Dissertations / Theses: 'Depression, Mental – Risk factors'

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Song, Yuqing. "Two-year prospective study of the natural course and risk factors of depressive symptoms in Chinese college students." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B43572042.

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Song, Yuqing, and 宋煜青. "Two-year prospective study of the natural course and risk factors of depressive symptoms in Chinese college students." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43572042.

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Sun, Jiandong. "Educational stress among Chinese adolescents : measurement, risk factors and associations with mental health." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2012. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/53372/3/Sun_Jiandong__Thesis.pdf.

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Academic pressure among adolescents is a major risk factor for poor mental health and suicide and other harmful behaviours. While this is a worldwide phenomenon, it appears to be especially pronounced in China and other East Asian countries. Despite a growing body of research into adolescent mental health in recent years, the multiple constructs within the ‘educational stress’ phenomenon have not been clearly articulated in Chinese contexts. Further, the individual, family, school and peer influencing factors for educational stress and its associations with adolescent mental health are not well understood. An in-depth investigation may provide important information for the ongoing educational reform in Mainland China with a special focus on students’ mental health and wellbeing. The primary goal of this study was to examine the relative contribution of educational stress to poor mental health, in comparison to other well-known individual, family, school and peer factors. Another important task was to identify significant risk factors for educational stress. In addition, due to the lack of a culturally suitable instrument for educational stress in this population, a new tool – the Educational Stress Scale for Adolescents (ESSA) was initially developed in this study and tested for reliability and validity. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information from convenient samples of secondary school students in Shandong, China. The pilot survey was conducted with 347 students (grades 8 and 11) to test the psychometric properties of the ESSA and other scales or questions in the questionnaire. Based on factor analysis and reliability and validity testing, the 16-item scale (the ESSA) with five factors showed adequate to good internal consistency, 2-week test-retest reliability, and satisfactory concurrent and predictive validity. Its factor structure was further demonstrated in the main survey with a confirmatory factor analysis illustrating a good fit of the proposed model based on a confirmatory factor analysis. The reliabilities of other scales and questions were also adequate to be used in this study. The main survey was subsequently conducted with a sample of 1627 secondary school (grades 7-12) students to examine the influencing factors of educational stress and its associations with mental health outcomes, including depression, happiness and suicidal behaviours. A wide range of individual, family, school and peer factors were found to have a significant association with the total ESSA and subscale scores. Most of the strong factors for academic stress were school or study-related, including rural school location, low school connectedness, perceived poor academic grades and frequent emotional conflicts with teachers and peers. Unexpectedly, family and parental factors, such as parental bonding, family connectedness and conflicts with parents were found to have little or no association with educational stress. Educational stress was the most predictive variable for depression, but was not strongly associated with happiness. It had a strong association with suicide ideation but not with suicide attempts. Among five subscales of the ESSA, ‘Study despondency’ score had the strongest associations with these mental health measures. Surprising, two subscales, ‘Self-expectation’ and ‘Worry about grades’ showed a protective effect on suicidal behaviours. An additional analysis revealed that although academic pressure was the most commonly reported reason for suicidal thinking, the occurrence of problems in peer relationships such as peer teasing and bullying, and romantic problems had a much stronger relationship with actual attempts. This study provides some insights into the nature and health implications of educational stress among Chinese adolescents. Findings in this study suggest that interventions on educational stress should focus on school environment and academic factors. Intervention programs focused on educational stress may have a high impact on the prevalence of common mental disorders such as depression. Efforts to increase perceived happiness however should cover a wider range of individual, family and school factors. The importance of healthy peer relationships should be adequately emphasised in suicide prevention. In addition, the newly developed scale (the ESSA) demonstrates sound psychometric properties and is expected to be used in future research into academic-related stress among secondary school adolescents.

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Yip, Nga-ting Keziah, and 葉雅婷. "Factors associated with depressive symptoms in Hong Kong: a cross-sectional survey." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3972430X.

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DeFeo, Graig Charles. "Risk Factors for Recurrent Major Depressive Disorder in a Nationally Representative Sample." Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5351.

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The public use version of the National Comorbidity Survey - Replication (NCS-R) dataset was used (N = 995) to investigate risk factors for recurrent major depressive disorder (MDD) that are evident before recovery from the first major depressive episode (MDE) by comparing persons diagnosed with MDD who experienced a single MDE to persons with recurrent MDD. Multiple logistic regression analyses assessed the independent risk of recurrent MDD for each of the following risk factors: an early age of onset (old), absence of a life stress trigger, chronic first episode, childhood parental loss, parental maltreatment, parental depression, comorbid anxiety disorder, and comorbid substance disorder. The relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) assessed the risk of recurrent MDD associated with the interaction of an early onset with three childhood-based vulnerabilities: a) parental depression, b) parental loss, and c) parental maltreatment. There was a statistically significant risk of recurrent MDD found for the following risk factors: early onset, stress trigger absent, childhood parental loss, parental maltreatment, parental depression, and anxiety disorder; marginally significant results suggested an increased risk of recurrent MDD for substance disorder. There was a significant increased risk found for the interaction of an early onset with parental depression and similar non-significant trends were found for the interactions of early onset with parental loss and early onset with parental maltreatment. An early onset, the absence of a life stress trigger, and the presence of parental loss, parental maltreatment, parental depression, a comorbid anxiety disorder, and a comorbid substance disorder each confer greater risk of recurrent MDD among persons that have not yet recovered from their first lifetime MDE. The presence of an early onset combined with a childhood-based vulnerability such as parental depression, parental loss, or parental maltreatment, indicate an especially high risk of recurrent MDD. These findings may inform the development of a screening tool to assess risk for recurrent MDD and early intervention to prevent recurrent MDD. Future research should employ a longitudinal research design to replicate and expand upon these findings.

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Miller, Michelle L. "A comprehensive examination of anxiety and its risk factors in the perinatal period." Diss., University of Iowa, 2018. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6473.

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The perinatal period is increasingly recognized as a vulnerable time for the development and exacerbation of psychopathology symptoms. Research has often focused on perinatal depression, with limited information on perinatal anxiety. This study examined the psychometric structure of all anxiety and depressive disorder symptoms as well as explored the relation between perinatal internalizing symptoms and sociodemographic, obstetric, and psychological risk factors. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a common perinatal anxiety disorder that is now classified with the Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum (OCS) (hoarding, body dysmorphic, trichotillomania, and excoriation disorders). This study also aimed to determine the prevalence of clinically significant OCS symptoms and their association with postpartum adjustment. Participants recruited from the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics (N =246) completed an online questionnaire and a structured clinical interview during pregnancy (28-32 weeks gestation) and the postpartum (6-8 weeks). Questionnaires assessed demographics, pregnancy complications, anxiety sensitivity, coping strategies, maternal attitudes and experiential avoidance. Clinical interviews dimensionally assessed all anxiety and depressive symptoms as well as past psychiatric diagnoses. Confirmatory factor analyses identified three factors: Distress (depression, GAD, irritability, and panic); Fear (social anxiety, agoraphobia, specfic phobia, and OCD); and Bipolar (mania and OCD) during pregnancy and the postpartum. During pregnancy, structural equation modeling demonstrated that past psychiatric history predicted Distress and Fear symptoms. Experiential avoidance mediated the relation between negative coping strategies and Fear symptoms. In the postpartum, negative maternal attitudes predicted Distress symptoms. Experiential avoidance mediated the relation between negative coping strategies and Fear symptoms as well as between anxiety sensitivity and Fear symptoms. There were low rates of clinically significant OCS symptoms, except for body dysmorphic disorder symptoms. Elevations in all OCS disorder symptoms were significantly associated with more difficulty adjusting to the postpartum. Past psychiatric history, negative maternal attitudes, and experiential avoidance are particularly important risk factors for perinatal anxiety. Future clinical research should be aimed at identifying at-risk women and modifying experiential avoidance during the perinatal period. Elevated OCS symptoms, particularly body dysmorphic disorder symptoms, affect postpartum adjustment. Future intervention work should focus on assessing and treating perinatal body dysmorphic disorder symptoms.

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Aguado, Loi Claudia Ximena. "A Study of Potential Risk Factors of Depression among Latina Breast Cancer Survivors." Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3943.

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Women with breast cancer commonly experience depression. However, this condition often goes unrecognized, undertreated, and understudied, especially in ethnic minorities. If left untreated, co-existing depression in women with cancer can complicate cancer treatment, lead to poor treatment adherence for both conditions, and decrease survival. These negative consequences are considerably higher among Latinas. With the growing number of Latinos and diversity within the Latino community, the literature has identified the need to disaggregate Latinos by region of origin. Unfortunately, few studies account for these differences and no study to date has examined risk factors of depression among Latinas diagnosed with breast cancer within 5 years or by region of origin. To begin exploring predictors of depression among Latina breast cancer survivors, a theory-driven mixed-methods approach was used to identify potential risk factors for depression as a group and by region of origin (e.g., South and Central America, and Spanish-speaking Caribbean countries). This study also sought to contextualize Latina breast cancer survivors' perceptions of risk factors of depression, necessary to shape culturally and linguistically appropriate interventions and programs. The guiding theoretical framework for this study was Lazarus and Folkman's Cognitive Stress Theory and McLeroy and colleagues' Ecological Model for Health Promotion. Sixty-eight Latinas meeting eligibility criteria were recruited from Latino cancer support groups and other community organizations in the West Central Florida area. Both purposive and snowball-sampling procedures were used to recruit participants. A researcher-administered closed-ended questionnaire, followed by a semi-structured interview addressed research aims and the primary outcome variable. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviations, frequency, percent), bivariate and multiple linear regression analyses were completed using IBM SPSS V20. Thematic and content analyses were completed for qualitative data using Atlas.ti 6.2. Findings revealed the need for easily accessible, culturally and linguistically appropriate psychosocial services to help women adjust to cancer diagnosis and emphasized the need to disaggregate Latinos in future studies as findings may differ by Latino region of origin. Multivariate analyses showed appraisal variables (more perceived harm, more perceived threat, less perceived challenge - overcoming cancer), coping variables (less active coping and more self-blame), and poor body image to be significantly associated with an increased risk for the likelihood of depression. Appraisal variables accounted for greatest explained variance (36%). Risk factor differences by region of origin were observed in sub-group multivariate analyses, but this study was unable to conclude if risk factors play a different role by region of origin in a combined model. Twenty-two salient themes emerged from the thematic analyses of the qualitative data on all levels of the ecological model (e.g., acceptance of illness, lack of family and peer support, lack of access to care, language barriers). Content analyses demonstrated agreement on a majority of salient themes amongst groups (presence of depression symptoms and by region of origin) about the perceptions of risk factors for depression. "Helping oneself" and "discrimination" demonstrated significant difference in terms of the frequency these themes were discussed by presence of depression symptoms and "poor body-image" by region of origin. In conclusion, data from this study provided quantitative and qualitative data of potential risk factors of depression, which in turn can be used to conduct additional epidemiological studies to examine prognostic factors longitudinally. Study findings may also contribute to the existing literature of risk factors for depression to encourage future intervention and programs to reduce mental health disparities, to raise the awareness of the need for mental health services, and to inform mental health screening guidelines.

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Asselmann, Eva. "The role of fearful spells as risk factors for panic pathology and other mental disorders." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-158099.

