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1

Walkowitz, D. J. "Great Depressions and the Middle Class: Experts, Collegiate Youth and Business Ideology, 1929-1941. By Mary C. McComb (New York: Routledge, 2006. viii plus 207 pp. $95.00)." Journal of Social History 41, no. 3 (March 1, 2008): 792–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jsh.2008.0056.

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2

Voth, Hans-Joachim. "With a Bang, not a Whimper: Pricking Germany's “Stock Market Bubble” in 1927 and the Slide into Depression." Journal of Economic History 63, no. 1 (March 2003): 65–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050703001736.

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In May 1927, the German central bank intervened indirectly to reduce lending to equity investors. The crash that followed ended the only stock market boom during Germany's relative stabilization 1924–1928. The evidence strongly suggests that the German central bank under Hjalmar Schacht was wrong to be concerned about stock prices—there was no bubble. Also, the Reichsbank was mistaken in its belief that a fall in the market would reduce the importance of short-term foreign borrowing and improve conditions in the money market. The misguided intervention had important real effects. Investment suffered, helping to tip Germany into depression.
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3

Esbitt, Milton. "Bank Portfolios and Bank Failures During the Great Depression: Chicago." Journal of Economic History 46, no. 2 (June 1986): 455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700046258.

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Bank failures in Chicago during 1930–1932 are examined to determine whether failures were attributable to poor management practices or to worsening economic conditions. Non-Loop state-chartered banks were divided into those which did not fail and those which failed in 1930, 1931, and 1932. Portfolio variables which contemporary writers held were indicative of poor management practices are used in a multiple discriminant analysis. Using semiannual bank call reports from December 1927 through December 1929, support was found for the poor management hypothesis only for banks destined to fail in 1931
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4

Weiss, Richard, and Robert S. McElvaine. "The Great Depression: America, 1929-1941." American Historical Review 90, no. 2 (April 1985): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1852837.

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5

Axelrod, Paul, and Pierre Berton. "The Great Depression: 1929-1939." Labour / Le Travail 29 (1992): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25143589.

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6

Kass, Dorothy, and Martin Sullivan. "The New South Wales Teachers Federation, the Conciliation Committee of 1927-1929, and the Formation of the Educational Workers League." History of Education Review 49, no. 2 (January 23, 2020): 133–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/her-07-2019-0026.

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Purpose Originally written in the 1990s but unpublished, the paper is now revised; the purpose of this paper is to examine the context of the formation of the Educational Workers League of NSW in 1931 with particular emphasis on the NSW Crown Employees (Teachers) Conciliation Committee and the enactment of its agreement in the worsening economic conditions of the Depression. The aims, reception and possible influence of the League on Federation policy and practice are addressed. Design/methodology/approach Primary source material consulted includes the minutes of the Conciliation Committee’s sittings from September 1927 to July 1929; papers relating to the Educational Workers League held in the Teachers Federation Library; and the Teachers Federation journal, Education. Findings The Conciliation Committee’s proceedings and outcomes had far reaching implications. The resultant salary agreement received a hostile reception from assistant teachers and fuelled distrust between assistants and headmasters. As economic depression deepened, dissatisfaction with the conservative leadership and tactics of the Federation increased. One outcome was the formation of the radical, leftist Educational Workers League by teachers, including Sam Lewis, who would later play key roles within the Federation itself. Originality/value While acknowledging the extensive earlier work of Bruce Mitchell, the paper contributes to a deeper understanding of teacher unionism and teacher activism in the 1920s and 1930s. Apart from brief attention by Federation historians in the 1960s and 1970s, there has been no history of the formation, reception and significance of the Educational Workers League.
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7

Balderston, T. "Book Review: The Great Depression in Europe, 1929-1939." German History 20, no. 4 (October 1, 2002): 542–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635540202000422.

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8

BIONDICH, MARK. "Vladko Maček and the Croat Political Right, 1928–1941." Contemporary European History 16, no. 2 (May 2007): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777307003797.

