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Academic literature on the topic 'Depreciation of tangible long-term assets'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Depreciation of tangible long-term assets"

POZDNYAKOV, Yuri, and Maria LAPISHKO. "CHANGES IN REAL ESTATE VALUE DYNAMICS DURING SERVICE CYCLES AS A SOURCE OF NEGATIVE PERIODIC PROPERTY DEPRECIATION." JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN ECONOMY 19, Vol 19, No 3 (2020) (September 2020): 535–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/jee2020.03.535.

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Main methodological principles of mathematically describing the patterns of changes in the asset’s value/depreciation dynamics are studied in cases when economic measurements are performed by independent expert evaluation. The basic hypothesis suggests that for all tangible assets, which are characterized by redeemable depreciation, there is a possibility of negative periodic depreciation during short-term service periods when remedial and repair work to eliminate depreciation signs is carried out. The most influential price-forming factors that determine the asset’s depreciation indexes and indicators of value dynamics over long periods are identified and analysed. It is shown that when this period is comparable to the asset’s service life, most of tangible assets are characterized by both positive and negative periodic depreciation indexes at separate times. It is noted that the models used in accounting documents do not describe the actual changes in the value dynamics, and amortization in particular, since they do not take into account the possibility of increasing asset value and periodic negative depreciation. A new kind of mathematical model is proposed that takes into account the opposite signs of periodic depreciation in the operation and service periods. It is proved that the actual indicators of fair market value and periodic depreciation indexes of these types of assets can be determined by performing periodic independent expert evaluation (revaluation).

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Zadorozhnyi, Zenovii-Mykhailo, and Sofiia Kafka. "The unique characteristics of the operating environment of oil and gas enterprises and their influence on accounting of non-current tangible assets." Herald of Ternopil National Economic University, no. 3(85) (August 8, 2017): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/visnyk2017.03.127.

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The enterprises, which affect accounting of non-current tangible assets and include the following: dependence on natural factors, heterogeneity of gas and oil drilling, development of mineral deposits, immobility of mining processes, duration of mining, technological cycles involving simultaneous mining of various minerals, lack of work-in-progress, sequence of operations and continuity of production processes, and others. In order to study the unique characteristics of the operational environment of oil and gas enterprises and determine their influence on practices and techniques for accounting of capital assets, methods of measuring interconnections, analysis and synthesis, logical approach are used. Special methods of statistical groups and generalization are applied to explore trends in the oil and gas industry as a whole, and separate sub-sectors of oil and gas extraction, drilling, and transportation. It is found that in the oil and gas industry, the basic methods of measuring accrued depreciation on fixed assets, viewed as the main component of non-current tangible assets, are straightforward and industrial methods; depreciation is not calculated on buffer gas classified as a noncurrent asset; among non-current tangible assets there are no long-term biological assets; enterprises bear significant expenses related to repair and maintenance of main pipelines, etc. The findings of the study are aimed at increasing the reliability, timeliness and analytics of accounting, which will enhance operational efficiency and management of non-current tangible assets in oil and gas enterprises.

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Bang, Sung Sig, and Sang Yun Park. "The Case Study of Depreciation Method for Long－Term Tangible Assets－Focusing on Nuclear Power Generation Facility－." Journal of Taxation and Accounting 21, no. 5 (October 31, 2020): 139–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.35850/kjta.21.5.05.

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Bang, SungSig, and SangYun Park. "Effect of Depreciation Method for Long-Term Tangible Assets on Sustainable Management: From a Nuclear Power Generation Cost Perspective under the Nuclear Phase-Out Policy." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (May 8, 2021): 5270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13095270.

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The Korean Government has been implementing a nuclear phase-out policy since 2017. Nuclear power plants accounted for 30.0% of the total power generation in 2016; this figure fell to 25.9% at the end of 2019, and the average Capacity Factor (CF) of a nuclear power plant approximately dropped from 89.1% to 69.2%. The nuclear phase-out policy presents severe consequences for the sustainable management of the nuclear power industry. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of a decrease in the nuclear capacity factor under the nuclear phase-out policy on the depreciation cost per unit using the Straight-Line Method (SLM) and Decelerated Depreciation Method (DDM) and to provide recommendations from a sustainable management perspective. The results show that the decrease in CF of nuclear power plants has a negative impact on sustainable development of the nuclear power industry. DDM is more beneficial than the SLM during this initial stage of depreciation under the nuclear phase-out policy. In addition, in the early stages of projects or immediately after attracting large-scale investments, DDM can offer more positive signs for stockholders by calculating a smaller net loss or a higher net profit.