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Background. Previous research suggests that individuals experiencing DSM-IV panic attacks (PA) are at increased risk for various forms of psychopathology, including anxiety, depressive and substance use disorders. However, little is known regarding whether the sole occurrence of fearful spells (FS-only; distressing spells of anxiety with less than four panic symptoms and/or lacking crescendo in symptom onset) similarly elevates the risk for subsequent psychopathology and could therefore be promising to identify high-risk groups for targeted preventive interventions. Thus, the current dissertation thesis aims to examine (a) whether FS-only predict incident mental disorders in addition to full-blown PA and whether their associations with subsequent psychopathology differ from those obtained for PA, (b) whether FS-only, PA, and panic disorder (PD) share similar etiologies, (c) which characteristics of initial FS/PA and other risk factors predict a progression to more severe panic pathology and other mental disorders, and (d) whether help-seeking/potential treatment in individuals with panic alters the risk for subsequent psychopathology. Methods. A representative community sample of adolescents and young adults (N=3021, aged 14-24 at baseline) was prospectively followed up in up to three assessment waves over a time period of up to 10 years. FS-only, PA, PD, and other mental disorders were assessed at each assessment wave using the DSM-IV-M-CIDI. Additional modules/questionnaires were used to assess characteristics of initial FS/PA (T1/T2), potential risk factors, and help-seeking/potential treatment. Logistic regressions were applied to test associations (Odds Ratios, OR) of FS-only and PA at baseline with incident mental disorders at follow-up as well as respective interactive effects with help-seeking at baseline. Associations (Hazard Ratios, HR) of putative risk factors with the onset of panic pathology (FS-only, PA, and PD) or the onset of subsequent anxiety/depressive vs. substance use disorders in those with panic pathology (aggregated data across assessment waves) were estimated with Cox regressions. Multinomial logistic regressions were used to test associations of initial FS/PA characteristics (aggregated from T1 and T2) with PA and PD (lifetime incidences aggregated across assessment waves). Results. FS-only at baseline predicted incident anxiety and depressive disorders at follow-up (OR 1.59-4.36), while PA at baseline predicted incident anxiety, depressive, and substance use disorders at follow-up (OR 2.08-8.75; reference group: No FS/PA). Merely any anxiety disorder (OR=3.26) and alcohol abuse/dependence (OR=2.26) were significantly more strongly associated with PA than with FS-only. Female sex, parental anxiety disorders, parental depressive disorders, behavioral inhibition, harm avoidance, lower coping efficacy, and parental rejection predicted FS-only, PA, and PD (HR 1.2-3.0), whereas the associations with other risk factors partially differed for FS-only, PA, and PD and tended to be more pronounced for PA and PD than for FS-only. Alcohol consumption, use of drugs/medication, and physical illness as perceived reasons for the initial FS/PA were associated with the occurrence of full-blown PA (without PD, OR 2.46-5.44), while feelings of anxiety/depression and having always been anxious/nervous as perceived reasons for the initial FS/PA, appraising the initial FS/PA as terrible and long-term irritating/burdensome, subsequent feelings of depression, avoidance of situations/places, and consumption of medication, alcohol, or drugs were associated with the development of PD (OR 2.64-4.15). A longer duration until “feeling okay again” was associated with both PA and PD (OR 1.29-1.63 per category). Moreover, partially different risk constellations in subjects with panic pathology (FS/PA/PD) predicted the onset of subsequent anxiety/depressive vs. substance use disorders. Panic pathology (FS/PA) and help-seeking/potential treatment at baseline interacted on predicting incident PD (OR=0.09) and depression (OR=0.22) at follow-up in a way that panic pathology only predicted these disorders in individuals not seeking help at baseline. Conclusions. Findings suggest that individuals with FS-only are at similar risk of developing subsequent psychopathology compared to individuals with full-blown PA. Specific initial FS/PA characteristics and additional risk factors may be used to identify sub-groups of individuals with panic pathology, which are at particular risk of progressing to more severe panic pathology or other mental disorders and might therefore profit from supplemental outcome-related preventive interventions in addition to panic-specific treatment. Future research may replicate the current findings and test the efficacy of targeted preventive interventions in panickers at elevated risk for PD and other forms of psychopathology Theoretischer Hintergrund. Auf Grundlage früherer Forschungsbefunde ist anzunehmen, dass Personen mit DSM-IV-Panikattacken (PA) ein erhöhtes Risiko für zahlreiche psychische Störungen, einschließlich Angst-, depressiver und Substanzstörungen, aufweisen. Unklar ist jedoch, ob das alleinige Auftreten von Fearful Spells (FS-only, Angstanfälle mit weniger als vier Paniksymptomen und/oder fehlendem Crescendo in der Symptomentwicklung) das Risiko für Psychopathologie in ähnlicher Weise erhöht und hilfreich sein könnte, um Hochrisikogruppen für Präventivinterventionen zu identifizieren. Innerhalb der vorliegenden Dissertation wird daher untersucht, (a) ob FS-only zusätzlich zu PA inzidente psychische Störungen vorhersagen und ob sich Unterschiede in den Assoziationen von FS-only vs. PA mit nachfolgender Psychopathologie ergeben, (b) ob FS-only, PA und Panikstörung (PS) ähnliche Ätiologien teilen, (c) welche Merkmale initialer FS/PA und welche anderen Risikofaktoren die Entwicklung schwerer Panikpathologie und weiterer psychischer Störungen vorhersagen und (d) ob Hilfesuchverhalten/potenzielle Behandlung bei Personen mit Panik das Risiko für nachfolgende Psychopathologie verändert. Methodik. Eine repräsentative Bevölkerungsstichprobe Jugendlicher und junger Erwachsener (N=3021, 14-24 Jahre zur Baseline-Erhebung) wurde in bis zu drei Erhebungswellen über einen Zeitraum von bis zu 10 Jahren untersucht. FS-only, PA, PS und andere psychische Störungen wurden zu jeder Erhebungswelle mithilfe des DSM-IV-M-CIDI erfasst. Merkmale initialer FS/PA (T1/T2), mögliche Risikofaktoren sowie Hilfesuchverhalten/potenzielle Behandlung wurden mit weiteren Modulen und Fragebögen erhoben. Mithilfe logistischer Regressionen wurden Assoziationen (Odds Ratios, OR) von FS-only und PA zu Baseline mit inzidenten psychischen Störungen zum Follow-Up sowie diesbezügliche Interaktionen mit Hilfesuchverhalten zu Baseline getestet. Zusammenhänge zwischen möglichen Risikofaktoren und dem Auftreten von Panikpathologie (FS-only, PA und PS) bzw. nachfolgender Angst-/depressiver und Substanzstörungen bei Personen mit Panikpathologie (Verwendung von über die Erhebungswellen hinweg aggregierter Daten) wurden mithilfe von Cox-Regressionen geschätzt. Multinomiale logistische Regressionen wurden genutzt, um Assoziationen von Merkmalen initialer FS/PA (aggregiert über T1 und T2) mit PA und PS (über die Erhebungswellen hinweg aggregierte Lebenszeitinzidenzen) zu erfassen. Ergebnisse. FS-only zu Baseline sagten inzidente Angst- und depressive Störungen zum Follow-Up vorher (OR 1.59-4.36), wohingegen PA zu Baseline inzidente Angst-, depressive und Substanzstörungen zum Follow-Up vorhersagten (OR 2.08-8.75; Referenzkategorie: Keine FS/PA). Lediglich irgendeine Angststörung (OR=3.26) und Alkoholmissbrauch/-abhängigkeit (OR=2.26) waren signifikant stärker mit PA als mit FS-only assoziiert. Weibliches Geschlecht, elterliche Angst- und depressive Störungen, Verhaltenshemmung, Schadensvermeidung, geringere Coping-Erwartung und elterliche Zurückweisung sagten FS-only, PA und PS vorher (HR 1.2-3.0), während sich teils unterschiedliche Assoziationen anderer Risikofaktoren mit FS-only, PA und PS ergaben, die tendenziell stärker für PA und PS als für FS-only waren. Alkoholkonsum, Drogen-/Medikamentengebrauch und körperliche Erkrankungen als wahrgenommene Gründe für die initiale FS/PA waren mit dem Auftreten vollständiger PA assoziiert (ohne PS; OR 2.46-5.44), während Gefühle von Angst/Depression und die Einschätzung schon immer ängstlich/nervös gewesen zu sein als wahrgenommene Gründe für die initiale FS/PA, die Bewertung der initialen FS/PA als schrecklich und langfristig verunsichernd/belastend, nachfolgende Gefühle von Niedergeschlagenheit, Vermeidung von Situationen/Orten und Konsum von Medikamenten, Alkohol oder Drogen mit der Entwicklung von PS assoziiert waren (OR 2.64-4.15). Eine längere Dauer bis sich die betroffene Person wieder vollständig in Ordnung fühlte war sowohl mit PA als auch mit PS assoziiert (OR 1.29-1.63 pro Kategorie). Weiterhin sagten teils unterschiedliche Risikokonstellationen bei Personen mit Panikpathologie (FS/PA/PS) die nachfolgende Entstehung von Angst-/depressiven und Substanzstörungen vorher. Panikpathologie (FS/PA) und Hilfesuchverhalten/potenzielle Behandlung zu Baseline interagierten bei der Vorhersage von inzidenter PS (OR=0.09) und Depression (OR=0.22) zum Follow-Up; d.h. das Vorhandensein von Panikpathologie sagte diese Störungen nur bei Personen ohne, nicht aber bei Personen mit Hilfesuchverhalten zu Baseline vorher. Schlussfolgerungen. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse implizieren, dass Personen mit FS-only im Vergleich zu Personen mit vollständigen PA ein ähnliches Risiko für die Entwicklung nachfolgender Psychopathologie aufweisen. Spezifische Merkmale initialer FS/PA und zusätzliche Risikofaktoren könnten zur Identifikation von Sub-Gruppen von Personen mit Panik genutzt werden, die sich durch ein besonderes Risiko für schwergradige Panikpathologie und andere psychische Störungen auszeichnen und demzufolge von Outcome-bezogenen Präventionen (ergänzend zu Panik-spezifischer Intervention) profitieren könnten. Zukünftige Studien sollten die vorliegenden Befunde replizieren und die Effektivität gezielter Präventivinterventionen bei Personen mit erhöhtem Risiko für PS und andere psychische Störungen testen

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Al-joumeyli, Jasmin Rim, and Vivi-Ann Landén. "Riskfaktorer för Post Partum Depression i samband med graviditet och förlossning – en litteraturstudie." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för folkhälso- och vårdvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-270533.

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Background: A systematic use of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), symptoms of postpartum depression (PPD) can be identified at an early stage, followed by timely required actions. Mental health and well-being can be perceived as sensitive objective. Joyce Travelbee and Johan Cullberg advocate nursing theoretical approaches to promote good communication and crisis management, which is the fundamental base of this master thesis. Purpose: To study risk factors for postpartum depression (PPD). Method: A descriptive literature review based on 16 quantitative studies with different study designs. Results: Risk factors for PPD may be previous or current mental and physical health issues, childbirth experiences, and socioeconomic factors. Conclusion: The results indicates association between PPD and, ill health, delivery and socioeconomics. With increased knowledge about risk factors and the value of early measures and preventive efforts, chances to prevent PPD may increase.

