Journal articles: 'Depression, Mental – Risk factors'

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Roy, A. "Five Risk Factors for Depression." British Journal of Psychiatry 150, no. 4 (1987): 536–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.150.4.536.

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Significantly more of 300 patients with non-endogenous depression compared with 300 matched controls were unemployed and had a poor marriage before the onset of depression, had a first-degree relative who had been treated for depression, had experienced separation for one year or more from a parent before 17 years of age and had three or more children under 14 years of age at home. However, significantly more of 44 patients with endogenous depression, than their 46 controls, also had a poor marriage before the onset of depression and 43% of them had a first-degree relative who had been treated for depression. Thus a family history of depression and a poor marriage before the onset of depression are associated with both non-endogenous and endogenous depression but unemployment, separation for one year or more from a parent before 17 years of age, and having three or more young children at home may be risk factors for non-endogenous depression.

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Jauho, Mikko, and Ilpo Helén. "Symptoms, signs, and risk factors." History of the Human Sciences 31, no. 1 (2018): 56–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695117741055.

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In current mental health care psychiatric conditions are defined as compilations of symptoms. These symptom-based disease categories have been severely criticised as contingent and boundless, facilitating the rise to epidemic proportions of such conditions as depression. In this article we look beyond symptoms and stress the role of epidemiology in explaining the current situation. By analysing the parallel development of cardiovascular disease and depression management in Finland, we argue, firstly, that current mental health care shares with the medicine of chronic somatic conditions an attachment to risk factor epidemiology, which accentuates risk and prevention in disease management. However, secondly, due to the symptom-based definitions of psychiatric conditions, depression management cannot differentiate properly between symptoms, signs and risk factors such as, for example, cardiovascular medicine, but treats symptoms as signs or risk factors in contexts of treatment and prevention. Consequently, minor at-risk conditions have become difficult to separate from proper cases of depression.

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De Ryck, Annemieke, Raf Brouns, Marleen Geurden, Monique Elseviers, Peter P. De Deyn, and Sebastiaan Engelborghs. "Risk Factors for Poststroke Depression." Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology 27, no. 3 (2014): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891988714527514.

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BURVILL, PETER, GLORIA JOHNSON, KONRAD JAMROZIK, CRAIG ANDERSON, and EDWARD STEWART-WYNNE. "RISK FACTORS FOR POST-STROKE DEPRESSION." International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 12, no. 2 (1997): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1166(199702)12:2<219::aid-gps581>3.0.co;2-e.

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D’Mello, Dale A., and Gary M. Rooker. "Refractory Depression, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Leukoariosis." Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 58, no. 6 (1997): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v58n0607e.

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Person, Cheryl, Melissa Tracy, and Sandro Galea. "Risk Factors for Depression After a Disaster." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 194, no. 9 (2006): 659–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000235758.24586.b7.

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Ellouze, S., I. Baâti, K. Hajbi, et al. "Suicide Risk Factors in Patients with Depression." European Psychiatry 30 (March 2015): 1316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(15)32021-6.

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Cherif, R. F., I. Feki, R. Sellami, D. Trigui, I. Baâti, and J. Masmoudi. "Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum depression." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (2017): S362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.360.

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IntroductionChildbirth represents for women a time of vulnerability to postpartum mood disorders. These disorders range in severity from the early maternal blues to postpartum psychosis. Along this spectrum is postpartum depression (PPD) that may have many risk factors.ObjectivesThe study aims to examine the prevalence of PPD and associated risk factors among a sample of Tunisian women receiving cares in the hospital of Sfax.MethodsThis is a descriptive cross-sectional study regarding 150 parturients examined during the first and the sixth week post-delivery. The EPDS (Edinburgh postnatal depression scale) was used to assess PPD.ResultsThe total sample had a mean age of 29.61 years. During the sixth week study period, 126 of 150 were examined. Almost all of the women have a low school level (82.7%). Only 9.3% had a personal psychiatric history. Multiparity was found in 43.3% of cases. The current pregnancy was undesired in 15.3% of cases. Sympathetic signs of pregnancy were reported by 64.7% of women. The prevalence of PPD in the first week was 14.7% and 19.8% in the sixth week after delivery. The PPD was associated with the maternal age (> 35 years), the low school level, the existence of mood personal background, the parity, the difficulty to accept the pregnancy and sympathetic signs of pregnancy.ConclusionPostpartum depression is common on our sample. Identifying risk factors of PPD allows clinicians to detect subgroups of women with an increased vulnerability who might receive early psychiatric care.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Heun, Reinhard, and Sandra Hein. "Risk factors of major depression in the elderly." European Psychiatry 20, no. 3 (2005): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2004.09.036.

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AbstractBackgroundSeveral risk factors of depression have been identified in retrospective as well as some prospective studies in the elderly. Confirmation in independent samples is needed. The present follow-up study prospectively investigated risk factors of depression in an elderly German sample.MethodsOne thousand four hundred and thirty-one subjects from a family study were re-investigated after 4.7 ± 2.5 years. Bivariate and multivariate forward logistic regression analyses were used to identify risk factors of the development of new depression in the elderly.ResultsRisk factors of a new depressive episode in 1408 elderly without current depression were age, female gender, a previous depression, subjective memory impairment, previous anxiety and somatoform disorders. The presence of dementia or mild cognitive impairment were significant risk factors in bivariate, but not multivariate analysis controlling for possible confounding. Risk factors of a first geriatric depressive episode were age, gender and subjective memory impairment; age remained the only significant risk factor in multivariate analysis.ConclusionsThis investigation confirms previous studies from other countries concerning the relevance of risk factors for depression in the elderly. The knowledge of risk factors might help identify subjects at increased risk of depression for early intervention approaches. Elderly with a history of previous depression carry the highest risk.

