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1
Zheng, Y., F. Rijsdijk, J. B. Pingault, R. J. McMahon, and J. B. Unger. "Developmental changes in genetic and environmental influences on Chinese child and adolescent anxiety and depression." Psychological Medicine 46, no. 9 (March 28, 2016): 1829–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291716000313.
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BackgroundTwin and family studies using Western samples have established that child and adolescent anxiety and depression are under substantial genetic, modest shared environmental, and substantial non-shared environmental influences. Generalizability of these findings to non-Western societies remains largely unknown, particularly regarding the changes of genetic and environmental influences with age. The current study examined changes in genetic and environmental influences on self-reported anxiety and depression from late childhood to mid-adolescence among a Chinese twin sample. Sex differences were also examined.MethodSelf-reported anxiety and depression were collected from 712 10- to 12-year-old Chinese twins (mean = 10.88 years, 49% males) and again 3 years later. Quantitative genetic modeling was used to examine developmental changes in genetic and environmental influences on anxiety and depression, and sex differences.ResultsHeritability of anxiety and depression in late childhood (23 and 20%) decreased to negligible in mid-adolescence, while shared environmental influences increased (20 and 27% to 57 and 60%). Shared environmental factors explained most of the continuity of anxiety and depression (75 and 77%). Non-shared environmental factors were largely time-specific. No sex differences were observed.ConclusionsShared environmental influences might be more pronounced during the transition period of adolescence in non-Western societies such as China. Future research should examine similarities and differences in the genetic and environmental etiologies of child and adolescent internalizing and other psychopathology in development between Western and non-Western societies.
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Mullin, Benjamin C., Emmaly L. Perks, Dustin A. Haraden, Hannah R. Snyder, and Benjamin L. Hankin. "Subjective Executive Function Weaknesses Are Linked to Elevated Internalizing Symptoms Among Community Adolescents." Assessment 27, no. 3 (December 22, 2018): 560–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191118820133.
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Adolescence is a period of high risk for the emergence of problems with anxiety and depression. Theory and research suggest that executive function deficits accompany internalizing and externalizing problems, although more evidence is required to understand these relationships. This study employed a commonly used rating scale of executive function, the Brief Rating Inventory of Executive Function, and examined relationships with self- and parent-reported internalizing and externalizing problems among a community sample of 299 adolescents. The sample was 56.2% female, with a mean age of 16.22 years ( SD = 2.36 years). Analyses revealed strong associations between poorer self- and parent-reported executive function skills and the severity of anxiety and depression symptoms. Problems with executive function were also associated with externalizing symptoms. These results indicate that subjective ratings of executive function capture important aspects of cognitive problems that are highly relevant to adolescent psychopathology in a transdiagnostic fashion.
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Finsaas, Megan C., Sara J. Bufferd, Lea R. Dougherty, Gabrielle A. Carlson, and Daniel N. Klein. "Preschool psychiatric disorders: homotypic and heterotypic continuity through middle childhood and early adolescence." Psychological Medicine 48, no. 13 (January 16, 2018): 2159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291717003646.
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AbstractBackgroundMany preschool-age children meet criteria for psychiatric disorders, and rates approach those observed in later childhood and adolescence. However, there is a paucity of longitudinal research examining the outcomes of preschool diagnoses.MethodsFamilies with a 3-year-old child (N = 559) were recruited from the community. Primary caregivers were interviewed using the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment when children were 3 years old (n = 541), and, along with children, using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children Present and Lifetime Version when children were 9 and 12 years old.ResultsRates of disruptive behavior disorders (DBD) decreased from preschool to middle childhood and early adolescence, whereas rates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) increased. Rates of any psychiatric disorder and depression increased from preschool to early adolescence only. Preschoolers with a diagnosis were over twice as likely to have a diagnosis during later periods. Homotypic continuity was present for anxiety disorders from preschool to middle childhood, for ADHD from preschool to early adolescence, and for DBD through both later time points. There was heterotypic continuity between preschool anxiety and early adolescent depression, and between preschool ADHD and early adolescent DBD. Dimensional symptom scores showed homotypic continuity for all diagnostic categories and showed a number of heterotypic associations as well.ConclusionsResults provide moderate support for the predictive validity of psychiatric disorders in preschoolers. Psychopathology in preschool is a significant risk factor for future psychiatric disorders during middle childhood and early adolescence.
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Krull, K. R., S. Huang, M. M. Hudson, J. G. Gurney, D. K. Srivastava, J. Klosky, K. K. Ness, W. Leisenring, A. Termuhlen, and L. L. Robison. "Adolescent psychopathology and adult health behaviors in long-term survivors of childhood cancer: Findings from the Childhood Cancer Survivors Study." Journal of Clinical Oncology 27, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2009): 10027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.10027.
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10027 Background: Psychological problems have been identified as important risk factors for poor health behavior in a variety of noncancer populations. We report the association between adolescent psychopathology and future health behaviors in adult survivors of childhood cancer. Methods: Study participants included 1,656 survivors of childhood cancer (50.8% female); 12 - 17 years old and ≥ 5 years post diagnosis at baseline assessment and 18 - 27 years of age at study follow-up. Parents provided medication information and ratings of psychopathology for adolescents at baseline, including symptoms of depression/anxiety, social withdrawal, inattention, and oppositional and antisocial behavior. Survivor self-report of health behavior was collected 6 - 10 years post baseline. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated comparing those with psychopathology to those without on outcomes of obesity, physical activity, smoking, and sunscreen use. Estimates were adjusted for cancer diagnosis, cancer therapy, sex, age, and history of special education. Results: Adult obesity was associated with adolescent social withdrawal (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1–2.1) and adolescent use of stimulant medications (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1–3.2). Physical inactivity among adults was also associated with adolescent social withdrawal (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1–2.5) and to antidepressant use during adolescence (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.2–8.2). These impacts on obesity and inactivity were above and beyond the risk associated with high body mass index at baseline. Stimulant medication use was associated with decreased likelihood of poor sunscreen use as an adult (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2–0.8). Adult smoking was associated with adolescent antisocial behavior (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.6–4.2). Conclusions: These results suggest that psychological problems in adolescence predict future health behavior in adult survivors of childhood cancer. Furthermore, psychopharmacologic therapy for such problems may increase risk for certain conditions, and decrease risk for others. Increased psychological screening and medication monitoring is warranted to reduce overall risk of poor outcomes. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Royuela-Colomer, Estíbaliz, Liria Fernández-González, and Izaskun Orue. "Longitudinal Associations between Internalizing Symptoms, Dispositional Mindfulness, Rumination and Impulsivity in Adolescents." Journal of Youth and Adolescence 50, no. 10 (July 9, 2021): 2067–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-021-01476-2.
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AbstractMindfulness has been associated with fewer negative mental health symptoms during adolescence, but fewer studies have examined longitudinal associations between mindfulness and symptoms in conjunction with two vulnerability factors for psychopathology with mindfulness: rumination and impulsivity. This study examined longitudinal associations between internalizing symptoms (depression, anxiety, stress), mindfulness, rumination, and impulsivity over a one-year period among 352 Spanish adolescents (57.4% girls; M = 14.47, SD = 1.34). Participants completed self-reported measures of symptoms, mindfulness, rumination, and impulsivity at two time points. Mindfulness negatively predicted stress and depressive symptoms, and a bidirectional negative association was found between mindfulness and impulsivity. Impulsivity positively predicted stress, and anxiety positively predicted depressive symptoms, stress, and rumination. This study highlights the importance of mindfulness as a protective factor and impulsivity and anxiety as risk factors for internalizing symptoms throughout adolescence. These findings build on previous studies that examined longitudinal associations between mindfulness and symptoms by including rumination and impulsivity’s roles.
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Nobile, M., A. Greco, G. Perna, P. Colombo, V. Bianchi, M. Bellina, R. Giorda, et al. "Effect of the serotonin transporter gene and of environment on the continuity of anxiety and depression traits throughout adolescence." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 23, no. 4 (October 22, 2013): 399–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796013000565.
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Aims.Many studies of various stress reactive phenotypes suggest that 5-HTTLPR short allele carriers (S-carriers) are characterised by the stable trait of negative affectivity that is converted to psychopathology only under conditions of stress. In this study, we examined the moderating role of the 5-HTTLPR on the relationship between two objective chronic risk factors, i.e. socioeconomic status (SES) and family structure, and internalising symptoms across adolescence.Methods.A multigroup path analysis was employed in a general adolescent population sample of a 5-year follow-up study.Results.Internalising problems were significantly more stable in the S-carriers. The focus on the main dimensions of internalising problems, i.e. anxiety and depression, revealed two different developmental patterns. In the S-carriers Anxiety problems seemed to be more stable and to predict a possible evolution towards the development of Depressive problems. In the long allele homozygotes (LL-subjects) the anxiety trait was significantly less stable, and, in late-adolescence, seemed to be significantly predicted by SES, suggesting a possible gene–environment interaction (G × E). Family structure seemed to play a role in a G × E perspective only until early-adolescence, while during late-adolescence SES seemed to play a pivotal role in interaction with 5-HTTLPR, with the S-allele playing a protective role.Conclusions.Future models of the developmental link between environmental adversities and internalising behaviour therefore need to consider that the effect of G × E interaction, may be associated with internalising behaviour via different mechanisms during different time frames and that shifts in the strength of this effect should be expected across development.
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Durkin, K., and G. Conti-Ramsden. "Changes in Mental Health in Adolescents with a History of Specific Language Impairment." European Psychiatry 24, S1 (January 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70868-5.