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Mitjans, Niubó Marina. "Genetic Risk Factors for the Lack of Response to Clinical Treatment in Mental Disorders: an Approach from Pharmacogenetics." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/289981.

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Severe mental disorders, such as Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Bipolar Disorder (BD) and Schizophrenia (SCZ), represent a huge burden to society, reflecting the limited efficacy of current drug treatments. Although the progress in development of pharmacological treatments is one of the great successes of modern psychiatry, it should not be forgotten that a very high percentage of patients do not receive and/or seek the proper treatment for their disease. Individual differences in clinical response to psychotropic drugs have long been recognized as a fundamental problem in the treatment of the seriously mentally ill patient. This variability in individual response ranges from patients who experience complete symptom remission to a subset of patients often describes as “treatment refractory”, as well as a marked variability in susceptibility to adverse drug effects. In this sense, the overall objective of pharmacogenetics is to determine the genetic basis of the variability in drug efficacy and safety, and to use this information to benefit the patient detecting a priori those patients that could not respond to a drug and/or present drug side effects. The present dissertation hypothesizes that lack of response to psychotropic drugs will be associated to genetic variability at genes coding for proteins involved directly or indirectly in the mechanism of action of these drugs. In this sense three different studies have been carried out. The first study analyses genetic variability at genes of the endocannabinoid system in clinical response and/or remission to citalopram treatment in MDD patients. The second study analyses genetic variability at genes related to phosphoinositide (PI), glycogen synthetase kinase-3 (GSK3), hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and glutamatergic pathways in clinical response to lithium in BD patients. The third study analyses genetic variability at genes related to neurotrophic factors and HPA in clinical response to clozapine in patients with SCZ. Our results focused in the analyses of genetic variability at genes coding for proteins involved in the mechanism of action of psychotropic drugs let us to detect some minor and moderate effects of genetic variants that could explain, at least, part of the lack of response to these drugs. The results of our study in relation to citalopram response in MDD showed that genetic variability at genes related to the endocannabinoid system could play a role in the understanding of clinical response to this drug treatment. Specifically, we found an association between CNR1 gene and clinical remission at 12th week and an effect of CNR1 gene on longitudinal response (along the 12th week follow-up). The results of our study in relation to lithium response in BD showed that genetic variability at INPP1, IMPA2, GSK3B and GRIK2 genes could play a role in the understanding of lithium response. Finally, the results in relation to clozapine response in SCZ showed that genetic variants at FKBP5 and NTRK2 genes may play a role in clozapine response. The detection of individual genetic differences in the response to psychotropic drugs may provide new strategies for the treatment of mental disorders, as well as, new knowledge about the aetiology of these disorders. Los trastornos mentales graves, como son la depresión mayor (DM), el trastorno bipolar (TB) y la esquizofrenia (SCZ), se han convertido en los últimos años en un importante problema de salud en los países desarrollados. Aunque el avance alcanzado en el desarrollo de tratamientos farmacológicos ha constituido uno de los grandes logros de la psiquiatría moderna, no debemos olvidar que hay un porcentaje muy alto de pacientes que no reciben el tratamiento adecuado para su enfermedad. En este sentido, la farmacogenética tiene como objetivo identificar y caracterizar los factores genéticos que se encuentran en la base de las diferencias existentes entre individuos en la respuesta clínica al tratamiento farmacológico. La presente tesis pretende estudiar variación genética basada en genes que codifican para moléculas implicadas directamente o indirectamente en los mecanismos de acción del tratamiento con citalopram (DM), carbonato de litio (TB) y clozapina (SCZ) que nos explicará parte del riesgo para la no respuesta clínica y la no remisión del episodio tratado farmacológicamente. Los resultados nos permitieron identificar variación genética asociada a la respuesta al tratamiento. Concretamente, nuestros resultados indicaron que variabilidad genética relacionada con el sistema endocannabinoide se asociaba con la respuesta a citalopram en DM. Por otro lado, genes involucrados con el sistema de fosfoinositoles podrían explican parte de la variación en la respuesta al litio en el TB. En referencia al estudio de la respuesta a clozapina en pacientes con SCZ, los resultados sugieren que variantes genéticas en los genes FKBP5 y NTRK2 pueden jugar un papel en la respuesta. En este sentido, nuestro estudio proporciona evidencia de la implicación del eje hipotálamo-pituitario-adrenal (HPA) y de factores neurotróficos en la modulación de la respuesta a clozapina. La detección de diferencias genéticas individuales en la respuesta a los fármacos psicotrópicos puede proporcionar nuevas estrategias para el tratamiento de trastornos mentales, así como, nuevos conocimientos sobre la etiología de estos trastornos.

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Fellmeth, Gracia. "Perinatal depression in refugee and labour migrant women on the Thai-Myanmar border : prevalence, risk factors and experiences." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2018. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d57fc610-dd6a-4ccd-a1c5-6d5a3a773f5d.

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Background: Perinatal depression is a significant contributor to maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Left untreated, perinatal depression has severe and far-reaching consequences for women, their families and wider society. Migrant women, including labour migrants and refugees, may be particularly prone to developing perinatal depression as a result of multiple stressors associated with displacement. Despite the vast majority of global migration flows occurring within low- and middle-income countries, evidence from these regions is severely lacking. This research addresses this imbalance by examining perinatal depression in migrant women living on the Thai-Myanmar border: a resource-poor setting of political tension and socio-economic disadvantage. Aims: This research aims to review the existing evidence around perinatal depression among migrant women from low- and middle-income settings; identify an appropriate tool to detect perinatal depression in migrant women on the Thai-Myanmar border; determine the prevalence of, and risk factors for, perinatal depression in this setting; explore women's experiences of perinatal depression; and develop recommendations for policy and practice. Methods: A sequential-exploratory mixed-methods design was used. The research included the following five study components: a systematic literature review; a validation study to identify a culturally-acceptable and appropriate assessment tool; a prospective cohort study of migrant women on the Thai-Myanmar border followed-up from the first trimester of pregnancy to one month post-partum; in-depth interviews with a subgroup of women with severe perinatal depression; and an informal exploration of stakeholder views. Findings: The systematic review found a wide range in prevalence of perinatal depression among migrant women and confirmed the absence of studies conducted in low-and middle-income destination countries. A total of 568 migrant women on the Thai-Myanmar border participated in the prospective cohort study, of whom 18.5% experienced moderate-severe depression and 39.8% experienced depression of any severity during the perinatal period. Almost a third (29%) of women reported suicidal ideation. Interpersonal violence (OR 4.5), experience of trauma (OR 2.4), a self-reported history of depression (OR 2.3) and perceived insufficiency of social support (OR 2.1) were significantly associated with perinatal depression. Lives of women with severe perinatal depression were characterised by difficult partner relationships, alcohol use among partners and interpersonal violence. A lack of mental health services currently limits the effective management of perinatal depression in this setting. Alongside training of health staff, primary, secondary and tertiary prevention efforts are required to effectively address perinatal depression on the Thai-Myanmar border.

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Roane, Brandy Michelle. "Natural Course of Adolescent Insomnia: Patterns and Consequences." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2010. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc30506/.

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Approximately 2-11% of adolescents report chronic insomnia. The study used an archival data set from ADDHealth that assessed adolescent health and health-related behaviors. Adolescents (N = 4102) provided data at baseline (Time 1) and at 1-year follow-up (Time 2). Participants were excluded if no ethnicity, gender, or insomnia data were given at Time 1 or 2. Females were more likely to report insomnia than males at Times 1 and 2. In addition, adolescents with remitted insomnia were significantly younger than adolescents without insomnia at Times 1 and 2. Analyses found a prevalence of 9.6%, a remittance of 6.2%, an incidence of 4.4%, and a chronicity of 2.9%. At Time 1 and 2, AWI were significantly more likely to have depression, suicidal behaviors, and behavioral problems in school than AWOI. At Time 2, incidence and chronic insomnia increased the risk of depression, suicidal behaviors and behavioral problems in school. Risk and protective factors analyses indicated psychological counseling was associated with both remitted and chronic insomnia and depression was associated with incidence insomnia.

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Kercher, Amy Jane. "The development and maintenance of adolescent depression." Australia : Macquarie University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/41417.

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Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Psychology, Centre for Emotional Health, 2009. Includes bibliographical references. Introduction -- Parenting in adolescent depression: the mediating role of self-worth in a prospective test -- Neuroticism, life events and negative thoughts in the development of depression in adolescent girls -- A cognitive diathesis-stress generation model of early adolescent depression -- General discussion. This research examined the longitudinal development of depressive symptoms among young adolescents (mean age 12 years). The first model examined depressive symptoms across 6 months in 315 young adolescents and their mothers, considering the mediation of perceived parenting and its influence on adolescent self-worth. Although parent-reported parental depression was not linked with child-reported perceived parenting, the child's perception of his or her mother as rejecting or less caring was associated with a lower sense of self-worth, which in turn predicted depressive symptoms 6 months later, controlling for initial depression. In the second model, tested across 12 months with 896 young adolescent girls, neuroticism served as a distal vulnerability for depression, conferring a risk of experiencing dependent stressors and negative automatic thoughts which fully mediated the effect of neuroticism on later depression. Initial depressive symptoms also followed this meditational pathway, in a possible maintenance and risk pathway for adolescent depression. Unexpectedly, independent stressors were also predicted by initial depressive symptoms, suggesting possible shared method or genuine environmental factors. Finally, it was proposed that young adolescents at risk of depression will not only display cognitive vulnerabilities contributing to increased depressive symptoms following stressors (cognitive diathesis-stress theory), but also be more likely to experience stressors at least partly dependent on their own behaviour (stress-generation theory). This model was supported with a large (N=756) sample of young adolescents across 6 months, controlling for initial depression. Taken together, this thesis extends previous theories about the aetiology of depression, providing evidence from family, personality and cognitive risk factors to better explain the development of depressive symptoms in early adolescence, with significant implications for intervention and treatment. Mode of access: World Wide Web. viii, 140 leaves ill

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Dalca, Ioana Mioara. "Gender-specific suicide risk factors: a case-control study of individuals with major depressive disorder." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=92161.

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Gender differences in suicidal behaviour entail a challenging paradox: more women attempt suicide than men, while more men commit suicide than women. The majority of suicide victims have a history of major depressive disorder (MDD), though only a small minority of those suffering from MDD will die by suicide. The present study aimed to explore the moderating role of gender in suicide completion, with particular focus on personality predispositions, Axis I and II psychopathology, while controlling for the effect of MDD. In the context of a case-control design, 201 suicide completers (160 men and 41 women) and 129 living controls (90 men and 39 women) with a history of MDD were recruited in Montreal, Canada. Participants were evaluated via the psychological autopsy method. Differences were found between men and women in the significant risk factors, suggesting that psychopathology and predispositions related to impulsivity-aggressivity and impulse-dyscontrol may have different relative contributions to suicide in depressed men and women. Les différences dans le comportement suicidaire entre les hommes et les femmes, un paradoxe: Plus de femmes que d'hommes font des tentatives de suicide bien que plus d'hommes que de femmes les réussissent. La majorité des vicitimes du suicide ont des antécédents de trouble de dépression majeur (MDD), même si seulement une faible minorité des personnes atteintes de MDD vont mettre fin à leurs jours. La présente étude entend relativiser l'importance du genre chez les personnes qui se sont suicidées en mettant l'accent plus particulièrement sur les prédispositions propres à chaque individu, la psychopathologie de l'axe I et II, en contrôlant les effets du MDD. Les cas présentés, 201 suicides (160 hommes et 41 femmes) et 129 tentatives de suicide (90 hommes et 39 femmes) ont été recrutés à Montréal, Canada. Les participants ont été évalués selon la méthode de l'autopsie psychologique. En ce qui a trait aux facteurs de risque, des différences ont été notées entre les hommes et les femmes, ce qui laisse entendre que la psychopathologie et les prédispositions relatives à l'impulsivité-agressivité ainsi qu'au non-contrôle-impulsif peuvent avoir contribués différement au suicide chez les hommes et les femmes en dépression.