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Kallakuri, Sudha, Siddhardha Devarapalli, Anadya Prakash Tripathi, Anushka Patel, and Pallab K. Maulik. "Common mental disorders and risk factors in rural India: baseline data from the SMART mental health project." BJPsych Open 4, no. 4 (2018): 192–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2018.28.

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BackgroundAbout 10% Indians suffer from stress, depression or substance use disorders. Few receive care for these problems, especially in rural areas.AimsAs part of a broader initiative to deliver technology-enabled mental health services for rural communities (adults ≥18 years), information was collected about the prevalence of depression, anxiety and suicide risk.MethodThe study was conducted in 12 villages in the West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh. Depression and anxiety were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, respectively. Additionally, data were collected about sociodemographic factors and stressful events, among others.ResultsAnxiety, depression and suicidal ideation affected 10.8, 14.4 and 3.5% of participants, respectively (N = 22 377). These were more common among women, and among those who were aged 30–59 years, uneducated, or divorced/ separated/ widowed. Stress due to financial loss was significant.ConclusionsThe study identified a significant number of people at risk of depression, anxiety and suicide, and needing care.Declaration of interestNone.

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Fortney, John, Gerard Rushton, Scott Wood, et al. "Community-Level Risk Factors for Depression Hospitalizations." Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research 34, no. 4 (2007): 343–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10488-007-0117-z.

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Barker, Edward D., William Copeland, Barbara Maughan, Sara R. Jaffee, and Rudolf Uher. "Relative impact of maternal depression and associated risk factors on offspring psychopathology." British Journal of Psychiatry 200, no. 2 (2012): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.092346.

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BackgroundIn general, mothers with depression experience more environmental and family risk factors, and lead riskier lifestyles, than mothers who are not depressed.AimsTo test whether the exposure of a child to risk factors associated with mental health adds to the prediction of child psychopathology beyond exposure to maternal depression.MethodIn 7429 mother–offspring pairs participating in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children in the UK, maternal depression was assessed when the children were aged 1.5 years; multiple risk factor exposures were examined between birth and 2 years of age; and DSM-IV-based externalising and internalising diagnoses were evaluated when the children were 7.5 years of age.ResultsChildren of clinically depressed mothers were exposed to more risk factors associated with maternal mental health. Maternal depression increased diagnoses of externalising and internalising disorders, but a substantial portion of these associations was explained by increased risk factor exposure (41% for externalising and 37% for internalising disorders). At the same time, these risk exposures significantly increased the odds of both externalising and internalising diagnoses, over and above the influence of maternal depression.ConclusionsChildren of clinically depressed mothers are exposed to both maternal psychopathology and risks that are associated with maternal mental health. These results may explain why treating mothers with depression shows beneficial effects for children, but does not completely neutralise the increased risk of psychopathology and impairment.

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Goldberg, David. "Vulnerability factors for common mental illnesses." British Journal of Psychiatry 178, S40 (2001): s69—s71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.178.40.s69.

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BackgroundTwin studies suggest that shared early family environment is of only minor importance in the aetiology of depression, most of the variance being attributable either to genetic or to individual ‘non-shared’ environmental factors.AimsTo examine the respective roles of personality and social experiences on the risk for common mental disorders, with special reference to depression.MethodAnalysis of preliminary findings from two large-scale British population surveys: (a) a multi-centre study of general practice patients, and (b) a study of working-class women in Manchester.Results(a) Persons recently separated from their partners have raised mean scores for psychological distress, but the relative excess is due entirely to persons with high ratings for introversion; (b) while severe life events were associated with physiological responses characteristic of depression, the probability of experiencing such life events varied between 0.2 monthly for low scorers and 1.5 monthly for high scorers on a vulnerability measure.ConclusionsSocial factors do appear to influence the prevalence of depression, but this effect is not independent of genetically determined vulnerability.

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Glangeaud-Freudenthal, N. M. C., and P. Boyce. "Postpartum depression: risk-factors and treatments ? Introduction." Archives of Women's Mental Health 6 (August 1, 2003): s31—s32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00737-003-0001-0.

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Angst, J., A. Gamma, and J. Endrass. "Risk factors for the bipolar and depression spectra." Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 108 (September 4, 2003): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.108.s418.4.x.

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Modell, S., M. Ising, C. Lauer, and F. Holsboer. "Polysomnographic, neuroendocrine and psychometric risk factors for depression." European Psychiatry 17 (May 2002): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(02)80127-4.

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Algul, A., U. B. Semiz, M. Cetin, et al. "Risk factors for postpartum depression: A preliminary study." European Psychiatry 22 (March 2007): S221—S222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2007.01.740.

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Ugarte, A., P. López, C. Serrulla, M. T. Zabalza, J. G. Torregaray, and A. González-Pinto. "Post-partum depression risk factors in pregnant women." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (2016): s279—s280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.750.