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AbstractThe Croat Peasant Party was arguably the most important Croatian political party during the existence of the first Yugoslavia (1918–41). Under the leadership of Vladko Maček (1879–1964), it entered the most difficult period of its history: it was forced to contend with the royal dictatorship (1929–34) of King Aleksandar Karadjordjević, the Great Depression, growing nationality tensions and an increasingly volatile political climate in which the extremes of the right and left, represented in Croatia by the Ustaša and Communist parties respectively, contended for power. This article examines the contentious relationship between Maček's Croat Peasant Party and the fascist Ustaša movement between 1929 and 1941, and assesses Maček's legacy and his place in Croatia's 20th-century political history.
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9

Luzardo-Luna, Ivan. "Labour frictions in interwar Britain: industrial reshuffling and the origin of mass unemployment." European Review of Economic History 24, no. 2 (February 26, 2019): 243–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ereh/hez001.

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Abstract This article estimates the matching function of the British labour market for the period of 1921–1934. Changes in matching efficiency can explain both employment resilience during the Great Depression and the high structural unemployment throughout the interwar period. Early in the 1920s, matching efficiency improved due to the development of the retail industry. However, the econometric results show a structural break in March 1927, related to a major industrial reshuffling that reduced the demand for workers in staple industries. Since these industries were geographically concentrated, there was an increase in the average distance between the unemployed and vacancies, and matching efficiency declined.
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10

Moore, P. G., and R. B. Williams. "Charles Livesey Walton (1881–1953): from marine to veterinary to agricultural zoology." Archives of Natural History 48, no. 1 (April 2021): 139–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2021.0693.

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Charles Livesey Walton (1881–1953) was born on the Isle of Man, but moved in childhood via Yorkshire to the south coast of Pembrokeshire (Wales). Later, having become a man of private means, he relocated to Devon. He was associated with the Marine Biological Laboratory of the United Kingdom in Plymouth from 1907 until 1912, where he developed expertise on sea anemones. His first publication was on these animals, in 1907 with Professor Herbert John Fleure of the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, where he eventually gained employment in 1912. There, he changed course to work on various aspects of veterinary and agricultural zoology, themes he pursued at the University College of North Wales, Bangor. He considered his major contribution to have been his work there on “liver rot” (fasciolosis) in sheep, carried out from 1919 and during the economic depression of the 1920s. As a marine zoologist, he is probably best known for his co-authorship of The biology of the sea-shore (1922) with Frederick William Flattely. He moved from Bangor in 1927 to the Long Ashton Research Station, University of Bristol, as an agricultural entomologist. As part of a multidisciplinary team there, he developed and tested chemical treatments against a wide variety of plant pests and diseases. Retiring to St David's, Pembrokeshire, he catalogued plants of the peninsula. Walton apparently never married. The comprehensive bibliography presented here constitutes an appropriate memorial alongside his influential final book, Farmers' warfare (1947).
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11

Hudson, M. "German Economists and the Depression of 1929-1933." History of Political Economy 17, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182702-17-1-35.

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12

Wren, Daniel A. "James D. Mooney and General Motors' Multinational Operations, 1922–1940." Business History Review 87, no. 3 (2013): 515–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680513000743.

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This article traces the emergence of the General Motors Corporation as a multinational enterprise under the leadership of James D. Mooney from 1922 to the outbreak of World War II. Mooney's unpublished paper “The Science of Industrial Organization” (1929) portrays GM's multidivisional organization's use of the line-staff concept in organizing overseas assembly plants. Here I compare General Motors with Ford Motor Company, which had first-mover advantages overseas, and examine how each company organized and managed their international operations. “Linking pins,” a social-science concept, illustrates how GM's organizational hierarchy achieved vertical coordination of effort. Economic depression and the prelude to World War II followed the expansionary 1920s, requiring GM and Ford to adjust to a changing environment. The article also covers Mooney's naïve attempts to use business for diplomacy in the years leading up to the war.
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13

Smith, John I. "Reminiscences of Farming and Business in the Depression, 1929-1933." Arkansas Historical Quarterly 45, no. 4 (1986): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40027776.

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14

Benguria, Felipe, Chris Vickers, and Nicolas L. Ziebarth. "Labor Earnings Inequality in Manufacturing during the Great Depression." Journal of Economic History 80, no. 2 (April 20, 2020): 531–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050720000108.