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DeFeo, Graig C. "Risk Factors for Recurrent Major Depressive Disorder in a Nationally Representative Sample." Thesis, University of South Florida, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1569946.

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The public use version of the National Comorbidity Survey – Replication (NCS-R) dataset was used (N = 995) to investigate risk factors for recurrent major depressive disorder (MDD) that are evident before recovery from the first major depressive episode (MDE) by comparing persons diagnosed with MDD who experienced a single MDE to persons with recurrent MDD. Multiple logistic regression analyses assessed the independent risk of recurrent MDD for each of the following risk factors: an early age of onset (<30 years old), absence of a life stress trigger, chronic first episode, childhood parental loss, parental maltreatment, parental depression, comorbid anxiety disorder, and comorbid substance disorder. The relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) assessed the risk of recurrent MDD associated with the interaction of an early onset with three childhood-based vulnerabilities: a) parental depression, b) parental loss, and c) parental maltreatment. There was a statistically significant risk of recurrent MDD found for the following risk factors: early onset, stress trigger absent, childhood parental loss, parental maltreatment, parental depression, and anxiety disorder; marginally significant results suggested an increased risk of recurrent MDD for substance disorder. There was a significant increased risk found for the interaction of an early onset with parental depression and similar non-significant trends were found for the interactions of early onset with parental loss and early onset with parental maltreatment. An early onset, the absence of a life stress trigger, and the presence of parental loss, parental maltreatment, parental depression, a comorbid anxiety disorder, and a comorbid substance disorder each confer greater risk of recurrent MDD among persons that have not yet recovered from their first lifetime MDE. The presence of an early onset combined with a childhood-based vulnerability such as parental depression, parental loss, or parental maltreatment, indicate an especially high risk of recurrent MDD. These findings may inform the development of a screening tool to assess risk for recurrent MDD and early intervention to prevent recurrent MDD. Future research should employ a longitudinal research design to replicate and expand upon these findings.

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Wang, Liang. "An Epidemiological Study of Maternal Depression: Findings from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2008. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1984.

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This study examined maternal depression status from month 1 to 36 after birth using data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. Maternal depression was assessed with the Center of Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. The prevalence of maternal depression was highest at 1 month, decreased at 6 months, and then kept fairly stable to 36 months. The prevalence was higher in blacks than other races, in 18-24 than 25-46 years old, and in single mothers than non-single mothers. Mothers with better physical health, social support, or employed had a lower prevalence than their counterparts. Mothers in poverty, receiving public assistance, or who had more parental stress had a higher prevalence. Social support and parental stress had a statistically significant relationship with maternal depression even after adjusting for other variables. In conclusion, this longitudinal study found that several maternal, child, and family factors were associated with maternal depression.

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Udina, i. Bonet Marc. "Estudi de la incidència, factors de risc (sociodemogràfics, clínics i genètics), i resposta al tractament profilàctic amb antidepressius de la depressió induïda per interferó alfa en la hepatitis C crònica." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/145473.

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INTRODUCCIÓ En malalties com la hepatitis C crònica (HCC) l’administració exògena de citocines (interferó alfa; IFN alfa) s’ha associat amb l’aparició de símptomes neuropsiquiàtrics com pot ser un episodi depressiu major. El coneixement de la incidència i dels factors de risc (sociodemogràfics, clínics i genètics) de depressió en aquests pacients, així com dels potencials tractaments profilàctics, pot facilitar el maneig clínic i aportar una millor comprensió dels mecanismes fisiopatològics implicats en els trastorns afectius. OBJECTIUS Estudiar en els pacients amb HCC i en tractament amb IFN alfa i ribavirina: - La incidència de depressió durant el tractament antiviral i la seva associació amb variables clíniques, biològiques i sociodemogràfiques basals. - L’associació de la simptomatologia depressiva amb els polimorfismes genètics del transportador de la serotonina (SERT) i de la interleucina-6 (IL-6). - El benefici clínic de l’administració profilàctica d’antidepressius. MÈTODES - Revisió sistematitzada i metanàlisi de la literatura amb protocol “a priori” seguint les guies MOOSE (per estudis observacionals) o PRISMA (per assajos clínics randomitzats). En funció de les variables d’estudi es van calcular les odds ratios (OR) o les diferències mitjes (DM). Càlcul del número necessari de pacients a tractar per a prevenir un episodi (NNT). Evaluació de qualitat, estudi de biaixos (Cochrane), estudi de sensitivitat i biaix de publicació (Begg i Egger). Es va utilizar el programa RevMan v. 5.0 (estudis 1 i 3). - Estudi de cohorts: 385 pacients caucàsics, eutímics, amb HCC i tractats amb IFN alfa i ribavirina. Van ser evaluats basalment, a les 4, 12, 24 i/o 48 setmanes de tractament i a les 24 setmanes post-tractament: variables sociodemogràfiques, clíniques, entrevista psiquiàtrica (SCID-DSM-IV), símptomes depressius (HADS-D), ansiosos (HADS-A) i de fatiga (VAS), i RNA viral (resposta virològica sostinguda; RVS). Anàlisi genètica: Extracció i quantificació ADN; genotipació dels polimorfismes del transportador de serotonina (SERT/5-HTTLPR), i interleucina 6 (IL-6/rs1800795). Anàlisi estadística: descriptiva, univariant i multivariant (model de regressió logística). Es va utilitzar el paquet estadístic R v. 2.13.1 i SPSS v.19 (estudi 2). RESULTATS La incidència acumulada d’espisodi depressiu major va ser del 0.25 i del 0.28 a les 24 i a les 48 setmanes de tractament antiviral. El número de pacients que presenten “de novo” un episodi depressiu augmenta sobretot entre les setmanes 8 i 12 de tractament. Pel que fa als factors de risc: nivells elevats de IL-6 (DM 1.81), el gènere femení (OR 1.40), els antecedents de depressió (OR 3.96), els antecedents psiquiàtrics (OR 3.18), la simptomatologia depressiva subsindròmica (DM 0.96), i un baix nivell educatiu (DM -0.99) són variables predictives de depressió associada al tractament antiviral, segons el metanàlisis (estudi 1). En la cohort estudiada es va observar que els símptomes depressius segueixen un patró diferent al de símptomes neurovegetatius com la fatiga. Els pacients amb variants funcionals del polimorfisme de la IL-6 (genotip “CC”, associat amb baixes concentracions de IL-6 plasmàtiques) presentaven un increment menor de simptomatologia depressiva (p= 0.005) i ansiosa (p= 0.004) al llarg del tractament antiviral. Respecte al polimorfisme del SERT es va observar que els pacients portadors del genotip “LL” presentaven menys símptomes depressius (p= 0.21) i ansiosos (p= 0.15) durant el tractament, però aquestes diferències no eren estadísticament significatives. A nivell basal els diferents genotips entre sí no presentaven diferències considerables (diferència mitja estandaritzada < 0.2) respecte a la majoria de variables estudiades (estudi 2). Els inhibidors selectius de la recaptació de la serotonina (ISRS) reduiren la incidència de depressió major durant el tractament antiviral (OR 0.53). El NNT va ser de 12. A les 24 setmanes de tractament el grup tractat amb ISRS presentava menys símptomes depressius que els pacients tractats amb placebo (DM -2.18). Els antidepressius van mostrar un bon perfil de tolerabilitat i no van alterar la RVS ni el número de pacients que van abandonar el seguiment (estudi 3). CONCLUSIONS La depressió associada al tractament amb IFN alfa i ribavirina en la HCC té una alta incidència i que existeixen variables clíniques, sociodemogràfiques i genètiques, com certes variants funcionals del gen de la IL-6, que són factors de risc. El tractament profilàctic amb ISRS podria ser beneficiós en aquests pacients. BACKGROUND Administration of exogenous cytokines such as interferon-alpha (IFN-alfa) in chronic hepatitis C patients (CHC) has a high profile of neuropsychiatric side effects, including a full major depressive episode. The knowledge of the incidence and risk factors (sociodemographic, clinical and genetics) for depression in these patients, as well as potential prophylactical treatments, may help to optimize clinical management and to better understand pathways involved in the pathophysiology of the affective disorders. AIMS To evaluate in patients with CHC under treatment with IFN-alfa and ribavirin: - The incidence of a major depressive episode during antiviral treatment and the identification of the risk factors related to depression. - The association between depressive symptoms appeared during antiviral treatment and functional genetic variants at the interleukin-6 gene (IL-6) and at the serotonin transporter gene (SERT). - The utility of the prophylactic administration of antidepressants. METHODS - A systematic review and meta-analysis of data using an advanced document protocol in accordance with the PRISMA (observational studies) or the MOOSE (clinical trials) guidelines. The odds ratios (OR) and mean differences (MD) with 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were used. The number needed to treat statistic (NNT) was calculated. Quality assessment, biases (Cochrane risk of bias), sensitivity analyses and publication bias (Begg-Egger) (studies 1 and 3). - Clinical cohort: Three hundred and eighty-five euthymic, Caucasian outpatients with CHC who were candidates to receive combined treatment with IFN-alpha and ribavirin. Evaluation at baseline, 4, 12, 24 and/or 48 weeks, and at 24 weeks after treatment: Extraction of clinical and sociodemographic variables, psychiatric interview (PHQ and SCID-DSM-IV), depressive (HADS-D) and anxiety (HADS-A) symptoms, fatigue (VAS). Evaluation at: HADS, VAS. Evaluation: HCV RNA levels. Genetic analysis: DNA extraction and quantification; genotyping of the serotonin transporter (SERT, 5-HTTLPR) and interleukin-6 (IL-6, rs1800795) polymorphisms. Statistical analysis: descriptive, univariant and multivariant (Study 2). RESULTS Overall cumulative incidence of depression was 0.25 (IC95% 0.16-0.35) and 0.28 (95%CI 0.17-0.42) at 24 and 48 weeks of treatment, respectively. As regard with risk factors: high baseline levels of interleukin 6 (MD 1.81, 95%CI 1.09 to 2.52), female gender (OR 1.40 95%CI 1.02-1.91), history of depression (OR 3.96, 95%CI 2.52-6.21), history of any psychiatric disorder (OR 3.18, 95%CI 1.60-6.32), subthreshold depressive symptoms (MD 0.96, 95%CI 0.31-1.61), and low educational level (MD −0.99, 95%CI –1.59 to −0.39) were predictive variables of major depressive episode appeared during antiviral treatment according the meta-analysis (Study 1). In the cohort study, we observed that changes in depressive symptoms followed a different pattern from neurovegetative symptoms such as fatigue, which appeared mainly during the first four weeks of treatment. During antiviral treatment we reported that subjects with CC genotype in the IL-6 gene (associated with low IL-6 plasmatic concentrations) presented significantly lower changes from baseline in IFN-induced depression (p=0.005) and IFN-induced anxiety (p=0.004). We did not find statistically significant differences on depression (p=0.21) or anxiety (p=0.15) between SS/SL and LL genotypes of SERT (Study 2). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) reduce the incidence of a major depressive episode during antiviral treatment (OR 0.53, 95%CI 0.33 to 0.84). The estimated number needed to treat (NNT) was 12 (95%CI 7.0 to 37.9). Antidepressants showed a good tolerability and there were neither differences in sustained virological response nor in treatment discontinuation (Study 3). CONCLUSIONS The study confirms a high incidence of depression during treatment with IFN-alfa and ribavirin for CHC. Moreover, sociodemographic, clinical and genetic variables such as functional variants of the IL-6 gene are risk factors for IFN-induced depression. Prophylactic administration of SSRI may be useful in these patients.