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IntroductionPostpartum depression has a prevalence of 15% and has consequences for mother and baby (delayed physical, social and cognitive development). It's essential to prevent the illness with an early identification of Risk Factors (RF).MethodsFive hundred and seventy-two women in 3rd trimester of pregnancy were evaluated and selected those with ≥ 1 RF (n = 290). We re-evaluated in the postpartum with Edinburgh Depression Scale and selected those with subsyndromal depressive symptoms (≥ 7.5) (n = 57). Clinical, demographic and functional data were collected.ResultsA total of 50.7% had RF. A percentage of 48.6 had family history of mental illness (MI), 34.1%had personal history of (MI) and 34.1% had some pregnancy associated illness. Twenty percent had needed some assisted reproductive technique, 14.1% had little family support and 15.2% had little couple support, 3.8% showed anxiety-depressive disorders during pregnancy, 19.7% had depressive symptoms after delivery. The mean age was 33.67. No significant differences between patients with and without RF (T-1858, P 0.064). Among women with RF, 59.6% were married, 35.1% single and 3.0% had other situation. 89.5% live with their own family, 8.8% with their family of origin, 1.8% alone. 50.8% had university studies.ConclusionsAssessing RF during pregnancy can help these women, since we see that the 19.7% will have serious risk of developing postpartum depression. The RF to take more into account are not those related to social-academic development, neither the presence of anxiety-depressive symptoms during pregnancy, but the family or personal history of (MI) and the presence of a pregnancy associated illness. Early detection and treatment may prevent the development of this disease improving the quality of life of mother and babies’ development.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Palumbo, G., F. Mirabella, and A. Gigantesco. "Positive screening and risk factors for postpartum depression." European Psychiatry 42 (May 2017): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.11.009.

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Sohn, Jung Nam. "IMPACT OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON MENTAL HEALTH AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS." Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University 56, no. 5 (2021): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.56.5.20.

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This descriptive study provides basic data for developing a mental health promotion program by analyzing the mental health status under the impact of COVID-19 and verifying the factors affecting mental health. This study aims to identify the prevalence and associated factors of mental health after the COVID-19 pandemic. An online survey was conducted targeting a total of 156 Korean adults aged 19~64 years. Using the SPSS Win 19.0 program, the frequency, mean, t-test or ANOVA, X2-test, linear regression, and logistic regression analysis were performed. A total of 31.4%, 20.5%, and 12.8% of all subjects classified depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation risk, respectively, and intolerance of uncertainty affected depression (β = .51) and anxiety (β = .63). In addition to intolerance of uncertainty, self-efficacy (β = -.16) was a factor affecting depression. The variables explain 35% of depression and 44% of anxiety. Further, employment status affected suicidal ideation, which increased the risk of suicidal ideation 2.71-fold with unemployed status. This paper is novel because it seeks to find that the intolerance of uncertainty was the common factor affecting mental health during COVID-19. The early detection of risk due to COVID-19 and the intolerance of uncertainty are common factors underlying mental health issues, underscoring the need for cognitive interventions at the individual level and sufficient information and psychological support related to the COVID-19 at the national level.

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Tarar, Amina Hanif, Mohammad Mohsin Ijaz, Muhammad Ali Tarar, and Munazza Batool. "POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION: ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL RISK FACTORS." PAFMJ 71, Suppl-1 (2021): S47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.51253/pafmj.v71isuppl-1.5443.

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Objective: To explore the cultural risk factors influencing the Postpartum Depression of first-born infants’mothers. Study Design: Correlational survey. Place and Duration of Study: Jannat Maternity Home, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan, from Jan to Nov 2019. Methodology: A sample of 101 first-born infants’ mothers with ages ranging from 18 to 26 years was selectedthrough purposive sampling. Edinburgh Post-Partum Depression Scale and Oslo Social Support Scale were used. Results: Results suggested significantly lower mean scores for Postpartum Depression of mothers having a firstborn baby boy (M=5.98, SD=2.44) and higher for those having a girl (M=18.33, SD=4.62). Multi-factorial analysis of variance indicated a significant main effect of Social Support and Family System on Postpartum Depression levels of first-born infants’ mothers, explaining 44% and 11% variance respectively. Further, Post-Hoc analysis revealed higher levels of Postpartum Depression for mothers having poor Social Support (M=17.30, SD=6.15) as compared to those having moderate (M=9.68, SD=6.27) and strong Social Support (M=6.26, SD=2.30). Moreover, pair wise-comparisons demonstrated higher levels of Postpartum Depression for first-born infants’ mothers belonging to nuclear families (M=17.61, SD=7.09) as compared to joint ones (M=9.60, SD=5.70). Conclusion: The study establishes that first-born infants’ gender, degree of social support, and nature of familyhave a profound effect on the Postpartum Depression levels of mothers. These findings will extend the understanding of cultural risk factors influencing first-born infants’ mother’s mental health.

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Zainordin, Nur Aqilah, Noor Zira Azlin Md Zaki, Aldrin Alvian Angky, Bella Fransiska, and Nursyamilah Annuar. "Factors Associated with Suicidal Risk among UCSI University Students." Jurnal Intelek 17, no. 1 (2022): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/ji.v17i1.16116.

