Journal articles: 'Depreciation allowance'

1

Ahmad, Qazi Masood, and S. Moquet Ahsan. "Tax Concessions and Investment Behaviour." Pakistan Development Review 36, no. 4II (December 1, 1997): 537–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v36i4iipp.537-562.

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The Government of Pakistan, like many other developing countries, has opted for tax holidays as an important fiscal measure to encourage rapid industrialisation in the backward areas. This concession is also supplemented by several other economic and non-economic measures including import duty, and depreciation allowances. Mintz (1990) discusses the efficacy of tax holidays in the presence of accelerated depreciation allowances concludes that tax holidays which are designed to increase capital formation may end up penalising capital formation. Mintz’s (1990) conclusion is based on the assumption that if the assets are long-lived, and the income tax system allows deductibility of accelerated depreciation but cannot be deferred, then the tax holidays, by preventing depreciation deduction in the early period may actually penalise investment during the tax holiday period. If on the other hand the depreciation allowance is deferred till the end of tax holiday period, the tax system is genuinely generous and provides a real incentive for capital formation.

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2

Yoon, Soon Suk. "Stock Market Reaction to the Korean Special Depreciation Allowance." Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting 6, no. 2 (December 1999): 321–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10293574.1999.10510568.

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3

Shah, Krishna Kumar. "Analysis of Depreciation Policy Based on Effective Tax Rate." Academic Voices: A Multidisciplinary Journal 4 (March 28, 2015): 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/av.v4i0.12352.

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Depreciation is an income tax deduction that allows a tax payer to recover the cost. It is an annually allowance for the wear and tear, deterioration or obsolesce of property .With the introduction of income tax Act 2002 the government claimed that the depreciation rule under the new law is more generous than the depreciation rule in 1992 in case of all the assets including machinery and building. This article compares Effective Tax Rate (ETR) which shows no decrease in 2002 in compassion to 1992 in ETR. It means the depreciation rule of 2002 in case of building and machinery is not generous as claimed by the tax policy maker. In contrary to this, the analysis shows that the depreciation provision of 1992 and 2002 are more liberal than the depreciation provision of 1982.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/av.v4i0.12352 Academic Voices Vol.4 2015: 21-23

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Nur, Iim Ibrahim. "Analisis Manajemen Pajak Pada Industri Penyedia Jasa Telekomunikasi." ULTIMA Management 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2010): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31937/manajemen.v2i1.169.

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Tax Management must be done throughout the company’s activities. In principle, tax management can be done via good tax compliance and minimizing tax burden. The latter can be achieved by transforming non-deductible expenses into deductible expenses. For example, PT Nyambung Teruuusss Tbk. (PT. NT) must change income Tax Art. 21 paid by the company into tax allowance with gross-up method, pooling company's cars at the office instead of letting these cars brought home by the employees, outbound training for employees instead of family gathering, and other methods including converting fringe benefits into allowance. Another method to minimize tax burden is to change depreciation methods into double-declining method instead of straight-line method. With nondeductible transformation method have saved PT NT Rp 5.26 billion of corporate income tax, while depreciation methods transformation is predicted to save the company Rp 735.66 billion for an eightyear period

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5

Yussof, Salwa Hana, Khadijah Isa, and Raihana Mohdali. "An Analysis of the Gap between Accounting Depreciation and Tax Capital Allowance in Malaysia." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 164 (December 2014): 351–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.11.087.

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6

Ogorodnikova, Tatyana, Aleksei Solomein, Vladimir Orlov, and Irina Shipunova. "Technical and Economic Assessment of the Condition of Fixed Assets and the Criterion of the Validity of Recovery Investments." Bulletin of Baikal State University 30, no. 1 (March 25, 2020): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-2759.2020.30(1).89-99.

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The article analyzes the methodology for calculating depreciation and assessing the condition of fixed assets. The absence of conditionality of the period of use and depreciation allowance of fixed assets due to their physical wear and tear in specific production conditions is revealed. Thus, it is concluded that the theoretical estimates of the condition of fixed assets do not correspond to their actual physical wear and tear. The internal contradictions of the indicator of return on capital are investigated, its inconsistency with the essence of production is revealed. The absence of a criterion for the need for renovation investment is mentioned as one of the negative consequences of the existing methodological approaches to assessing the condition of fixed assets. In order to overcome the shortcomings and negative consequences of the methodology for assessing the condition of fixed assets, the relationship between the depreciation coefficient, the technical accelerator and the integral indicator of physical wear is revealed. To characterize the dependence of the volume of production and operating costs on the physical depreciation of fixed assets, a conversion factor is substantiated and introduced. Formal models of indicators of production and return on capital are presented. They reflect partial and generalizing coefficient of conversion of fixed assets as well as the interest rate and the level of inflation. The moment of zero efficiency of fixed assets is substantiated as a criterion of necessity and timeliness of renovation investments. In addition, the concept of the period of their effective use is introduced.

