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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Deposition facility

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Academic literature on the topic 'Deposition facility'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Deposition facility"

1

Guglya, A. G., Yu A. Marchenko, N. V. Perun, I. V. Sassa, I. V. Lopatin, and A. S. Tishchenko. "The APΓO-2 technological facility for ion-beam-assisted deposition." Instruments and Experimental Techniques 50, no. 3 (May 2007): 411–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0020441207030207.

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2

Koch, K. R., F. M. Clikeman, and R. H. Johnson. "Gamma-Ray Energy Deposition Measurements in the Fast Breeder Blanket Facility." Nuclear Science and Engineering 92, no. 4 (April 1986): 596–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/nse86-a18615.

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Jensen, Jared W., Sean W. Squire, Jeffrey P. Bons, and Thomas H. Fletcher. "Simulated Land-Based Turbine Deposits Generated in an Accelerated Deposition Facility." Journal of Turbomachinery 127, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 462–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1860380.

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This report presents a validation of the design and operation of an accelerated testing facility for the study of foreign deposit layers typical to the operation of land-based gas turbines. This facility was designed to produce turbine deposits in a 4-h test that would simulate 10000h of turbine operation. This is accomplished by matching the net foreign particulate throughput of an actual gas turbine. Flow Mach number, temperature and particulate impingement angle are also matched. Validation tests were conducted to model the ingestion of foreign particulate typically found in the urban environment. The majority of this particulate is ceramic in nature and smaller than 10microns in size, but varies up to 80microns. Deposits were formed for flow Mach number and temperature of 0.34 and 1150°C, respectively, using MCrAlY coated coupons donated from industry. Investigations over a range of impingement angles yielded samples with deposit thicknesses from 10to50microns in 4h, accelerated-service simulations. Deposit thickness increased substantially with temperature and was roughly constant with impingement angle when the deposit thickness was measured in the direction of the impinging flow. Test validation was achieved using direct comparison with deposits from service hardware. Deposit characteristics affecting blade heat transfer via convection and conduction were assessed. Surface topography analysis indicated that the surface structure of the generated deposits were similar to those found on actual turbine blades. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and x-ray spectroscopy analyses indicated that the deposit microstructures and chemical compositions were comparable to turbine blade deposit samples obtained from industry.

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Brewer, M. A., I. G. Brown, M. R. Dickinson, J. E. Galvin, R. A. MacGill, and M. C. Salvadori. "Simple, safe, and economical microwave plasma‐assisted chemical vapor deposition facility." Review of Scientific Instruments 63, no. 6 (June 1992): 3389–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1142557.

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Rushdi, A., R. Gupta, A. Sharma, and D. Holcombe. "Mechanistic prediction of ash deposition in a pilot-scale test facility." Fuel 84, no. 10 (July 2005): 1246–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2004.08.027.

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Vickery, Anette, Carsten P. Jensen, Finn E. Christensen, Mads Peter Steenstrup, and Troels Schønfeldt. "Collimated Magnetron Sputter Deposition for Mirror Coatings." X-Ray Optics and Instrumentation 2008 (June 15, 2008): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/792540.

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At the Danish National Space Center (DNSC), a planar magnetron sputtering chamber has been established as a research and production coating facility for curved X-ray mirrors for hard X-ray optics for astronomical X-ray telescopes. In the following, we present experimental evidence that a collimation of the sputtered particles is an efficient way to suppress the interfacial roughness of the produced multilayer. We present two different types of collimation optimized for the production of low roughness curved mirrors and flat mirrors, respectively.

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Sweeney, M. A., E. L. Patterson, and G. E. Samlin. "Study of energy deposition in the electron‐beam‐pumped laser facility HAWK." Journal of Applied Physics 68, no. 6 (September 15, 1990): 2577–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.346482.

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Zimin, A. M., N. G. Elistratov, B. N. Kolbasov, O. S. Kozlov, Yu YA Kurochkin, D. A. Milyukovand, and N. N. Vasiliev. "MAGRAS - facility for modelling of plasma facing beryllium sputtering and re-deposition." Plasma Devices and Operations 8, no. 1 (November 1999): 15–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10519999908228143.

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9

Shaygan, Mandana, Brent Usher, and Thomas Baumgartl. "Modelling Hydrological Performance of a Bauxite Residue Profile for Deposition Management of a Storage Facility." Water 12, no. 7 (July 14, 2020): 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12071988.