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Mental health is something that humans should be concerned about as well as for UCSI students. Mental health issues can lead a student to have a higher risk of depression, anxiety, and stress which somehow will affect the UCSI students’ academic performance, their relationships with family and friends, and their future. Worst case is, it creates suicidal thoughts to appear among UCSI students and influence them to commit suicide.Therefore, this research is conducted to determine the significance of depression, stress, and anxiety in affecting UCSI students to commit suicide. This research is intended for all faculties in UCSI University. There will be questionnaires distributed via online and offline in order to collect the data. The data will be measured by using both DASS 21 (Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale) and 5-point Likert scale for both online and offline distributed questionnaires. Later on, the collected data will be analyzed by using IBM SPSS Version 20.

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Perrain, Rebecca, Lila Mekaoui, David Calvet, Jean-Louis Mas, and Philip Gorwood. "A meta-analysis of poststroke depression risk factors comparing depressive-related factors versus others." International Psychogeriatrics 32, no. 11 (2020): 1331–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610219002187.

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ABSTRACTObjectives:Poststroke depression (PSD) is a public health issue, affecting one-third of stroke survivors, and is associated with multiple negative consequences. Reviews tried to identify PSD risk factors with discrepant results, highlighting the lack of comparability of the analyzed studies. We carried out a meta-analysis in order to identify clinical risk factors that can predict PSD.Design:PubMed and Web of Science were searched for papers. Only papers with a strictly defined Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders depression assessment, at least 2 weeks after stroke, were selected. Two authors independently evaluated potentially eligible studies that were identified by our search and independently extracted data using standardized spreadsheets. Analyses were performed using MetaWin®, the role of each variable being given as a risk ratio (RR).Results:Eighteen studies were included in the meta-analysis. Identified risk factors for PSD with RR significantly above 1 were previous history of depression (RR 2.19, confidence interval (CI) 1.52–3.15), disability (RR 2.00, CI 1.58–2.52), previous history of stroke (RR 1.68, CI 1.06–2.66), aphasia (RR 1.47, CI 1.13–1.91), and female gender (RR 1.35, CI 1.14–1.61). Fixed effects model leads to identification of two more risk factors: early depressive symptoms with an RR of 2.32 (CI 1.43–3.79) and tobacco consumption (RR 1.40, CI 1.09–1.81). Time bias was found for alcohol consumption. Sample size was significantly involved to explain the role of “alcohol consumption” and “cognitive impairment.”Conclusion:Five items were significantly predictive of PSD. It might be of clinical interest that depressive-related risk factors (such as past depressive episodes) were having the largest impact.

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Boyce, P. M. "Risk factors for postnatal depression: a review and risk factors in Australian populations." Archives of Women's Mental Health 6 (August 1, 2003): s43—s50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00737-003-0005-9.

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Ishtiaq, Muhammad, Muhammad Imtiaz Afridi, Imranullah -, and Said Akbar Khan. "DEPRESSION." Professional Medical Journal 25, no. 08 (2018): 1229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2018.25.08.39.

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Prevalence & risk factors of depression among adult population of districtPeshawar. Background: Depression is one of the most common major mental illnesses andaffects 5% to 20% of the adult population and is related to many determinants. Objectives:To estimate the prevalence and risk factors of depression among the adult population. StudyDesign: A cross sectional descriptive study. Setting & Study Duration: The department ofcommunity medicine, Khyber medical college, Peshawar; among the adult population of districtPeshawar; from November 2016 to May 2017. Materials & Methods: A total of 410 adults, bothmale and female, of ages 18 and above years were selected from the District Peshawar; onthe basis of multistage probability sampling technique. A structured questionnaire was usedto collect data regarding the prevalence and risk factors of depression along with importantvariables. Data was analysed by Microsoft Office and SPSS, and results were presented intables. Results: Results showed that the prevalence of depression was 85.85%. Out of thetotal depression, 24.88% had positive medical history; 57.8% had tobacco smoking; 29.02 %had history of abuse or neglect; 60.24% had sleep problems; and 18.29% & 10.49% wereaffected by terrorism and flood respectively. Conclusions: It was concluded that the prevalenceof depression among the adult population of district Peshawar was high and shows strongassociation with predisposing determinants. Moreover, whole population needs to be screento estimate the accurate prevalence and to treat high burden of mental illnesses among thecommunity.

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Park, S. H., K. Chung, H. Y. Cho, Y. R. Kim, and K. Jhung. "Differential risk factors for prenatal and postpartum depression in South Korea." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (2021): S599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1599.

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IntroductionIncidence for depression increases during the perinatal period. Risk factors for depression may differentially affect each time period.ObjectivesTo assess demographic, psychological and obstetric risk factors that differentially affect prenatal and postpartum depressionMethodsA total of 169 subjects participated. Assessment was conducted during the first trimester, second trimester, third trimester, within a month after childbirth, and a month after childbirth. Demographic and obstetric measures, as well as psychological measures, including the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale were conducted. Multiple regression and the Mann-Whitney U test were performed to examine the association between variables and depression scores.ResultsDepression score was higher during the postpartum period than the prenatal period. Younger age was associated with depression during the first trimester. In the second trimester, less education, a history of depression and having stress within a year significantly affected depression scores. Smoking, artificial abortion and lack of support from family and parents correlated with depression during the third trimester. Within a month after childbirth, psychiatric and depression history, smoking, stress level within a year and lack of family support were associated with depression. At a month after childbirth, those who were primiparous and not breastfeeding had significantly higher depression scores.ConclusionsThis study identifies various risk factors for each gestational and postpartum period and suggests differential interventions for different perinatal periods.

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Bottomley, Christian, Irwin Nazareth, Francisco Torres-González, et al. "Comparison of risk factors for the onset and maintenance of depression." British Journal of Psychiatry 196, no. 1 (2010): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.109.067116.