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Rosochatecká, E., K. Tomšík, and D. Žídková. "Selected problems of capital endowment of Czech agriculture." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 54, No. 3 (March 31, 2008): 108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/242-agricecon.

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In the paper, the level of assets and long-term tangible property as well as the development of own and foreign capital, and the development of sales are evaluated in the time period 1992–2004. An analysis of internal financing resources – profit after taxation, reserves, depreciations of long-term property – was done for the years 2000–2005. The monitored items are calculated for agricultural enterprises of legal entities. Further selected factors are evaluated, which influence the property and capital structure of an enterprise.

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Bethlendi, András, Csaba Lentner, and László Nagy. "The issue of sustainability in a highly centrally regulated fiscal model of local governments: an empirical study." Accounting Research Journal 33, no. 6 (September 23, 2020): 669–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/arj-04-2020-0076.

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Purpose This study aims to assess the sustainability of local governments in a highly centrally regulated fiscal model. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses a novel approach, a broad data set of almost 3,200 local governments and network methods. This paper analyses financial data from annual reports and other socio-economic sources using cluster analysis. Findings Even in this model, local governments show significant differences in terms of long-term sustainability. Investments do not compensate for the depreciation of tangible assets at a significant part of local governments. A specific type of soft budget constraint can be noticed. Heads of local governments do not “play” for subsequent ad hoc bailouts by the central government, but rather engage themselves in political competition for development subsidies. A further finding of this study is that shrinking populations itself does not explain the differences in local governments’ financial management. Research limitations/implications Further directions of research include the application of an extended approach to sustainability that gives an account of the availability and quality of local services, as well as aims to identify the qualitative social characteristics (success criteria) of the local government financial management. Practical implications The findings can be useful for policymakers, state audit offices, auditors, voters, users of public services and other stakeholders. Social implications The paper argues in favour of moving away from the financial balance in its narrow sense to a long-term and broader term of financial sustainability. Originality/value The findings provide new empirical evidence about the accounting-based measurement of financial sustainability in local governments.

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Sabauri, Levan. "INFLUENCE OF ACCOUNTING BALANCE INDICATORS ON INVESTMENT EVALUTION." Applied Finance and Accounting 2, no. 1 (November 16, 2015): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/afa.v2i1.1158.

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The work considers essential matters of cash flow return on investments. The basic of CFROI® methodology is the idea of a company as the integrity of projects. Those projects have different moments and terms of development and effect as well as the various rates of payback. Subject to the goals of the analysis, they are represented as a single consolidated project which generates cash flows within the term of useful life of those assets to which the investments are aimed. The CFROI® is based on the main idea – to determine the inflation-adjusted cash flows in favor of every capital owner and to compare them with the inflation-adjusted historical investments which have been put in the business in consideration of the depreciated cost of non-depreciable assets according to the internal rate. The work focuses on the detailed analysis of the CFROI® components. All components are considered separately and in connection with each other that makes the single chain determining the cash rate of return on investments. Within the analysis of cash rate of return on investments it is important to determine the duration of life cycle of strategic investments which is directly related to the establishment of the average age of the fixed depreciated tangible assets. When determining the average asset age noteworthy is by what formula it will be calculated. Based on the practical examples the work presents the cases of “artificial rejuvenation” of depreciated assets and “artificial aging” of assets. The work also determines the values of total investments and total cash flows, their effect on calculation of the cash rate of return on investments. Parallel with investments and cash flows there is also considered the role of IRR and MIRR for calculation of CFROI. Together with the investment model of calculation there has been applied calculation with CFROI coefficient which is based on the use of data of the economical depreciation of total investments. Therefore, the operating cash flows are recurrent and reiterated and they create the necessary idea of the profit to be received from a business in future. CFROI® value is measured on the annual basis. It may be subject to modification. Noteworthy is to determine the internal rate of return (IRR) of a business in the current conditions. CFROI® is of analytical predictable nature. However, it shall be applied with a particular caution. In the final analysis, the purport of the company existence is to return all investments deposited in it and to receive the adequate revenue which will compensate alternative expenses and bring profit to the company.