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7

Sack, Robert J. "Interstate Transport, Inc.: A Case Study in Earnings Management." Issues in Accounting Education 17, no. 4 (November 1, 2002): 369–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/iace.2002.17.4.369.

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This case asks student teams to make a number of accounting decisions in the context of a single company. The decisions address the allowance for bad debts, inventory valuation, depreciation lives and methods, contingency provisions, and accounting for off-book entities. The case setting requires you to address those issues in an integrated way, and establish a rationale for the decisions required. The teamwork required illustrates the way differing personal judgments, regarding both facts and principles, enter into the determination of net income. Whether you mean to or not, your teams will be practicing “earnings management.”

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8

Schoney, R. A., and R. A. Rinholm. "Capital Cost Allowance and Tax Neutrality: A Case Study of Saskatchewan Farmers' Claims Versus Actual Depreciation." Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d'agroeconomie 37, no. 1 (March 1989): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7976.1989.tb03335.x.

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9

Narsing, Anthony, Terry Sanders, Len Kistner, and Jerry Williams. "Managing rental car businesses in the new economy: Using a multivariate decision model approach." Journal of Transportation Management 23, no. 2 (October 1, 2012): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22237/jotm/1349049960.

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U.S. rental car organizations are having to modify their business models to adapt to the new economy, which includes increased fuel costs, reduced business and leisure travel, and reduced resale of low mileage rental units. Revenue is negatively impacted due to increased maintenance as a result of higher mileage requirements placed on the rental inventory. Changes in the depreciation allowance on the rental car fleet reduced the potential value of vehicles by requiring fleet operations managers to maintain the fleets for longer periods of time. This article presents a multivariate decision-making model, which used in conjunction with in-house performance indicators, will assist operations managers in understanding specific variables likely to impact rental car revenues and optimize their decisions regarding available assets.

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10

Temukuyev, Timur B. "An energy method for computing the use of fossil fuel energy." Nexo Revista Científica 34, no. 02 (June 9, 2021): 859–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/nexo.v34i02.11599.

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An energy method for computing the use of fossil fuel energy has been considered in the article. On the world market, the fuel price depends on supply and demand and involves no energy costs for fuel production. An energy analysis of economic activity was suggested by Charles Hall, an American scientist, who introduced a notion of Energy Returned on Energy Invested, as a ratio between returned and invested energy, into scientific discourse. No account has been taken of invested energy depreciation in this method. All losses are fully incorporated, when the ratio between beneficially used energy in all process flow chains from fuel deposit exploration to energy utilisation, and the considered amount of natural fuel primary energy is taken as the coefficient of beneficial primary energy use (CBPEU). When CBPEU is determined, allowance is made for all potential energy losses; the depreciation degree of energy, contained in the fuel, from its deposit to a consumer, is defined. When energy of renewable sources is utilised, a coefficient of renewable sources energy conversion, defined as the ratio between energy delivered by a power unit throughout the entire operation period, and invested energy taking into account CBPEU over the same period, will represent an objective criterion of power unit efficiency.

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11

Fathiyah, Fathiyah, and Masnun Masnun. "ANALISIS KINERJA KEUANGAN PEMERINTAH PROVINSI JAMBI PADA LAPORAN KEUANGAN PEMERINTAH DAERAH SEBELUM DAN SESUDAH DITERAPKANNYA BASIS AKRUAL TAHUN 2014 - 2015." EKONOMIS : Journal of Economics and Business 1, no. 1 (September 28, 2017): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/ekonomis.v1i1.8.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the financial performance of Jambi Provincial Government in the regional financial statements before and after the implementation of accrual basis in 2014 and 2015. The result of the research shows that the financial performance of Jambi Provincial Government as measured by liquidity ratio, solvency ratio and leverage ratio are still in good category and within safe limits because value of all the ratio is above industry standard, although in 2015 there is a decrease in all value ratio because in that year the Jambi Provincial Government has applied the accrual basis in presenting the financial statements so that there is a decrease in the asset post that is in the post of current assets due to allowance for receivables and on the post of fixed assets due to depreciation of fixed assets. Decrease in asset value automatically leads to a decrease in its financial performance.Keywords : financial performance, financial ratio, accrual basis

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12

Mireku-Gyimah, D., and R. Gyebuni. "Can Capital Injection Make Challenged Gold Projects in Ghana Economically Viable? – A Case Study." Ghana Mining Journal 19, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gm.v19i1.5.

