes during layer by layer deposition in such condensates with chaotically dispersed areas (possessing different values of Young’s modulus) define the film’s mechanic parameters. The quantitative estimations of mechanical stresses are calculated for layer by layer film growth. The resulting intrinsic stresses (ISs) in copper condensates nature from local static ones, superpose

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Bylina, I. S. "Mechanisms of Structure and Thermoelectric Properties of Vapor-Phase Condensates Solid Solution PbTe–Bi2Te3 on Ceramics." Фізика і хімія твердого тіла 16, no. 1 (2015): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/pcss.16.1.83-92.

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Based on analysis of AFM-images, presents the results of complex research the mechanisms of nucleation and growth processes, surface topology and thermoelectric properties of vapor-phase condensates PbTe-Bi2Te3, grown on polycrystalline ceramics at constant temperatures evaporation TE = 970 K and deposition TS = 470 K. Deposition time τ = (15-75) s, and the percentage of Bi2Te3 was 1-5 mol.%. The dependence of structural characteristics (average size of nanocrystals, their rate of change in the lateral (Dc, Dc/τ) and normal (hc, hc/τ) directions to the substrate surface) and thermoelectric par

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Riaboshtan, V., A. Zubkov, V. Belozerov, M. Zhadko, E. Zozulya, and E. Lutsenko. "The formation and decomposition of anomalous solutions of tantalum in copper condensates." Functional Materials 32, no. 2 (2025): 250–58. https://doi.org/10.15407/fm32.02.250.

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The structure of condensates of the binary Cu-Ta system, in which there are no chemical compounds and mutual solubility under equilibrium conditions in the solid and liquid states, has been studied. It is shown that under certain technological conditions for obtaining condensate, an anomalous tantalum solution is formed in the fcc crystal lattice of copper. It is found that the degree of solubility increases with increasing tantalum concentration, deposition rate and decreasing substrate temperature. It is assumed that the formation of the solution occurs as a result of kinetic capture of tant

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Riaboshtan, V., A. Zubkov, M. Zhadko, E. Zozulya, and E. Zubarev. "The influence of the condensation rate on the structure of Cu-Mo pseudoalloys." Low Temperature Physics 50, no. 1 (2024): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/10.0023891.

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The structure and microhardness of Cu-0.3 at. % Mo vacuum condensates obtained at different deposition rates, both in the initial state and after isothermal annealings carried out up to 800 °C, were studied in the work. It has been established that molybdenum has a dispersing effect on the grain structure of the copper matrix, which consists of the blocking effect of monoatomic molybdenum adsorption layers formed on the surface of growing copper grains during the condensation of a two-component vapor. The structure of Cu-0.3 at. % Mo condensates demonstrates increased thermal stability, retain

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Yavorskyi, R. S., Z. R. Zapukhlyak, Ya S. Yavorskyi, and L. I. Nykyruy. "Vapor Phase Condensation for Photovoltaic CdTe Films." Фізика і хімія твердого тіла 18, no. 4 (2017): 410–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/pcss.18.4.416.

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Thin films of CdTe were obtained by vapor phase condensation, namely by open vacuum evaporation, using different technological factors, in particular, different thickness (different time of deposition t) d = (540 -2835) nm, deposition temperature Td = 200°C and evaporator temperature Te (500 - 600)°C. The films were deposited on silicon substrates. The morphology of thin film condensates is determined on the basis of ASM and SEM studies analysis. Were received dependencies of average roughness and root mean square roughness from the material of substrate and film thickness. It was established

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Yatsyshyn, B. P., and N. I. Domantsevych. "The Changes of Structure and Electrical Properties of Thin Films During Long-Term Aging." Фізика і хімія твердого тіла 18, no. 2 (2017): 184–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/pcss.18.2.184-186.

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The changes of surface structure and electrical properties of crystalline thin films of ternary compounds (La, Y, Sc)-(Ni, Fe)-Ge with metal content not more than 50 at. percent, which are obtained by vacuum deposition, are investigated. The directions of growth defects of films in aging over 20 years shown also as the influence of aging on the electrical properties of the condensates are analyzed.

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Tsizh, B., and Z. Dziamski. "Technological Methods of Forming Thin Semiconductor Layers. Part 1." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 21, no. 91 (2019): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-f9104.