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Alexander Petruk, Sergey Legenchuk, Tetyana Ostapchuk, and Oksana Novak. "QUESTIONS OF RECOGNITION AND DEPRECIATION OF OBJECTS OF ACCOUNTING IN THE FIELD OF LAND RELATIONS." European Cooperation 8, no. 39 (September 30, 2018): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32070/ec.v8i39.35.

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Recognition of criteria for all assets of an enterprise based on the study of normative and methodological documents were investigated and summarized in this article. The approaches to the criteria for recognition and depreciation of such objects of long-term assets as capital expenditures on land improvement and land use rights are explored. The depreciation charge for capital expenditures on land improvement should be carried out using the straight-line method, the method of reducing the residual value or cumulative, since the tax law does not use the method of accelerated reduction of residual value, and it is inappropriate to apply the production method of depreciation. Using the method of reducing the residual value or cumulative, will allow in the shortest possible time to accumulate depreciation deductions, keeping them from inflation depreciation. The straight-line method should be applied for the right to use a land plot because it is possible for use for the objects that were recognized as intangible assets. In accounting for monitoring the formation and use of depreciation deductions for reproduction of the above-mentioned objects of long-term assets, it is recommended for the calculation of the amounts to collect the required settlement information on accounts using the MS Excel table processor. The practical application of this table processor will simplify the calculation and promptness of providing information to investors, shareholders and others, and it will enable them to strategically approach the formation of depreciation policy of the enterprise.

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Das, Pradip Kumar. "Financing Pattern and Utilization of Fixed Assets - A Study." Asian Journal of Social Science Studies 2, no. 2 (May 26, 2017): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/ajsss.v2i2.159.

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Fixed assets are the assets of permanent nature used in the operation of a business. These assets are earning assets and provide the basis for the firm's earning power and value. Due attention must be given to the management of fixed assets as they represent sizable outlay and involve the long-term financial commitment. A systematic blending of current and fixed assets into a profitable combination is a challenging task to the financial management. An analysis on the financing pattern and utilization of fixed assets is, therefore, vital for the management of a business enterprise.The financing pattern and utilization of fixed assets of Tata Steel Ltd., the selected company have been studied with the help of several statistical measures during the period from 2011-12 to 2015-16.The study reveals the sufficiency of owners' funds to finance fixed assets requirements and that the company had also enough long-term funds to finance the entire fixed assets as well as part of current assets. The pace of expansion in gross block on sales was not impressive in the years of study. Apart from this, slow increase in the indices of depreciation points out that overall provision for depreciation was moderate in the company under reference.

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Hnatiuk, Alla. "A New Look at the Classification of Non-current Tangible Assets During a Crisis." Modern Economics 25, no. 1 (February 23, 2021): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31521/modecon.v25(2021)-07.

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Annotation. Introduction. Creation of an efficient property management system is one of the main problems for the enterprise management system. The effectiveness of such a system is directly determined by the quality of information used for management. Among the tasks, which an economic entity faces, a special place is occupied by the classification of objects of accounting. Financial and tax indicators depend on its solution at a particular enterprise. In order to properly organize the economic activity of an enterprise, it is needed to know what funds it has and in what these funds are invested (placed). Therefore, the division of enterprise resources into separate groups is necessary to understand and summarize the accounting information used for financial statements. Purpose. To ensure the usefulness of information on the availability of non-current tangible assets, which is provided to users in the way of classification, the article defines the qualitative characteristics of the classification of non-current tangible assets (relevance, objectivity, reliability, content, comparison) and studies their essence. Results. The research suggests a critical assessment of existing approaches to the criteria for grouping non-current tangible assets in order to define differences between them. This has made it possible to clarify the content of the criteria for recognizing non-current tangible assets as assets of the enterprise (criteria of economic benefit, value reliability, and control). This clarification deepens the understanding of the nature of non-current tangible assets as objects of accounting. Conclusions. The research has investigated the classification of non-current tangible assets from the normative-legal and scientific points of view. It has summarized the criteria applied in accordance with domestic and foreign legislation for the classification of non-current tangible assets. The research has substantiated the importance of improving the existing classification of such assets for accounting purposes. The research has also improved classification of non-current tangible assets according to the following criteria: the ability to bring economic benefits (long-term, immature) and the method of use in the production process (consumed, fruitful), which will significantly improve the structuring of enterprise assets. Keywords: classification; resources; criteria; non-current tangible assets; fixed assets; long-term biological assets.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Depreciation of tangible long-term assets"