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We study labor earnings inequality during the Great Depression using establishment-level information from the Census of Manufactures (COM). Inequality, as measured by the interquartile range in earnings per worker, declines by 10 log points between 1929 and 1933. However, by 1935, this difference has recovered to its 1929 level. In a decomposition, this decline and then rise in inequality is entirely explained by returns to observable factors, most notably the skill premium and regional differentials. The exit of establishments plays an important role in the initial decline in inequality but barely any role in the recovery.
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15

May, Ann Mari, and Robert W. Dimand. "Women in the Early Years of the American Economic Association." History of Political Economy 51, no. 4 (August 1, 2019): 671–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182702-7685185.

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We use the archives of the American Economic Association to examine the participation of women in the association from its foundation in 1885 to the Great Depression. Women participated actively in the formation of the association, contributed several monographs to its early publications, and won some of its early essay competitions. We find that the membership drives of 1900–1902 (aimed at academics and businessmen) and of 1909–13 (aimed at lawyers, bankers, and businessmen) neglected women interested in social causes and home economics as potential members. Together with the abolition of local branches, these first two membership drives diluted the role of women in the association. In contrast, the membership drive of 1922–26 reflected a growing interest in graduate students and young instructors that somewhat increased the proportion of women among members.
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16

Stock, Catherine McNicol, and Brad D. Lookingbill. "Dust Bowl, USA: Depression America and the Ecological Imagination, 1929-1941." Western Historical Quarterly 34, no. 1 (April 1, 2003): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25047232.

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17

Curtiss, Catherine. "Building Up Wyoming: Depression-Era Federal Projects in Wyoming, 1929–1943." Western Historical Quarterly 45, no. 3 (August 2014): 353.1–353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/whq/45.3.353.

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18

Akçetin, Elif. "Anatolian Peasants in the Great Depression 1929–1933." New Perspectives on Turkey 23 (2000): 79–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896634600003393.

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The effects of the Great Depression of 1929 on peasants in Turkey is an area of study that has remained neglected, despite the fact that peasants then constituted 75 percent of the population. The reason why the condition of peasants has not attracted much attention is the dramatic change between the economic policies of the 1920s and those of the 1930s. The immediate consequence of the stock-market crash and the sudden drop in prices was the shrinkage of international trade. Governments dealt with the depression by implementing quotas on imports, and liberal economic policies were no longer considered successful. Protectionism became the most popular policy for the management of economies in difficulty. The change in economic policies during this period constituted a break with the past and therefore has been the principal focus of studies on the Great Depression.
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19

Harvey, Mark, and Brad D. Lookingbill. "Dust Bowl, USA: Depression America and the Ecological Imagination, 1929-1941." Journal of American History 89, no. 2 (September 2002): 691. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3092282.

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20

Smith, David J. "Retracing Estonia's Russians: Mikhail Kurchinskii and Interwar Cultural Autonomy." Nationalities Papers 27, no. 3 (September 1999): 455–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/009059999108966.

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In exploring the history of the Russian minority in Estonia during 1918–1940, one is inevitably drawn to the figure of Professor Mikhail Anatolevich Kurchinskii (1876–1939). An academic and journalist, Kurchinskii was also an important political actor devoted to the quest for a satisfactory resolution of the nationality question in Estonia and Europe. It is with good reason that Kurchinskii has been called “the most important theoretician and practical advocate of cultural autonomy amongst the [interwar] Russian minority in Estonia.” From 1927 he also served as a leading member of the Congress of European Minorities (CEM), which became the main promoter of the cultural autonomy concept on the wider European stage. During the same period he took a deep interest in the work of the Pan-Europe movement and the quest for a durable settlement of European affairs following the traumas of World War I. Until very recently, however, Kurchinskii has remained a neglected figure among historians, even within the narrow field of Baltic studies. This neglect is symptomatic of the lack of attention devoted to the political history of the Russian minority more generally. As the first group to implement Estonia's celebrated 1925 law on cultural autonomy, the interwar German minority has already formed the object of a number of studies. By contrast, Kurchinskii's failure to realize the autonomy project means that he—and, indeed, the Russian minority as a whole—barely receives a mention in most histories of Estonia. Just as Kurchinskii's aspirations regarding cultural autonomy were never realized during his lifetime, so his vision of building a “New Europe” faded against the background of economic depression and a retreat into inward-looking national particularism during the 1930s. The tragic fate that befell central and eastern Europe after 1939 has in turn tended to obscure many of the ideas and positive achievements of the interwar minorities movement. This article uses Kurchinskii's career to illuminate issues relating to the sociopolitical development of the Russian minority between the wars. In particular it compares Kurchinskii's thinking on minority issues with that of his rival Aleksei Janson (1866–1940), a socialist politician and pedagogical expert who served as Russian National Secretary in the Estonian Ministry of Education from 1922 to 1927. Finally, by linking Kurchinskii's quest for cultural autonomy to his broader thinking on the “New Europe,” the article assesses the relevance of these ideas to contemporary debates on the nationality question.
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21