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The review and analysis of the basic technological methods of formation of thin layers of semiconductor materials is presented. The timeframe for the occurrence of thin film technologies and the main centers of their localization are specified. It is shown that nowadays structure, properties and basic methods of obtaining thin films sufficiently well studied for not only simple but also complex, multi-component inorganic semiconductor materials, new areas of application and increase of requirements to the operational characteristics of devices on their basis require improvement of existing tec

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Zhang, Hongqiang, Guanlei Zhao, Shuwang Wu, et al. "Solar anti-icing surface with enhanced condensate self-removing at extreme environmental conditions." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 18 (2021): e2100978118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2100978118.

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The inhibition of condensation freezing under extreme conditions (i.e., ultra-low temperature and high humidity) remains a daunting challenge in the field of anti-icing. As water vapor easily condensates or desublimates and melted water refreezes instantly, these cause significant performance decrease of most anti-icing surfaces at such extreme conditions. Herein, inspired by wheat leaves, an effective condensate self-removing solar anti-icing/frosting surface (CR-SAS) is fabricated using ultrafast pulsed laser deposition technology, which exhibits synergistic effects of enhanced condensate se

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Zaslavskii, O. M. "Effect of temperature and deposition rate on the structure of vacuum alumina condensates." Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics 48, no. 5-6 (2009): 290–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11106-009-9133-8.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Deposition condensates"

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Trwoga, Philip Francis. "A study of luminescence from silicon-rich silica fabricated by plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298241.

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Бересток, Таїсія Олександрівна, Таисия Александровна Бересток, Taisiia Oleksandrivna Berestok та ін. "Сенсорні властивості хімічно осаджених плівок ZnO". Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2015. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/41074.

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Завдяки можливості створення високопористих шарів за допомогою економічних та технологічно простих методів, тонкоплівкові конденсати оксиду цинку (ZnO) широко використовуються як детектори газового середовища. Значна питома поверхня плівок та висока рухливість носіїв заряду в оксиді цинку сприяють адсорбції великої кількості молекул газу, що приводить до зміни опору матеріалу в широкому діапазоні значень.

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SASSOULAS, PIERRE-OLIVIER. "Decharges partielles et autocicatrisation dans les condensateurs au polypropylene metallise impregne." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10105.

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Afin de determiner s'il est possible d'impregner les condensateurs au polypropylene metallise, nous avons tout d'abord etudie les decharges se produisant au voisinage du bord de metallisation. Cette etude a montre que l'utilisation d'un liquide dielectrique tel que le m/dbt, l'huile de colza ou l'huile silicone, permet une elevation considerable de la tension d'apparition des decharges partielles par rapport aux condensateurs metallises secs. Nous avons mis en evidence l'existence de deux regimes de decharges : les decharges du 1#e#r regime sont dues a des avalanches electroniques dans le liqu

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Ihara, Kou. "Οptimizing οf metal-insulatοr-metal capacitοrs perfοrmances by atοmic layer depοsitiοn : advancing prοductiοn efficiency and thrοughput". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NORMC218.

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À mesure que la technologie des semi-conducteurs progresse, la nécessité de surmonter les limitations de la réduction des tailles de dispositifs est considérée comme primordiale. Bien que la loi de Moore ait guidé cette évolution au cours des cinq dernières décennies, les contraintes des composants actifs sont désormais évidentes à mesure que les processus de fabrication approchent de l'échelle atomique. L'approche "More Than Moore" a émergé pour y remédier, mettant l'accent sur l'intégration et la miniaturisation de puces hétérogènes afin de permettre l'empilement de diverses fonctionnalités

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Tetsi, Emmanuel. "Développement de films minces à base de nanoparticules diélectriques et optimisatisation des conditions de dépôt pour fabriquer des condensateurs de découplage utilisés dans des assemblages à haute densité de modules électroniques." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0113/document.

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Dans le cadre de l’intégration tridimensionnelle (3D) associée à l’utilisation d’un nombre croissant de circuits intégrés (CIs), le besoin en condensateurs de découplage à forte densité de capacité (≥ 1 μF.cm-2), capables d’opérer sur une gamme de fréquences de plus en plus étendue, est crucial afin de limiter les fluctuations de tension d’alimentation au niveau des CIs. Le principal frein au développement de ces condensateurs réside dans l’obtention de couches minces (≤ 100 nm) à partir de matériaux ayant une forte permittivité relative (ε_r > 200 à 1 GHz), des technologies compatibles ave

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Pointet, John. "Elaboration et caractérisation de structures métal-isolant-métal à base de TiO2 déposé par Atomic Layer Deposition." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAT089/document.