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Accurate scheduling of bauxite residue (red mud) deposition time is required in order to prevent the risk of storage facility failure. This study was conducted to precisely determine the hydraulic parameters of bauxite residue and investigate the capability of HYDRUS to accurately estimate the residue moisture profile and the timing for its deposition. The hydraulic properties of the bauxite residue profile were determined by solving an inverse problem. A one-dimensional hydrological model (HYDRUS-1D) was validated using a 300 mm long column filled with bauxite residue and exposed to a dynamic lower boundary condition. After numerical validation, the model was used to simulate the moisture profile of bauxite residue under the climatic conditions of an alumina refinery site in Queensland, Australia, as well as other scenarios (i.e., high (300 mm) and small (1.7 mm) rainfall events of the site). This study showed that the HYDRUS model can be used as a predictive tool to precisely estimate the moisture profile of the bauxite residue and that the timing for the re-deposition of the bauxite residue can be estimated by understanding the moisture profile and desired shear strength of the residue. This study revealed that the examined bauxite residue approaches field capacity (water potential −10 kPa) after three days from a low rainfall event (<1.7 mm) and after eight days from an intense rainfall event (300 mm) at the time of disposal. This suggests that the bauxite residue can be deposited every four days after low rainfall events (as low as 1.7 mm) and every nine days after high rainfall events (as high as 300 mm) at the time of deposition, if bauxite residue experiences an initial drying period following deposition.

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NAKAGAWA, Yasuyuki, Noriko TAKASHIMA, Kazuo MURAKAMI, Yoshio GOTOH, and Ippei NAGAI. "DISCHARGED MUDDY SEDIMENTS AND THEIR DEPOSITION PROCESS AROUND PORT FACILITY AT RIVER MOUTH." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B2 (Coastal Engineering) 72, no. 2 (2016): I_523—I_528. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/kaigan.72.i_523.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Deposition facility"

1

Smith, Christopher Stephen. "Experimental Validation of a Hot Gas Turbine Particle Deposition Facility." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1269547595.

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Wammack, James Edward. "Evolution of Turbine Blade Deposits in an Accelerated Deposition Facility: Roughness and Thermal Analysis." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2005. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1067.pdf.

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Cramer, Klaron Nathanael. "Design, Construction, and Preliminary Validation of the Turbine Reacting Flow Rig." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1243987343.

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Lindström, Björn. "A novel diamond-based beam position monitoring system for the High Radiation to Materials facility at CERN SPS." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-123881.

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The High Radiation to Materials facility employs a high intensity pulsed beam imposing several challenges on the beam position monitors. Diamond has been shown to be a resilient material with its radiation hardness and mechanical strength, while it is also simple due to its wide bandgap removing the need for doping. A new type of diamond based beam position monitor has been constructed, which includes a hole in the center of the diamond where the majority of the beam is intended to pass through. This increases the longevity of the detectors as well as allowing them to be used for high intensity beams. The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the performance of the detectors in the High Radiation to Materials facility for various beam parameters, involving differences in position, size, bunch intensity and bunch number. A prestudy consisting of calibration of the detectors using single incident particles is also presented. The detectors are shown to work as intended after a recalibration of the algorithm, albeit with a slightly lower precision than requested, giving a promising new beam position monitoring system. They work for the full intensity range and a single bunch resolution is achieved. Functionality is also shown with backscattering from dense targets.

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Kost, Daniel. "Energieeintrag langsamer hochgeladener Ionen in Festkörperoberflächen." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1191876639212-68583.