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BackgroundFactors associated with depression are usually identified from cross-sectional studies.AimsWe explore the relative roles of onset and recovery in determining these associations.MethodHazard ratios for onset and recovery were estimated for 39 risk factors from a cohort study of 10 045 general practice attendees whose depression status was assessed at baseline, 6 and 12 months.ResultsRisk factors have a stronger relative effect on the rate of onset than recovery. The strongest risk factors for both onset and maintenance of depression tend to be time-dependent. With the exception of female gender the strength of a risk factor's effect on onset is highly predictive of its impact on recovery.ConclusionsPreventive measures will achieve a greater reduction in the prevalence of depression than measures designed to eliminate risk factors post onset. The strength of time-dependent risk factors suggests that it is more productive to focus on proximal rather than distal factors.

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Till, Benedikt, Ulrich S. Tran, and Thomas Niederkrotenthaler. "Relationship Satisfaction and Risk Factors for Suicide." Crisis 38, no. 1 (2017): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000407.

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Abstract. Background: Previous studies suggest that troubled romantic relationships are associated with higher risk factors for mental health. However, studies examining the role of relationship satisfaction in suicide risk factors are scarce. Aims: We investigated differences in risk factors for suicide between individuals with high relationship satisfaction, individuals with low relationship satisfaction, and singles. Furthermore, we explored patterns of experiencing, and dealing with, conflicts in the relationship and examined associations with suicide risk factors. Method: In this cross-sectional study, we assessed relationship status, relationship satisfaction, specific types of relationship conflicts, and suicide risk factors (i.e., suicidal ideation, hopelessness, depression) with questionnaires among 382 individuals in Austria. Results: Risk factors for suicide were higher among singles than among individuals in happy relationships, but lower among those with low relationship satisfaction. Participants reporting a high number of unsolved conflicts in their relationship had higher levels of suicidal ideation, hopelessness, and depression than individuals who tend to solve issues with their partner amicably or report no conflicts. Conclusion: Relationship satisfaction and relationship conflicts reflect risk factors for suicide, with higher levels of suicidal ideation, hopelessness, and depression reported by individuals who mentioned unsolved conflicts with their partner and experienced low satisfaction with their relationship.

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Makarova, M. A., Yu G. Tikhonova, T. I. Avdeeva, I. V. Ignatko, and M. A. Kinkulkina. "Postpartum depression — risk factors, clinical and treatment aspects." Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics 13, no. 4 (2021): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2021-4-75-80.

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Objective: to analyze the psychopathological structure, risk factors and tretment of depressive disorders in women in the postpartum period.Patients and methods. A prospective cohort study included 150 women in the postpartum period (0-3 days after birth), aged 18 to 41 years, with follow-up every two weeks for six months. The evaluation included clinical interviews, Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, and the 17-item Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale.Results and discussion. 11.3% of women developed depression within six weeks after childbirth. Among them, 94.2% presented with mild depression, and 5.8% - moderate. Risk factors associated with postpartum depression included: periods of low mood and anxiety before and during the current pregnancy, traumatic situations during pregnancy, unwanted pregnancy, pathology of pregnancy and childbirth, cesarean section, perinatal status, lack of breastfeeding. All women with postpartum depression were treated with rational-emotive and cognitive-behavioral therapy. A short course of pharmacotherapy was prescribed to 17.6% of them to correct insomnia and anxiety symptoms. Psychotherapy was highly efficient in the treatment of postpartum affective disorders.Conclusion. The postpartum depression prevalence was 11.3%. The severity of postpartum depression was predominantly mild, and the symptoms regressed during treatment within five months in all women.

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da Silva-Júnior, Francisco Pereira, Raquel Saraiva Nunes de Pinho, Marco Túlio de Mello, Veralice Meireles Sales de Bruin, and Pedro Felipe Carvalhedo de Bruin. "Risk factors for depression in truck drivers." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 44, no. 2 (2008): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-008-0412-3.

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Stotland, Nada L. "Women and depression: Risk factors and treatment issues." Journal of Psychosomatic Research 40, no. 3 (1996): 341–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3999(96)90039-2.

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Hickie, I., G. Parker, K. Wilhelm, and C. Tennant. "Perceived interpersonal risk factors of non-endogenous depression." Psychological Medicine 21, no. 2 (1991): 399–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700020511.

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SYNOPSISIn a case-control study, two potential interpersonal risk factors of non-endogenous depression, namely a patient's perception of their current intimate partner as dysfunctional and a patient's recall of exposure to previous deprivational parenting, were quantified. The interpersonal characteristics of the partner were assessed principally by a brief self-report questionnaire, the Intimate Bond Measure (IBM). By cross-sectional and longitudinal comparison of this instrument with other interview-derived and self-report measures, the convergent, discriminant and predictive validity of the IBM in depressed patients was established. Further, little evidence of any distorting effect of depressed mood or neuroticism was detected. The perception of the current intimate partner as dysfunctional imparted a risk to non-endogenous depression of at least five times, while reported exposure to parental ‘affectionless control’ was quantified as a four times' risk. Importantly, IBM care scores predicted the course of the depressive disorder over a six-month period.

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Czaderny, Krzysztof. "Risk factors for depression. New evidence on selenium deficiency and depressive disorders." Psychiatria Polska 54, no. 6 (2020): 1109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.12740/pp/112967.