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Les besoins de la microélectronique pour les condensateurs de type DRAM sont résumés dans la feuille de route ITRS (International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors). Pour descendre en dessous du noeud technologique 22 nm, des performances électriques telles qu'une épaisseur d'oxyde équivalent (EOT) < 0.5 nm et un niveau de courant de fuite < 1.10-7 A/cm² à 0.8 V sont nécessaires. Ces performances sont difficiles à atteindre si l'on considère des oxydes standards largement utilisés tels que le SiO2, le Si3N4 ou l'Al2O3. Le dioxyde de Titane constitue un matériau diélectrique de choix

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Lemenager, Maxime. "Atomic Layer Deposition of thin dielectric films for high density and high reliability integrated capacitors." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI085.

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Le stockage d’énergie dans les systèmes embarqués fait toujours l’objet d’importants efforts de R&D car il nécessite une constante diminution du volume occupé par les composants électroniques. Il apparaît que la taille des composants discrets que sont les condensateurs est un des freins à la miniaturisation des dispositifs finaux. Bien que des technologies, principalement basées sur la gravure profonde du silicium à l’échelle micrométrique, aient permis des avancées considérables, elles se montrent dorénavant limitées en termes de densité d’intégration. De ce fait, Murata IPS a développé u

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Garcia, Ramirez Emmanuel Armando. "Etude et optimisation de matériaux diélectriques et électrodes déposés par ALD pour structures nano-poreuses." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NORMC226.

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Cette thèse examine les films minces d’oxyde de hafnium (HfO2) pour leur potentiel dans lesnanocondensateurs, répondant aux besoins en miniaturisation et haute performance del’électronique moderne. Le HfO2 est compatible avec la Déposition par Couches Atomiques(ALD), ce qui permet des dépôts minces précis et homogènes, essentiels pour garantir la fiabilitédes dispositifs électroniques. Les films minces sont soumis à différentes techniques de fabricationet de caractérisation pour analyser leur morphologie et leurs propriétés électriques, notamment laconstante diélectrique, la tension de claquag

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Book chapters on the topic "Deposition condensates"

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Bihun, Roman, and Bohdan Koman. "NANOSCALE METAL FILM ELECTRONICS." In Traditions and new scientific strategies in the context of global transformation of society. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-406-1-1.

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The purpose of work is the development of technique for the deposition of nanoscale metal condensates of fine-crystalline structure of Au, Ag, Cu and transition (Mn, Hi, Pd and Cr) metals on the surface of amorphous glass or carbon substrate, and such surfaces pre-coated with wetting weakly conductive underlayers of Ge, Sb or Si, with mass thicknesses up to 8 nm.With predicted, controlled structure and electrophysical properties of metal films by use the combination of "quench deposition" technology and wetting underlayers with subsequent thermal stabilization in the interval of the first temp

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Burt, Donald M. "Layered sediments on Mars deposited by impacts instead of by liquid water." In In the Footsteps of Warren B. Hamilton: New Ideas in Earth Science. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2021.2553(27).

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ABSTRACT Layered deposits on Mars imaged by the three rovers are generally inferred to have been deposited by liquid water (or wind or volcanism), consistent with interpretations based on orbital imaging. This interpretation implies early Mars was warm and wet, despite long-standing problems with modeling this case. As an alternative hypothesis, rapid sediment deposition during Late Noachian impact bombardment followed by local hydration and alteration of sediment by surficial acid condensates and (at least in Gale Crater) by chemically neutral groundwater can explain all the observed sediment

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Pinchuk, Nataliia. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE FORMATION AND PROPERTIES OF PVD COATINGS TIN, TI/TIN AND TIN-MON." In The scientific paradigm in the context of technological development and social change. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-297-5-19.

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Nanocomposite coatings represent a new generation of mate-rials and they consist of at least two phases with a nanocrystalline and/or amorphous structure. They have a lot of unique properties, the appear-ance of which is associated with a high volume fraction of phase boundar-ies, with the strength of these boundaries, with the absence of dislocations inside crystals. The purpose of the paper analysis of the reasons for the observed changes, based on the mechanism of formation of surface lay-ers of vacuum-arc coatings under the condition of implantation processes stimulated by applying a negat

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"Section 1. Introduction." In Consensus on Operating Practices for the Control of Feedwater and Boiler Water Chemistry in Industrial and Institutional Boilers. ASME Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.885093_ch1.