Vlachová, Michaela. "Vliv vybraných rozdílů mezi českým finančním účetnictvím a IFRS na výšku položek v povinných účetních výkazech vybrané soukromoprávní korporace." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-402019.

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This diploma thesis is focused on the analysis of leasing liabilities under standard IAS 17 and the new standard IFRS 16 Leases at Atlas Copco Services, s. r. o. The thesis is divided into three parts. The first part deals with the theoretical basis of both standards. In the second part we will find the practical application of the lease accounting in the monitored company under the new IFRS 16 and its comparison with IAS 17. The third part summarizes both standards and recommends the selection of one of the standards.

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Pereira, Leo Rajan. "Implications of Non-tangible Assets and Macroeconomic Parameters on Long-Term Stock Performance." Thesis, Walden University, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13861171.

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A rational long-horizon stock investment decision is a complex process due to uncertainty in supply and demand, competitive advantage, macroeconomic parameters and various perspectives of investors. Today, the ‘non-tangible assets’ (NTA) that include goodwill and intangible assets are a significant part of corporate assets, but their role in stock performance has not well studied. The purpose of this research is to empirically analyze the implications of NTA and of gross domestic product (GDP) of the United States on the stock price. According to the efficient market hypothesis, stock price reflects all relevant information. The research question focused on the extent to which NTA and the GDP reflected in the stock price. To determine the extent to which NTA and GDP reflected on the stock price, regression analysis and other statistical tests were used. The sample for the empirical study was 56 corporations listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation (NASDAQ). The required data from October 2007 to September 2018 were collected from the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the United States Bureau of Economics (BEA). The key findings of the study are: the NTA and stock price of 45 corporations have a statistically significant correlation as opposed to 11 corporations. The combined NTA of these 11 corporations for the third quarter of 2018 was $531.64 billion. Furthermore, the GDP and stock price of 53 corporations have a statistically significant correlation, but no evidence for three corporations was found. The significance for positive social change is knowledge from this research about the implications of NTA and GDP on stock performance that the investors, policymakers, and other stakeholders could use for preserving the limited resources and creating wealth.

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Polanská, Lucie. "Dlouhodobá hmotná aktiva podle IFRS a českých účetních předpisů." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-15409.

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This diploma thesis focuses on long-term tangible assets in International Financial Reporting Standards and Czech accounting legislation. My thesis deals with regulation and harmonization of accounting information, describes recognition, valuation and presentation of long-term tangible assets in IFRS and Czech legislation; US GAAP regulation is mentioned if significant. An important contribution of the thesis is a practical application concentrated on accounting policy used in practice and compliance with requirements on disclosures. Another outcome of the thesis is a comparison between IFRS and Czech legislation and summarizing the difference.

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Klečková, Petra. "Účetní a daňové souvislosti s dlouhodobým nehmotným majetkem." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-75908.

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This thesis provides an overview of accounting and tax implications of long-term intangible assets from the perspective of the Czech legislation and in terms of International Accounting Standards. The text is divided into theoretical and practical. The first part describes the intangible assets in five chapters. The first of these intangible assets is generally defined in terms of Czech and international law. Other chapters deal with valuation, depreciation and decommissioning of intangible assets. The last chapter deals with the deferred taxes that are due different concepts of accounting and tax regulations in the costs and revenues. Current legislation of intangible assets described in this work is compared with the previously applicable law. The practical part consists of a number of exercises that reflect the real situation of intangible assets in a Prague company.

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Mockutė, Diana. "Ilgalaikio materialiojo turto apskaitos metodika." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20060524_111651-61936.