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Damang Gold Mine (DGM) in Ghana uses open pit mining technology to mine its gold deposit. It has an estimated mineable gold reserve of about 32 Mt exploitable for 8 years. As the gold price kept falling from 2013 and operating cost kept rising, the mine down sized its operations. But the operations became challenging due to poor performance of ageing mining equipment and processing plant, and the need for a new tailings dam. As the gold price stabilises, it could be gainful to invest capital to resolve the challenges and increase production. This study aims at investigating whether DGM would be economically viable if the intended investment is made assuming the gold price falls to US$ 32.15/g. The study estimates the required capital and annual operating cost to be US$89.49 M and US$100.84 M respectively. A cash flow analysis is carried out assuming no price escalation, discount rate of 20%, and applying the following investment laws of Ghana: royalty of 5% of gross revenue; straight line depreciation of capital expenditure over five years (20% per year); investment allowance of 5% in the first year only; loss carry forward; and corporate tax of 35%. The results give Net Present Value of US$82 723 720.28 and Internal Rate of Return of 41.13%, indicating profitability. Sensitivity analysis reveals that the project will continue to be profitable until the revenue falls below 24%, assuming all other economic parameters remain constant. The project will also continue to be profitable until the operating cost increases beyond 30%, assuming all other economic parameters remain constant. Risk analysis on the project indicates the project has 70% chances of success. DGM could invest the capital to mine its gold reserves because the mine will make profit provided cost is controlled and production level maintained to generate needed revenue. Keywords: Net Present Value, Internal Rate of Return, Sensitivity Analysis, Risk Analysis

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13

Maffini, Giorgia, Jing Xing, and Michael P. Devereux. "The Impact of Investment Incentives: Evidence from UK Corporation Tax Returns." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 11, no. 3 (August 1, 2019): 361–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20170254.

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Using UK corporation tax returns, we provide evidence on the effects of accelerated depreciation allowances on investment, exploiting exogenous changes in the qualifying thresholds for first-year depreciation allowances (FYAs) in 2004. The investment rate of qualifying companies increased by 2.1–2.5 percentage points relative to those that did not qualify. We exploit variation in the timing of tax payments to show that this effect is primarily due to the change in the cost of capital, rather than a relaxation of financial constraints. Discontinuity at notches in the cost of capital at the qualifying thresholds does not affect our results. (JEL D25, G31, H25, H32)

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14

Gravelle, Jane G. "Reducing Depreciation Allowances to Finance a Lower Corporate Tax Rate." National Tax Journal 64, no. 4 (December 2011): 1039–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17310/ntj.2011.4.07.

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15

Bloch, Rebecca I., Justin Marlowe, and Dean Michael Mead. "Infrastructure Asset Reporting and Pricing Uncertainty in the Municipal Bond Market." Journal of Governmental & Nonprofit Accounting 5, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/ogna-51726.

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ABSTRACT We examine the infrastructure provision of the GASB's Statement No. 34 to determine whether there is unique information content in the modified approach versus traditional depreciation, both allowable under this provision. Using a dataset containing investor bid spreads on secondary market bond auctions from states using the modified approach as well as those from states using traditional depreciation, we find bonds from modified approach states have significantly narrower bid spreads than bonds from traditional depreciation states, indicating the modified approach provides unique information about governments' financial condition. Findings suggest the modified approach reduces uncertainty about infrastructure condition, improving market efficiency.

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16

Кузнецова, О., and O. Kuznetsova. "Choice of Instruments of Financing of Capital Investments of the Entity." Scientific Research and Development. Economics 6, no. 5 (November 19, 2018): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5bcf14b8d9fdf3.13578347.

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In article theoretical and practical aspects on optimization of system of capital financing for domestic enterprises are studied. The research purpose includes search of available allowances in mobilization of a net profit and fixed asset depreciation. Methods of a research are monographic, comparison, group, and the analysis, hypothetical. The author analyzed coefficients of autonomy and financing of investments for the enterprises of real production sector. Financial coefficients appeared below standard values. The author investigated average sizes of indicators across Russia and on own statistical selection consisting of 15 organizations. The author offered the concept of mobilization of own sources of financing of real investments. It includes actions for acceleration of process of forming of a depreciation fund and mobilization of a net profit of firms due to use of an investment deduction on the income tax of the organizations and a depreciation bonus.

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17

Arkin, Vadim I., and Alexander D. Slastnikov. "The effect of depreciation allowances on the timing of investment and government tax revenue." Annals of Operations Research 151, no. 1 (November 21, 2006): 307–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10479-006-0121-9.

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18

Strulik, Holger. "Supply-Side Economics of Germany’s Year 2000 Tax Reform: A Quantitative Assessment." German Economic Review 4, no. 2 (May 1, 2003): 183–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0475.00078.

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Abstract The paper provides an assessment of supply-side economics following Germany’s year 2000 tax reform. Investigated are a corporate tax cut, deteriorating depreciation allowances and imputation rules, and a private income tax cut. For this purpose, a neoclassical growth model is augmented by various fiscal policy parameters and endogenous corporate finance and calibrated with German data. The model is used to evaluate consequences of Germany’s tax reform on production, firm finance and leverage, investment, consumption and welfare of a representative household.