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Motiviert durch die in der Literatur bisher unvollständige Beschreibung der Relaxation hochgeladener Ionen vor Festkörperoberﬂächen, besonders in Bezug auf den Eintrag potenzieller Energie in Oberﬂächen und der Aufstellung einer vollständigen Energiebilanz, werden in dieser Arbeit komplementäre Studien präsentiert, die sowohl die Ermittlung des Anteils der deponierten potenziellen Energie als auch die Ermittlung der emittierten potenziellen Energie ermöglichen. Zum Einen wird zur Bestimmung des eingetragenen Anteils der potenziellen Energie eine kalorimetrische Messanordnung verwendet, zum Anderen gelingt die Bestimmung der emittierten potenziellen Energie mittels doppeldifferenzieller Elektronenspektroskopie. Für vertiefende Studien werden Materialien unterschiedlicher elektronischer Strukturen (Cu, n-Si, p-Si und SiO2 ) verwendet. Im Falle der Kalorimetrie wird festgestellt, dass die eingetragene potenzielle Energie linear mit der inneren potenziellen Energie der Ionen wächst. Dabei bleibt das Verhältnis zwischen der eingetragenen potenziellen Energie und der inneren potenziellen Energie nahezu konstant bei etwa (80 ± 10) %. Der Vergleich von Cu, n-Si und p-Si zeigt im Rahmen der Messfehler keine signiﬁkanten Unterschiede in diesem Verhältnis. Es liegen jedoch deutlich unter jenem von SiO2. Die Elektronenspektroskopie liefert ein dazu komplementäres Ergebnis. Für Cu und Si konnte ebenfalls eine lineare Abhängigkeit zwischen emittierter Energie und innerer potenzieller Energie festgestellt werden. Das Verhältnis wurde hierfür bis zum Ladungszustand bis Ar7+ zu etwa (10 ± 5) % unabhängig vom Ladungszustand bestimmt. Im Gegensatz dazu liefert SiO2 eine nahezu verschwindende Elektronenausbeute. Für Ar8+ und Ar9+ steigt die Elektronenausbeute wegen der Beiträge der LMM-Augerelektronen für alle untersuchten Materialien leicht an. Der Anteil der emittierten Energie eines Ar9+ -Ions wird für Cu und Si zu etwa 20 % und für SiO2 zu etwa 10 % angegeben. Diese Ergebnisse sind in guter Übereinstimmung mit den Kalorimetrieexperimenten und erfüllen die Energiebilanz. Zusätzlich werden die experimentellen Ergebnisse mit einer Computersimulation modelliert, welche auf dem erweiterten dynamischen klassischen Barrierenmodell basiert. Aus diesen Rechnungen kann zudem jener Anteil der deponierten potenziellen Energie erhalten werden, welcher durch Bildladungsbeschleunigung vor der Oberﬂäche in kinetische Energie umgewandelt wurde
Motivated by the incomplete scientiﬁc description of the relaxation of highly charged ions in front of solid surfaces and their energy balance, this thesis describes an advanced complementary study of determining deposited fractions and re-emitted fractions of the potential energy of highly charged ions. On one side, a calorimetric measurement setup is used to determine the retained potential energy and on the other side, energy resolved electron spectroscopy is used for measuring the re-emitted energy due to secondary electron emission. In order to study the mechanism of energy retention in detail, materials with different electronic structures are investigated: Cu, n-Si, p-Si and SiO2 . In the case of calorimetry, a linear relationship between the deposited potential energy and the inner potential energy of the ions was determined. The total potential energy which stays in the solid remains almost constant at about (80 ± 10) %. Comparing the results of the Cu, n-Si and p-Si targets, no signiﬁcant difference could be shown. Therefore we conclude that the difference in energy deposition between copper, n-doped Si and p-doped Si is below 10 %, which is signiﬁcantly lower than using SiO2 targets. For this purpose, electron spectroscopy provides a complementary result. For Cu and Si surfaces, an almost linear increase of the re-emitted energy with increasing potential energy of the ion up to Ar7+ was also observed. The ratio of the re-emitted energy is about (10 ± 5) % of the total potential energy of the incoming ion, almost independent of the ion charge state. In contrast, an almost vanishing electron emission was observed for SiO2 and for charge states below q=7. For Ar8+ and Ar9+, the electron emission increased due to the contribution of the projectile LMM Auger electrons and the re-emitted energy amounts up to 20 % for Cu and Si and around 10 % for SiO2 .These results are in good agreement with the calorimetric values. In addition, the experimental results are compared with computer simulations based on the extended dynamical over-the-barrier model. From these calculations, the ratio of deposited potential energy that is transformed into kinetic energy before deposition due to the image charge acceleration can be maintained

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6

Kost, Daniel. "Energieeintrag langsamer hochgeladener Ionen in Festkörperoberflächen." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universität Dresden, 2006. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A23991.