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Final work of the master studies consists from 122 pages, 20 pictures, 11 tables, 77 literature sources, and 10 annexes. The work is written in Lithuanian. KEY WORDS: long-term tangible assets, accounting, purchase costs, depreciation, repairs. Object of the study-long-term tangible assets. Research subject -Long-term tangible assets accounting methods. Aim of the research – after methods of accounting of long term-tangible assets analysis to establish accounting problems and to present recommendations for methods improvement. Tasks: o after conception of long-term assets and it’s classification analysis to present the definition of long-term tangible assets and to expose it’s classification importance; o after analysis of scientific economic literature, acts regulating accounting of long-term tangible assets and accounting standards, to establish accounting of long-term tangible assets methods problems and to present how to solve the problems; o after investigation of long-term tangible assets accounting methods solution problems practical validity , to present proposals for long-term tangible assets accounting methods improvement. The research methods are monographic, observation, data systematize and work up, logical analysis and synthesis, comparable analysis and graphic. After analysis of economic literature, scientific works, publications, international and national accounting standards, Republic of Lithuania laws and other normative acts cleared up the problems of... [to full text]

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Skořepová, Marcela. "Možnosti financování dlouhodobého majetku a jeho posouzení daňového dopadu ve stavebním podniku." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225677.

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There exist many ways how to finance fixed assets of a company. In my thesis, I deal with several types of funding fixed assets and compare them. In the introduction, I describe different types of funding, their advantages and disadvantages. One of the ways of funding is a lease, a loan or renting of fixed assets. The aim of my work was to select the best way of funding fixed assets for the selected company and study its tax consequences.

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Kučerová, Martina. "Audit účetní závěrky vybrané firmy se zaměřením na oblast stálých aktiv." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-383563.

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The purpose of this thesis is to prepare the audit of the financial statements of DELTA, a. s., focusing in particular on long-term assets. The selected company deals with the processing and sale of wood, and the supply of foundries and steelworks with ferro-alloys and metals. The default information for the procedure and making audit of the financial statements is the theoretical and analytical part of the thesis, which is then based in the practical part, where are applied selected audit procedures in field of long-term assets and suggested specific recommendations for the company.

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Pocius, Ričardas. "Investicijų į naują ilgalaikį materialųjį turtą UAB „Langma“ vertinimas." Bachelor's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120702_130238-60761.

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UAB „Langma“ gamina įvairią produkciją iš medienos, taip pat atlieka montavimo darbus. Darbe aprašoma įmonė dirba pelningai ir turi pakankamai klientų darbui be prastovų užtikrinti. Nuo 2012 metų įmonė planuoja padidinti gamybos apimtis, tačiau nėra atlikta jokia analizė kuri patvirtintų ar paneigtų įmonės vadovų optimistines prognozes. Gamyba įmonėje vykdoma naudojant senus įrengimus, tačiau manoma , kad turimų gamybinių pajėgumų užteks. Darbe apskaičiuoti įmonės ilgalaikio materialaus turto panaudojimo efektyvumo rodikliai. Apskaičiuota galima investicijų į naujus gamybinius įrengimus nauda. Apskaičiuoti investicinio projekto pinigų srautai. Įvertinta galima rizika ir jos padariniai projekto grynajai dabartinei vertei.
Bachelor's thesis examined the company's investment in a new long-term tangible assets reasonableness. The paper describes the company is operating profitably and has enough clients to work without downtime. Since 2012, the company plans to increase production. Analysis is required to confirm or deny the company executives optimistic forecasts. Production company based on the use of old equipment, but company managers think they have enough production capacity. The paper calculate the company long-term tangible assets using performance indicators. Estimated to be investment in new production equipment benefit. Paper describes the investment project cash flows. It is also possible to assess the risks and consequences of the project net present value.

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Pospíšilová, Iva. "Mezinárodní standardy účetního výkaznictví versus česká úprava dlouhodobého majetku." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-221962.

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The master´s thesis deals with long-term assets. It contains analysis of differences in appreciation of the long-term assets between czech accounting legislation and international accounting standards IFRS/IAS, and succesive application of ascertained differences into the corporate enterprise with the target to find out the impact on trading income.

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KUBECOVÁ, Jana. "Porovnání vývoje způsobů odepisování dlouhodobého majetku a jejich vlivu na daňový základ." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-54923.