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19

Petkova, Kunka, and Alfons J. Weichenrieder. "The relevance of depreciation allowances as a fiscal policy instrument: A hybrid approach to CCCTB?" Empirica 47, no. 3 (April 5, 2019): 579–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10663-019-09441-w.

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20

FROLOVA, Nataliya. "Assessment of the impact of capital cost recovery on the international tax competitiveness of OECD countries and Ukraine." Fìnansi Ukraïni 2020, no. 8 (October 23, 2020): 42–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33763/finukr2020.08.042.

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The article presents an assessment of the impact of capital cost recovery policies of the OECD countries and Ukraine on their international tax competitiveness, based on a comparison of the treatments of investment in machinery, buildings, and intangibles that a business can recover through the tax code via depreciation. The rating of the international tax competitiveness of the OECD countries and Ukraine is based on the standardized capital allowances. Although the assessment of international tax competitiveness is expressed by the only indicator, such as capital allowances, it serves to prove that international tax competition is responded not only by reducing tax rates but also by defining a business tax base. According to the results of the study, the dominant position in the ranking of the OECD countries is occupied by countries that are able to recover higher costs of capital investments (over 68%). These countries are characterized by particularly high (by international standards) capital allowances for equipment and intangibles (over 82%). Unfortunately, due to the lack of tax harmonization of the Ukrainian tax system, specifically its treatment of capital allowances, with the EU and OECD countries, Ukraine falls behind in the ranking of international tax competitiveness. Thus, in order to enhance the competitiveness of the domestic corporate income tax system, Ukraine's treatment of capital investments in core assets, especially buildings and intangibles, should be improved and brought in line with both modern Ukrainian socio-economic realities and the capital cost recovery provisions accepted in the OECD.

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21

Smith, A. D. "A Current Cost Accounting Measure of Britain's Stock of Equipment." National Institute Economic Review 120 (May 1987): 42–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795018712000104.

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Reliable measures of the gross replacement cost of fixed assets are needed for a variety of reasons. It is generally accepted that this is the valuation concept which is most appropriate for assessing the output capacity of capital and for analysing developments over time in output, labour force and capital stock relationships. The gross replacement cost of fixed assets is also the benchmark for deriving measures of net capital stock which, taken in conjunction with other capital elements and profit data, yield rates of return to capital. Furthermore it is the concept which constitutes the fundamental ingredient in the quantification of the depreciation allowances that are used in national accounts.

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22

Mahmood, Zafar. "Michael E. Porter. The Competitive Advantage of Nations. New York: Free Press, 1990. 855 pages. Hardbound. UK£ 25." Pakistan Development Review 37, no. 1 (March 1, 1998): 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v37i1pp.90-94.

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Trade is a field of economics that is useful for investigating the issue of economic competitiveness. A nation’s advantages in competing against other nations are reflected in its performance in international economic transactions. Earlier theories on trade (Ricardian and Heckscher-Ohlin) analysed a nation’s inter-sectoral comparative advantage. Due to the intuitive appeal of these theories, governments have implemented various policies designed to improve comparative advantage in factor costs by reducing interest rates and resorting to devaluation, special depreciation allowances, export financing, etc. There is now a growing awareness that these theories are unrealistic as to many industries, although they can be useful in explaining broad tendencies apparent in the patterns of trade.

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23

MADIÈS, THIERRY, and JEAN-JACQUES DETHIER. "FISCAL COMPETITION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A SURVEY OF THE THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL LITERATURE." Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy 03, no. 02 (May 16, 2012): 1250013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793993312500135.

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Fiscal competition between governments to attract investment can take the form of business tax rebates, productivity-enhancing public infrastructure, tax holidays, accelerated depreciation allowances or loss carry-forward for income tax purposes. This paper surveys the recent theoretical and empirical economic literature and deals with three issues. First, it examines if the theoretical literature on fiscal competition and bidding races contribute to a better understanding of these phenomena in developing countries. Second, it examines whether FDI inflows in developing countries are sensitive to fiscal incentives and if there is empirical evidence of strategic behavior by developing country governments in order to attract FDI. Finally, it reviews the literature's conclusions about fiscal competition among local governments in developing countries.

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24

Černius, Gintaras, and Liucija Birškytė. "FINANCIAL INFORMATION AND MANAGEMENT DECISIONS: IMPACT OF ACCOUNTING POLICY ON FINANCIAL INDICATORS OF THE FIRM." Business: Theory and Practice 21, no. 1 (February 6, 2020): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/btp.2020.9959.

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To be useful for decision-making accounting information needs to be of high quality. This article examines how tax accounting rules may impact the accuracy and reliability of the information contained in financial statements. The simulation model reveals that significant distortions occur in accounting information due to the choice of depreciation period and methods. Using as benchmark ratios calculated applying accounting policy recommended in Business Accounting Standards a significant divergence between ratios has been found. This finding implies that ratios calculated using accounting rules allowable for Corporate Income Tax calculation can provide misleading information and lead to unsound financial management decisions.

