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Davies, Louise Ellen, and Chris Oliver. "The Purported Association Between Depression, Aggression, and Self-Injury in People With Intellectual Disability: A Critical Review of the Literature." American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 119, no. 5 (September 1, 2014): 452–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-119.5.452.
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Abstract The prevalence of depression in individuals with an intellectual disability is estimated to lie between 3% and 6%. It has been suggested that symptoms of depression in this population might be atypical and include unusual features such as challenging behavior. However, there is significant disagreement regarding the use of challenging behavior as “depressive equivalent” symptomatology. The aim of this review is to evaluate published research reporting on the association between challenging behavior, specifically aggression and self-injury, and depression in people with an intellectual disability as a first step toward evaluating whether challenging behaviors might be considered as depressive equivalent symptoms. The results of the studies identified indicated that the association between depression and aggression, and depression and self-injury are equivocal and the interpretations of the results limited by threats to validity. Based on this analysis, there is insufficient evidence to support the use of challenging behavior as a depressive equivalent symptom. Further research to examine potentially confounding variables and the association between challenging behaviour and depression using methodologically robust designs and measures is clearly warranted.
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Ho, Y. C., M. C. Hsieh, C. Y. Lai, and H. Y. Peng. "Glutamatergic Synaptic Plasticity in the Periaqueductal Gray Governs Fear-induced Depression-like Behavior in Rats." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1036.
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IntroductionMajor depressive disorder affecting more than 110 million people worldwide every year is a heterogeneous illness influenced by a variety of factors, including repeated stressful factors. Despite widely research during the past several decades, the pathophysiology and neurobiological mechanisms of depressive disorders remain unclear. Ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG), a midbrain nucleus, has been considered as an important part of the circuitry that involves in stress-induced depression-like behaviors. Dysregulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission in depressed patients suggests that glutamate-mediated excitatory system is critical involved in the depressive disorders.ObjectivesIt is still unclear that whether vlPAG involves in fear condition-elicited depression-like behavior.AimsWe investigated the synaptic transmission in the vlPAG to examine whether vlPAG participates in fear-induced depression-like behavior in rats.MethodsDepression-like behaviors, in the rats, were induced by learned helplessness procedure. The synaptic transmission was conducted by whole-cell patch-clamp recording in the rat brain slices containing periaqueductal gray.ResultsRats receiving learned helplessness procedure displayed high failure rate in the escapable foot-shock test compared to control group. Both amplitude and frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents were significant reduced compared to control group, suggesting reduced presynaptic glutamate release and postsynaptic responses were involved in the learned helplessness procedure-induced depression behavior in rats.ConclusionsReduced glutamatergic transmission in the vlPAG contributes to learned helplessness procedure-induced depression-like behavior in rats through pre – and post-synaptic mechanisms.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Wang, Wei, Cuibai Wei, Meina Quan, Tingting Li, and Jianping Jia. "Sulforaphane Reverses the Amyloid-β Oligomers Induced Depressive-Like Behavior." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 78, no. 1 (October 27, 2020): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-200397.
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Background: Depression is one of the most common behavioral and psychological symptoms in people with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). To date, however, the molecular mechanisms underlying the clinical association between depression and AD remained elusive. Objective: Here, we study the relationship between memory impairment and depressive-like behavior in AD animal model, and investigate the potential mechanisms. Methods: Male SD rats were administered amyloid-β oligomers (AβOs) by intracerebroventricular injection, and then the depressive-like behavior, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and the serotonergic system were measured in the brain. Sulforaphane (SF), a compound with dual capacities of anti-inflammation and anti-oxidative stress, was injected intraperitoneally to evaluate the therapeutic effect. Results: The results showed that AβOs induced both memory impairment and depressive-like behavior in rats, through the mechanisms of inducing neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, and impairing the serotonergic axis. SF could reduce both inflammatory factors and oxidative stress parameters to protect the serotonergic system and alleviate memory impairment and depressive-like behavior in rats. Conclusion: These results provided insights into the biological mechanisms underlying the clinical link between depressive disorder and AD, and offered new drug options for the treatment of depressive symptoms in dementia.
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Wang, Cixin, Yan Xia, Wenzhen Li, Stephan M. Wilson, Kevin Bush, and Gary Peterson. "Parenting Behaviors, Adolescent Depressive Symptoms, and Problem Behavior." Journal of Family Issues 37, no. 4 (July 10, 2014): 520–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x14542433.
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Kozhyna, H., V. Mykhaylov, and K. Zelenskay. "Features of Formation and System of Psychoprophylaxis of Suicidal Behavior in Young Patients with Depression." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): s239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.005.
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The work covers the study of the formation of suicidal behavior in young adults with depressive disorders and developing of pathogenetic based system of its prevention. There were clinical and psychopathological signs of depressive disorders in young patients analyzed. Anxiety, asthenia, asthenic-apathetic and melancholy variants of depressive disorders in young patients with suicidal behavior were highlighted. In this study, there were the markers of suicide risk for young patients with depressive disorders determined: high suicide risk, low death self-consciousness, high anhedonia level, clinical manifestations of anxiety and depression by the hospital anxiety and depression scale, severe anxiety and depression by the Hamilton anxiety rating scale, major depressive episode by the Montgomery-Asberg depression rating scale. It has been proved that in observed young patients with depressive disorders with suicide behavior increased concentrations of serotonin, cortisol, noradrenaline and decreased levels of adrenaline and melatonine in plasma were observed. These changes were determined as neurohormonal background for depletion of adaptation resource in stress situations. There were approaches to differentiated prevention of suicidal behavior in depressive disorders in young people validated that include pharmacotherapy (selective SSRI, melatonin, serotonin and norepinephrine), psychotherapy and psychoeducation. Psychotherapeutic complexin patients with depressive episode must include personality-oriented psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, family therapy and autogenous training; in disorders of adaptation – rational psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioral analytic psychotherapy, family therapy, autogenic training. Psychoeducation should be carried out using information modules, training a positive self-image, improved compliance; formation of communication skills, problem solving, interpersonal interaction and problem-oriented discussions.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Hume, Clare, Anna Timperio, Jenny Veitch, Jo Salmon, David Crawford, and Kylie Ball. "Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Depressive Symptoms Among Adolescents." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 8, no. 2 (February 2011): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.8.2.152.