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Nogueira, Catarina Cláudia Santos. "A mulher com risco de depressão pós-parto: familiy nurse intervention: intervenção do enfermeiro de família." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/17309.

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Mestrado em Enfermagem de Saúde Familiar O presente relatório reporta-se ao estágio de natureza profissional desenvolvido na Unidade de Cuidados de Saúde Personalizados (UCSP) Vagos II, no período compreendido entre 14 de setembro de 2015 e 15 de março de 2016. Tem como objetivos descrever de forma sistematizada o percurso desenvolvido por mim no contexto da prática clínica do Enfermeiro de Família, fomentar a minha reflexão sobre o mesmo e apresentar o estudo empírico realizado durante o estágio, intitulado ―A Mulher com Risco de Depressão Pós-Parto: Intervenção do Enfermeiro de Família‖, desenvolvido com vista à melhoria da qualidade dos cuidados prestados à mulher grávida, no âmbito da enfermagem de saúde familiar e de saúde mental, por parte da equipa de enfermagem da UCSP Vagos II. Este estudo é do tipo descritivo, de cariz quantitativo. A questão norteadora do mesmo foi: ―Quais as mulheres grávidas, utentes da UCSP Vagos II, em risco de desenvolver depressão pós-parto?‖. A população em estudo foi constituída pelas mulheres grávidas que frequentaram a consulta de vigilância de saúde materna da UCSP Vagos II, no período compreendido entre 18 de dezembro de 2015 e 15 de março de 2016 e o método de amostragem selecionado foi o não probabilístico e de conveniência, tendo-se obtido uma amostra de 30 mulheres. Para a concretização do presente estudo utilizou-se um questionário, constituído por quatro partes, respetivamente, caracterização sociodemográfica; caracterização da gravidez atual e de antecedentes pessoais; Inventário de Estado-Traço de Ansiedade de Spielberger e Escala de Depressão Pós-Parto de Edimburgo. Foram consideradas em risco de desenvolvimento de depressão pós-parto as mulheres grávidas que apresentavam perceção de apoio por parte do conjuge inferior ao esperado, e/ou história psiquiátrica prévia, e/ou níveis de ansiedade significativos e/ou probabilidade de depressão. Durante o estudo, foram cumpridos todos os procedimentos éticos exigidos pela Comissão de Ética da Administração Regional de Saúde do Centro. A análise dos dados foi realizada recorrendo a estatística descritiva, com o apoio do programa informático Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Statistics (SPSS) Version 21.0. Os resultados obtidos mostram que existe uma elevada percentagem de mulheres em risco de depressão pós-parto (53,3%) e que a maioria (68,8%) apresenta níveis de ansiedade significativos. Mostram ainda que a perceção que a mulher grávida tem de apoio insuficiente por parte do conjuge/companheiro, constituiu o critério de identificação de mulheres em risco de depressão pós-parto menos frequente entre as mesmas. A título conclusivo, considera-se que os objetivos do estudo foram cumpridos, bem como os do relatório. This report refers to the stage of a professional nature developed in the Unit of Personalized Health Care (UCSP) Vagos II, in the period between September 14, 2015 and March 15, 2016. It aims to describe in a systematic way the course developed by me in the context of the clinical practice of the Family Nurse, to encourage my reflection on it and to present the empirical study carried out during the internship, titled "Women at Risk for Postpartum Depression: Intervention of the Family Nurse ", developed with a view to improving the quality of care provided to pregnant women, in the scope of nursing family health and mental health, by the nursing team of UCSP Vagos II. This is a descriptive, quantitative study. The guiding question was: "Which pregnant women, users of UCSP Vagos II, are at risk of developing postpartum depression?". The study population consisted of pregnant women who attended the maternal health surveillance visit of the Vagos II UCSP in the period between December 18, 2015 and March 15, 2016, and the sampling method was non-probabilistic and Convenience, with a sample of 30 women. For the accomplishment of the present study a questionnaire was used, consisting of four parts, respectively, sociodemographic characterization; Characterization of current pregnancy and personal history; Spielberger State Anxiety Trait Inventory and Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale. Pregnant women with lower than expected spouse support perception and / or previous psychiatric history, and / or significant anxiety levels and / or likelihood of depression were considered to be at risk of developing postpartum depression. During the study, all the ethical procedures required by the Ethics Committee of the Regional Health Administration of the Center were complied with. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, with the support of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences Statistics (SPSS) Version 21.0. The results show that there is a high percentage of women at risk of postpartum depression (53.3%) and that the majority (68.8%) have significant anxiety levels. They also show that the perception that the pregnant woman has insufficient support from the spouse / partner, was the criterion for identifying women at risk of postpartum depression less frequent among them. By way of conclusion, it is considered that the objectives of the study have been fulfilled, as well as those of the report.

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Azevedo, Gustavo Lobato de. "Violência física entre parceiros íntimos na gestação: um fator de risco para depressão pós-parto?" Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2010. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7287.

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A violência entre parceiros íntimos (VPI) e a depressão pós-parto (DPP) são as temáticas principais dessa Tese. Seu objetivo principal foi investigar se a violência física entre parceiros íntimos (VFPI) é um fator de risco para DPP. Adicionalmente, a estrutura dimensional da Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) foi reavaliada, e outro estudo estimou a prevalência de DPP entre mulheres usuárias de unidades básicas de saúde na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. As informações que subjazem esses três artigos originaram-se de um inquérito realizado em cinco UABS no Rio de Janeiro, entre janeiro e junho de 2007. Foram selecionadas aleatoriamente mulheres com até cinco meses pós-parto que estivessem aguardando por consultas pediátricas, sendo consideradas inelegíveis aquelas que não haviam vivenciado ao menos um mês de relação íntima no ciclo grávido-puerperal, cujas gestações-índice foram gemelares, ou se houvesse contra-indicação absoluta para a amamentação. Dentre 852 mulheres selecionadas, 18 (2,1%) eram inelegíveis e 23 (2,8%) recusaram-se a participar, totalizando então 811 entrevistas completas. No artigo inicial a validade dimensional da EPDS foi reavaliada através de análise fatorial exploratória (AFE) e, em seguida, análise fatorial confirmatória (AFC). Os resultados da AFC apontaram que a EPDS é mais bem definida por uma solução fatorial que inclui três fatores de primeira ordem (―stress comum‖, ―ansiedade‖ e ―depressão‖) e um fator de segunda ordem, o qual parece representar o construto depressão pós-parto. O segundo artigo mostrou uma prevalência geral estimada de DPP na população estudada de 24,3%. Contudo, houve um pico de sintomas depressivos próximo ao terceiro mês pós-parto, quando a magnitude projetada de DPP atingiu 37,5%. Ainda neste período crítico, a prevalência estimada de DPP ultrapassou 50% entre mulheres com bebês prematuros ou cujos parceiros faziam uso excessivo de álcool. Quadro ainda mais grave foi observado entre mães sem parceiros fixos ou cujos companheiros usavam drogas ilícitas ou psicotrópicas, com mais de 70% delas apresentando-se provavelmente deprimidas. Em relação ao artigo principal dessa Tese, este revelou que a VFPI é um fator de risco para DPP mesmo após essa relação ser controlada para diversas covariadas. Foi também identificada uma interação significativa entre VFPI e o uso demasiado de álcool pelos companheiros (p-valor=0,026). Entre as mulheres cujos parceiros faziam mal uso de álcool, apenas um ato de VFPI não aumentou a probabilidade de DPP (OR=0,87, IC 95% 0,25-3,03), enquanto dois ou mais eventos foram significativamente associados à DPP (OR=3,62, IC 95% 1,64-7,99). Já entre aquelas cujos companheiros não faziam mal uso de álcool, o aumento na probabilidade de DPP deu-se especialmente com a ocorrência de um episódio de VFPI (OR=2,47, IC 95% 1,31-4,66), enquanto dois ou mais episódios mostraram uma menor associação com DPP (OR=1,66, IC 95% 1,00-2,75). Em síntese, vislumbra-se que os resultados dessa Tese possam colaborar para uma melhor saúde materno-infantil em nosso meio. Conforme já discutido por outros autores, a utilização da EPDS para uma abordagem inicial dos quadros depressivos pós-natais deve ser encorajada, especialmente em situações de elevado risco psicossocial. Adicionalmente, ações que visem à prevenção da DPP devem contemplar o enfrentamento da VPI. The intimate partner violence (IPV) and the postpartum depression (PPD) are the main themes of this Thesis, whose main purpose was to investigate whether physical intimate partner violence (PIPV) is a risk factor for postpartum depression (PPD). Additionally, a methodological study reappraised the dimensional structure of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), and another descriptive study provided estimates of the prevalence of PPD among women seeking care in primary health care (PHC) settings. The information underlying these manuscripts were derived from a survey performed in five PHC units in Rio de Janeiro, between January and June 2007. The participants were randomly selected among women whose children were under five months of age and were waiting for pediatric care. Women were considered ineligible if they have not experienced at least one month of intimate relationship during pregnancy or postpartum period, whether their index pregnancies were twins, or there was an absolute contraindication for breastfeeding. Among 853 women invited to participate, 18 (2.1%) were ineligible and 23 (2.7%) refused to participate, then totalizing 811 completed interviews. In the first study the dimensional validity of the EPDS was reevaluated through exploratory factorial analysis (EFA) and, subsequently, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The CFA results disclosed that the EPDS is better defined by a factorial solution that includes three first-order factors (―general distress‖, ―anxiety‖ and ―depression‖) and a second-order factor, which can be interpreted as a synthesis of the construct ―postpartum depression‖. The second article shows that the estimated overall prevalence of PPD in the study population was 24.3%. However, there was a peak of depressive symptoms around the third postnatal month, when the magnitude of women probably depressed reached 37.5%. Moreover, in this critical period, the estimated prevalence of PPD was more than 50% among women with premature babies or whose partners misused alcohol. Situation even more serious was observed among mothers without steady partners or whose partners used illicit or psychotropic substances, with more than 70% of them presenting probable PPD. Finally, the principal article of this thesis showed that the PIPV is a risk factor for PPD, even after this relationship is controlled for several covariates. It was also identified a significant interaction between PIPV and misuse of alcohol by partners (p-valor=0.026). Among women whose partners misused alcohol, only one act of PIPV did not increase the likelihood of PPD (OR=0.87, IC 95% 0.25-3.03), whereas two or more events were significantly associated with PPD (OR=3.62, IC 95% 1.64-7.99). In contrast, among those women whose partners did not misuse alcohol, the likelihood of PPD increased principally after a single episode of VFPI, whereas two or more episodes showed a lower association with PPD (OR=1.66, IC 95% 1.00-2.75). As a synthesis, the results of this Thesis can contribute to improve the maternal and child health. As already discussed by other authors, the EPDS should be used in a first approach of depressive disorders after birth, especially among people presenting a high-risk psicossocial profile. In addition, actions directed to the prevention of PPD should address IPV.