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25

Boadway, Robin, and Jean-François Tremblay. "TAX REFORM IN QUÉBEC: AN ALTERNATIVE VISION." Articles 93, no. 3 (March 29, 2019): 339–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1058425ar.

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Recent evidence indicates that income and wealth inequality have been increasing, while the tax-transfer system has not responded. If anything, progressivity has decreased and capital income has become increasingly sheltered. Arguably, a significant amount of the increase in inequality reflects windfall gains or rents to various taxpayers, both individuals and firms. Recent proposals by the Mirrlees Review, drawing on lessons from optimal tax analysis, include some ways that the tax system can be reformed to tax windfall gains, albeit in a context limited by distribution-neutrality. We propose a tax reform agenda for Québec and Canada that can both improve efficiency and fairness. Our proposals contrast with those of the Québec Taxation Review Committee. In our view, there is a strong case for taxing capital income as part of redistribution policy, in part because capital income includes unexpected gains, or rents, that accrue disproportionately to high-income persons. Our preferred treatment of capital income at the personal level would include the following. First, strict limits on tax sheltering should be maintained to ensure that some capital income is taxable for high-income persons. Contribution limits should be more generous for RRSPs than for TFSAs given that unexpected returns are taxed under the former but exempted under the latter. Second, capital gains on housing, above some lifetime exemption level, should be taxed. Third, a tax on large inheritances should be introduced to reduce the intergenerational transmission of wealth inequality and promote equality of opportunity. At the corporate level, we recommend a fundamental change in the role that the system is meant to play. The current system, which is designed to serve as a withholding device for the personal tax by taxing shareholder income at source, should be replaced by a cash-flow tax system, or equivalently a rent-based corporate tax. This recommendation is motivated by the fact that the corporate tax on normal risk-adjusted return is largely shifted to labour given the high degree of international capital mobility. Moreover, the withholding role of the corporate tax has become unnecessary given that most capital income is now sheltered from the personal tax. Among the different cash-flow equivalent taxes available, the allowance for corporate equity tax would be the easiest to implement. It would simply involve adding a deduction for the cost of equity finance at the risk-free interest rate in addition to the deductions for interest and depreciation that currently exist. The adoption of a cash-flow equivalent tax would mitigate the disincentives for investment, innovation and growth that the current system imposes. As well, it would eliminate the incentive to finance investment by debt. In addition, we argue that the integration of the personal and corporate income taxes has become largely unnecessary. Therefore, we recommend eliminating the dividend tax credit and the preferential treatment of capital gains. Doing so would also offset the revenue cost of adopting a rent-based corporate tax. The same tax base should apply to incorporated and unincorporated businesses. The small business deduction should be maintained, given that it compensates for the imperfect refundability of tax losses for bankrupt firms. However, cumulative lifetime limits should be adopted so firms are not rewarded for staying small. Increased income inequality calls for more progressivity of the tax system both at the top and bottom of the income distribution. This could be achieved by adding a new tax bracket for the top decile of taxpayers and making all tax credits refundable. To maintain some harmonization, these reforms should ideally be adopted by both orders of government. However, several proposals could be adopted unilaterally by the Québec government with relatively little difficulty.

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26

Bennett, R. J., and G. Krebs. "Local Business Taxes in Britain and Germany: Assessment of Comparative Burdens 1960–1984 by Use of the ‘Costs of Capital’ Methodology." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 5, no. 1 (March 1987): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c050025.

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This paper contains a review of the local systems of taxation in Britain and Germany as well as the policy debate. The main contribution, however, is to evaluate the burdens of the two fiscal systems on the user costs of capital. Comparisons are made first within each country of the burdens of local business taxes on different assets, sectors, owners, and sources of finance. Comparisons are then made between Britain and Germany over the period 1960–84 by adding progressively higher levels of standardisation: Standardised depreciation rates, inflation rates, distribution of assets and ownership, and capital allowances. From the empirical results it is demonstrated that local taxes decrease the aggregate real rates of return on investment projects by 0.6% (1960 and 1970) and 0.8% (1984) in Germany, and by 0:6% (1960), 0.7% (1970), and 1.1% (1984) in Britain. Thus, although aggregate burdens were comparable in the 1960s and 1970s, recent developments in Britain have resulted in a significant increase in local tax effects. These developments are even more strongly developed for particular assets and industries.

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27

Mukhlis, Mukhlis, Yuhanis Yunus, and Sofyan M. Saleh. "ANALISIS PERKERASAN LENTUR DI ATAS TANAH EKSPANSIF." Jurnal Arsip Rekayasa Sipil dan Perencanaan 2, no. 1 (March 6, 2019): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jarsp.v2i1.13203.