Campbell, D'Ann, and Julia Kirk Blackwelder. "Women of the Depression: Caste and Culture in San Antonio, 1929-1939." Western Historical Quarterly 16, no. 3 (July 1985): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/969141.

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22

Biles, Roger, and Julia Kirk Blackwelder. "Women of the Depression: Caste and Culture in San Antonio, 1929-1939." Journal of Southern History 51, no. 2 (May 1985): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2208855.

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23

Lai, Cheng-chung, and Joshua Jr-Shiang Gau. "The Chinese silver standard economy and the 1929 Great Depression." Australian Economic History Review 43, no. 2 (July 2003): 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8446.t01-1-00048.

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24

Greene, Alison Collis. "The End of “The Protestant Era”?" Church History 80, no. 3 (September 2011): 600–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640711000667.

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More than fifty years after delivering the talk “The American Religious Depression, 1925–1935” to the American Society of Church History, Robert Handy is still the default authority on religion and the Great Depression. This is a tribute to his remarkable insights, but it is also an indication that the Depression merits more attention from historians of religion. A number of scholars have taken the religious history of the 1930s seriously. Yet we tend to think of the work of Joel Carpenter, Leo Ribuffo, Alan Brinkley, Beth Wenger, Kenneth Heineman, and others as primarily about fundamentalist institution-building, New Deal demagogues, or Jews and Catholics in New York and Pittsburgh, and only incidentally about the Great Depression.
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25

Lincove, David. "Book Review: The Great Depression and the New Deal: Key Themes and Documents." Reference & User Services Quarterly 57, no. 4 (June 15, 2018): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rusq.57.4.6722.

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Olsen and Gumpert designed this new book to serve the ready reference needs of “advanced high school and early undergraduate readers” (vii), but they emphasize support for high school advanced placement US history classes and the Common Core curriculum. The content of the book covers the period from the Stock Market crash in October 1929 until the beginning of World War II in September 1939, but the focus on “key themes” means that the authors do not seek the broad topical scope of an encyclopedia.
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NICHOLLS, PAUL. "Australian Protestantism and the Politics of the Great Depression, 1929–31." Journal of Religious History 17, no. 2 (December 1992): 210–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9809.1992.tb00714.x.

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27

Lewis, Robert. "The Workplace and Economic Crisis: Canadian Textile Firms, 1929–1935." Enterprise & Society 10, no. 3 (September 2009): 498–528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700008144.

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The devastating conditions of the Great Depression forced manufacturers to rethink their approach to workplace control, economic policy, and production practices. Although we know a great deal about how industries responded to the depression, we know very little about the changes implemented by firms. This is unfortunate as firms in the same industry face quite different problems, possess dissimilar work cultures, construct an array of production formats, and have access to a range of financial resources. Based on a literature that documents the variety of strategies devised by industries and firms, this paper shows how four Canadian textile firms—two cotton and two hosiery and knitting—reacted to the economic crisis of the Great Depression. In the face of a different array of conditions, each firm devised different restructuring strategies. The large cotton corporations responded by combining mechanization, product line change, and a new division of labor. The smaller, more competitive hosiery and knitting firms, on the other hand, imposed either a harsh regime of scientific management or conservative, piecemeal changes. In the midst of restructuring the workplace, manufacturers reasserted their prerogatives of managerial authority, selectively took advantage of the opportunities opened up by economic crisis, and created a new regime of industrial-state regulations.
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28

Melville, Margarita B., and Julia Kirk Blackwelder. "Women of the Depression: Caste and Culture in San Antonio, 1929-1939." Ethnohistory 32, no. 3 (1985): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/481928.