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Motiviert durch die in der Literatur bisher unvollständige Beschreibung der Relaxation hochgeladener Ionen vor Festkörperoberﬂächen, besonders in Bezug auf den Eintrag potenzieller Energie in Oberﬂächen und der Aufstellung einer vollständigen Energiebilanz, werden in dieser Arbeit komplementäre Studien präsentiert, die sowohl die Ermittlung des Anteils der deponierten potenziellen Energie als auch die Ermittlung der emittierten potenziellen Energie ermöglichen. Zum Einen wird zur Bestimmung des eingetragenen Anteils der potenziellen Energie eine kalorimetrische Messanordnung verwendet, zum Anderen gelingt die Bestimmung der emittierten potenziellen Energie mittels doppeldifferenzieller Elektronenspektroskopie. Für vertiefende Studien werden Materialien unterschiedlicher elektronischer Strukturen (Cu, n-Si, p-Si und SiO2 ) verwendet. Im Falle der Kalorimetrie wird festgestellt, dass die eingetragene potenzielle Energie linear mit der inneren potenziellen Energie der Ionen wächst. Dabei bleibt das Verhältnis zwischen der eingetragenen potenziellen Energie und der inneren potenziellen Energie nahezu konstant bei etwa (80 ± 10) %. Der Vergleich von Cu, n-Si und p-Si zeigt im Rahmen der Messfehler keine signiﬁkanten Unterschiede in diesem Verhältnis. Es liegen jedoch deutlich unter jenem von SiO2. Die Elektronenspektroskopie liefert ein dazu komplementäres Ergebnis. Für Cu und Si konnte ebenfalls eine lineare Abhängigkeit zwischen emittierter Energie und innerer potenzieller Energie festgestellt werden. Das Verhältnis wurde hierfür bis zum Ladungszustand bis Ar7+ zu etwa (10 ± 5) % unabhängig vom Ladungszustand bestimmt. Im Gegensatz dazu liefert SiO2 eine nahezu verschwindende Elektronenausbeute. Für Ar8+ und Ar9+ steigt die Elektronenausbeute wegen der Beiträge der LMM-Augerelektronen für alle untersuchten Materialien leicht an. Der Anteil der emittierten Energie eines Ar9+ -Ions wird für Cu und Si zu etwa 20 % und für SiO2 zu etwa 10 % angegeben. Diese Ergebnisse sind in guter Übereinstimmung mit den Kalorimetrieexperimenten und erfüllen die Energiebilanz. Zusätzlich werden die experimentellen Ergebnisse mit einer Computersimulation modelliert, welche auf dem erweiterten dynamischen klassischen Barrierenmodell basiert. Aus diesen Rechnungen kann zudem jener Anteil der deponierten potenziellen Energie erhalten werden, welcher durch Bildladungsbeschleunigung vor der Oberﬂäche in kinetische Energie umgewandelt wurde.
Motivated by the incomplete scientiﬁc description of the relaxation of highly charged ions in front of solid surfaces and their energy balance, this thesis describes an advanced complementary study of determining deposited fractions and re-emitted fractions of the potential energy of highly charged ions. On one side, a calorimetric measurement setup is used to determine the retained potential energy and on the other side, energy resolved electron spectroscopy is used for measuring the re-emitted energy due to secondary electron emission. In order to study the mechanism of energy retention in detail, materials with different electronic structures are investigated: Cu, n-Si, p-Si and SiO2 . In the case of calorimetry, a linear relationship between the deposited potential energy and the inner potential energy of the ions was determined. The total potential energy which stays in the solid remains almost constant at about (80 ± 10) %. Comparing the results of the Cu, n-Si and p-Si targets, no signiﬁcant difference could be shown. Therefore we conclude that the difference in energy deposition between copper, n-doped Si and p-doped Si is below 10 %, which is signiﬁcantly lower than using SiO2 targets. For this purpose, electron spectroscopy provides a complementary result. For Cu and Si surfaces, an almost linear increase of the re-emitted energy with increasing potential energy of the ion up to Ar7+ was also observed. The ratio of the re-emitted energy is about (10 ± 5) % of the total potential energy of the incoming ion, almost independent of the ion charge state. In contrast, an almost vanishing electron emission was observed for SiO2 and for charge states below q=7. For Ar8+ and Ar9+, the electron emission increased due to the contribution of the projectile LMM Auger electrons and the re-emitted energy amounts up to 20 % for Cu and Si and around 10 % for SiO2 .These results are in good agreement with the calorimetric values. In addition, the experimental results are compared with computer simulations based on the extended dynamical over-the-barrier model. From these calculations, the ratio of deposited potential energy that is transformed into kinetic energy before deposition due to the image charge acceleration can be maintained.