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Cameron, Shri. "Psychological antecedents of suicidal behavior." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/4212.

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While research highlights a number of risk factors for suicide, not all individuals displaying these characteristics will go on to attempt suicide. Depressed mood is a proximal indicator of suicide, with deterioration in already depressed mood increasing the likelihood of a suicide attempt. The overall aim of this thesis was to empirically test the Cognitive Model of Suicide by Wenzel and Beck (2008). This model proposes that each of the three components, dispositional vulnerabilities, mood disturbance and suicide related cognitions, may influence each other to enhance the propensity for a suicidal crisis. The thesis starts by examining the relationship between two personality characteristics (neuroticism and trait aggression) and current depressed mood, and then focuses on the relationship between suicidality and current depressed mood. Although autobiographical memories have been implied as a possible risk factor for suicidality, meta-analytical studies have highlighted discrepancies between sampling techniques which may limit interpretablity. Therefore, the first series of studies aimed to establish a protocol for assessing autobiographical memories. The second and third series of studies aimed to investigate whether the relationships between current depressed mood and specific personality factors (neuroticism and trait aggression) were indirectly influenced by other known risk factors that may affect cognitive processing of information (rumination, overgenerality, impulsivity). Moreover, these studies aimed to determine whether the same cognitive processing factors effected current depressed mood in non-suicidal and suicide attempt groups. The final series of studies aimed to determine whether these risk factors (neuroticism, trait aggression, brooding, impulsivity, and overgenerality) mediated the relationship between suicidality and current depressed mood. Findings indicated that compared to the non-suicidal group, individuals in the suicide attempt group was more likely to be influenced by the effects of trait aggression and brooding, and that the combination of these factors were positively associated with current depressed mood. In contrast, neuroticism and impulsivity appeared to influence individuals who had experienced suicidal ideation more than individuals who report never having suicidal thoughts or attempting suicide. Compared to the non-suicidal group, however, neuroticism and impulsivity did not show a significant association for current depressed mood in the suicidal ideation group. Findings supported the Interacting Sub-Systems model and are discussed in relation to the Cognitive Model of Suicide model.

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Sanja, Harhaji. "Socijalno-medicinski aspekti depresivnih poremećaja u Vojvodini." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Medicinski fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2016. http://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=101650&source=NDLTD&language=en.

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Depresija je jedan od najče&scaron;ćih mentalnih poremećaja u op&scaron;toj populaciji &scaron;irom sveta i prema podacima Svetske zdravstvene organizacije se nalazi na trećem mestu globalnog opterećenja bolestima. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se utvrdi prevalencija depresije u populaciji odraslog stanovni&scaron;tva Vojvodine, da se identifikuju kategorije stanovni&scaron;tva pod najvećim rizikom i da se utvrdi povezanost depresije sa determinantama zdravlja, zdravstvenim stanjem i kori&scaron;ćenjem zdravstvene za&scaron;tite. Istraživanje je sprovedeno kao studija preseka na reprezentativnom uzorku stanovni&scaron;tva Vojvodine starosti 15 i vi&scaron;e godina, kao deo nacionalne studije &bdquo;Istraživanje zdravlja stanovni&scaron;tva Srbije“ koju je sprovelo Ministarstvo zdravlja Republike Srbije 2013. godine. Kao instrument istraživanja su kori&scaron;ćeni upitnici konstruisani u skladu sa upitnikom Evropskog istraživanja zdravlja. Prisustvo depresivnih simptoma je analizirano primenom PHQ-8 upitnika (Patient Health Questionnaire-8) a vrednost PHQ-8 skora 10 i vi&scaron;e je ukazivala na prisustvo depresivne epizode (depresije). Istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno 3550 ispitanika prosečne starosti 50,2 godine. Prevalencija depresije je iznosila 4,8%. Primenom multivarijantne regresije je utvrđeno da žene imaju za 40% veću &scaron;ansu za depresiju u odnosu na mu&scaron;karce (OR=1,4), a kao prediktori depresije su se pokazali i starija životna dob, razvod/razlaz ili udovstvo, niži nivo obrazovanja, nezaposlenost, ekonomska neaktivnost i niži materijalni status. Osobe koje su u mesecu koji je prethodio istraživanju bile izložene stresu su imale oko sedam puta veću &scaron;ansu za depresiju (OR=6,8), a kod ispitanika sa lo&scaron;om socijalnom podr&scaron;kom &scaron;ansa za depresiju je bila oko četiri puta veća nego kod ispitanika sa jakom socijalnom podr&scaron;kom (OR=3,7). Multimorbiditet je bio značajno prisutniji među ispitanicima sa depresijom, a &scaron;ansa za prisustvo dve ili vi&scaron;e hroničnih bolesti je kod njih bila skoro pet puta veća (OR=4,6) u odnosu na ispitanike koji nisu imali depresivne simptome. Depresija se pokazala i kao značajan prediktor če&scaron;ćeg kori&scaron;ćenja usluga zdravstvene za&scaron;tite. Dobijeni rezultati su potvrdili javnozdravstveni značaj depresije i istovremeno obezbedili podatke koji se mogu koristiti kao osnova za buduća prospektivna istraživanja, kao i za kreiranje programa za prevenciju i kontrolu depresivnih poremećaja i unapređenje mentalnog zdravlja. Depression is one of the most common mental disorders in the general population worldwide and according to the World Health Organization it is the third leading cause of the global burden of disease. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of depression in the adult population of Vojvodina, to identify groups at the greatest risk of depression and to determine the relationship of depression with health determinants, health status and use of health care services. The research was carried out as a cross-sectional study on a representative sample of the population of Vojvodina, aged 15 and over as part of the National Health Survey of Serbia which was conducted by the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Serbia in 2013. Data was gathered by using questionnaires designed in accordance to the European Health Interview Survey. The presence of depressive symptoms was analyzed using the PHQ-8 questionnaire (Patient Health Questionnaire-8) and the score of 10 or above indicated a presence of a depressive episode (depression). The study included 3550 examinees with an average age of 50.2 years. The prevalence of depression was 4.8%. Multivariate regression showed that women had a 40% greater chance to suffer from depression as compared to men (OR=1.4). Also, factors such as older age, divorce/separation or widowhood, lower level of education, economic inactivity and poor financial situation were predictors of depression. People who were exposed to stress in the month prior to the survey had about seven times greater odds of depression (OR=6.8), and in patients with poor social support the chance of depression was about four times higher than among those with a strong social support (OR=3.7). Multimorbidity was significantly more prevalent among respondents with depression and they had five times higher odds of the presence of two or more chronic diseases (OR=4.6) in comparison with those who did not show depressive symptoms. Depression has been revealed as a significant predictor of more frequent use of health care services. The results confirmed the importance of depression to public health and also provided the data that can be used as a basis for future prospective studies, as well as for the development of the programs for the prevention and control of depressive disorders and mental health improvement.

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Dienes, Kimberly Ann. "The biopsychosocial model of risk for depression." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1627039411&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Crossett, Sarah E. "Interpersonal and cognitive risk factors for postpartum depression." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2009.

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Holttum, Susan. "Depression : cognitive, social, environmental and emotional factors." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2654.

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This work examined four issues, in relation to both the experience of depression, and vulnerability to depression. There were four empirical studies, each with two parts. The first study examined the role of cognitions, such as overgeneralizations (Beck, 1963; Beck et al, 1979), and causal attributions (Abramson et al, 1978; Alloy et al, 1988). Their role as symptoms of depression, and as possible vulnerability factors, independent of current mood, was examined. In the first part of the study, clinically depressed patients, recovered subjects, and community control subjects were interviewed and given questionnaires. In the second part of the study a larger sample of students, some of whom became mildly depressed on beginning university filled in questionnaires at the start of term and again five weeks later. The same subject groups were the basis for the study on social factors, and the study on life events. The fourth study was also in two parts. A different sample of students were the subjects for the first part, and the same clinical and control groups participated in the second part. Factors found to be associated with the state of depression were: Internal, stable and global attributions for the causes of bad events, negative view of future outcomes, and negative view of self; social skill deficits and lack of social support; recent difficult life events. One factor failed to show any strong association with the depressed state – unrealistic goals. Factors associated with vulnerability to depression: Negative evaluations of future outcomes, and of self, unrealistic goals and, surprisingly, lower-than-normal goals; deficits in social skill (especially low self-confidence in social settings) and lack of social support; history-of difficult life events. Factors which failed to show association with vulnerability to depression: Causal-attributions for events; adverse reaction to depression itself. Deficits in social skill were associated with lack of social support. Depression proneness itself appeared to be a risk factor for negative life events.

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Mensforth, Helen Lestelle. "An examination of different explanations of gender differences in depression using a sample of midlife women /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phm5488.pdf.

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Liu, Chak-chun Jeffrey, and 劉澤俊. "Specific and common vulnerability factors to anxiety and depression." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45588491.

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Tsui, Chi-man. "Risk factors associated with geriatric depression in Hong Kong /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31384584.

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Tsui, Chi-man, and 徐志文. "Risk factors associated with geriatric depression in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45010420.

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Haynes, Patricia L. "Circadian impact of psychosocial factors in depression /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3094609.

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Yip, Nga-ting Keziah. "Factors associated with depressive symptoms in Hong Kong : a cross-sectional survey /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/b3972430x.

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Cameron, Isobel M. "Recognition of depression in primary care : associated factors and outcomes." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2010. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=202543.

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Franche, Renée-Louise. "Self-criticism and dependency as vulnerability factors to depression." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30809.