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The segmented road of Bireuen-Takengon has often damaged in apart of its pavement structure due to the area of flexible pavement structure taken place upon an expansive soil that leads to depreciation caused by the influence of changes in the water level. The aim of this research method was to analyze the characteristics of the base soil underlying the pavement and to analyze the flexible pavement structure in the widening of the road. The observed area was Sta.70+175 s/d Sta.74+925 which taken place in Bener Meriah regency, sub-district of Timang Gajah. The results of USCS clarification show that the road of basal soil is included in the MH OH with a PI value of 25.42%, LL 64.25% with a potential level of development and activity belonging to the medium-high category and also having mineral types of Illite. From the analysis of KENPAVE software, the design of flexible pavement structures is based on data planning that has a maximum stress and deflection value, on the base soil, of 0.1814 kg/cm2 and 0.0585 cm respectively. Moreover, based on Job mix data the maximum value of stress and deflection is 0.2444 kg/cm2 and 0.0585 cm respectively in which both of two stress and deflections are within the allowable limit; which both of two stress and deflections are within the allowable limit; 7.8 kg/cm2 and 2.5 cm. The evaluation results of both data are feasible to be used as an improved design on the pavement as the pressure generated by the weight of the road pavement structure is 1.949 kg/cm2, while the swell pressure that occurs on subgrade is 1.805 kg/cm2. Hence, The flexible pavement structure on the road segment is still able to reduce the swell potential on expansive soil.

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28

Lamb, M. C., and P. D. Blankenship. "Economic Feasibility of Screening Farmer Stock Peanuts Prior to Marketing." Peanut Science 26, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-26-1-12.

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Abstract Screening farmer stock peanuts prior to marketing provides a method to increase the per-ton value of peanuts. The mechanical separation of larger, higher value pods (overs) from smaller, lower value pods—which includes foreign material (FM) and loose shelled kernels (LSK) (thrus)—results in significant changes in farmer stock grade. Based on data from 394 runner lots in the Southeast, the percentage of sound mature kernels and sound splits (SMKSS), LSK, FM, and other kernels (OK) was changed by +0.61, −4.31, −2.32, and −0.3 between overs and unscreened lots, respectively. The average value of farmer stock peanuts was $29.15/ Mg higher in the screened lots (overs) compared to the unscreened lots. Although the average per-ton value of screened peanuts is increased, economic feasibility of screening is dependent upon several factors. Two specific marketing scenarios for farmers are analyzed including production of quota poundage only and production in excess of quota poundage where additional peanuts are used to replace peanuts removed during the screening process. Thus, opportunity cost must be included. Typical investment in high capacity (minimum 18 Mg/hr) screening equipment is approximately $150,000. Amortized at 10% rate of interest over a 6-yr period with depreciation allowances and labor and energy cost included, a minimum of 4536 Mg/yr must be screened to effectively ldquo;spread” fixed cost, thus indicating that only exceptionally large farmers, groups of farmers, or buying points have sufficient volume for screening. Further, the quality of peanuts prior to screening also impacts economic feasibility. These factors will be incorporated to estimate probability decision thresholds to determine if individual lots can be profitably screened prior to marketing.

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29

Kuria, John Njoroge, Dr Bernard Omboi, and Dr George Achoki. "THE EFFECT OF CORPORATE INCOME TAX INCENTIVE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF EPZ FIRMS IN KENYA." International Journal of Finance and Accounting 2, no. 5 (August 29, 2017): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/ijfa.447.

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The contemporary world is characterized with intergovernmental competition for the sole purpose of attracting multinational companies and this has made fiscal incentives to become a global phenomenon. Poor African countries rely on tax holidays and import duty exemptions, while industrial western European countries allow investment allowances or accelerated depreciation. It is for this reason that this study intended to investigate the influence of effect of corporate income tax incentive on the performance of EPZ firms in Kenya. The research design was correlation research design. Correlation research design was best suited since panel data was used. Census survey was adopted because the population of interest was small. A sample size of all the 86 registered EPZs firms was used in this study. Primary data was obtained using questionnaires. Secondary data from the registered firms was collected on; ROA, number and value of jobs and the length of stay of the firms. The study used both descriptive and inferential statistics to conduct data analysis. The results of study revealed that at 5% significance level, corporate income tax incentives had a positive and significant relationship with performance of EPZ firms measured using ROA. The results further revealed that at 5% significance level corporate income tax incentives were found to have positive and significant effect on number of jobs by EPZ firms and length of stay. The study concluded that increase in corporate income incentive led to an increase in the ROA, number of jobs and length of stay of the EPZ firms in Kenya. The study recommended that stakeholders in tax policy should reconsider the economic value of corporate tax incentive.