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Tuithof, Marlous, Margreet ten Have, Saskia van Dorsselaer, Marloes Kleinjan, Aartjan Beekman, and Ron de Graaf. "Course of subthreshold depression into a depressive disorder and its risk factors." Journal of Affective Disorders 241 (December 2018): 206–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.08.010.

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Eskin, Mehmet, Kamil Ertekin, Ciğdem Dereboy, and Fatma Demirkiran. "Risk Factors for and Protective Factors Against Adolescent Suicidal Behavior in Turkey." Crisis 28, no. 3 (2007): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.28.3.131.

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Abstract. This study investigated the possible role of depression, self-esteem, problem solving, assertiveness, social support, and some socioeconomic factors on adolescent suicidal behavior in youth in a small city located in the southwestern part of Turkey. Participants in the study were 805 (367 girls) first-year high school students between the ages of 13-18 years. Some 23% of participants reported having thought of killing themselves during the past 12 months or their lifetime. The percentage of students who said that they had attempted to kill themselves was 2.5. Suicidal ideation during one's lifetime or during the past 12 months was more frequent among girls than among boys but suicidal attempts were equally common in girls and boys. Girls scored significantly higher on depression and the Suicide Probability Scale (SPS) but also on assertiveness and perceived social support from friends than boys. Boys tended to score higher on self-esteem than girls. Depression and low self-esteem were the most consistent and independent predictors of suicidal thoughts, attempts, and SPS scores in both girls and boys. The results are discussed in terms of relevant literature with special reference to developmental and sociocultural issues. The implications of findings for the assessment and treatment of suicidal youths are highlighted.

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TAMAKI, RYOJI, MARIKO MURATA, and TADAHARU OKANO. "Risk factors for postpartum depression in Japan." Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 51, no. 3 (1997): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.1997.tb02368.x.

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Gaynes, Bradley. "Assessing the Risk Factors for Difficult-to-Treat Depression and Treatment-Resistant Depression." Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 77, Suppl 1 (2016): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/jcp.14077su1c.01.

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Guo, Jingzhe, and Zhaojie Song. "Risk Factors for Postpartum Depression During COVID-19." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 1, no. 1 (2021): 152–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/lnep.iceipi.2021190.

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Many social problems have been highlighted by COVID-19. The perinatal mental health of pregnant women is closely related to the newborn's health and the stability and harmony of family. However, there are few studies on postpartum depression in China. In this study, single-factor analysis and multivariate logistics regression analysis will be used to explore the high-risk factors of postpartum depression in COVID-19.From October 2020 to February 2021, the basic information of 388 puerperas from two cities in central and Northwest China, Xinxiang and Xi'an, were collected, including occupation, age, education, religious belief, nationality, partner companion time during pregnancy, major life-influenced events in the past six months, cognition of COVID-19, and gender and health of the newborn. Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) was used for psychological evaluation. SPSS 13.0 was used for univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. According to the Edinburgh Depression Scale, 45 cases were classified into the depression group (score 13), and 343 cases were classified into the normal group (score < 13).The statistical results of general and clinical data showed that there was no significant correlation between occupation, nationality, weekly accompanying time, or age and postpartum depression (P > 0.05). In logistic multivariate regression analysis, the risk of postpartum depression in pregnant women with neonatal diseases was about 2.23 times higher than that of healthy pregnant women (OR = 2.233). When pregnant women believed that COVID-19 had a negative impact on the health of their newborns, their risk of postpartum depression was 3.31 times higher than that of perinatal women who did not(OR=3.314). This study explored the risk factors of postpartum depression in COVID-19, hoping to provide a method for prevention and treatment.

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Aro, H. "Risk and protective factors in depression: a developmental perspective." Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 89, s377 (1994): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb05804.x.

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Levy, Sandra M., and Lynda Heiden. "Depression, distress, and immunity: Risk factors for infectious disease." Stress Medicine 7, no. 1 (1991): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smi.2460070109.

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Fitch, Taylor Jennelle, Jacxelyn Moran, Gabriela Villanueva, Hari Krishna Raju Sagiraju, Mohammad Morshedul Quadir, and Hasanat Alamgir. "Prevalence and risk factors of depression among garment workers in Bangladesh." International Journal of Social Psychiatry 63, no. 3 (2017): 244–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764017695576.

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Background: Depression is a growing health issue in both developed and developing countries. General unawareness at the population level, lack of training among health care providers and scarcity of resources including treatment opportunities may conceal the real burden of depression in developing countries, and more epidemiological studies on its prevalence and risk factors are critically needed. Aim: This study reports the prevalence of depression and its associated risk factors among female garment factory workers in Bangladesh – a major supplier country of clothes for the Western market. This research should generate useful evidence for national and international stakeholders who have an interest in improving health, safety and well-being of outsourced factory workers. Methods: A survey was conducted on a sample of 600 lower socio-economic status working women including garment workers. This survey collected data on demographic and health profile of these workers. The primary outcome was depression as measured by Patient Health Questionnaire 9. It also obtained data on traumatic life events and post-traumatic stress disorder. Results: The prevalence of depression was 23.5%: 20.9% among garment workers and 26.4% among others. Part-time employment (odds ratio-OR): 2.36, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.01–5.51), chronic pain (OR: 1.67, 95% CI: 1.01–2.78), two or more traumatic life events (OR: 6.43, 95% CI: 2.85–14.55) and dysuria (OR: 2.50, 95% CI: 1.02–6.15) were found to be significantly associated with depression among these workers in multivariate regression model. Depression prevalene lowered by 11% among these workers for every additional monthly earning of 1,000 taka (US$12). Conclusion: Depression is a multifaceted health issue with many personal, social, economic and health determinants and consequences. This study demonstrates that the prevalence of moderate-to-severe depression among working women in Bangladesh is quite high. Prevention and treatment of depression in developing countries and societies can reduce suffering, lower incidence of suicide, and prevent economic loss. Creating awareness on outsourced workers’ poor mental health may help in developing initiatives to protect and preserve their well-being.