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29

Lipartito, Kenneth, and Michael A. Bernstein. "The Great Depression: Delayed Recovery and Economic Change in America, 1929-1930." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 19, no. 4 (1989): 704. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/203987.

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30

Schwartz, Jordan A., Michael A. Bernstein, and Peter Fearon. "The Great Depression: Delay Recovery and Economic Change in America, 1929-1939." Journal of American History 75, no. 4 (March 1989): 1354. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1908729.

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31

Leff, Mark H., and David M. Kennedy. "Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929-1945." Journal of American History 87, no. 2 (September 2000): 723. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2568880.

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32

Deutsch, Sarah, and Julia Kirk Blackwelder. "Women of the Depression: Caste and Culture in San Antonio, 1929-1939." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 16, no. 2 (1985): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/204211.

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33

Bremer, William W., and Joan M. Crouse. "The Homeless Transient in the Great Depression: New York State, 1929-1941." Journal of American History 74, no. 2 (September 1987): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1900114.

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34

Ware, Susan, and Julia Kirk Blackwelder. "Women of the Depression: Caste and Culture in San Antonio, 1929-1939." Journal of American History 71, no. 4 (March 1985): 895. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1888566.

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35

Berrios, G. E. "Melancholia and Depression During the 19th Century: a Conceptual History." British Journal of Psychiatry 153, no. 3 (September 1988): 298–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.153.3.298.

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The meaning of ‘melancholia’ in classical antiquity is opaque and has little in common with 20th-century psychiatric usage (Drabkin, 1955; Heiberg, 1927). At that time, melancholia and mania were not polar opposites (i.e. one was not defined as having opposite features to the other). Melancholia was defined in terms of overt behavioural features such as decreased motility, and morosity (Roccatagliata, 1973; Simon, 1978). Hence, in medical usage, ‘melancholia’ referred to a subtype of mania and named, in general, states of reduced behavioural output. These included disorders that might “exhibit depressed, agitated, hallucinatory, paranoid and even demented states … the ancient diagnosis of melancholy has no correct analogue in modern psychiatric practice …” (Siegel, 1973, p. 274).
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36

Tarascio, Vincent J. "An Intellectual Autobiography." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 21, no. 1 (March 1999): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837200002844.

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Although this essay is essentially an intellectual biography, personal experiences have influenced my career as an economist and historian of economic thought. For this reason, I shall devote some space to these experiences before turning to the main topic.My parents migrated from Sicily to the United States prior to the First World War; met and then married in this country and eventually settled in Hartford, Connecticut. I was conceived in 1929, the year of the Great Crash and born the following year at the onset of the Great Depression. However, for my family our economic depression had begun in 1929, when my father was seriously injured at a construction site and spent the next 8 months hospitalized, leaving my mother, who was pregnant with me, and my two siblings, without any means of support.
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37

Jalil, Andrew J. "A New History of Banking Panics in the United States, 1825–1929: Construction and Implications." American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 7, no. 3 (July 1, 2015): 295–330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.20130265.

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There are two major problems in identifying the output effects of banking panics of the pre–Great Depression era. First, it is not clear when panics occurred because prior panic series differ in their identification of panic episodes. Second, establishing the direction of causality is tricky. This paper addresses these two problems (i) by deriving a new panic series for the 1825–1929 period and (ii) by studying the output effects of major banking panics via vector autoregression (VAR) and narrative-based methods. The new series has important implications for the history of financial panics in the United States. (JEL E32, E44, G21, N11, N12, N21, N22)
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Mannie, Zola N., Ray Norbury, Susannah E. Murphy, Becky Inkster, Catherine J. Harmer, and Philip J. Cowen. "Affective modulation of anterior cingulate cortex in young people at increased familial risk of depression." British Journal of Psychiatry 192, no. 5 (May 2008): 356–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.107.043398.

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BackgroundWe previously found that children of parents with depression showed impaired performance on a task of emotional categorisation.AimsTo test the hypothesis that children of parents with depression would show abnormal neural responses in the anterior cingulate cortex, a brain region involved in the integration of emotional and cognitive information.MethodEighteen young people (mean age 19.8 years) with no personal history of depression but with a biological parent with a history of major depression (FH+ participants) and 16 controls (mean age 19.9 years) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while completing an emotional counting Stroop task.ResultsControls showed significant activation in the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex to both positive and negative words during the emotional Stroop task. This activation was absent in FH+ participants.ConclusionsOur findings show that people at increased familial risk of depression demonstrate impaired modulation of the anterior cingulate cortex in response to emotionally valenced stimuli.
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39

Rosenof, Theodore, and Michael A. Bernstein. "The Great Depression: Delayed Recovery and Economic Change in America, 1929-1939." American Historical Review 94, no. 4 (October 1989): 1195. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1906782.