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Artieres, Olivier. "Les depots en reseau d'assainissement unitaire : origine, caracteristiques, pollution, transport." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987STR13147.

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Formation de depots dans les reseaux d'assainissement unitaire dans le cas du bassin versant d'une commune rurale. Le ruissellement pluvial apporte une grosse quantite de particules minerales susceptibles de decanter dans le reseau, d'ou son efficacite mise en cause. Mais les rejets domestiques sont la source la plus importante de matieres solides, essentiellement organiques et donc qui se decomposent et sont rapidement entraines

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Books on the topic "Deposition facility"

1

Stauble, Donald K. Long-term profile and sediment morphodynamics: Field Research Facility case history. [Vicksburg, Miss: U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, 1992.

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Stauble, Donald K. Long-term profile and sediment morphodynamics: Field Research Facility case history. [Vicksburg, Miss: U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, 1992.

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Racette, D. J. Moss bag exposure survey in the vicinity of the CPR concentrate transhipment facility: Schreiber, 1987-88. [Toronto]: Technical Support Section, Northwestern Region, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, 1989.

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National sediment contaminant point source inventory: Analysis of facility release data. Washington, DC: Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1996.

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Michele, Wilson, Martin Greg, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Development of replicated optics for AXAF-1 XDA testing: Final report. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Deposition facility"

1

Mallant, R. K. A. M. "A Fog Chamber and Wind Tunnel Facility for Calibration of Cloud Water Collectors." In Acid Deposition at High Elevation Sites, 479–90. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3079-7_28.

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Vidoli, Giovanna M., Dawnie W. Steadman, Joanne B. Devlin, and Lee Meadows Jantz. "History and Development of the First Anthropology Research Facility, Knoxville, Tennessee." In Taphonomy of Human Remains: Forensic Analysis of the Dead and the Depositional Environment, 461–75. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118953358.ch35.

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Wu, Huijuan, and Teresa C. Chen. "Angle and Nonpenetrating Glaucoma Surgery." In Complications of Glaucoma Surgery. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195382365.003.0011.

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The outflow of aqueous via the anterior chamber angle is a constant process. The aqueous is formed by the ciliary processes and then passes through the pupil from the posterior chamber to the anterior chamber (Figure 2.1). About 83%–96% of the aqueous finally exits the eye into the anterior chamber angle via the trabecular meshwork—Schlemm’s canal—venous system (i.e., the conventional or canalicular outflow pathway). The other 5%–15% of aqueous outflow occurs via uveoscleral outflow (i.e., the unconventional or extracanalicular outflow pathway), with aqueous passing through the ciliary muscle and iris, then entering into the supraciliary and suprachoroidal spaces, and then finally exiting the eye through the sclera or along the penetrating nerves and vessels. Glaucoma is usually associated with aqueous outflow problems through a variety of mechanisms. For the developmental glaucomas, the improper development of the outflow structures is the main reason for high eye pressures. In the primary and secondary open-angle glaucomas, the theories to explain the diminished outflow facility are numerous. Possible etiologies are as follows: deposition of foreign material (such as pigment, red blood cells, glycosaminoglycans, extracellular lysosomes, plaque-like material, and proteins) into the trabecular meshwork (TM) and the wall of Schlemm’s canal (SC), loss of trabecular endothelial cells, structural changes of the inner wall of SC, and abnormal phagocytic activity of trabecular endothelial cells. In angle closure glaucoma, the peripheral iris closes the entrance to the TM by the anterior pulling mechanism or the posterior pushing mechanism, resulting in the direct blockage of conventional outflow. The goal of angle and nonpenetrating procedures is to restore aqueous outflow, thereby lowering intraocular pressure (IOP). Angle surgery restores outflow by re-opening the natural channels for aqueous outflow, and nonpenetrating glaucoma surgery creates an artificial external filtration site and partly restores the normal physiologic pathways. In 1936, Otto Barkan was the first to describe a surgical procedure that creates an internal incision into trabecular tissue under direct magnified view of the anterior chamber angle.