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Lozupone, M., A. Mollica, G. Berardino, A. Bellomo, and F. Panza. "Risk Factors of Suicidal Behaviour in old age." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (2022): S31—S32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.112.

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Several observational studies investigated risk factors for suicide attempts/completed suicides in older age with contrasting evidence from ongoing population-based research. The risk factors most associated to suicide attempts than other variables were: depressive disorders, methods employed to self-harm (particularly poisoning), and psychotropic drug utilization followed by psychological factors and disability. Moreover, male sex, violent methods to self-harm, any psychiatric disorder (depression, anxiety and bipolar disorders), a poor medical condition, stressors/bereavement, and living alone appeared to be more significant for predicting completed suicides in late life. There is growing evidence of a role of environmental exposures in the pathogenesis and epigenetics of suicidal behavior in older age. Little is known about the possible relationship between suicidal ideation in older age and its biopsychosocial predictors, although psychiatric disorders (among which late-life depression, LLD), play a fundamental role. LLD, distinguished as late-onset depression (LOD) and early-onset depression (EOD). Suicidal ideators accounted for 2.32% of subjects, were female, smokers and obese affected by multimorbidity. After adjusting for age, gender, education and social dysfunction, suicidal ideation was associated to LLD (EOD>LOD:OR:21.71, 95% CI:9.22-51.14). In the full random forest model, asthma was the most important contributor to suicidal ideation. Among biomarkers, interleukin (IL)-6 followed by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, Apolipoprotein E e4 allele-carriers, C-reactive protein contributed most to suicidal ideation. Although EOD is a strong determinant of suicidal ideation, other non-psychiatric factors, i.e., serum inflammation biomarkers, APOE e4 allele, and multimorbidity, should be taken into account when evaluating a suicidal ideation phenotype in older age. Disclosure No significant relationships.

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Lyness, Jeffrey M., Eric D. Caine, Christopher Cox, Deborah A. King, Yeates Conwell, and Telva Olivares. "Cerebrovascular Risk Factors and Later-Life Major Depression." American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 6, no. 1 (1998): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00019442-199800610-00002.

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Sneed, Joel R., Stephanie Kasen, and Patricia Cohen. "Early-life risk factors for late-onset depression." International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 22, no. 7 (2007): 663–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1727.

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Holden, K. B., N. D. Hernandez, G. L. Wrenn, and A. S. Belton. "Resilience: Protective Factors for Depression and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder among African American Women?" Health, Culture and Society 9 (December 8, 2017): 12–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/hcs.2017.222.

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There is a great need to carefully examine issues that may elevate one’s risk for mental illness and develop strategies to mitigate risk and cultivate resilience. African Americans, specifically African American women (AAW), are disproportionately affected by mental illness, including depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Higher rates of PTSD among AAW may be explained by significant rates of trauma exposure. Higher resiliency in individuals with mental illnesses is associated with better treatment response/outcomes. An examination of two (2) promising psycho-educational curricula for AAW at risk for depression and PTSD supports consideration of resilience as a protective factor among this population. Strengthening psychological resilience among diverse AAW at risk for depression and/or PTSD may serve as a protective factor for symptom severity. Multidimensional prevention and intervention strategies should incorporate culturally-centered, gender-specific, and strengths-based (resilience) models of care to help encourage mental health help-seeking and promotion of wellness for AAW.

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Moreno-Mansilla, Sara, Jorge J. Ricarte, and David J. Hallford. "Cannabis use among early adolescents and transdiagnostic mental health risk factors." Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 26, no. 2 (2021): 531–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359104521994637.

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Introduction: Cannabis is the most widely used psychoactive substance among adolescents worldwide, and the age at which consumption begins to decrease. Cannabis use in adolescents is associated with a wide range of adverse consequences in adulthood including increased vulnerability to psychosis and other mental disorders, as well as suicidal ideation and attempt. The aim of this study is to extend understanding of the link between cannabis use and mental illness by examining whether cannabis use at early ages predicts transdiagnostic variables that are precursors to severe clinical diagnoses. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted. The sample was made up of 605 adolescents from 7th to 9th grades, with a mean age of 13.2 years ( SD = 1.0, 47% girls). The variables evaluated were: anomalous perception of reality, intolerance of uncertainty, rumination, suicide attempt, hopelessness, and symptoms of depression and anxiety. The administration of the questionnaires was carried out in groups of 20 participants under the supervision of a researcher in a unique session of 1 hour. Results: Adolescent cannabis users scored higher on all variables assessed: anomalous perception of reality (Cohen’s d = .60), rumination ( d = .48), intolerance of uncertainty ( d = .11), suicidal attempt (affirmative answer: 25.9% of users vs 7.7% of non-users), hopelessness ( d = .85), symptoms of depression ( d = .80), and anxiety ( d = .39). A binary logistic regression showed that the only variable uniquely related to cannabis use was hopelessness (Wald = 4.560, OR: 1.159, p = .033). Conclusions: Among some mental health risk factors, hopelessness appears uniquely related to cannabis use. Adolescents may use cannabis as a coping strategy for negative thoughts and emotions, or it may be a consequence of cannabis use. Future prevention programs should focus on preventing/treating modifiable factors such as hopelessness, and delaying cannabis use in specific subgroups of adolescents who experience pathologies such as depression or suicide attempts.