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Volos, M. M. "Improving the accuracy of analyzing nuclear power plants operation based on calculation technique of maintenance and repair cost." Vestnik IGEU, no. 4 (August 31, 2021): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17588/2072-2672.2021.4.025-037.

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Modern methods to calculate the operating (operational, maintenance and repair) component of the cost of electricity for nuclear power plants (NPPs) include the number of disparate techniques calculating the cost of materials, labor costs, machinery and equipment depreciation and amortization, overhead costs, and others. Maintenance and repair expenses (MRO) amount to approximately 20 % of the electricity cost. As a rule, they are calculated in fractions (percent) of amortization expenses. Subsequently it leads to a significant deviation of actual costs from the planned ones, making resource planning more difficult. Thus, the development of unified calculation technique of NPP MRO cost is a highly topical issue. The study is based on Russian and foreign research in the field of enterprise and industry planning and management, published in scientific periodical publications and Internet. Analytical, logical, and engineering-economic analysis are applied. This paper represents an attempt to systematize the organizational and methodological support of MRO implemented at Russian NPPs. The result of the study is the development of MRO cost calculation technique which considers the peculiarities of planning, preparation, arrangement and carrying out of NPP repair work. The technique counts rationing of labor, equipment, and materials costs; calculation of repair personnel wage including the allowances, surcharges, and bonuses for work in severe environment (high / low temperature, restricted conditions, work at height, in special clothing and with the use of personal protective equipment, etc.), in ionizing radiation environment. The method to calculate each component of the NPP MRO cost considering the fact by whom repair works are carried out (NPP staff or contractors) is given. The developed technique provides an increase of the accuracy of calculating the NPP MRO cost causing the timeliness and resource availability planning. It leads to NPP economic efficiency in the domestic and global nuclear technology market.

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Toscani, Philipp, Walter Sekot, and Franz Holzleitner. "Forest Roads from the Perspective of Managerial Accounting—Empirical Evidence from Austria." Forests 11, no. 4 (March 27, 2020): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11040378.

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State-of-the-art forest management requires an adequate opening-up in terms of forest roads. In addition to the increased efficiency of harvesting operations, a higher road density may trigger other positive and negative side-effects. Austria has a long tradition of forestry, and also of monitoring the economic performance of forest enterprises by means of forest accountancy data networks. Using these almost unique preconditions, this research paper approaches the topic of forest roads from a managerial accounting perspective. Based on a specially designed report, the results for the fiscal years 2008–2017 were investigated. On average, Austrian forest enterprises larger than 500 ha report a road density of 50.5 m/ha. The yearly net cost of forest roads, including depreciation and reduction of revenue, is 32.4 €/ha. The pure maintenance cost amounts to 27.9 €/ha on average. The annual investment in forest roads accounts for 9.4 €/ha. Whereas the enterprises’ average annual cost of maintenance is 0.63 €/m, the actual maintenance cost of forest roads is 5.6 €/m. To cover the ongoing costs of maintenance, 12.1% of the allowable annual cut is needed. Grouping the analyzed enterprises according to different attributes, namely size of forest land, production conditions, coherence of estate, average slope, and share of forest land requiring cable yarding, showed some statistically significant differences in the maintenance costs of forest roads. In almost all of the tested groupings, significant differences of maintenance costs (expressed as €/ha, €/m3 felling volume, or €/m) were found. However, an initially expected significant correlation between road density and harvesting cost could not be established. The challenges brought about by the trend towards a bioeconomy on the one hand and climate change on the other most likely further enhance the significance of the opening-up of forests and the efficiency of road maintenance.

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YONG, Kenneth Voon Ken. "The 'Depreciation Capital-Allowance Transform' (D-CAT) Model: Decomposing the Divergence between Accounting Depreciation and Tax Depreciation." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2385465.

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Khatoon, Rabeya, Md Emran Hasan, Md Wahid Ferdous Ibon, Shahidul Islam, Jeenat Mehareen, Rubaiya Murshed, Md Nahid Ferdous Pabon, Md Jillur Rahman, and Musharrat Shabnam Shuchi. "Aggregation, asymmetry, and common factors for Bangladesh’s exchange rate–trade balance relation." Empirical Economics, September 20, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00181-021-02127-y.

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AbstractWe present an application of the recent CS-ARDL methodology in the context of a country’s trade balance–exchange rate relationship. The trade balance is expected to deteriorate first before improving in response to currency depreciation and vice versa, widely known as the J-curve effect satisfying the Marshall–Lerner condition in the long run. Combining bilateral and aggregate analysis in one setting by constructing specific panel data with one reference country, we find that aggregate analysis is sensitive to our allowance for heterogeneity. Estimates using the aggregate time series data show evidence favoring the J-curve relation, whereas the aggregate analysis resulting from the panel time series data shows that currency appreciation improves trade balance in Bangladesh in the long run, which goes against the Marshall–Lerner condition. With the reference of the existing commodity-level literature, we argue that this atypical scenario lines with the realities of a ‘small’ economy like Bangladesh, where her exporters attempt to maintain their market share with some government support. The study provides essential policy suggestions by identifying the significant contributors to Bangladesh’s trade balance–exchange rate relationship: China, Japan, and Singapore.