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Conference papers on the topic "Deposition facility"

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Morawe, Ch, Ch Borel, and J. Ch Peffen. "The new ESRF multilayer deposition facility." In Optical Engineering + Applications, edited by Ali M. Khounsary, Christian Morawe, and Shunji Goto. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.734107.

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Conley, Ray, Bing Shi, Mark Erdmann, Scott Izzo, Lahsen Assoufid, Kurt Goetze, Tim Mooney, and Kenneth Lauer. "APS deposition facility upgrades and future plans." In SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications, edited by Christian Morawe, Ali M. Khounsary, and Shunji Goto. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2062427.

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Barat, K. L., and R. E. Russo. "Facility for ion-assisted pulsed laser deposition of thin films." In ICALEO® ‘94: Proceedings of the Laser Materials Processing Conference. Laser Institute of America, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.5058839.

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Albert, Jason E., Kelly J. Keefe, and David G. Bogard. "Experimental Simulation of Contaminant Deposition on a Film Cooled Turbine Airfoil Leading Edge." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-11582.

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A significant challenge of utilizing coal-derived synthetic fuels for gas turbine engines is mitigating the adverse effects of fuel-born contaminant depositions on film cooled turbine surfaces. A new experimental technique has been developed that simulates the key physical, but not the chemical, aspects of coal ash deposition on film cooled turbine airfoil leading edges in order to better understand the interaction between film cooling and deposition and to produce improved film cooling designs. In this large-scale wind tunnel facility, the depositing contaminants were simulated by atomized molten wax droplets sized to match the Stokes numbers of coal ash particles in the engine conditions. The sticking mechanism of the molten contaminants to the turbine surfaces was simulated by ensuring the wax droplets remained somewhat molten when they arrived at the cooled model surface. The model and wax deposits had thermal conductivities such that they matched the Biot numbers of clean and fouled turbine airfoils at engine conditions. The behavior of the deposition growth was controlled by adjusting the mainstream, coolant, and wax solidification temperatures. Simulated depositions were created for a range of test durations, film cooling blowing ratios, and controlling temperatures. Inspection of the resulting depositions revealed aspects of the flow field that augment and suppress deposition. Deposition thickness was found to increase in time until a quasi-steady thickness was attained. Blowing ratio and the difference between mainstream and wax solidification temperatures strongly affected characteristics of the depositions. Model surface temperatures greatly reduced under the depositions as they developed.

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Jensen, Jared W., Sean W. Squire, Jeffrey P. Bons, and Thomas H. Fletcher. "Simulated Land-Based Turbine Deposits Generated in an Accelerated Deposition Facility." In ASME Turbo Expo 2004: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2004-53324.

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This report presents a validation of the design and operation of an accelerated testing facility for the study of foreign deposit layers typical to the operation of land-based gas turbines. This facility was designed to produce turbine deposits in a 4-hour test that would simulate 10,000 hours of turbine operation. This is accomplished by matching the net foreign particulate throughput of an actual gas turbine. Flow Mach number, temperature and particulate impingement angle are also matched. Validation tests were conducted to model the ingestion of foreign particulate typically found in the urban environment. The majority of this particulate is ceramic in nature and smaller than 10 microns in size, but varies up to 80 microns. Deposits were formed for flow Mach number and temperature of 0.4 and 1150degC respectively, using air plasma sprayed (APS) TBC material coupons donated from industry. Investigations over a range of impingement angles yielded samples with deposit thicknesses from 20 to 100 microns in 4-hour, accelerated-service simulations. Above a threshold temperature, deposit thickness was dependent on impingement angle and particle concentration. Test validation was achieved using direct comparison with deposits from service hardware. Deposit characteristics affecting blade heat transfer via convection and conduction were assessed. Surface topography analysis indicated that the surface structure of the generated deposits were similar to those found on actual turbine blades. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and x-ray spectroscopy analyses indicated that the deposit microstructures and chemical compositions were comparable to turbine blade deposit samples obtained from industry.

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Smith, C., B. Barker, C. Clum, and J. Bons. "Deposition in a Turbine Cascade With Combusting Flow." In ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-22855.