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N. R., Ravindra, Rashmi M. R., and R. Maheswaran. "Risk factors for depression among elderly in Bangalore urban district: a case control study." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 4, no. 8 (2017): 2696. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20173312.

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Background: With a rapidly aging society, geriatric mental health is emerging as an important public health concern. According to the WHO, prevalence of depression in adults aged ≥60 years in developed and developing countries was 0.5 million and 4.8 million respectively in 2004. The objective of this study is to estimate the prevalence of depression and to assess risk factors of depression among elderly in an urban population. Methods: A case control study was conducted in May-June 2016 in the Bagalgunte area in Bangalore urban district. Purposive sampling technique was employed and all elderly persons (≥60 years) residing in that area were included. Participants were assessed for depression using validated 15 item (short version) geriatric depression scale (GDS).Those with GDS score >5 were considered as cases and those with GDS score ≤5 as controls. Final sample size was 201. Study variables included socio-demographic parameters and all possible risk factors of depression. Results: Of the 201 respondents interviewed, 90 (44.8%) were cases and 111 (55.2%) were controls. 159 (79.1%) were aged 60–69 years and 116 (58%) were male. Low socioeconomic status, elderly who were living alone (single/divorced/death of spouse), h/o dependency on others for daily living, negligence, abuse, economic loss in last 5 years, substance abuse, change of residence, insomnia and anorexia were found to be significantly associated with depression among elderly. Conclusions: In this study, depression among elderly was found to be high. These study findings can help programme managers to focus on mental health of elderly and implement practical and comprehensive strategiesand timely interventions to promote mental health and prevent depression.

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Till, Benedikt, Michael Fraissler, Martin Voracek, Ulrich S. Tran, and Thomas Niederkrotenthaler. "Associations Between Suicide Risk Factors and Favorite Songs." Crisis 40, no. 1 (2019): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000523.

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Abstract. Background: For several decades, the question of whether personal suicidality is reflected in individual music preferences has been the subject of debate in suicide research. Despite many studies investigating the relationship between music use and suicidal behavior, it is still unclear whether suicide risk is reflected in individual music preferences. Aims: The present study aimed to assess whether music preferences are reflected in suicide risk factors. Method: We assessed suicidal ideation, depression, and hopelessness among 943 participants in a cross-sectional online survey. Participants provided up to five examples of their favorite music. We conducted a content analysis and coded all reported songs as suicide-related, coping-related, or unrelated to suicide. Results: Multivariate analyses controlling for gender, age, education level, and amount of daily music use indicated associations of preferences for suicide-related songs with suicidal ideation and depression. Limitations: Limitations of the present study include the use of a convenience sample and a cross-sectional design, the small number of participants with preferences for coping-related songs, and the relatively small effect size of the associations found. Conclusion: Music preferences appear to reflect suicide risk factors, with individuals who prefer suicide-related songs scoring higher in terms of suicidal ideation and depression.

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Laird, Kelsey T., Helen Lavretsky, Pattharee Paholpak, et al. "Clinical correlates of resilience factors in geriatric depression." International Psychogeriatrics 31, no. 2 (2018): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610217002873.

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ABSTRACTBackground:Traditional perspectives conceptualize resilience as a trait and depression as resulting from resilience deficiency. However, research indicates that resilience varies substantially even among adults who are clinically depressed, as well as across the lifespan of an individual. Few studies have investigated resilience in depression, and even fewer have examined resilience in depressed older adults.Methods:Three hundred thirty-seven adults ≥60 years with major depressive disorder completed the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) and measures of mental health, quality of life (QOL), and medical comorbidity. Exploratory factor analysis was used to explore the factor structure of the CD-RISC. Correlations and general linear models were used to examine associations between resilience and other variables.Results:The rotated component matrix indicated a four-factor model. Sorting of items by highest factor loading revealed constructs associated with (1) grit, (2) active coping self-efficacy, (3) accommodative coping self-efficacy, and (4) spirituality. Resilience was significantly correlated with increased age, lower cognitive functioning, greater cerebrovascular risk, and greater medical comorbidity. Resilience was negatively associated with mental health symptoms (depression, apathy, and anxiety) and positively associated with QOL. The final optimal model identified less depression, less apathy, greater medical comorbidity, higher QOL, and minority (non-White) race as factors that significantly explained variability in resilience.Conclusions:Resilience was significantly associated with a range of mental health constructs in a sample of older adults with depression. Future clinical trials and dismantling studies may help determine whether interventions targeting grit, active coping, accommodative coping, and spirituality can increase resilience and help prevent and treat depression in older adults.

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Adams, Kathryn Betts, and Heehyul Moon. "Subthreshold depression: Characteristics and risk factors among vulnerable elders." Aging & Mental Health 13, no. 5 (2009): 682–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607860902774501.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Depression, Mental – Risk factors'

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