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The subject of my thesis is "Comparison of development of depreciation methods of long-term assets and their influence on the tax base". The aim of this study was to capture the development of methods of depreciation, amortization of transferring these methods into the numerical expression and assess the impact of the development of depreciation to the tax base. This work does not cover only the current depreciation issues, but focuses on the development of depreciation for the period from 1995 to 2010. Development of income taxes, depreciation rates and coefficients from 1995 - 2010 was favorable for taxpayers. The tax rate was decreasing. Depreciation rates have increased and rates fell, which provoked a reduction of the minimum period of depreciation.

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Book chapters on the topic "Depreciation of tangible long-term assets"

Veselinova, Elena, and Marija Gogova Samonikov. "Defining the Concept of Brand Equity With Radical Transparency." In Global Branding, 1–17. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9282-2.ch001.

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Every company must seek the formula that works best for its particular culture and industry. There is no one right way to transform a conventional company into a value driven company. But all the authentically responsible companies subscribe to a set of principles about: the mission, vision, transparency, working, responsibility, openness, authenticity and innovation – all this put in an agenda for value driven companies which are prepared for the challenges we all face. This chapter analyses how the transformational forces: the tangible worth of intangible assets, the war for top-grade talent, the impressive power of inspired employees, the transparent supply chains, the global impact of NGOs, the informed global consumer reshape the business landscape. The insurgent companies that seize on these drives will create real value and increase their long-term profitability. The concept of radical transparency in business gives the companies the opportunity to win the battle for success differently from the competitors, which would ensure the company's sustainable growth and profitability, arousing from the well-shaped relationships with the stakeholders who provide value for the company. The company's brand would be a synonym for those connections.

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"The activity center accounts were debited with all indirect charges (wages and sundries). They were credited with the sums appor tioned to each type of production. As regards the “work of the machinery” account, the key for sharing the charges among all products is indicated: " . . . the sharing of expenses will be made up to the power consumed in each workshop.” As regards “over heads”, they were shared “proportionally to the direct labor with which every manufacturing account was debited." Some of these accounts were credited with the products of subsidiary activities; for example, the "work of carriages and horses" account was to be credited. As a contra, a debit to the warehouse account was re corded for the “dung produced." Don’t be wasteful! THE IMPORTANCE OF DEPRECIATION At Saint-Gobain, depreciation methods barely evolved be tween 1830 and 1872. From that date, the Directors paid new attention to the problem.13 There were essentially two reasons for this: on the one hand, the Directors recognized the necessity of investing more and more in machinery, and, on the other hand, they were bound to respect their “no long-term debts" policy. The Company had to preserve the sums of money that were essential for its growth, but it was quite impossible to say this bluntly to shareholders who were numerous and not well aware of manage ment matters. Until then, the Company made a distinction be tween ordinary depreciation, “calculated according to steady rules", and extraordinary depreciation, “determined by the Board of Directors according to the profit and rectifying the slow progress of the ordinary depreciation as regards the value of some items”. Further on, the record shows the directors' concern that "the only drawback of the system is its arbitrary aspect; the share holders argue that to accuse the Board of Directors of deciding the dividend according to their desires and not to the year's profits.” At this time, there was no radical changes of the depreciation method. There is just evidence of greater scrutiny in valuing the assets, and more concern for keeping the shareholders acquainted with the management of the Company and the problems manage ment faced. Nevertheless, as a result of that discussion, the Board of Directors had to deal with many problems linked to the effi ciency of an accounting information system: precise methods for the valuation of fixed assets, definition of the quality and quantity." In Accounting in France (RLE Accounting), 266. Routledge, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315871042-34.