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Little is known about long-term mental health outcomes as individuals with specific language impairment (SLI) approach adulthood.Aims:This longitudinal study examined anxiety (Child Manifest Anxiety Scale; CMAS) and depression (Moods and Feelings Questionnaire; MFQ) during the critical period when adolescents finish compulsory education and then embark upon their chosen course of study or employment.Method:Eighty-nine adolescents with SLI and 90 typically developing (TD) peers were assessed during their final year of compulsory schooling (16 years) and one year later.Results:At 16 years, there is a greater risk of both anxiety and depression in adolescents with SLI compared to their peers. Group scores for adolescents with SLI were significantly higher on both the CMAS (p< .001) and the MFQ (p< .01). However, while this finding is replicated at 17 years for anxiety symptoms (p< .01), there is a significant decrease in depressive symptoms for adolescents with SLI across time such that risk of depression is comparable to TD peers at 17 years. Scores for TD adolescents remain remarkably stable across this period. Poor mental health symptoms were not related to measures of nonverbal IQ, language, literacy or sociability but were associated with higher levels of shyness.Conclusion:Notwithstanding a sustained, elevated risk of anxiety symptoms, there is an encouraging trend for a decrease in depressive symptoms as adolescents with SLI complete compulsory education. The findings are interpreted within a developmental psychopathology framework, focusing on the changing structure of intrapersonal and environmental processes that influence internalizing symptoms during mid-adolescence.
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Campbell, Marilyn A. "Prevention and Intervention for Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents: A Whole School Approach." Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling 13, no. 1 (July 2003): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1037291100004738.
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This paper explores a whole school approach to the prevention and intervention for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Anxiety disorders are the most prevalent psychopathology in childhood and adolescence. In addition to having serious consequences for academic, social and family life, anxiety has also been shown to be a precursor to depression, substance abuse and eating disorders. School counsellors are well placed to identify students with anxiety disorders, instigate prevention programs and treat or refer anxious students. Prevention and early intervention for anxiety disorders needs to be coordinated and integrated into the regular curriculum as well as into the life of the classroom and the school. Barriers to schools working well in this area are identified and discussed.
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Sheth, Chandni, Erin McGlade, and Deborah Yurgelun-Todd. "Chronic Stress in Adolescents and Its Neurobiological and Psychopathological Consequences: An RDoC Perspective." Chronic Stress 1 (February 2017): 247054701771564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2470547017715645.
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The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative provides a strategy for classifying psychopathology based on behavioral dimensions and neurobiological measures. Neurodevelopment is an orthogonal dimension in the current RDoC framework; however, it has not yet been fully incorporated into the RDoC approach. A combination of both a neurodevelopmental and RDoC approach offers a multidimensional perspective for understanding the emergence of psychopathology during development. Environmental influence (e.g., stress) has a profound impact on the risk for development of psychiatric illnesses. It has been shown that chronic stress interacts with the developing brain, producing significant changes in neural circuits that eventually increase the susceptibility for development of psychiatric disorders. This review highlights effects of chronic stress on the adolescent brain, as adolescence is a period characterized by a combination of significant brain alterations, high levels of stress, and emergence of psychopathology. The literature synthesized in this review suggests that chronic stress-induced changes in neurobiology and behavioral constructs underlie the shared vulnerability across a number of disorders in adolescence. The review particularly focuses on depression and substance use disorders; however, a similar argument can also be made for other psychopathologies, including anxiety disorders. The summarized findings underscore the need for a framework to integrate neurobiological findings from disparate psychiatric disorders and to target transdiagnostic mechanisms across disorders.
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Adrian, Molly, Jessica L. Jenness, Kevin S. Kuehn, Michele R. Smith, and Katie A. McLaughlin. "Emotion regulation processes linking peer victimization to anxiety and depression symptoms in adolescence." Development and Psychopathology 31, no. 3 (May 17, 2019): 999–1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579419000543.
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AbstractDifficulties with emotion regulation can take many forms, including increased sensitivity to emotional cues and habitual use of maladaptive cognitive or behavioral regulation strategies. Despite extensive research on emotion regulation and youth adjustment, few studies integrate multiple measures of emotion regulation. The present study evaluated the underlying structure of emotion regulation processes in adolescence using both task- and survey-based measures and determined whether differences in these emotion regulation latent factors mediated the association between peer victimization and internalizing psychopathology. Adolescents aged 16–17 years (n= 287; 55% female; 42% White) recruited in three urban centers in the United States completed baseline and follow-up assessments 4 months apart. Three models of emotion regulation were evaluated with confirmatory factor analysis. A three-factor model fit the data best, including cognitive regulation, behavioral regulation, and emotional reactivity latent factors. Task-based measures did not load onto these latent factors. Difficulties with behavioral regulation mediated the association between peer victimization and depression symptoms, whereas cognitive regulation difficulties mediated the association with anxiety symptoms. Findings point to potential targets for intervention efforts to reduce risk for internalizing problems in adolescents following experiences of peer victimization.
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Masters, Mitchell R., Melanie J. Zimmer-Gembeck, and Lara J. Farrell. "Transactional Associations Between Adolescents’ Emotion Dysregulation and Symptoms of Social Anxiety and Depression: A Longitudinal Study." Journal of Early Adolescence 39, no. 8 (October 20, 2018): 1085–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272431618806053.
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Emotion dysregulation has been associated with increased risks for psychopathology. During adolescence when the onset of mental illnesses peak, emotion dysregulation may be particularly problematic. In this study, we examined transactional associations between young adolescents’ self-report of their emotion dysregulation and symptoms of social anxiety and depression at three assessments over 3 years. Participants were 391 Australian students (56% female; 79% White/Caucasian) in Grades 6 to 8 followed until Grades 9 to 11. Using structural equation modeling (SEM), emotion dysregulation was a latent variable indicated by lack of emotional clarity, nonacceptance of emotional responses, impulse control difficulties, limited access to emotion regulation strategies, and difficulties engaging in goal-directed behavior. A sixth aspect of emotion dysregulation, lack of emotional awareness, which was not correlated with the other five subscales, was examined separately in the SEM. Transactional associations over time were identified between emotion dysregulation and symptoms of social anxiety and depression, with adolescents higher in emotion dysregulation at Time 1 (T1) reporting higher social anxiety and depressive symptoms between T1 and Time 2 (T2), and T2 emotion dysregulation predicting increases in adolescents’ depression, but not social anxiety, symptoms from T2 to Time 3 (T3), after controlling for baseline symptoms. In addition, earlier social anxiety, but not depressive, symptom level at T2 was significantly associated with later emotion dysregulation between T2 and T3, after baseline emotion dysregulation was controlled. Furthermore, girls were higher in emotion dysregulation, social anxiety, and depression than boys, but sex did not moderate temporal links between emotion dysregulation and symptoms.
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Flament, Martine F., Dan Geller, Metehan Irak, and Pierre Blier. "Specificities of Treatment in Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder." CNS Spectrums 12, S3 (February 2007): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900002509.
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AbstractObsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) experienced in childhood or adolescence is often a chronic disorder with high subjective distress and impairment of family and social functioning. An early comprehensive intervention schedule can have a profound effect on outcome in later years. The clinical manifestations of OCD among children and adolescents do not seem to be inherently different from those of adult patients. In younger subjects, the clinical picture tends to be dominated by compulsions, and insight can be poor, with little recognition of the symptoms as a problem.There is often a shift in symptoms over time, with some symptoms being replaced by others, while in adults, the core obsessions and compulsions tend to be more stable. In addition to depression and anxiety disorders, the spectrum of comorbid psychopathology seen in pediatric OCD patients includes tic, disruptive behavior, and specific developmental disorders. The treatment of childhood and adolescent OCD relies on cognitive-behavioral techniques of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapeutic interventions similar to those recommended in adults. The efficacy of exposure and response prevention in pediatric OCD has been shown in numerous open studies, and four controlled trials. Pharmacotherapy relies on serotonergic medication, and all have been demonstrated to be significantly superior to placebo, as reported in a recently published meta-analysis. Current concerns with the use of SSRIs in children and adolescents were explored as regards OCD and anxiety disorders, and there is no evidence for an increase in suicide or related behaviors.
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Reinecke, Mark A., and David L. DuBois. "Socioenvironmental and Cognitive Risk and Resources: Relations to Mood and Suicidality Among Inpatient Adolescents." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 15, no. 3 (January 2001): 195–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.15.3.195.
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Socioenvironmental and cognitive risk and resources were investigated as predictors of mood and suicidality in a sample of 74 adolescent psychiatric inpatients. Socioenvironmental measures included stressful life events, daily hassles, and perceived social support; cognitive measures tapped maladaptive schemas, social problem solving, and global self-esteem. Indices of mood and suicidality assessed depressive symptoms as well as anxiety, hopelessness, and suicidal ideation. In multiple regression analyses, socio environmental measures consistently accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in criterion indices of mood and suicidality. Cognitive measures, entered on a subsequent step of each regression, made significant incremental contributions to prediction for all criterion indices. Cognitive measures, furthermore, were found to mediate the associations of socioenvironmental measures to assessed levels of mood and suicidality, such that evidence of indirect effects involving the three sets of measures was found (e.g., daily hassles → maladaptive schemas → depression). Findings are consistent with socio-cognitive models that emphasize multifactorial and interrelated contributions of cognitive, social, and environmental factors to risk for emotional disturbance during adolescence. A developmentallysensitive, social-contextual paradigm for understanding the role of cognitive factors in adolescent psychopathology is recommended.