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Calitz, Estian, Eva Muwanga-Zake, Alexius Sithole, and Wynnona Steyn. "Depreciation allowances in South Africa." Studies in Economics and Econometrics, September 20, 2021, 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03796205.2021.1956166.

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"FACTORS AFFECTING THE AMOUNT OF DEPRECIATION ALLOWANCES IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN AND FORECAST VALUES OF DEPRECIATION ALLOWANCES." Journal of critical reviews 7, no. 12 (June 2, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.12.116.

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Becker, Johannes, and Clemens Fuest. "Observable Depreciation Deductions and the Effective Marginal Tax Burden on Investment." Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik 226, no. 4 (January 1, 2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2006-0402.

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SummaryForward-looking measures like the well-known effective marginal tax rate developed by King and Fullerton (1984) rely strongly on standardized assumptions on the effective use of depreciation deductions. This paper derives a method of assessing these assumptions empirically and of quantifying the bias resulting from simplifying assumptions. Using a balanced panel of German firms we calculate the path of depreciation deductions that should be observed if the assumptions on depreciation allowances were correct. These hypothetical deductions are compared to the observable ones in the data. We find that observable deductions slightly exceed the hypothetical ones. Moreover, we find a considerable degree of heterogeneity in the actual use of depreciation deductions across firms. On the basis of these results we calculate an adjusted effective marginal tax rate. It turns out that even small estimation biases in determining the tax deductions have a large impact on the effective tax rates for marginal investment projects. We conclude that forward-looking measures can and should be assessed empirically and that future research should emphasize the heterogenous impact of tax-related disincentives on business investment.

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Petkova, Kunka, and Alfons J. Weichenrieder. "The Relevance of Depreciation Allowances as a Fiscal Policy Instrument: A Hybrid Approach to CCCTB?" SSRN Electronic Journal, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3249512.

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Anastassiou, Thomas A. "Tax Incentive Provisions And The User Cost Of Capital: The Case Of Greece." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 22, no. 2 (January 17, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v22i2.1436.

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According to the neoclassical framework the quantitative influence of tax policy measures on capital spending is exercised through the parameters that define the desired stock of capital and more specifically through the user cost determinant (c). A tax-adjusted user cost expression is formulated and time series of user cost are calculated using the usual tax parameters (like depreciation allowances, tax credits, investment grants, investment allowances and the like) that are incorporated in the value of c and which have been taken from the Greek tax incentive structure. The test of fiscal parameters on investment was made for the two kinds of capital assets, equipment and structures, since expenditure on these two comprise on average an almost 85 per cent of total manufacturing investment in Greece. What the research showed for the period under investigation was that c, the cost of capital variable, was not affected much by tax provisions, and in its turn could not affect decisively the desired level of capital stock and thus the amount of net investment.(JEL: E62)

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Tran Khanh, Hung, and Hung Nguyen Duc. "State Financial Transfers in Environmental Protection: The Case of Vietnam." Journal of Economics and Development, August 15, 2014, 93–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.33301/2014.16.02.06.

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This paper examines the practice and the effectiveness of the instrument of state financial transfers to the business sector in the implementation of investment in the field of environmental protection through Environment Protection Funds. Focusing on the case of Vietnam Environment Protection Fund, we found that the instrument of state financial transfers including grants, soft loans, accelerated depreciation allowances, tax incentives, and subsidies have propensity for lack of effectiveness due to creating insufficient incentives and increasing burden on the State budget. The application of market-based instruments is more effective but in Vietnam the rate of this figure is only 1% for market-based instruments while most of its budget (99%) spends on soft loans projects. Therefore, the recommendations are proposed to reduce the instruments of state financial transfers and foster use of market-based instruments in environmental protection activities for the sustainable development.

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Anastassiou, Thomas A. "Are Tax Incentive Provisions Always Operative? Evidence From The Greek Manufacturing Industry." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 22, no. 1 (January 17, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v22i1.1446.

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Tax incentives have been provided in many countries with the ultimate goal of making the cost of capital cheaper and thus enabling the development process through the increase of investment expenditures. The study of the role of tax incentives in investment spending has been made possible through the use of the neoclassical theory of optimum capital accumulation. This theory has been used in this article to indicate that incentive provisions may not always be operative at the margin, and thus having no effect in  the formulation of the value of depreciation allowances and further on the value of the implicit rental price of capital. Variations in the value of the user cost of capital can make an investment project cheaper or more expensive in relation to various time periods. This could not be proved for the case of Greece.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Depreciation allowance'

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