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"sub-committee on the general chart of accounts and financial statements, headed by Lemoine and Pujol; and the sub-committee on cost accounting, headed by Martin [Brunet, 1951, p. 166]. The committee had to focus on accounting in industrial and commercial businesses as the starting point of what would ulti mately become a national rationalization of accounting. More, specifically, the accounting system chosen had to be simple, com plete and flexible enough to be applied to large companies as well as to the more numerous small and medium-sized companies. Finally, the orientation chosen by the plan’s designers was towards the determination of financial results for investors and creditors (particularly banks), and the determination of product costs for pricing purposes. Although finding a plan suitable for national accounting was not the primary goal of the committee, several measures were nonetheless adopted which stressed the economic orientation of the accounting reform. The economic concerns of the designers were reflected in the following features of the plan: 1. Classification of companies’ assets according to their eco nomic function or location; 2. In the balance sheet, grouping of accounts into classes that reflected the accounts’ economic function: permanent capi tal, long-term assets, inventories, third-party accounts and financial accounts; 3. The classification of expenses by type, which provided the necessary elements for the study of the economic situation at the company, industry and national levels; 4. The production of information on company operations to complete the financial statements, such as endorsements and commitments, or to facilitate the analysis of certain elements of the balance sheet (depreciation, fixed assets, provisions). Contents o f the 1947 Plan The plan constituted a complete set of accounting procedures, including [Veyrenc, 1950?; Retail, 1951]: 1. A definition of financial and cost accounting; 2. A chart of accounts (see Appendix) and related terminol ogy; 3. A list of the accounts and how they interact; 4. General rules for the application of the plan; 5. Valuation rules for assets; 6. Rules for determining depreciation and provisions;." In Accounting in France (RLE Accounting), 345. Routledge, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315871042-46.

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"goods and cash are shown sometimes together, sometimes sepa rately. This inventory may be compared to the assets of modem bal ance sheets. It was accompanied by a cash statement. There were no liabilities since long-term debts had been forbidden by the stat utes since 1702. The Company relied only on the funds contrib uted by its partners or on profits. After 1785, short-term debts were separated from each corresponding item of receipts. It was not until 1820 when the use of double entry bookkeeping showed liabilities as they are shown at the present time. Those liabilities included short-term debts and estimated liabilities so that the net worth (called “capital net") could be calculated. Inventory was never compared to the receipts and payments statement as a means of verifying the inventory. For example, depreciation was calculated at the end of the 18th century in order to have an accurate inventory, but it was never featured clearly in the calcula tion of profit. The 18th item of the statutes of Plastrier’s Company3 men tions that profit is the difference between receipts and payments, and that "they were quarterly calculated after the constitution of a 15000£ (livres toumois) reserve." This was the only means the Company had of knowing how much could be paid to the owners. Such a simplified system was entirely in line with the desire to keep this information confidential. According to Sellon, an important Genevese shareholder of the Company, the simplified accounting system allowed any director, ignorant of accounting, to hold the Ledger sans confidens, that is without the help of a qualified accountant, so that secrets of the business could be preserved. The term "capital" was not used. The statutes only say fonds or effets, which correspond to the inventory value of all the assets of the Company at a fixed date. The owners' contributions to capital were made either in-kind (Venetian glass from Pocquelin in 1667) or in cash after 1702. They were considered an advance to the company, rewarded at a 10% rate. However, these advances were never refunded so that they can be considered as capital. The number of partners was fewer than ten before 1695. After that date, through inherit ances and the selling of ownership interests, the number of part." In Accounting in France (RLE Accounting), 252. Routledge, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315871042-20.

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Conference papers on the topic "Depreciation of tangible long-term assets"

Salvado, Filipa, Nuno Almeida, and Alvaro Vale e Azevedo. "Aligning technical and financial management of public school buildings." In IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/guimaraes.2019.0138.

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Abstract:

The Life Cycle Cost concept enables costs prediction throughout the life cycle of building projects. The scientific community and the practitioners of the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) sector have been developing this concept for the past decades and seeking the development of dedicated public databases with the adequate quantity and quality of economic information. These databases are needed to support both the technical and financial management of public construction projects.Besides the present problems with these types of databases, such as those of inadequate data granularity, incompleteness and inaccuracy of the information, there is also the need to align the technical and financial perspectives throughout the entire lifecycle of the building project. A relevant example in this regard is the financial depreciation rates which are seldom aligned with the technical depreciation of the building and its assets and components.In this paper, public school buildings constructed in Portugal since the 1940s are used as a case study to discuss the alignment of technical and financial management. Historical data show the relevance of considering technical and functional characteristics of the building portfolio, as well as the operation and maintenance requirements in the long-term, in order to establish depreciation rates.

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