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This report presents the design and operation of an accelerated testing facility for the study of deposition in turbine nozzle guide vanes (NGV). The facility was designed to produce turbine deposits in a 1–2 hour test that simulates thousands of hours of turbine operation. This is accomplished by matching the net foreign particulate throughput of an actual gas turbine. The facility seeds a combusting (natural gas) flow with 10–20 micron diameter coal ash particulate. The particulate-laden combustor exhaust is accelerated through a rectangular-to-annular transition duct and expands to ambient pressure through an NGV annular sector. The cascade contains two NGV doublets (donated from industry) comprising three full passages and two half passages of flow. The inlet Mach number (0.1) and gas temperature (1000 °C) are representative of operating power turbines. The vanes are film cooled from an auxiliary air supply at nominal design operating conditions. Investigations over a range of inlet gas temperatures showed that deposition increased substantially with temperature, with a threshold for deposition occurring between 900 °C and 1000 °C. Qualitative test validation was achieved using direct comparison with deposits from service hardware. Surface topography analysis indicated that the surface structure of the generated deposits were similar to those found on actual turbine blades. Regions of heightened deposition were noted; the leading edge and pressure surface being particularly implicated. Film cooling is shown to provide substantial protection from deposition.

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May Estebaranz, Alan, Simon Hogg, Michael Hilfer, and Phil Dyer. "A Static Test Facility for the Study of Deposit Fouling on Steam Turbine Blades." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-25517.

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For several decades it has been recognised that deposition on the surfaces of steam turbine blades during operation can result in significant loss in thermal performance and, in some cases, a large reduction in the steam swallowing capacity. One principal cause of deposit fouling on HP turbines is copper, although other elements, for example silicon, can also be problematic. Copper is initially corroded from condenser and feedheater tubes by the water which then contaminates the inner surfaces of the boiler as the water is evaporated. The steam from the boiler becomes contaminated with copper oxides as a result of the copper fouling inside the boiler. The solubility of copper compounds in steam is a strong function of pressure. As the steam expands through the turbine and pressure reduces, the copper oxides deposit out onto the blade surfaces, roughening them and resulting in loss of performance [1]. A test facility is being developed by Durham University to allow copper deposition under real steam conditions to be investigated in a laboratory environment. The facility consists of a non-flow ‘box test’ type arrangement. The initial experimental arrangement consisted of a single reactor vessel. Superheated steam at typical boiler conditions was created in the reactor vessel and held at these conditions for several 10’s of hours. The reactor vessel also contains a copper sample and a sample of target blade material. During this first stage of the test, copper dissolves into the steam, contaminating it with copper metal and its oxides. In the second stage of the test the steam conditions are quickly reduced to lower pressure values that are representative of the latter stages of a typical HP turbine cylinder from a large fossil-fired unit. The reduced solubility of copper in steam at the lower pressure results in copper depositing out onto the sample of blade material. Conditions are held constant again for 10’s of hours during this second stage of the test, to allow sufficient time for a reasonable amount of deposition to occur. The reactor vessel is then cooled and the sample of blade material removed for analysis. Results from some initial testing using the single reactor vessel arrangement are described in this paper. The results demonstrate that it is possible to create a copper transport and deposition process under representative steam conditions using a test facility of this type. It was found to be difficult to control, accurately, the single reactor vessel tests, particularly during the second phase when the steam conditions were reduced. A revised test set-up is proposed consisting of two reactor vessels, in order to improve the operability of the facility. The ultimate aim of the work is to use this facility to investigate, systematically, deposition under different steam conditions and to produce a physically based model of the process. The facility will be validated by comparing test results with deposit samples taken from real turbines that experience copper fouling during operation.

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8

Lundgreen, Ryan, Craig Sacco, Robin Prenter, and Jeffrey P. Bons. "Temperature Effects on Nozzle Guide Vane Deposition in a New Turbine Cascade Rig." In ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-57560.

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A new turbine cascade has been constructed that is designed to investigate the performance of actual nozzle guide vane hardware at temperatures representative of modern gas turbine engines. The facility is designed to investigate internal and external deposition, analyze the effectiveness of new cooling techniques, characterize material systems such as metal substrates or coatings, and assess the aerodynamic performance of a vane. The results presented here are the first results obtained in this new facility. External deposition on cooled CFM56 nozzle guide vanes has been explored at inlet temperatures of 1090° C, 1265° C, and 1350° C. Results at 1090° C have been compared to similar results in a previous facility. External deposition tests at temperatures greater than 1100° C on actual turbine hardware have not been reported publicly prior to this paper. These results show that deposition is concentrated at the stagnation line at all three inlet conditions. The amount of deposition on the vane pressure surface increased with increasing inlet temperatures.