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The present study investigated the interpersonal schemata of self-criticism and interpersonal dependency as cognitive vulnerability factors to depression. The study's primary hypothesis was that dependency and self-criticism schemata remain stable at remission and that they are independent of mood. Stability in these two factors was related both to their self-report at remission and to their endurance as components influencing the information processing of patients during remission. Twenty clinically depressed individuals, 20 remitted depressives, and 20 normal controls were compared on memory tasks, a modified Stroop task, the Depressive Experience Questionnaire (DEQ) and the Interpersonal Dependency Inventory (IDI). The above instruments converged to measure dependency and self-criticism. Current and remitted depressives reported significantly higher levels of self-criticism and interpersonal dependency than the normal control group, when measured by the DEQ and the IDI. Performance on the three memory tasks was more ambiguous. For the free recall task, remitted depressives recalled more self-critical traits than other traits; however, the control group also recalled more self-critical traits than dependent ones, and the current depressives did not show the predicted bias. Performance on the recognition and impression formation tasks did not support' the study's main hypothesis. For the Stroop interference scores, currently depressed individuals demonstrated a trend to have more interference on the mood-congruent cards than the normal control group. Overall, the three components of the study -- questionnaires, memory tasks and Stroop task -- elicited three different patterns of results. The DEQ and the IDI indicated the presence of self-criticism and dependency in both current and remitted depressives, and thus supported the schemata's stability and independence from mood. Performance on the memory tasks offered weak support to the proposition that remitted depressives process information according to a self-critical schema, although no evidence was obtained for the dependent schema. Results of performance on the Stroop task suggested the presence of a mood congruent attentional bias in currently depressed individuals; however, no evidence was found for a self-critical or dependent attentional bias in either groups of depressives. Two explanations are offered to interpret the conflicting findings. First, a negative mood induction may be necessary to prime the interpersonal schemata. Second, tasks that are more self-focused, such as the questionnaires, than other-focused, such as the memory and Stroop tasks, may be needed to activate the schemata. Arts, Faculty of Psychology, Department of Graduate

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Chiu, Pui-ying Alice, and 趙珮盈. "Type 2 diabetes mellitus and the risk of onset of depression, a meta-analysis." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/206927.

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Background Due to the aging of the population and the increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity, the global prevalence of diabetes had been steadily rising. The onset of depression among this diabetes population is a public health issue because of the negative impact on diabetes self-care, treatment adherence and increases in healthcare costs. Three previous meta-analyses have showed that diabetes patients are at an increased risk of developing depression when compared to their non-diabetes counterparts. However, none of these meta-analyses have included primary studies that consisted of primarily Chinese subjects or have considered studies published in Chinese. Thus, there is a knowledge gap for a meta-analysis to study the onset of depression among both Chinese and non-Chinese diabetes subjects. Methods Studies will be selected based on the pre-specified inclusion and exclusion criteria. Studies that are ambiguous to this study criterion will not be selected. Studies are retrieved from three electronic databases, PUBMED, Cochrane library and Wanfang databases. Keywords of “diabet*” and “depress*” where “*” indicated a truncated term were used to identify articles related to diabetes and depression. Only longitudinal studies are selected. Chinese and English articles that are published on or before 31 July 2013 are considered. Besides data collection, quality assessment are also performed based on a tool developed with reference to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement. Results 12 longitudinal studies are identified after the quality assessment procedures, with one study being a Chinese study from Taiwan. In this meta-analysis, the pooled unadjusted odds ratio was 1.26 [95% confidence interval: 1.09, 1.45]. The pooled adjusted hazards ratio is 1.26 [95% confidence interval: 1.12, 1.41]. Since both pooled unadjusted odds ratio and pooled adjusted hazards ratio estimates did not include 1, it may imply that the increases in risk of depression onset among diabetes subjects are significant, whether controlled for confounding factors or not. Conclusion This meta-analysis showed a significant increase in the risk of depression onset among Chinese and non-Chinese diabetes subjects, when compared to their non-diabetes counterparts. There are possible public health implications for depression screening needs for the diabetes population in Hong Kong. published_or_final_version Public Health Master Master of Public Health

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Mutiso, Lori A. "Factors Influencing Depression in Men: A Qualitative Investigation." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/nursing_etds/15.

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The purpose of this qualitative descriptive study is to describe men’s experiences of depression in order to provide direction for future research of the screening, diagnosing, and treatment of men's depression. Previous research indicates that men experience different depressive symptoms than women, and there is a possibility that men's depression is not being adequately captured by current screening standards, which would theoretically lead to a large number of men with unrecognized, undiagnosed, and untreated depression. If this is the case, this may explain the disproportionately low number of men diagnosed with depression compared to women, in contrast to the disproportionately high number of men who complete suicides. There is a need in the literature for descriptions of depression experienced by men in order to determine the adequacy of current psychometric screening tools and approaches to treatment which are currently in practice. This qualitative study seeks to begin to fill in this gap in the literature. Key findings indicate that intentionally and unintentionally hide their feelings of depression, and that men experience anger as an early sign of depression. In addition, men often do not recognize their distress as depression until someone else suggests they seek professional help; and men use various methods of distraction to cope with their distress, including excessive working, sleeping, eating, TV watching, and alcohol consumption. Recommendations for further research are discussed.

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Roberts, Del Re Marilyn R. "Risk factors for depression and anxiety, parenting, personality and coping." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ62351.pdf.

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Kawczynski, Nathan. "Risk domains and adolescent depression." UNF Digital Commons, 2019. https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/873.

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Adolescence and young adulthood are the periods of development associated with the highest amount of risk-taking. One theory, the Dual-Systems model, suggests that this could be due to an imbalance in the maturation of two brain systems: reward appraisal, which matures first, and cognitive control, which matures later. This imbalance may be the cause of adolescents’ tendency to favor immediate rewards, disregarding consequences. Depressed adolescents, however, behave differently. While it is not exactly clear whether they take more risks or fewer risks, depressed adolescents display different interactions and decision making with their peers than non-depressed adolescents. This study attempted to use these patterns of behavior already identified in previous research to predict where an adolescent would fall on a depression continuum based on their Self-Focused and Other-Focused risk behaviors. Results did not find a link between depression and either type of risk. Results may be inconclusive due to issues within the data and data collection process.

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Tweedy, Maureen P. "Metabolic Syndrome and Psychosocial Factors." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc11005/.

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Metabolic syndrome is a constellation of risk factors, including abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL cholesterol, high blood pressure, and high fasting glucose, that commonly cluster together and can result in cardiovascular disease. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and the components that comprise the syndrome vary by age and by racial/ethnic group. In addition, previous research has indicated that the risk factors contributing to metabolic syndrome may be exacerbated by exposure to perceived stress. This study utilized data from the 2002, 2004, and 2006 Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data sets. It was hypothesized that depression and anxiety (conceptualized as stress in this study) increase the risk of presenting with metabolic syndrome while social support decreases the risk of metabolic syndrome. While results of cross-sectional analysis do not indicate a significant relationship between depression and metabolic syndrome (t = -.84, ns), longitudinal analysis does indicate a significant relationship between depression and metabolic syndrome over time (t = -5.20, p <.001). However, anxiety is not significantly related to metabolic syndrome when the relationship is examined through cross-sectional analysis (t = -1.51, ns) and longitudinal analysis (χ² = 13.83, ns). Similarly, social support is not significantly related to metabolic syndrome when examined in cross-sectional (χ² = .63, ns) and longitudinal (t = 1.53, ns) analysis. Although level of stress is not significantly related to metabolic syndrome as a whole, there is a significant relationship between stress and both triglyceride level (t = -2.94, p = .003) and blood glucose level (t = -3.26, p = .001).

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Klik, Kathleen. "Risk and Protective Factors of Internalized Mental Illness Stigma." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2573.

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The internalization of mental illness stigma is associated with an array of negative consequences; however, not all individuals experience the deleterious effects of internalized mental illness stigma. The present dissertation focuses on factors associated with internalized stigma, and will be the first to examine simultaneously both risk (i.e., shame, shame proneness and shame aversion, insight, and centrality and valence) and protective factors (social support and self-compassion) of internalized mental illness stigma. Using two of the most widely used assessments of internalized mental illness stigma (i.e., Self-Stigma of Mental Illness Scale [SSMIS] and the Internalized Mental Illness Scale [ISMI]), risk and protective factors were examined among adults recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT; n = 215) and Facebook (n = 153) who self-reported a mental illness diagnosis. Whereas among AMT participants, shame proneness and centrality were significant predictors of the process of internalization of mental illness stigma (measured by the Stereotype Self-Concurrence subscale of the SSMIS), among Facebook participants centrality was the only significant predictor of process of the internalization of mental illness stigma. In addition, whereas among AMT participants, shame proneness (measured by the PFQ-2), centrality, valence, and social support were significant predictors of the experience of internalized stigma (measured by the ISMI), among Facebook participants state shame, centrality, valence, and social support were significant predictors of the experience of internalized stigma. Thus, centrality was the only significant risk factor across measures and samples. It is possible that the current dissertation may help to differentiate individuals at particular risk for internalization and ultimately to harness resilience for those diagnosed with a mental illness, particularly among those diagnosed with mood or anxiety-related diagnoses.

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van, Wormer Rupert Talmage. "Risk Factors for Homelessness Among Community Mental Health Patients with Severe Mental Illness." PDXScholar, 2012. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/653.

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The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors associated with homelessness, assess the relationship between housing status and consumption of costly publicly funded resources, to identify characteristics associated with service retention, and to evaluate whether length of treatment is associated with better outcomes. The target population was homeless and formerly homeless adults with SMI enrolled in community mental health services at the Downtown Emergency Service Center SAGE mental health program located in Seattle. The sample consisted of 380 SAGE patients who had continuous enrollment in 2005. These patients formed the cohort for the study. Agency records for these patients were reviewed for a 3-year period (2005-2007). The study utilized a non-experimental retrospective cohort study design. Multiple logistic regression, hierarchical multiple regression, two-way repeated measures ANOVA, and Cochran's Q test were used to analyze the data. Homelessness was associated with African American race, substance use, lower income, and younger age. Patients who were homeless spent more time in jail and required more mental health staff time compared with patients with stable housing. Patients with schizophrenia were more likely to retain services and African American patients were less likely to retain services. Overall, patients who remained enrolled in services from Year 1 to Year 3 had improved housing stability, fewer days of incarceration, and required less staff support. The overrepresentation of African Americans among patients who experienced homelessness suggests that racism could be a factor contributing to homelessness for this racial group. Further research is needed to assess the relationship between race and homelessness.

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Davidovich, Shiri D. "Examining cognitive risk and protective factors involved in liability to depression." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10041289/.

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Major depressive disorder is characterized by emotion dysregulation and an imbalance between negative and positive affect. Cognitive impairments may underlie the difficulties with emotion regulation shown in depression. However, additional studies are needed to explore cognitive risk and protective factors for depression, especially with regard to cognitive processes involved in information processing that are assessed using performance based measures. This thesis explored three areas of cognitive processes that have been highlighted as potential risk and protective factors: executive functions, specificity of autobiographical memory and reward processing. These were examined with a focus on individuals at familial risk for depression. First, the protective role of executive functioning was explored for adolescent offspring of depressed parents. This examination found that in the presence of a current depressive episode in the parent, adolescents with better executive functions had fewer depressive symptoms. Second, specificity in retrieval of autobiographical memory was examined as a predictor of mental health resilience and social functioning in the same high risk sample. This revealed that impairment in retrieving specific memories was associated with lower mood resilience and poorer social functioning over time. Third, associations between reward learning behavior in a social context and indices of familial risk, anhedonia, depressive symptoms and social functioning were examined in a sample of young adult offspring of parents with and without a history of depression. The findings suggested that familial risk, anhedonia and social functioning were associated with specific patterns of reward learning behavior. Finally, due to a lack of measures evaluating reward processing in adolescents, particularly in a social context, I developed and validated a novel measure to assess sensitivity to social rewards in adolescents. Altogether, the findings presented in the thesis advance understanding of cognitive risk and protective factors in depression, especially in the context of individuals at familial risk for depression.

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Claxton, Jade. "Depression in trauma-exposed children and adolescents : an exploration of risk factors and PTSD-depression comorbidity." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2017. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/66838/.