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Pine, Daniel S., Patricia Cohen, and Judith S. Brook. "Emotional Reactivity and Risk for Psychopathology Among Adolescents." CNS Spectrums 6, no. 1 (January 2001): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900022860.
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AbstractVarious aspects of personality or dispositional style predict risk for psychiatric disorders among adults. In particular, signs of neuroticism, emotional reactivity, or sensitivity to stress are strong predictors of later mood or anxiety disorders. The current report extends this literature to adolescents. An epidemiologic sample of 776 young people living in upstate New York received psychiatric assessments based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition-Revised, (DSM-III-R) and a self-report assessment of personality style in 1983 and 1985. Psychopathology was again assessed in 1992. The current study first examined demographic correlates of emotional reactivity. The study then considered the predictive relationship between emotionally reactive personality style at one study wave and psychopathology at later waves. In middle but not early adolescence, girls showed higher levels of emotional reactivity than boys. In turn, high levels of emotional reactivity predicted a range of psychiatric disorders at follow-up. The most consistent associations emerged for major depression and fearful spells, a term the authors use to describe a subclinical form of panic attacks. As in adults, midadolescent girls rate themselves as more emotionally reactive than midadolescent boys. Moreover, adolescents who rate themselves as emotionally reactive face a high risk for mood and anxiety disorders. High levels of emotional reactivity may represent a manifestation of underlying neurobiologic risk for mood and anxiety disorders.
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Gini, Gianluca, Claudia Marino, and Marcantonio M. Spada. "The Role of Metacognitions and Thinking Styles in the Negative Outcomes of Adolescents' Peer Victimization." Violence and Victims 34, no. 5 (October 1, 2019): 752–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-18-00016.
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Psychological mechanisms that may explain the link between peer victimization and its adverse outcomes are still understudied. The current study aimed to apply the Self-Regulatory Executive Function (S-REF) model of psychopathology (Wells & Matthews, 1994, 1996) to help explain this link in a sample of adolescents. A total of 1,169 Italian adolescents (47.7% females; Mage = 15.79, SD = 1.07) completed self-report measures of peer victimization, metacognitions, thinking styles (worry and rumination), and adjustment indices (somatic symptoms, anxiety, depression). The hypothesized model based on the S-REF model was tested through path analysis. Results confirmed that peer victimization was positively associated with both positive and negative metacognitions that, in turn, were linked to worry and rumination, which were associated with higher psychological and somatic problems. The strongest indirect links were found between peer victimization and anxiety via negative metacognitions and worry, and between victimization and depression via negative metacognitions and rumination. Overall, the results support to the application of the S-REF model to peer victimization experiences during adolescence. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
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Nelson, B. D., G. Perlman, G. Hajcak, D. N. Klein, and R. Kotov. "Familial risk for distress and fear disorders and emotional reactivity in adolescence: an event-related potential investigation." Psychological Medicine 45, no. 12 (April 8, 2015): 2545–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291715000471.
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BackgroundThe late positive potential (LPP) is an event-related potential component that is sensitive to the motivational salience of stimuli. Children with a parental history of depression, an indicator of risk, have been found to exhibit an attenuated LPP to emotional stimuli. Research on depressive and anxiety disorders has organized these conditions into two empirical classes: distress and fear disorders. The present study examined whether parental history of distress and fear disorders was associated with the LPP to emotional stimuli in a large sample of adolescent girls.MethodThe sample of 550 girls (ages 13.5–15.5 years) with no lifetime history of depression completed an emotional picture-viewing task and the LPP was measured in response to neutral, pleasant and unpleasant pictures. Parental lifetime history of psychopathology was determined via a semi-structured diagnostic interview with a biological parent, and confirmatory factor analysis was used to model distress and fear dimensions.ResultsParental distress risk was associated with an attenuated LPP to all stimuli. In contrast, parental fear risk was associated with an enhanced LPP to unpleasant pictures but was unrelated to the LPP to neutral and pleasant pictures. Furthermore, these results were independent of the adolescent girls’ current depression and anxiety symptoms and pubertal status.ConclusionsThe present study demonstrates that familial risk for distress and fear disorders may have unique profiles in terms of electrocortical measures of emotional information processing. This study is also one of the first to investigate emotional/motivational processes underlying the distress and fear disorder dimensions.
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Duarte, C., C. Ferreira, and J. Pinto-Gouveia. "A new measure of psychological inflexibility related to eating behavior in adolescence: Confirmatory factor analysis and validity assessment." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.776.
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IntroductionOn the onset of adolescence there is an increased vulnerability for mental health problems, namely disordered eating symptomatology. Disordered eating symptomatology has been described as a problem of psychological inflexibility. Psychological inflexibility related to eating behaviors, i.e., the adoption of inflexible idiosyncratic dietary rules without considering external and internal contingencies, is associated with disordered eating symptoms in adult populations. Nonetheless, the study of psychological inflexibility related to eating behaviors in adolescence is scarce.AimsThe current study aimed at examining the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Inflexible Eating Questionnaire for Adolescents (IEQ-A).MethodsParticipated in this study, 728 adolescents (513 girls and 215 boys), aged 14 to 18 years, who completed self-report measures of psychological inflexibility related to eating behaviors, body image, disordered eating symptoms and general psychopathology symptoms.ResultsResults of the confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the IEQ-A replicated the 11-item one-dimensional structure previously identified in adult samples. A multigroup analysis also demonstrated the scale's structure invariance between genders. The scale presented high internal reliability for both boys and girls (95). Correlation analyses confirmed the scale's convergence with psychological inflexibility with body image. IEQ-A was also positively associated with disordered eating symptoms and depression, anxiety and stress symptoms.ConclusionsFindings corroborated the adequacy of the IEQ-A factor structure and supported that this is a valid measure to assess psychological inflexibility related to eating behavior in adolescence. This measure is therefore of potential utility for clinicians and researchers focusing on eating-related difficulties in this vulnerable developmental stage.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Adermann, Jenny, and Marilyn Campbell. "Anxiety Prevention in Indigenous Youth." Journal of Student Wellbeing 1, no. 2 (February 4, 2008): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21913/jsw.v1i2.175.
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Anxiety is the most prevalent psychopathology in young people, with up to 18% suffering from one or more anxiety disorders. Early prevention is important, as many signs of anxiety are often evident in childhood and adolescence. Anxiety disorders have negative consequences for academic, social and individual outcomes, and have been shown to be a precursor to depression, suicide and substance abuse. It is important to focus on a general population health approach of embedding anxiety prevention programs in the school curriculum as well as providing targeted intervention for indicated and at risk groups. Although there are some excellent evidence-based anxiety and depression prevention programs for children and adolescents, there has been little research into the prevention of anxiety in minority populations such as Indigenous young people. While it is easy to hypothesise that Australian Indigenous youth may suffer high levels of anxiety, data to support this are scant. Issues of appropriate research methodology; differing constructs of mental health; variable stressors and protective factors; and difficulties with culturally appropriate assessments and interventions complicate studies. Prevention and early intervention anxiety programs need to be culturally sensitive and adapted for Indigenous youth. This paper argues for more research to be conducted on the specific prevention needs in this seemingly vulnerable population.
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Schneider, Sophie C., Cynthia M. Turner, Jonathan Mond, and Jennifer L. Hudson. "Prevalence and correlates of body dysmorphic disorder in a community sample of adolescents." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 51, no. 6 (August 31, 2016): 595–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867416665483.
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Objective: Body dysmorphic disorder typically begins in adolescence, yet little is known about the prevalence and correlates of the disorder in this age group. The current study aimed to explore the presenting features of adolescents meeting probable criteria for body dysmorphic disorder in a large community sample, and compare levels of comorbid psychopathology, quality of life and mental health service use between adolescents with probable body dysmorphic disorder and those without. Method: Questionnaires were completed at school by 3149 adolescents: 63% male, aged 12–18 years ( M = 14.58). These assessed Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.) body dysmorphic disorder criteria, past mental health service use and symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder, anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder and eating disorders. In male participants, additional measures assessed quality of life, muscularity concerns, emotional symptoms, peer problems, conduct problems and hyperactivity. Results: The prevalence of probable body dysmorphic disorder was 1.7%; there was no sex difference in prevalence, but older adolescents reported higher prevalence than younger adolescents. Probable body dysmorphic disorder participants reported substantially elevated levels of psychopathology, quality of life impairment and mental health service use compared to non-body dysmorphic disorder participants. Conclusions: The prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in adolescents is similar to adult samples, and probable body dysmorphic disorder is associated with comorbidity, distress and functional impairment in a community sample. Further research is required to better understand the presentation of body dysmorphic disorder in adolescents, and to improve diagnosis and treatment.
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ALLEN, NICHOLAS B., PETER M. LEWINSOHN, and JOHN R. SEELEY. "Prenatal and perinatal influences on risk for psychopathology in childhood and adolescence." Development and Psychopathology 10, no. 3 (September 1998): 513–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579498001722.
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The relationship between a range of prenatal and perinatal events and risk for psychopathology in offspring was examined. Prenatal and perinatal events investigated included maternal experiences, health, and substance use during pregnancy, obstetric complications, feeding practices, and infant health during the first year of life. Offspring diagnosis was based on structured interviews conducted with 579 adolescents on two occasions. Risk for later psychopathology was associated with a number of prenatal and perinatal factors. Major depression was associated with not being breast fed and maternal emotional problems during the pregnancy. Anxiety was chiefly associated with fever and illness during the first year of life and maternal history of miscarriage and stillbirth. Disruptive behavior disorder was associated with poor maternal emotional health during the pregnancy and birth complications. Risk for substance use disorder was associated with maternal use of substances during the pregnancy. Mediating effects of maternal depression, maternal–child conflict, and physical symptoms in the child, and moderating effects of gender of child and parental education were also evaluated. The limitations of this study are discussed and future research directions are suggested.