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This document has been prepared by the Water Technology Subcommittee of the ASME Research and Technology Committee on Steam and Water in Thermal Systems as a consensus of proper current operating practices for the control of feedwater and boiler water chemistry in the operation of industrial and institutional, high duty, primary fuel fired boilers. These practices are aimed at minimizing corrosion, deposition, cleaning requirements, and unscheduled outages in the steam generators and associated condensate, feedwater and steam systems for boilers, and steam system components which are currently

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Hedenquist, Jeffrey W., Yukihiro Matsuhisa, Elji Izawa, Noel C. White, Werner F. Giggenbach, and Masahiro Aoki. "Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists." In Epithermal Gold Mineralization and Modern Analogues, Kyushu, Japan. Society of Economic Geologists, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/gb.34.10.

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Abstract The Nansatsu district of southern Kyushu has been the site of calc-alkaline volcanism for the last 10 m.y., shifting eastward with time. Associated hydrothermal activity followed deposition of the volcanic host rocks by about 0.5 m.y. and was characterized by interaction of magmatic fluids with meteoric water under epithermal conditions, resulting in the formation of high sulfidation Cu-Au deposits at Kasuga, Iwato, and Akeshi. The orebodies consist of &gt;95 wt percent SiO2 and result from leaching of the original andesite lava and pyroclastic flows by acid chloride-sulfate water

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Hanson, William B., Victor Vega, and Dennis Cox. "Structural Geology, Seismic Imaging, and Genesis of the Giant Jonah Gas Field, Wyoming, U.S.A." In Jonah Field. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1306/st521007c6.

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Abstract Jonah field, Wyoming’s second largest gas producer, is a structurally controlled trap located in the northwestern part of the Green River basin. Gas and condensate are produced from innumerable latest Cretaceous and early Tertiary overpressured tight-gas sandstones at depths of 7300–12,800 ft (2200–3900 m). Jonah field is remarkable for many reasons, including the large per-well reserves (relative to other tight-gas reservoirs), hundreds of feet of net pay, and a gross producing interval as great as 4000 ft (1220 m) thick. These superlative production characteristics exist, despite th

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Conference papers on the topic "Deposition condensates"

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Wilkes, J. F., E. E. Watanabe, and M. C. Amaral. "Evaluation and Control of Deposition Potential of Process Condensate in Sugar and Alcohol Plants." In CORROSION 1989. NACE International, 1989. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1989-89426.

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Abstract Ethanol (95%) produced in sugar mill/distilleries now provides 90% of Brazil's passenger car fuel requirements, sharply reducing petroleum demand. Sugar juice or molasses are fermented; resulting 13% ethanol is concentrated to 95% in multi-plate stainless columns. Serious corrosion/deposition is common in process condensate systems. Deposition is caused by corrosion products, reactions between organic acids/ inorganic salts in condensates, and heavy metal reactions with sugars/ organic acid by products of fermentation. Deposit control requires dispersion of organic foulants/corrosion

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Al-Hammad, Munther A. "Frequent Failure in Metallic Tubes Due to Salt Deposition." In CORROSION 2014. NACE International, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2014-3731.

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Abstract Heavy salt deposits in a condensate stabilizer reboiler shell at Saudi Aramco led to severe external chloride stress corrosion cracking of 316 SS tubes after only nine months of service. The hydrocarbon condensate on the shell side of the reboiler is heated by hot oil on the tube side. The short term solution was to replace the stainless steel tubes of the reboiler with heavy gauge carbon steel material. However, salt deposit accumulation continued to be a problem and the reboiler had to be cleaned on a frequent basis as its heat transfer efficiency declines. Operating close to the te

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Kelly, J. A., and D. I. Bain. "Minimizing Iron Oxide Deposition in Steam Generating Systems." In CORROSION 1990. NACE International, 1990. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1990-90081.

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Abstract Iron oxide deposition affects steam generating efficiency and is a major cause of tube failures in high pressure boilers. A major factor contributing to this problem is increased return of corrosion products in the condensate from various processes throughout the plant. The most common approach to minimizing the deposition of iron oxides is to inhibit its generation in the total steam circuit. This paper discusses the chemistry of iron oxide and methods for controlling its deposition in boilers. Included are results for diethylhydroxylamine (DEHA) which demonstrate its application as

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Kelly, John A., Chad D. Frierson, and Andrew C. Doak. "Scale and Corrosion Control Mechanisms for Condensate, Feedwater, and Boilers in Industrial Systems." In CORROSION 2018. NACE International, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2018-11361.