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40

Trolander, Judith Ann, and Joan M. Crouse. "The Homeless Transient in the Great Depression: New York State, 1929-1941." American Historical Review 92, no. 5 (December 1987): 1295. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1868663.

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41

Kessler-Harris, Alice, and Julia Kirk Blackwelder. "Women of the Depression: Caste and Culture in San Antonio, 1929-1939." American Historical Review 90, no. 2 (April 1985): 508. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1852838.

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42

Sitkoff, Harvard, and David Kennedy. "Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War; 1929-1945." American Historical Review 105, no. 3 (June 2000): 954. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2651898.

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43

Moure, Kenneth, and H. Clark Johnson. "Gold, France, and the Great Depression, 1919-1932." American Historical Review 104, no. 4 (October 1999): 1393. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2649727.

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44

Maurer, David J., David E. Kyvig, and Mary-Ann Blasio. "New Day/New Deal: A Bibliography of the Great American Depression, 1929-1941." Journal of American History 76, no. 4 (March 1990): 1362. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2936748.

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45

Green, George D. "Rhetoric as Currency: Hoover, Roosevelt, and the Great Depression. By Davis W. Houck. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2001. Pp. 226. $39.95." Journal of Economic History 61, no. 4 (December 2001): 1155–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050701005885.

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In this study of the economic rhetoric of Herbert Hoover and Franklin Roosevelt, 1929–1933, Davis Houck tries boldly to link the fields of rhetoric, history, and economics. He claims to “have established the crucial relationship between rhetoric and economics. Specifically, economic recovery is premised, in part, on collective confidence, which, in turn, is influenced by both presidential speech and cooperative legislative action” (p. 199).
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46

Fearon, Peter, and Michael A. Bernstein. "The Great Depression: Delayed Recovery and Economic Change in America, 1929-1939." Economic History Review 42, no. 1 (February 1989): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2597085.

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47

Crunden, Robert M., and Michael E. Parrish. "Anxious Decades: America in Prosperity and Depression, 1920-1941." Journal of American History 80, no. 3 (December 1993): 1131. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2080524.

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48

Ling, Banghao. "What Do the Two Global Crises Tell us: History as a Mirror." Financial Forum 9, no. 4 (January 28, 2021): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.18282/ff.v9i4.1543.

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<p>History typically does repeat with similar processes. Routes to both The Great Depression in 1929 and the Subprime Crisis (the Great Recession) in 2007 are similar: central banks implemented lax monetary policy and governments adopt populist policies to expand credit, economic growth drives public and private debt to increase sharply and asset illiquidity is caused due to the financial system's borrowing short-term funding to lend long-term loans for high profits. The key factors involved in both crises will be analysed from the following dimensions prior to the two crises: interest rates, credit booms, leverage and liquidity in the banking system. Human nature is one main reason to explain these crises. The primary cause of this phenomenon is that animal spirits such as confidence cannot be entirely eliminated, with significant subsequent effects upon the economy.</p>
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49

Haber, Stephen H. "Business Enterprise and the Great Depression in Brazil: A Study of Profits and Losses in Textile Manufacturing." Business History Review 66, no. 2 (1992): 335–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3116941.

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This article employs previously unused accounting data and manuscript censuses to determine the impact of the Great Depression on Brazil's most important cotton textile manufacturers. It argues that the Great Depression, when viewed at the level of the individual business enterprise, had far more serious consequences than the previous literature, which relied on aggregate statistical data, suggests. The analysis presented here leads to the conclusion that Brazil's major cotton firms were in serious trouble prior to the 1929 Crash and that they took longer to recover than most other studies of Brazilian industrialization have indicated.
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50

Boyer, Robert, and Michael A. Bernstein. "The Great Depression. Delayed Recovery and Economic Change in America, 1929-1939." Le Mouvement social, no. 154 (January 1991): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3778286.

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