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de Jong, P. J., B. E. Sportel, E. de Hullu, and M. H. Nauta. "Co-occurrence of social anxiety and depression symptoms in adolescence: differential links with implicit and explicit self-esteem?" Psychological Medicine 42, no. 3 (July 29, 2011): 475–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291711001358.
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BackgroundSocial anxiety and depression often co-occur. As low self-esteem has been identified as a risk factor for both types of symptoms, it may help to explain their co-morbidity. Current dual process models of psychopathology differentiate between explicit and implicit self-esteem. Explicit self-esteem would reflect deliberate self-evaluative processes whereas implicit self-esteem would reflect simple associations in memory. Previous research suggests that low explicit self-esteem is involved in both social anxiety and depression whereas low implicit self-esteem is only involved in social anxiety. We tested whether the association between symptoms of social phobia and depression can indeed be explained by low explicit self-esteem, whereas low implicit self-esteem is only involved in social anxiety.MethodAdolescents during the first stage of secondary education (n=1806) completed the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) to measure symptoms of social anxiety and depression, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) to index explicit self-esteem and the Implicit Association Test (IAT) to measure implicit self-esteem.ResultsThere was a strong association between symptoms of depression and social anxiety that could be largely explained by participants' explicit self-esteem. Only for girls did implicit self-esteem and the interaction between implicit and explicit self-esteem show small cumulative predictive validity for social anxiety, indicating that the association between low implicit self-esteem and social anxiety was most evident for girls with relatively low explicit self-esteem. Implicit self-esteem showed no significant predictive validity for depressive symptoms.ConclusionsThe findings support the view that both shared and differential self-evaluative processes are involved in depression and social anxiety.
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Friedman, Alfred S., Arlene T. Utada, Nita W. Glickman, and Margaret R. Morrissey. "Psychopathology as an Antecedent to, and as a “Consequence” of, Substance Use, in Adolescence." Journal of Drug Education 17, no. 3 (September 1987): 233–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/f7vj-3mta-hf62-0dqc.
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In this longitudinal study of 232 student-subjects in two public high schools, it was found, by a cross-lagged correlation method, that earlier psychopathology predicted to a statistically significant degree to substance use seventeen months later, and that earlier substance use also predicted to a statistically significant degree to later psychopathology. Thus it appears likely that there is an additive or cumulative interaction effect in which having psychiatric symptoms (psychopathology) contributes to the tendency to use drugs, and using drugs adds to the tendency to have psychiatric symptoms. Among the nine types of psychic symptoms measured, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, hostility, paranoid ideation and depression were found to be somewhat more predictive of later increase in substance use than the other types of psychic symptoms; and phobic anxiety was not predictive at all.
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Connors, Laura L., Jennifer Connolly, and Maggie E. Toplak. "Self-Reported Inattention in Early Adolescence in a Community Sample." Journal of Attention Disorders 16, no. 1 (September 13, 2010): 60–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087054710379734.
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Objective : Inattention is typically associated with ADHD, but less research has been done to examine the correlates of self-reported inattention in youth in a community sample. Method: Associations among self-reported inattention, parent-reported inattention, and self-reported psychopathology in children aged 10 to 11 years are examined. Self-reported inattention is also examined as a predictor of outcomes in peer relationships and victimization at ages 10 and 11 and in peer relationships at ages 14 and 15. Results: Children’s self-reports of inattention correlate with parental reports and are associated with self-reports of hyperactivity-impulsivity, depression, anxiety, and conduct problems. Participants in the high-inattention group are at greater risk for victimization and poor peer relationships at ages 10 and 11 years after covarying for psychopathology ratings. Self-reported inattention uniquely predicts poor peer relationships longitudinally at age 14 and 15 years. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of examining children’s self-report of inattention and identifies inattention as a risk factor for current and later outcomes.
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Rappaport, Brent I., Joshua J. Jackson, Diana J. Whalen, David Pagliaccio, Joan L. Luby, and Deanna M. Barch. "Bivariate Latent-Change-Score Analysis of Peer Relations From Early Childhood to Adolescence: Leading or Lagging Indicators of Psychopathology." Clinical Psychological Science 9, no. 3 (March 12, 2021): 350–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702620965936.
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Understanding longitudinal associations between problematic peer relations and psychopathology is needed to inform public health. Three models have been proposed: Poor peer relations (a) lead or are a risk factor for psychopathology, (b) lag or are a consequence of psychopathology, or (c) both lead and lag psychopathology. Another model is that poor peer relations lead or lag psychopathology depending on the developmental period. To test these models, youths’ peer relations and clinical symptoms were assessed up to six times between ages 3 and 11 in 306 children. Bivariate latent-change-score models tested leading and lagging longitudinal relationships between children’s peer relations (peer victimization/rejection, peer-directed aggression, social withdrawal, prosocial behavior) and psychopathology (depression, anxiety, and externalizing symptoms). Peer victimization/rejection was a leading indicator of depression from early childhood into preadolescence. Peer-directed aggression was a leading indicator of externalizing symptoms (in late childhood).
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Egeland, Byron, Robert Pianta, and John Ogawa. "Early behavior problems: Pathways to mental disorders in adolescence." Development and Psychopathology 8, no. 4 (1996): 735–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579400007392.
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AbstractFrom teachers' rating in kindergarten through third grade, mutually exclusive groups of internalized, externalized, and mixed behavior problems were examined as pathways to three groups of psychiatric diagnosis in later adolescence: depression/anxiety, conduct/oppositional defiant, and other disorders. In looking both forward and backwards, the relation between behavior problems in the early school years, regardless of type, and psychopathology in adolescence, regardless of diagnosis, was very strong. The relations between type of early problems and specific outcomes were weak. The findings provided support for both the constructs of multifinality and equifinality; however the nature of the pathways differed somewhat by disorder. There was a substantial amount of multifinality (dispersion of outcomes) for the early internalizing pathway. There was less multifinality for the externalizing pathway, in that there was greater correspondence between early externalizing and later antisocial outcomes than for the internalizing pathway and depressed/anxious outcomes.
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Portugalov, Anna, and Irit Akirav. "Do Adolescent Exposure to Cannabinoids and Early Adverse Experience Interact to Increase the Risk of Psychiatric Disorders: Evidence from Rodent Models." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 2 (January 13, 2021): 730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020730.
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There have been growing concerns about the protracted effects of cannabis use in adolescents on emotion and cognition outcomes, motivated by evidence of growing cannabis use in adolescents, evidence linking cannabis use to various psychiatric disorders, and the increasingly perceived notion that cannabis is harmless. At the same time, studies suggest that cannabinoids may have therapeutic potential against the impacts of stress on the brain and behavior, and that young people sometimes use cannabinoids to alleviate feelings of depression and anxiety (i.e., “self-medication”). Exposure to early adverse life events may predispose individuals to developing psychopathology in adulthood, leading researchers to study the causality between early life factors and cognitive and emotional outcomes in rodent models and to probe the underlying mechanisms. In this review, we aim to better understand the long-term effects of cannabinoids administered in sensitive developmental periods (mainly adolescence) in rodent models of early life stress. We suggest that the effects of cannabinoids on emotional and cognitive function may vary between different sensitive developmental periods. This could potentially affect decisions regarding the use of cannabinoids in clinical settings during the early stages of development and could raise questions regarding educating the public as to potential risks associated with cannabis use.
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ZAHN–WAXLER, CAROLYN, BONNIE KLIMES–DOUGAN, and MARCIA J. SLATTERY. "Internalizing problems of childhood and adolescence: Prospects, pitfalls, and progress in understanding the development of anxiety and depression." Development and Psychopathology 12, no. 3 (September 2000): 443–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579400003102.
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The focus of this article is on internalizing problems that are experienced by children and adolescents. We provide an historical perspective, selectively examine the current state of knowledge, consider advances and gaps in what is known, and identify new research directions. Diagnosis, epidemiology, theory, and research first are considered separately for anxiety and depressive disorders. These internalizing problems, however, whether clinical or subclinical, share many common features and show high comorbidity rates. We emphasize the importance of systematic analysis of comorbid anxiety and depression, including their comorbidity with externalizing problems. This could lead to more valid classification of subtypes of internalizing problems and further an understanding of the diverse conditions that constitute internalized distress. We highlight the need to study anxiety and depression within a developmental psychopathology framework, as well as to include both categorical and dimensional assessments of these problems in the same research designs. This will be essential for understanding the complex interplay of biological and environmental processes that contribute to the emergence, progression, and amelioration of internalizing problems over time.
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Nook, Erik C., John C. Flournoy, Alexandra M. Rodman, Patrick Mair, and Katie A. McLaughlin. "High Emotion Differentiation Buffers Against Internalizing Symptoms Following Exposure to Stressful Life Events in Adolescence: An Intensive Longitudinal Study." Clinical Psychological Science 9, no. 4 (March 29, 2021): 699–718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702620979786.