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Murphy, Robert G., Andrew C. Nix, Seth A. Lawson, Douglas Straub, and Stephen K. Beer. "Investigation of Factors That Contribute to Deposition Formation on Turbine Components in a High-Pressure Combustion Facility." In ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-94657.

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Researchers at West Virginia University worked with the U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) to study particulate deposition in a high-pressure and high-temperature environment. To simulate deposition of particulate from combustion of coal synthesis gas on the pressure side of an Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) turbine first stage vane, angled film-cooled thermal barrier coated (TBC) test articles scaled to turbine flow conditions using Reynolds similarity were subjected to accelerated deposition at a pressure of approximately 4 bar and a gas temperature ranging from 1373–1560K. The effects on deposition rates of five different factors were examined; free stream temperature, impaction angle, blowing ratio, particulate loading, and TBC vs. non-TBC coated surface. As the freestream temperature increased the results showed that the deposition also increased. The amount of deposition increased as the impaction angle increased from 10° to 20°. The effect of blowing ratio (M, mass flux ratio) was examined at M = 0.0, 0.25 and 1.0. As the blowing ratio increased the amount of deposition decreased. The particulate loading was varied from 100 ppmw to 200 ppmw. The amount of deposition increased with the higher particulate loading case; however, coverage on the test article face did not increase significantly. Finally, a comparison test was performed between a TBC coated test article and a bare metal test article. This test showed that more deposition formed on the TBC coated article than the bare metal article. During testing, the deposition that formed on the TBC coated test articles demonstrated a resistance to adhering to the surface once the mainstream temperature was reduced during facility shut down. The results of this work will aid gas turbine manufacturers to better understand and develop mitigations for the five factors studied that cause deposit formations in IGCC engines. This work will also give insight to researchers studying deposition on the methods developed and issues encountered in simulating particulate matter into a high-pressure combustion facility.

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Kozlu, Hamdi, and Jean F. Louis. "Deposition Control Using Transpiration." In ASME 1986 International Gas Turbine Conference and Exhibit. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/86-gt-260.

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An experimental and theoretical study of deposition of small particles is presented to evaluate the concept of transpiration as a deposition control strategy. The application of this work is the control of deposition of small particles (1–5μm) contributing most of the mass of the solid carryover entering turbines burning fuels derived from coal. The experimental study is carried out in a wind tunnel facility containing a flat porous transpired section. The Reynolds and Stokes numbers are chosen to be representative of the conditions found in industrial gas turbines. Measurements of the velocity profiles were conducted for high injection rates (1.5%<F<3%). A theory developed for the transpired turbulent boundary layer, which is described by an “outer boundary layer” entraining the injected flow for large injection rates, agrees well with the experimental data. Concentration profiles of glass particles of both very narrow and wide size distributions were conducted for different injection rates under the isothermal conditions. The measurements clearly indicate the conditions under which transpiration can avoid the deposition of particles and they show the effect of particle size on the concentration profiles and consequently on the arrival rates. The study also provides a clear insight into the turbulent diffusion of particles for a Stokes number of between 1 and 3.5. The Schmidt numbers obtained from the measurements are in agreement with the theoretical prediction of Tchen.

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Reports on the topic "Deposition facility"

1

Brown, R. D. Power deposition measurements at the LAMPF Neutron Radiation Effects Facility. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5523498.

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Blau, P. J. (Tour of Swiss facility for chemical vapor deposition, materials analysis and tribology). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5672067.

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Pinder, J. E. III, K. W. McLeod, D. C. Adriano, J. C. Corey, and A. L. Boni. Atmospheric deposition, resuspension and root uptake of plutonium in corn and other grain-producing agroecosystems near a nuclear fuel facility. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5535542.

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Pinder, J. E. III, K. W. McLeod, D. C. Adriano, J. C. Corey, and A. L. Boni. Atmospheric deposition, resuspension and root uptake of plutonium in corn and other grain-producing agroecosystems near a nuclear fuel facility. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10130673.

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