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Background: Whilst traumatic exposure appears common and the majority remain resilient, some go on to develop depression and PTSD. Childhood and adolescence is a critical period for more deleterious and long-term impacts of trauma exposure; but crucially to date research has been limited. Post-traumatic depression and PTSD-depression comorbidity are particular facets of child and adolescent trauma responses that require increased focus. Aims: This portfolio presents two research elements: a synthesis of the literature aims to examine risk factors for post-traumatic depression in children and adolescents; an empirical study aims to investigate cognitive appraisals, cognitive avoidance and rumination as potential shared cognitive vulnerabilities in PTSD and depression. Methods: a systematic keyword search of the literature between 1980 and 2016 yielded 647 studies. Fifty-nine studies were identified for inclusion (N=45,688) and meta-analyses were conducted for 12 potential risk factors for post-traumatic depression. A community sample of 280 school-aged adolescents (12-15 years) reporting trauma exposure completed measures of PTSS, depression, trauma-related and depressogenic appraisals, cognitive avoidance and rumination. Findings: Pre-trauma and peri-trauma risk factors largely generated small effect sizes (r=.10 – r=.21) whereas post-trauma risk factors largely generated moderate to large effect sizes (r=.29 – r=.58). Comorbid PTSD was the most prominent risk factor. Negative cognitive appraisals, cognitive avoidance and rumination were found to be strong, equivalent correlates of PTSS and depression symptoms; endorsed by all probable diagnostic groups; and significant predictors in hierarchical regression models of PTSS and depression symptoms. Conclusions: post-trauma environment and responses appear important in determining post-traumatic depression in children in adolescents. Cognitive appraisals, cognitive avoidance and rumination are found to be shared cognitive vulnerabilities in PTSD and depression and may underlie comorbidity. Targets for assessment, monitoring and treatment are highlighted.

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Rodriguez, Irene. "Factors That Influence Whether Mexican Americans With Depression Seek Treatment." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5588.

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Mexican Americans, the largest Hispanic subgroup in the United States, tend to underuse mental health services. Grounded in Andersen's behavioral model of health services use, the purpose of this nonexperimental study was to examine the likelihood of birth country, education, income, and insurance predicting which respondents would report seeking mental health services to treat depression. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview was used to diagnose depression in 203 Mexican Americans whose data was archived from the primary study. This archived data was analyzed within this study. The results of the 2 x 2 chi-square tests of independence indicated a significant association between a person's birth country and the likelihood that a person will seek mental health treatment, with U.S.-born participants more likely to seek mental health treatment than foreign-born participants. There were no significant bivariate associations found between education, income, or insurance and seeking mental health treatment. The full model containing the 4 independent variables was statistically significant per the results of the binary logistic regression analysis. This finding indicates that the model reliably distinguished between respondents who reported seeking and not seeking mental health treatment. The results of the binary logistic regression analysis indicated education was the only independent variable that made a uniquely significant contribution to the model, with participants with 12 years or more of education more likely to seek mental health treatment. The implications for positive social change include the potential to provide communities and health care providers knowledge of the factors that influence whether Mexican Americans with depression access mental health.

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Tweedy, Maureen P. Guarnaccia Charles Anthony. "Metabolic syndrome and psychosocial factors." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2009. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-11005.

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Spaulding, Brandi Reliance. "Effect of Violent and Nonviolent Risk Factors on Depression in Postpartum Mothers." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3124.

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The purpose of this quantitative, nonexperimental study was to analyze and explore the predictors for postpartum depression (PPD) and the strength of these predictors using a secondary data set from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study from Princeton, Pennsylvania State, and Columbia Universities. By incorporating the biopsychosocial model and feminist theory as the theoretical frameworks for this research, PPD was conceptualized as a serious, multidimensional psychological condition. Using logistic regression, many predictors were identified as etiological for PPD, including subjective attitudes about ideal and introjected characteristics ascribed to women as primary caretakers. These beliefs prevent the extension and acceptance of social support from others, as well as the internalization of negative self-images. Furthermore, it was conceptualized that hormonal influences and lifestyle are risk factors that significantly affect the expression of PPD. According to study results, financial stressors and emotional stressors from a dissatisfaction of parenting were the strongest predictors of PPD among mothers. This study provides an important contribution to the existing literature and enhanced social change initiatives by making public the effect of social supports, biology, and their intersection on emic PPD experiences and expectations using participant's life experiences. Furthermore, this study provides information to the behavioral health and obstetric community that will ensure greater access to postpartum care.

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Hinckley, Michael. "Socioecological factors that affect adolescent nervousness and depression." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1527709.

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The purpose of this study was to examine various social and ecological factors that affect adolescents' nervousness and/or depression. Secondary data from the 2011- 2012 California Health Institute Survey were used to examine these factors. Chi-Square analyses were utilized to test if relationships existed between the variables in the data. This study examined race, poverty level, immigration status, physical well-being, safety of environment, and the receipt of psychological/emotional counseling as factors for influencing feelings of nervousness and/or depression among adolescents. Results indicated that adolescents feeling nervous were affected by race, poverty level, environmental safety, and the receipt of psychological/emotional counseling. Feeling nervous did not have a significant association with physical well-being in this study. Furthermore, adolescent depression was affected by race, poverty level, physical well-being, environmental safety, and the receipt of psychological/emotional counseling. Immigration status was not found to be associated with affecting adolescent nervousness or depression. Further research is suggested.

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Nguyen, Thomas TN. "Factors That Influence Athletic Trainers’ Ability to Recognize, Diagnose, and Intervene: Depression in Athletes." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc700001/.

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Athletic trainers (ATs) are professionals who are most directly responsible for athletes’ health care in a sport environment. ATs work with athletes on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of athletic injury; it is through these interactions that put ATs in an ideal position to recognize the psychological and emotional distress that athletes may suffer. Consequently, the National Athletic Trainer’s Association (NATA) has called for ATs to be competent in implementing psychosocial strategies and techniques (e.g., goal-setting, imagery, positive self-talk), recognizing basic symptoms of mental disorders, and identifying and referring athletes in need of psychological help. I explored ATs’ ability to recognize, diagnose, and provide a referral for collegiate athletes who were presenting with symptoms of depression across three different scenarios. The study examined factors that may impact ATs’ abilities in these areas, including AT gender, athlete gender, and type of presenting problem (e.g., athletic injury, romantic relationship, or sport performance issue). Overall, female ATs were better at recognizing depressive symptoms than male ATs, though both were equally proficient at diagnosing depression. Regardless of gender of the AT, gender of the athlete, and presenting problem, ATs were most likely to refer the athletes to a counselor/psychologist, and to a lesser extent sport psychology consultant (SPC). ATs viewed referrals to an SPC as most appropriate for presenting problems related to sport (i.e., performance problem or injury). The results highlight a possible bias in referrals to an SPC, in that SPCs may not be considered an appropriate referral source for romantic relationship problems. Implications for ATs and recommendations for future research are discussed.

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Wu, Chung-Hsuen. "Access factors associated with the use of St. John's wort among adults with depressive symptoms." Online access for everyone, 2006. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2006/c%5Fwu%5F042806.pdf.

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Landman-Peeters, Karlien Maria Catharina. "At risk of depression and anxiety studies into the interplay of personal and environmental risk factors /." [S.l. : [Groningen : s.n.] ; University Library Groningen] [Host], 2007. http://irs.ub.rug.nl/ppn/304261017.

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Mitchell, Hailey. "Considering Environmental Toxicants as Risk Factors for Postpartum Depression: A Systematic Review." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/40071.

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Postpartum depression is a serious mental illness with onset of symptoms appearing anytime within the first four months after delivery (e.g. irritability, severe sadness, profound feelings of hopelessness, etc.). Environmental toxicants are synthetic (i.e. manufactured) or naturally found chemicals that are not produced by organisms as a result of cellular metabolism (e.g. tobacco smoke, pesticides, etc.). There is limited consideration for how exposure to environmental toxicants can create adverse psychological health effects, specifically postpartum depression. The purpose of this systematic review was to determine if the literature supports a link between exposure to environmental toxicants during the prenatal/perinatal period and postpartum depression and if so, to identify whether there are specific classes of toxicants that provide a higher risk for postpartum depression. Several databases were used to search the online literature, with the following inclusion criteria: articles published in English, publication years between 1995-2018, and with women of reproductive age (15-49 years old). The article selection process comprised of screening each article by title/abstract, followed by screening those articles based on full-text. Six categories of toxicants were identified among the thirty included articles. Active/passive smoke exposure was largely found to increase the risk of developing postpartum depression; dietary supplements provided mixed results; antidepressants demonstrated preventative effects; particulate air pollution was found to be associated with postpartum depression; oral contraceptives (DMPA) exhibited an increase in postpartum depressive symptoms; and organochlorine pesticides had no associative risk. Quality assessments were performed for all of the included articles, with the majority being assessed as satisfactory. This systematic review presents as a foundation for encouraging future research to investigate the link between environment and mental health, in order to attain a greater perspective.

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McCarthy, Michael Joseph. "Identifying Modifiable Factors associated with Depression across the Lifespan in Stroke Survivor-Spouse Dyads." PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/171.

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Depression is the most common psychological sequela associated with stroke, affecting approximately 33% of stroke survivors (Hackett, Yapa, Parag, & Anderson, 2005) with corresponding impacts on spouses, partners, or other informal caregivers (Han & Haley, 1999; Low, Payne, & Roderick, 1999). Although stroke is more common in older persons, persons of all ages are at risk for stroke and especially post-stroke depression (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2007; Barker-Collo, 2007; Hughes, Giobbie-Hurder, Weaver, Kubal, & Henderson, 1999). One of the factors which could explain increased risk of depression is "biographical disruption" (Bury, 1982), which happens when couples experience chronic illnesses that are developmentally off schedule or unexpected (Faircloth, Boylstei, Rittman, Young, & Gubrium, 2004; Pound, Gompertz, & Ebrahim, 1998; Roding, Lindstrom, Malms, & Ohman, 2003). The goal of this dissertation study was to examine modifiable factors associated with depression in stroke survivor-spouse dyads, including the potential moderating effects of biographical disruption. This goal was accomplished by pursuing three specific aims: (1) investigating the extent to which dyad-level factors are associated with current depression in stroke survivor-spouse dyads, above and beyond the influence of individual-level factors; (2) investigating the extent to which biographical disruption associated with stroke moderates the strength of association between individual and dyad-level factors and depression; and (3) exploring additional individual- and dyad-level features of disruption from stroke not included in the structured portion of the interview, and to explore how the experience of stroke may be different for couples in different developmental stages of life. Thirty-two recent stroke survivor-spouse dyads were interviewed using a combination of standardized measures and semi-structured interviews. Results showed that several dyad-level factors such as relationship quality, illness appraisal, and coping patterns were significant predictors of depression for survivors and spouses. The presence of biographical disruption did not statistically moderate these relationships, although the qualitative aspect of the study uncovered many aspects of disruption not addressed in the structured interview and the illness experience was clearly unique for couples in different developmental stages. These results have relevance for the development of effective interventions for post-stroke depression in couples, and are encouraging with respect to operationalizing and measuring the notion of biographical disruption from chronic illness across the lifespan.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Depression, Mental – Risk factors'

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