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Exposure to stressful life events is strongly associated with internalizing psychopathology, and identifying factors that reduce vulnerability to stress-related internalizing problems is critical for development of early interventions. Drawing on research from affective science, we tested whether high emotion differentiation—the ability to specifically identify one’s feelings—buffers adolescents from developing internalizing symptoms when exposed to stress. Thirty adolescents completed a laboratory measure of emotion differentiation before an intensive yearlong longitudinal study in which exposure to stress and internalizing problems were assessed at both the moment level ( n = 4,921 experience-sampling assessments) and month level ( n = 355 monthly assessments). High negative and positive emotion differentiation attenuated moment-level coupling between perceived stress and feelings of depression, and high negative emotion differentiation eliminated month-level associations between stressful life events and anxiety symptoms. These results suggest that high emotion differentiation buffers adolescents against anxiety and depression in the face of stress, perhaps by facilitating adaptive emotion regulation.
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Marín-Tejeda, Miguel, Kalina Isela Martínez-Martínez, and Carolina Santillán Torres-Torija. "Quality of attachment, trauma, psychopathology, and frequency of non-suicidal self-injury in Mexican adolescents suffering from psychosocial vulnerability: Description of a risk profile." Salud mental 44, no. 2 (April 9, 2021): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17711/sm.0185-3325.2021.009.
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Introduction. Suffering from psychosocial vulnerability, particularly during adolescence, increases the likelihood of experiencing adverse life circumstances, psychiatric conditions, and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). Objective. We studied: 1. record-based demographic and clinical characteristics, as well as the frequency of NSSI in adolescents, beneficiaries of services for vulnerable population of one of six Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO’s), we compared by beneficiary type: internal (IB) versus external (EB); 2. predictive relationship of NSSI with depression, difficulties in emotion regulation (DER) and suicidal ideation (administered measures); 3. Comparison of average scores on measures by: quality of attachment (QOA) and presence/absence of NSSI. Method. A convenience sample of 255 adolescents (45.5% women, ages 11-15) answered instruments in institutional facilities (Mexico City and Puebla), where 181 (71%) resided as IB and 74 (29%) resided in family home (EB). The mental health staff of each NGO specified according to the record: demographics, psychiatric diagnoses, history of trauma, and QOA between the minor and his attachment figure. Results. 42% denied NSSI episodes, 16.9% indicated a non-significant pattern, and 35.6% reported a significant and recent pattern. IB presented higher scores in all measurements, higher report of interpersonal trauma, depressive, anxiety, and behavior disorders. Minors with positive QOA obtained significantly lower scores. Discussion and conclusion. Compared to EB’s, adolescents residing in NGOs have a higher risk profile, particularly those without a positive QOA, a fact that is associated with a greater presence of psychopathology and significant and recent NSSI.
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Ribeiro, J. Silva, S. Morais, E. Mendes, A. Botelho, G. Helena, V. Luísa, B. Aida, and N. Madeira. "Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms In Youth Mental Health Outpatients: An Observational Study." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S486. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1782.
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IntroductionThere is an increased risk to develop mental disorder during adolescence and early adulthood. Given this vulnerability, and in order to facilitate the transition from child and adolescent to adult mental health services, specific services for this age group have been developed in the last years, focusing on accessibility and early referral of young mental patients. Our Psychiatry Department (Coimbra Hospital and University Centre, Portugal) created a specific unit for young adults in order to provide better care, in accordance with the specificities of this subpopulation. The team consists of psychiatrists, psychiatry residents, nurses and a clinical psychologist. Referred patients are under 20 years old, presenting clinically relevant psychopathology or behavior disturbances.Objectives/aimsWe aimed to characterize help-seeking outpatients regarding socio-demographic variables and its relation to depressive and anxiety symptoms.MethodsSocio-demographic characterization was undertaken with young adult psychiatric outpatients observed during eleven months (1st January to 30th November 2015). Multivariate analyses were performed to identify a relationship among socio-demographic and psychopathology variables (assessed with the Portuguese version of Brief Symptom Inventory–53 itens).Results/conclusionsOne hundred and sixty-two outpatients were observed: 97 females (59,9%) and 65 males (40,1%), ages between 17 and 31 years old (average: 19,9; median: 20). We found a positive correlation between depressive and anxiety symptoms and the education level. A negative correlation was found between depressive and anxiety symptoms and male gender and presence of mental illness in the family.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Tang, Alva, Haley Crawford, Santiago Morales, Kathryn A. Degnan, Daniel S. Pine, and Nathan A. Fox. "Infant behavioral inhibition predicts personality and social outcomes three decades later." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 18 (April 20, 2020): 9800–9807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1917376117.
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Does infant temperament predict adult personality and life-course patterns? To date, there is scant evidence examining relations between child temperament and adult outcomes, and extant research has relied on limited methods for measuring temperament such as maternal report. This prospective longitudinal study followed a cohort of infants (n = 165) for three decades to examine whether infant behavioral inhibition, a temperament characterized by cautious and fearful behaviors to unfamiliar situations, shapes long-term personality, social relationships, vocational/education, and mental health outcomes in adulthood. At age 14 mo, behavioral inhibition was assessed using an observation paradigm. In adolescence (15 y; n = 115), error monitoring event-related potentials were measured in a flanker task. In adulthood (26 y; n = 109), personality, psychopathology, and sociodemographics were self-reported using questionnaires. We found that infants with higher levels of behavioral inhibition at 14 mo grew up to become more reserved and introverted adults (β = 0.34) with lower social functioning with friends and family (β = −0.23) at age 26. Infant behavioral inhibition was also a specific risk factor for adult internalizing (i.e., anxiety and depression, β = 0.20) psychopathology, rather than a transdiagnostic risk for general and externalizing psychopathology. We identified a neurophysiologic mechanism underlying risk and resilience for later psychopathology. Heightened error monitoring in adolescence moderated higher levels of adult internalizing psychopathology among behaviorally inhibited individuals. These findings suggest meaningful continuity between infant temperament and the development of adult personality. They provide the earliest evidence suggesting that the foundation of long-term well-being is rooted in individual differences in temperament observed in infancy.
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Hartman, Catharina A., Nanda Rommelse, Cees L. van der Klugt, Rob B. K. Wanders, and Marieke E. Timmerman. "Stress Exposure and the Course of ADHD from Childhood to Young Adulthood: Comorbid Severe Emotion Dysregulation or Mood and Anxiety Problems." Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 1824. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8111824.
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Background: Compared to typically developing individuals, individuals with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are on average more often exposed to stressful conditions (e.g., school failure, family conflicts, financial problems). We hypothesized that high exposure to stress relates to a more persistent and complex (i.e., multi-problem) form of ADHD, while low-stress exposure relates to remitting ADHD over the course of adolescence. Method: Longitudinal data (ages 11, 13, 16, and 19) came from the Tracking Adolescents’ Individual Life Survey (TRAILS). We selected children diagnosed with ADHD (n = 244; 167 males; 77 females) from the TRAILS clinical cohort and children who screened positive (n = 365; 250 males; 115 females) and negative (gender-matched: n = 1222; 831 males; 391 females) for ADHD from the TRAILS general population sample cohort (total n = 1587). Multivariate latent class growth analysis was applied to parent- and self-ratings of stress exposure, core ADHD problems (attention problems, hyperactivity/impulsivity), effortful control, emotion dysregulation (irritability, extreme reactivity, frustration), and internalizing problems (depression, anxiety, somatic complaints). Results: Seven distinct developmental courses in stress exposure and psychopathology were discerned, of which four related to ADHD. Two persistent ADHD courses of severely affected adolescents were associated with very high curvilinear stress exposure peaking in mid-adolescence: (1) Severe combined type with ongoing, severe emotional dysregulation, and (2) combined type with a high and increasing internalization of problems and elevated irritability; two partly remitting ADHD courses had low and declining stress exposure: (3) inattentive type, and (4) moderate combined type, both mostly without comorbid problems. Conclusions: High-stress exposure between childhood and young adulthood is strongly intertwined with a persistent course of ADHD and with comorbid problems taking the form of either severe and persistent emotion dysregulation (irritability, extreme reactivity, frustration) or elevated and increasing irritability, anxiety, and depression. Conversely, low and declining stress exposure is associated with remitting ADHD and decreasing internalizing and externalizing problems. Stress exposure is likely to be a facilitating and sustaining factor in these two persistent trajectories of ADHD with comorbid problems into young adulthood. Our findings suggest that a bidirectional, continuing, cycle of stressors leads to enhanced symptoms, in turn leading to more stressors, and so forth. Consideration of stressful conditions should, therefore, be an inherent part of the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD, to potentiate prevention and interruption of adverse trajectories.
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Bozzatello, Paola, Cecilia Blua, Paola Rocca, and Silvio Bellino. "Mental Health in Childhood and Adolescence: The Role of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids." Biomedicines 9, no. 8 (July 21, 2021): 850. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9080850.
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There is increasing awareness of the importance of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for optimal brain development and function. In recent decades, researchers have confirmed the central role of PUFAs in a variety of patho-physiological processes. These agents modulate the mechanisms of brain cell signalling including the dopaminergic and serotonergic pathways. Therefore, nutritional insufficiencies of PUFAs may have adverse effects on brain development and developmental outcomes. The role of n-3 PUFAs has been studied in several psychiatric disorders in adulthood: schizophrenia, major depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorders, eating disorders, substance use disorder, and borderline personality disorder. In contrast to the great number of studies conducted in adults, there are only limited data on the effects of n-3 PUFA supplementation in children and adolescents who suffer from mental disorders or show a high risk of developing psychiatric disorders. The aim of this review is to provide a complete and updated account of the available evidence of the impact of polyunsaturated fatty acids on developmental psychopathology in children and adolescents and the effect of fatty acid supplementation during developmental milestones, particularly in high-risk populations of children with minimal but detectable signs or symptoms of mental disorders.