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Abstract Iron, copper and hardness scale deposition occurring on internal boiler generating surfaces seriously impact steam generation in industrial steam boilers and generators. Deposits lead to a loss in efficiency, serious corrosion, and short and long term overheating problems leading ultimately to tube failures. Corrosion problems associated with deposits are generally ductile gouging or caustic gouging (underdeposit corrosion or UDC). This may also lead to hydrogen damage. Pertinent mechanisms of scale and deposition control processes as well as the sources of contaminants are discussed.

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Salgado, I. Carrillo. "Corrosion by Elemental Sulphur Deposition in Natural Gas Transmission Systems." In CONFERENCE 2024. AMPP, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2024-20918.

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Abstract The presence of orthorhombic elemental sulfur in a natural gas transmission system was detected. Different dust samples were taken from strainers and skids of a fuel gas turbomachinery. The presence of sulfur could cause corrosion problems and damage to the internal combustion system of a turbine. Characterization analyses were conducted to identify the principles and mechanisms associated with the formation and deposition of elemental sulfur in natural gas transmission and related equipment. Scanning electron microscopy / energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence, and X-ray

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Jauseau, Nicolas, Fernando Farelas, Marc Singer, and Srdjan Nesic. "Investigation of the Applicability of Droplet Transport for Top of the Line Corrosion Mitigation." In CORROSION 2018. NACE International, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2018-11493.

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Abstract The entrainment of liquid droplets, occurring in a limited range of gas and liquid flow conditions within the stratified flow region, could represent an effective way to transport a non-volatile liquid corrosion inhibitor through the gas phase and combat Top of the Line Corrosion (TLC). However, such an approach is only viable if the inhibitor can reach the top of the pipe and deposit at a rate higher than the local rate of condensing water can dilute it. This work presents a combined modeling and experimental methodology to determine the onset of droplet entrainment from the bottom a

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May, Leslie J., Wellington Wamburi, and Chris Dilley. "Sulfur-related Corrosion Threats: Out of Sight but Not Out of Mind." In CORROSION 2012. NACE International, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2012-01103.

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Abstract Internal pipeline corrosion risks associated with the presence of solid sulfur are well respected in the oil and gas industry. When identified, comprehensive efforts are made to mitigate or eliminate the associated threats. Sulfur solvent application is one option for removal and inhibition of sulfur deposition in sour gas systems. Physical solvents dissolve sulfur into the hydrocarbon phase, while amine-based solvents generate water soluble ionic polysulfide products. Does the removal of sulfur deposits create a false sense of security in these systems? Are the new, dissolved forms o

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Iverson, Scott, Susan Yaun, and Feras El Yaakobi. "Innovative Chemical Offers Enhanced Performance in Both Paraffin Control and Corrosion Inhibition in Duvernay Production." In CONFERENCE 2025. AMPP, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2025-00059.

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Abstract The Duvernay formation, a prominent shale formation spanning central Alberta, is an unconventional, liquids-rich reservoir providing access to Canadian condensate and natural gas liquids. As with other shale plays, production from the Duvernay formation presents numerous operational challenges, notably paraffin deposition and corrosion, which are both technically and economically demanding. Addressing these challenges with economic efficiency in mind, we initiated the development of a novel chemistry capable of both treating paraffin and preventing corrosion. This paper discusses the

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Fowee, Roger W., Claudia C. Pierce, and Barbara E. Higgins. "Monitoring of Iron in Steam Generating Systems." In CORROSION 1991. NACE International, 1991. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1991-91218.

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Abstract The presence of iron and its oxides in steam generating systems presents a twofold problem. First, the presence of iron and its oxides may indicate that there is active corrosion occurring in the pre-boiler, boiler and/or condensate portions of the steam generating system. The corrosion can affect the service life of the boiler and may lead to unscheduled outages. Secondly, the corrosion generated iron oxides may deposit in the heat transfer areas of the boiler. If the accumulation of these deposits becomes too great, overheating or corrosion failures of the boiler tubes may result. A

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Winters, M. A. ""Tailoring Water Quality to Assure Steam Quality and Protect Refinery Utility Boilers"." In CORROSION 1985. NACE International, 1985. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1985-85242.

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Abstract A series of unplanned boiler outages over a two year period between 1980 and 1982 resulted in maintenance and repair costs of more than M$5 together with indeterminable cost to refining operations. Many of the outages were caused by superheater or boiler tube ruptures attributed to either corrosion or overheating due to excessive fouling or scale deposition. While the root cause of the individual incidents were invariably different, a factor common to all incidents was inadequate boiler water quality control which enabled the problem to develop and manifest itself without prior detect

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