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Garcia Tellez, J. M., L. Gonzalez Saavedra, and J. M. Sanchez-Moyano Lea. "Age and clinical presentation of patients at onset of borderline personality disorder in a mental health unit." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72722-5.
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OjectiveBorderline Personality disorder is a well recognised syndrome. These patients show a clear emotional unstability, lack of control impulse, unpredictible auto and heteroaggresive behaviour, poor interpersonal realitionships and self image as well as brief psychotic episodes.The unspecific symtomatology and diagnostic difficulty derived from different nosographic frames makes their diagnosis and treatment a challenge. Through the analysis of their medical records we aim to know the age they sought specialized help, the symptomatology at first consultation, the treatment given and the outcome after years of therapy.MethodologySystematic review of all BPD patient's medical records treated in our Unit with a particular reference to age and symptoms at the start of treatment and at present. Medical records from the Childhood and Adolescence Psychiatric Unit were also reviewed to determine the most prominent symptoms at that time.ResultsWe found that the vast majority of cases contacted the psychiatric services in their adolescence and early adulthood, probably in relation to demands of daily life at that age. The most relevant symptoms at onset of illness were depressive mood and anxiety. As time went on depressive symptoms were the main complaint. The clinical state remained fairly stable over time.ConclusionsThere is a clear early onset of symptoms, in particular, affective ones (depression and anxiety) being prominent in childhood and preadolescence. Also there is a stable psychopathology over time which keep the patients on long term follow ups. This medical demand seemed to diminish at their fifth decade.
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Richards, Alexander, John Horwood, Joseph Boden, Martin Kennedy, Ruth Sellers, Lucy Riglin, Sumit Mistry, et al. "Associations between schizophrenia genetic risk, anxiety disorders and manic/hypomanic episode in a longitudinal population cohort study." British Journal of Psychiatry 214, no. 2 (November 26, 2018): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2018.227.
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BackgroundStudies involving clinically recruited samples show that genetic liability to schizophrenia overlaps with that for several psychiatric disorders including bipolar disorder, major depression and, in a population study, anxiety disorder and negative symptoms in adolescence.AimsWe examined whether, at a population level, association between schizophrenia liability and anxiety disorders continues into adulthood, for specific anxiety disorders and as a group. We explored in an epidemiologically based cohort the nature of adult psychopathology sharing liability to schizophrenia.MethodSchizophrenia polygenic risk scores (PRSs) were calculated for 590 European-descent individuals from the Christchurch Health and Development Study. Logistic regression was used to examine associations between schizophrenia PRS and four anxiety disorders (social phobia, specific phobia, panic disorder and generalised anxiety disorder), schizophrenia/schizophreniform disorder, manic/hypomanic episode, alcohol dependence, major depression, and – using linear regression – total number of anxiety disorders. A novel population-level association with hypomania was tested in a UK birth cohort (Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children).ResultsSchizophrenia PRS was associated with total number of anxiety disorders and with generalised anxiety disorder and panic disorder. We show a novel population-level association between schizophrenia PRS and manic/hypomanic episode.ConclusionsThe relationship between schizophrenia liability and anxiety disorders is not restricted to psychopathology in adolescence but is present in adulthood and specifically linked to generalised anxiety disorder and panic disorder. We suggest that the association between schizophrenia liability and hypomanic/manic episodes found in clinical samples may not be due to bias.Declarations of interestNone.
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Chahal, Rajpreet, Scott Marek, Veronika Vilgis, David Weissman, Paul Hastings, Richard Robins, and Amanda E. Guyer. "3520 Neural connectivity mechanisms linking off-time pubertal development and depression risk in adolescence." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 3, s1 (March 2019): 17–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2019.42.
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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Earlier pubertal timing has been associated with risk for depression, particularly in girls (e.g., Keenan etal., 2014). Evidence suggests pubertal timing in girls also relates to alterations in the microstructural properties of brain white matter tracts in late adolescence (Chahal etal., 2018), and structural connectivity of cingulate and frontal regions (Chahal etal., in prep), though differences in pubertal development in both boys and girls have not been examined in the context of brain functional connectivity (FC). Individual differences in the course of puberty may have enduring effects on functional coupling among brain regions that may contribute to the risk for psychopathology. To address this question, we explored the relation between pubertal timing and tempo with depression symptoms (age 16). Then, we examined whether brain network FC (age 16) associates with pubertal indices and predicts concurrent and later depressive symptoms (age 18). METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Sixty-eight adolescents (37 females) completed the Mini-Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire (MASQ; Clark & Watson, 1995) at ages 14-18. Gompertz growth curve modelling of pubertal development (age 10-15; Waves 1-6) was used to estimate pubertal timing and tempo per individual, separately for males and females (e.g., Chahal etal., 2018). Resting-state MRI data (age 16) were parcellated into 264 cortical and subcortical regions to create region-to-region FC matrices based on correlations of time-series. Individual matrices were fed to the GraphVar program (Kruschwitz etal., 2015) to assess the interaction of pubertal timing and pubertal tempo with functional network connectivity using Network-based statistic (NBS; Zalesky etal., 2010). Subnetworks showing alterations in relation to pubertal timing and tempo were then examined in association with concurrent (age 16) symptoms and used to predict future depressive symptoms (age 18). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: In all youth, earlier pubertal timing was associated with higher depressive symptoms at age 16 (p<.018). This association was stronger in girls with slower pubertal tempo (p<.039). Interregional connectivity analyses revealed that the interaction of earlier pubertal timing and slower tempo was associated with lower FC between the left cingulate gyrus and right precuneus (p<.0001), regions implicated in emotion processing (i.e., Affective Processing Network) and self-referential thinking (i.e., Default Mode Network). FC of the three other emotion- and self-referential processing network regions (i.g., left insula, superior parietal lobule, and precuneus) was lower in youth with greater age 16 depressive symptoms (p<.0001). Finally, lower FC of of the left and right inferior parietal lobule predicted greater depressive symptoms at age 18 (p<.0001). In summary, FC of overlapping affective and default mode network areas was related to earlier pubertal timing and higher concurrent and future depressive symptoms. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: These findings demonstrate individual differences in pubertal maturation are associated with depressive symptoms and differences in brain connectivity in mid-adolescence. Early pubertal development was associated with greater depression symptoms and lower FC of brain regions involved in emotion regulation and self-referential processing. Further, FC between these regions predicted higher depression symptoms two years later. These neurobiological mechanisms may, in part, underlie the link between off-time pubertal development and the risk for depression. These findings also have important implications for precision psychiatry, as we show that a risk-factor of depression (early pubertal timing) may manifest in developing neurobiology in region-specific ways. Previous network models of depression (e.g., Li etal., 2018) implicated affective network connectivity in sustained negative mood and the default mode/ self-referential network in rumination. Other networks implicated in these past models include the reward network, which may be involved in anhedonia and loss of pleasure. Our study only found associations between affective and self-referential regional connectivity, pubertal maturation, and depression, suggesting that pubertal risk factors may relate more closely with emotion-regulation and self-referential processing deficits.
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Leung, Janet T. Y. "Concerted Cultivation and Adolescent Psychopathology over Time-Mediation of Parent-Child Conflict." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24 (December 8, 2020): 9173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249173.
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Background: Concerted cultivation is a parenting strategy that parents nurture their children intensively by involving heavily in their children’s academic sphere as well as offering them different structured “enrichment” activities so that their children can succeed in the future competitive “rug rat race”. While this parenting strategy has been regarded as an effective strategy to promote child and adolescent development, it is deemed to create stress and anxiety for their children. The present study examined the relationship between concerted cultivation and adolescent psychopathology (indexed by depression and anxiety) via parent–child conflict among Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong over time. Method: A sample of 1570 young adolescents (48.5% girls, mean age at time 1 = 12.6, SD = 0.76) were recruited from 19 secondary schools in Hong Kong. Adolescents were invited to fill out a questionnaire that contained measures of concerted cultivation, parent–child conflict, anxiety and depression in two consecutive years. Results: Results from structural equation modeling showed that higher levels of paternal concerted cultivation were associated with higher levels of adolescent psychopathology via increased father–child conflict over time. However, maternal concerted cultivation was linked to greater mother–child conflict but reduced father-child conflict, which was associated with adolescent psychopathology. Discussion: Rather than regarding concerted cultivation as an effective parenting strategy that promotes adolescent development, the findings indicated that concerted cultivation increased adolescent psychopathology via increased parent–child conflict. The study sheds new light for family practitioners and educators in their awareness of the adverse effects of concerted cultivation and designing appropriate parent education programs for parents.
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O'Donnell, Kieran J., Vivette Glover, Edward D. Barker, and Thomas G. O'Connor. "The persisting effect of maternal mood in pregnancy on childhood psychopathology." Development and Psychopathology 26, no. 2 (March 12, 2014): 393–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579414000029.
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AbstractDevelopmental or fetal programming has emerged as a major model for understanding the early and persisting effects of prenatal exposures on the health and development of the child and adult. We leverage the power of a 14-year prospective study to examine the persisting effects of prenatal anxiety, a key candidate in the developmental programming model, on symptoms of behavioral and emotional problems across five occasions of measurement from age 4 to 13 years. The study is based on the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children cohort, a prospective, longitudinal study of a large community sample in the west of England (n= 7,944). Potential confounders included psychosocial and obstetric risk, postnatal maternal mood, paternal pre- and postnatal mood, and parenting. Results indicated that maternal prenatal anxiety predicted persistently higher behavioral and emotional symptoms across childhood with no diminishment of effect into adolescence. Elevated prenatal anxiety (top 15%) was associated with a twofold increase in risk of a probable child mental disorder, 12.31% compared with 6.83%, after allowing for confounders. Results were similar with prenatal depression. These analyses provide some of the strongest evidence to date that prenatal maternal mood has a direct and persisting effect on her child's psychiatric symptoms and support an in utero programming hypothesis.
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Rizo Martínez, Lucía Ester, Miguel Ángel Guevara Pérez, Marisela Hernández González, and Juan José Sánchez Sosa. "A preliminary study of the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and anxiety symptoms in female adolescents maltreatment victims in Mexico." Salud mental 41, no. 3 (June 24, 2018): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17711/sm.0185-3325.2018.018.
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Introduction. Although child maltreatment is related with psychopathologic symptoms, however their clinical prevalence in the general population and more so in specific groups of age and gender, such as female adolescents, has been scarcely documented. Objective. The purpose of the present study was to examine the prevalence mental illness symptoms ‒such as post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety‒ in female adolescent maltreatment victims in Mexico. Method. Fifty-five 12-17-year old female adolescent victims of maltreatment (sexual, physical, and emotional abuse) recruited from four different Mexican institutions were evaluated through clinical scales for post-traumatic stress, depression, and anxiety, in addition to clinical interviews. Results. More than half of the participants presented significant scores of psychopathological symptoms in the three scales evaluated. Discussion and conclusion. The high prevalence of psychopathologic symptoms found in this study suggests that female adolescents who had experienced some form of abuse present highed a susceptibility to develop psychopathology. Results are discussed in the context of their relevance as a public health problem and their implications for professional interventions.
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Nobile, M., P. Colombo, M. Bellina, M. Molteni, D. Simone, F. Nardocci, O. Carlet, and M. Battaglia. "Psychopathology and adversities from early- to late-adolescence: a general population follow-up study with the CBCL DSM-Oriented Scales." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 22, no. 1 (April 11, 2012): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796012000145.
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Aims.Adolescence is a critical transition phase between childhood and adulthood, when the burden of mental disorder may still be prevented. The aim of this study was to evaluate the continuity and discontinuity of behavioural problems in adolescence while taking into account the multiple co-variation of psychopathological traits and the complex role of recent stressful life events (SLEs).Methods.This is a 5-year follow-up investigation of emotional and behavioural problems assessed by the newly developed Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) DSM-Oriented Scales (DOSs) in 420 general population subjects aged 15–19 years.Results.The DOSs showed good stability, even when multiple co-variation was taken into account. Longitudinal data showed that homotypic evolution of psychopathology was to be expected in the first place. Equifinality and multifinality were also found. Oppositional Defiant Problems emerged to be polyvalent predictors of both internalizing and externalizing problems. Furthermore, Oppositional Defiant Problems predicted more SLEs, which in turn predicted more Depression, Anxiety and Oppositional Defiant Problems. Mediational analyses confirmed the role of SLEs in partially accounting for the continuity of Oppositional Defiant Problems and for the heterotypic progression towards Affective Problems.Conclusions.These data underscore early adolescence behavioural problems as an important focus for primary and secondary intervention.
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Barzilay, Ran, Monica E. Calkins, Tyler M. Moore, Daniel H. Wolf, Theodore D. Satterthwaite, J. Cobb Scott, Jason D. Jones, Tami D. Benton, Ruben C. Gur, and Raquel E. Gur. "Association between traumatic stress load, psychopathology, and cognition in the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort." Psychological Medicine 49, no. 2 (April 15, 2018): 325–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291718000880.
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AbstractBackgroundTraumatic stressors during childhood and adolescence are associated with psychopathology, mostly studied in the context of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. We investigated broader associations of traumatic stress exposure with psychopathology and cognition in a youth community sample.MethodsThe Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort (N = 9498) is an investigation of clinical and neurobehavioral phenotypes in a diverse (56% Caucasian, 33% African American, 11% other) US youth community population (aged 8–21). Participants were ascertained through children's hospital pediatric (not psychiatric) healthcare network in 2009–2011. Structured psychiatric evaluation included screening for lifetime exposure to traumatic stressors, and a neurocognitive battery was administered.ResultsExposure rate to traumatic stressful events was high (none, N = 5204; one, N = 2182; two, N = 1092; three or more, N = 830). Higher stress load was associated with increased psychopathology across all clinical domains evaluated: mood/anxiety (standardized β = .378); psychosis spectrum (β = .360); externalizing behaviors (β = .311); and fear (β = .256) (controlling for covariates, all p < 0.001). Associations remained significant controlling for lifetime PTSD and depression. Exposure to high-stress load was robustly associated with suicidal ideation and cannabis use (odds ratio compared with non-exposed 5.3 and 3.2, respectively, both p < 0.001). Among youths who experienced traumatic stress (N = 4104), history of assaultive trauma was associated with greater psychopathology and, in males, vulnerability to psychosis and externalizing symptoms. Stress load was negatively associated with performance on executive functioning, complex reasoning, and social cognition.ConclusionsTraumatic stress exposure in community non-psychiatric help-seeking youth is substantial, and is associated with more severe psychopathology and neurocognitive deficits across domains, beyond PTSD and depression.
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Tairi, Tatiana. "Associations between cognitive errors and mental health status in New Zealand adolescents." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 48, no. 3 (November 13, 2019): 280–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465819000626.
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AbstractBackground:Cognitive models of psychopathology suggest that negatively biased thinking styles are involved in the development and maintenance of emotional disturbances.Aims:The present study examined the relationships between negative cognitive errors and indices of mental health status (i.e. anxiety and depression) in New Zealand adolescents.Method:A community sample of 490 youth aged 16–18 years completed an anonymous online survey consisting of the Children’s Negative Cognitive Error Questionnaire (CNCEQ), the Trait subscale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T) and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D).Results:Negative cognitive errors correlated positively with greater levels of anxious and depressive symptoms. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that overall cognitive error score was a strong predictor of adolescents’ self-reported anxious symptoms and, to a lesser extent, depressive symptoms. Moreover, cognitive errors significantly differentiated between adolescents with high scores from adolescents with low scores on both the anxiety (STAI-T) and the depression (CES-D) scales.Conclusions:These findings lend support to the generalizability of Beck’s cognitive theory to a New Zealand adolescent population and highlight the importance of focusing on prevention and early intervention programmes that directly target these faulty or biased ways of thinking in adolescents with anxious and/or depressive symptoms before meeting diagnostic criteria.
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Manohar, Harshini, Rajendra Kiragasur Madegowda, and Shekhar P. Seshadri. "Addressing Emotional Issues in an Adolescent with Vitiligo and Early Child Sexual Abuse—Therapeutic Challenges." Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine 43, no. 5 (April 19, 2021): 442–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02537176211000772.
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Chronic medical conditions in children and adolescents have a significant impact on development and quality of life. Children with vitiligo experience depression, anxiety and guilt, body image concerns, and conflicts of acceptance–rejection among peers. Understanding issues of relevance through a developmental perspective is pivotal. Here, we report the experiences of working with an adolescent who presented with depressive symptoms, mood dysregulation, and self-harm, in the background of vitiligo and child sexual abuse. We describe the unique therapeutic challenges, focusing on the interplay between depressive psychopathology, childhood trauma, and normative adolescent development. Therapeutic strategies for patient-centered psychological interventions are discussed. The therapy processes focused on a narrative approach, with the active involvement of the family.
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Thompson, Kara D., Bonnie J. Leadbeater, and Megan E. Ames. "Reciprocal Effects of Internalizing and Oppositional Defiance Symptoms on Heavy Drinking and Alcohol-Related Harms in Young Adulthood." Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment 9s1 (January 2015): SART.S33928. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/sart.s33928.
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There is a need for longitudinal research to understand how psychopathology relates to the onset and maintenance of substance use from adolescence into young adulthood. Hence, we investigate the longitudinal, reciprocal influences of internalizing (anxiety and depression) and externalizing (oppositional defiance) symptoms on heavy episodic drinking (HED; ≥5 drinks per occasion) and alcohol-related harms in a community-based sample of youth aged 12–27 years. Participants were chosen from the Victoria Healthy Youth Survey, followed six times, biennially between 2003 and 2013 ( N = 662). Analyses used cross-lagged panel models to examine reciprocal relations over time. Differences across age and sex were also tested. Defiance symptoms predicted increases in HED, which reciprocally predicted increases in defiance symptoms for females. Internalizing symptoms were related to HED within time for females. Alcohol-related harms had reciprocal positive associations with internalizing and defiance symptoms for both males and females. Associations were largely invariant across age groups, suggesting that the presence and strength of associations persisted across development. While psychopathology preceded the onset of HED and harms, the overall findings suggest that these risk processes are mutually reinforcing across development and that youth may become entrenched in an interdependent cycle that significantly increases their risk of comorbid disorders in adulthood.
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Oshodi, Yewande, Muiruri Macharia, Anusha Lachman, and Soraya Seedat. "Immediate and Long-Term Mental Health Outcomes in Adolescent Female Rape Survivors." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 1-2 (December 11, 2016): 252–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516682522.
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Rape is considered a stressful trauma and often has long-lasting health consequences. Compared with adult females, limited data exist on the psychological impact of rape in adolescents. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and associated factors of emotional distress in a cohort of adolescent rape survivors in Cape Town. Participants in this prospective longitudinal study were 31 adolescent female rape survivors recruited from a rape clinic in Cape Town and assessed within 2 weeks of the assault. Assessment measures included a sociodemographic questionnaire and initial screening with the Child and Adolescent Trauma Survey (CATS), the patient-rated Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI), and the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC). The CATS, CDI, and MASC were repeated at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months post enrollment. Psychiatric diagnoses were made with the clinician-administered Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview–Child and Adolescent version (MINI-Kid). At baseline, on the MINI-Kid, a definitive diagnosis of major depressive episode was endorsed in 22.6% of the participants. Stress-related disorders were found in 12.9%, whereas 16.1% had anxiety disorders. There was no diminution of symptoms on self-reported psychopathology measures at follow-up assessment over the five follow-up time points, suggesting persistent psychopathology over a 1-year period despite repeated clinical assessments and supportive counseling. Symptoms of anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder in this sample of adolescent female rape survivors were high at enrollment and found to be persistent, underlining the need for long-term support, screening, and evidence-based follow-up care.
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Jörns-Presentati, Astrid, Ann-Kathrin Napp, Anja S. Dessauvagie, Dan J. Stein, Deborah Jonker, Elsie Breet, Weslin Charles, et al. "The prevalence of mental health problems in sub-Saharan adolescents: A systematic review." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 14, 2021): e0251689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251689.
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Background and purpose Most research regarding child and adolescent mental health prevention and promotion in low-and middle-income countries is undertaken in high-income countries. This systematic review set out to synthesise findings from epidemiological studies, published between 2008 and 2020, documenting the prevalence of mental health problems in adolescents from across sub-Saharan Africa. Methods A systematic search of multiple databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Scopus) and Google Scholar was conducted guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Reviewer’s manual for systematic reviews of observational epidemiological studies. Studies included reported prevalence outcomes for adolescents aged 10–19 using either clinical interviews or standardized questionnaires to assess psychopathology. Clinical samples were excluded. Results The search yielded 1 549 records of which 316 studies were assessed for eligibility and 51 met the inclusion criteria. We present a qualitative synthesis of 37 of these 51 included articles. The other 14 studies reporting prevalence rates for adolescents living with HIV are published elsewhere. The prevalence of depression, anxiety disorders, emotional and behavioural difficulties, posttraumatic stress and suicidal behaviour in the general adolescent population and selected at-risk groups in 16 sub-Saharan countries (with a total population of 97 616 adolescents) are reported.
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Cropley, Vanessa, Ye Tian, Kavisha Fernando, Sina Mansour, Christos Pantelis, Luca Cocchi, and Andrew Zalesky. "O2.3. ABNORMAL BRAIN AGING IN YOUTH WITH SUBCLINICAL PSYCHOSIS AND OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE SYMPTOMS." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa028.008.
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Abstract Background Psychiatric symptoms in childhood and adolescence have been associated with both delayed and accelerated patterns of grey matter development. This suggests that deviation in brain structure from a normative range of variation for a given age might be important in the emergence of psychopathology. Distinct from chronological age, brain age refers to the age of an individual that is inferred from a normative model of brain structure for individuals of the same age and sex. We predicted brain age from a common set of grey matter features and examined whether the difference between an individual’s chronological and brain age was associated with the severity of psychopathology in children and adolescents. Methods Participants included 1313 youths (49.8% male) aged 8–21 who underwent structural imaging as part of the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort. Independent Component Analysis was used to obtain 7 psychopathology dimensions representing Conduct, Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, Attention, Depression, Bipolar, and Psychosis symptoms and an overall measure of severity (General Psychopathology). Using 10-fold cross-validation, support vector machine regression was trained in 402 typically developing youth to predict individual age based on a feature space comprising 111 grey matter regions. This yielded a brain age prediction for each individual. Brain age gap was calculated for each individual by subtracting chronological age from predicted brain age. The general linear model was used to test for an association between brain age gap and each of the 8 dimensions of psychopathology in a test sample of 911 youth. The regional specificity and spatial pattern of brain age gap was also investigated. Error control across the 8 models was achieved with a false discovery rate of 5%. Results Brain age gap was significantly associated with dimensions characterizing obsessive-compulsive (t=2.5, p=0.01), psychosis (t=3.16, p=0.0016) and general psychopathology (t=4.08, p<0.0001). For all three dimensions, brain age gap was positively associated with symptom severity, indicating that individuals with a brain that was predicted to be ‘older’ than expectations set by youth of the same chronological age and sex tended to have higher symptom scores. Findings were confirmed with a categorical approach, whereby higher brain age gap was observed in youth with a lifetime endorsement of psychosis (t=2.35, p=0.02) and obsessive-compulsive (t=2.35, p=0.021) symptoms, in comparison to typically developing individuals. Supplementary analyses revealed that frontal grey matter was the most important feature mediating the association between brain age gap and psychosis symptoms, whereas subcortical volumes were most important for the association between brain age gap and obsessive-compulsive and general symptoms. Discussion We found that the brain was ‘older’ in youth experiencing higher subclinical symptoms of psychosis, obsession-compulsion, and general psychopathology, compared to normally developing youth of the same chronological age. Our results suggest that deviations in normative brain age patterns in youth may contribute to the manifestation of specific psychiatric symptoms of subclinical severity that cut across psychopathology dimensions.
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Lica, Maria Melania, Annamaria Papai, Andreea Salcudean, Maria Crainic, Cristina Georgeta Covaciu, and Adriana Mihai. "Assessment of Psychopathology in Adolescents with Insulin-Dependent Diabetes (IDD) and the Impact on Treatment Management." Children 8, no. 5 (May 19, 2021): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children8050414.
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Assessing mental health in children and adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes (IDD) is an issue that is underperformed in clinical practice and outpatient clinics. The evaluation of their thoughts, emotions and behaviors has an important role in understanding the interaction between the individual and the disease, the factors that can influence this interaction, as well as the effective methods of intervention. The aim of this study is to identify psychopathology in adolescents with diabetes and the impact on treatment management. A total of 54 adolescents with IDD and 52 adolescents without diabetes, aged 12–18 years, completed APS–SF (Adolescent Psychopathology Scale–Short Form) for the evaluation of psychopathology and adjustment problems. There were no significant differences between adolescents with diabetes and control group regarding psychopathology. Between adolescents with good treatment adherence (HbA1c < 7.6) and those with low treatment adherence (HbA1c > 7.6), significant differences were found. In addition, results showed higher scores in girls compared with boys with IDD with regard to anxiety (GAD), Major Depression (DEP), Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Eating Disturbance (EAT), Suicide (SUI) and Interpersonal Problems (IPP). No significant differences were found regarding the duration of the disease. Strategies such as maladaptive coping, passivity, distorted conception of the self and the surrounding world and using the negative problem-solving strategies of non-involvement and abandonment had positive correlation with poor glycemic control (bad management of the disease). The study highlighted the importance of promoting mental health in insulin-dependent diabetes management.
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Hammond, NG, SL Orr, and I. Colman. "P.051 Early life stress in adolescent migraine and the mediational influence of internalizing psychopathology in a Canadian cohort." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 46, s1 (June 2019): S27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cjn.2019.151.
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Background: This study sought to examine the association between early life stressors and adolescent headache and the potential mediating influence of internalizing psychopathology. Methods: This study used data from 2,313 respondents of the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, followed prospectively from age 0-1 years at baseline (1994/1995) until age 14-15 years (2008/2009). The relationships between four measures of early life family level stressors, and outcomes of incident health professional diagnosed migraine and self-reported, unclassified frequent headache (>1 per week) were examined using multivariable logistic regression. Mediation analyses of the indirect effect of internalizing psychopathology (i.e., depression and anxiety symptoms) were examined using a regression-based path analytical framework. Results: There were 81 adolescents with incident migraine and 231 with frequent headache. There were no direct associations between early life family level factors and adolescent headache (p > .05). Internalizing psychopathology mediated relationships between family dysfunction (indirect effect [IE] 0.0181, 95% bias-corrected confidence interval [CIBC] 0.0001-0.0570), punitive parenting (IE 0.0241, 95% CIBC 0.0015-0.0633), parental depressive symptomatology (IE 0.0416, 95% CIBC 0.0017-0.0861), and incident migraine, but not frequent headache. Conclusions: Findings provide support for the influence of early life family level factors on prospective risk of developing migraine through internalizing psychopathology.
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Campbell, Marilyn Anne. "A pilot study utilising cross-age peer tutoring as a method of intervention for anxious adolescents." Journal of Student Wellbeing 2, no. 2 (March 27, 2009): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21913/jsw.v2i2.403.
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Anxiety disorders are the most common psychopathology experienced by young people, with up to 18% of adolescents developing an anxiety disorder. The consequences of these disorders, if left untreated, include impaired peer relationships, school absenteeism and self-concept problems. In addition, anxiety disorders may play a causal role in the development of depression in young people, precede eating disorders and predispose adolescents to substance abuse disorders. While the school is often chosen as a place to provide early intervention for this debilitating disorder, the fact that excessive anxiety is often not recognised in school and that young people are reluctant to seek help, makes identifying these adolescents difficult. Even when these young people are identified, there are problems in providing sensitive programs which are not stigmatising to them within a school setting. One method which may engage this adolescent population could be cross-age peer tutoring. This paper reports on a small pilot study using the “Worrybusters†program and a cross-age peer tutoring method to engage the anxious adolescents. These anxious secondary school students planned activities for teacher-referred anxious primary school students for a term in the high school setting and then delivered those activities to the younger students weekly in the next term in the primary school. Although the secondary school students decreased their scores on anxiety self-report measures there were no significant differences for primary school students’ self-reports. However, the primary school parent reports indicated a significant decrease in their child’s anxiety.