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Background:This study examined cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between physical activity, sedentary behavior, and depressive symptoms among adolescents.Methods:Participants were 155 adolescents (14.4 years ± 0.61) in 2004 (40% boys). Data collection occurred in 2004 and again in 2006. At both time points, participants completed the Centers for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DC), from which they were classified as having depressive symptoms (≥15) or not (<15). Organized sport and TV viewing were self-reported and moderate-to-vigorous (MVPA) and vigorous (VPA) physical activity and sedentary time were objectively measured. Logistic and linear regression analyses examined cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between MVPA, VPA, organized sport, TV viewing, sedentary time, and symptoms of depression.Results:There were no cross-sectional or longitudinal associations between MVPA, VPA, organized sport, sedentary time, and symptoms of depression among boys or girls. However, having symptoms of depression in 2004 did predict higher TV viewing among adolescent girls in 2006 (approximately 168 minutes/week more TV viewing; P ≤ .001).Conclusions:MVPA, VPA, organized sport and objectively-measured sedentary time appeared unrelated to depressive symptoms in this sample, but depressive symptoms predicted increased TV viewing over time among adolescent girls. Further research is required to determine the clinical relevance of this finding.
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Takagaki, Koki, Isa Okajima, Shun Nakajima, Shin-Ichi Ishikawa, Yoshihiko Kunisato, Yoshihiro Kanai, and Yuji Sakano. "Preliminary Assessment of the Behavioral Activation Model in Japanese Undergraduate Students." Psychological Reports 112, no. 1 (February 2013): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/02.15.21.pr0.112.1.47-59.
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Many studies have reported that behavioral activation is an effective intervention for depression. The behavioral activation model is based on several formulations. For example, depressive mood leads to avoidant behaviors, avoidance negatively affects social contacts, decreased socialization lessens opportunities for positive reinforcement, and a decrease in positive reinforcement results in more depressive mood. The purpose of this study was to examine relationships among avoidant behavior, social contact, frequency of positive reinforcement, and depressive mood by using structural equation modeling to assess support for aspects of this behavioral activation model. Participants were 630 Japanese undergraduate students and vocational school students. Results provided preliminary support for the model. Treating both avoidance and activating behavior might contribute to decreased impairment.
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Kesicky, D., V. Novotny, and M. Kesicka. "Sexual behaviour in depressive patients." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73249-7.
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Depression influences particular phases of sexual responsive cycle as well as the forms of sexual behavior, particular aspects of sexual life and its characteristics in comparison to deepen depression. According to gender differences it is possible to assume gender differences of depression impact on particular aspects of sexuality. The depressive syndrome has its own structure thus we suppose the difference in influence of particular symptoms entering to the global state of depression.The goal of the research is to find out the influence of deepen depression in the whole scale of depressive syndrome on particular aspects of sexual life in men and women.The influence of particular depressive symptoms was surveyed with 98 hospitalized patients with depression diagnosis. HAMD subscales were compared to the changes in desire, the ability to arouse and the coital readiness and ASEX questionnaire was used to measure the global changes of sexual function. Gender differences were studied as well.By statistical analysis the significant influence of anxiety, circadian changes, factor of retardation, sleep quality and body weight changes on the state of sexual function was found out in men. Different influence of particular depression symptoms on phases of sexual responsive cycle was confirmed. Significant influence of anxiety and factor of retardation in HAMD on the state of sexual functions was showed in women. The research confirmed the gender differences.The research confirmed the need of detailed research of influence of particular depressive symptoms on the global sexual state of depressive patients concerning gender differences.
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Wolfersdorf, Manfred, Roland Straub, and Thomas Barg. "Electrodermal Activity (EDA) and Suicidal Behavior." Crisis 17, no. 2 (March 1996): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.17.2.69.
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There may be a connection between suicidal tendencies, electrodermal activity (EDA), disorders of impulse control, and neurobiochemistry (in the sense of a “psychobiology of suicidal tendencies”). The EDA values obtained during a psychobiological habituation experiment involving 11 female patients with personality disorders (PA; ICD-10) and histories of suicide attempts were compared with those of age-paralleled nonsuicidal depressive patients and depressive patients with histories of suicide attempts. They were also compared with EDA values in female schizophrenics with and without histories of suicide attempts. The PA group showed significant differences in all EDA values compared with nonsuicidal depressives, but no significant differences compared with other groups.
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Biesmans, Steven, Theo F. Meert, Jan A. Bouwknecht, Paul D. Acton, Nima Davoodi, Patrick De Haes, Jacobine Kuijlaars, et al. "Systemic Immune Activation Leads to Neuroinflammation and Sickness Behavior in Mice." Mediators of Inflammation 2013 (2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/271359.
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Substantial evidence indicates an association between clinical depression and altered immune function. Systemic administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is commonly used to study inflammation-associated behavioral changes in rodents. In these experiments, we tested the hypothesis that peripheral immune activation leads to neuroinflammation and depressive-like behavior in mice. We report that systemic administration of LPS induced astrocyte activation in transgenic GFAP-luc mice and increased immunoreactivity against the microglial marker ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 in the dentate gyrus of wild-type mice. Furthermore, LPS treatment caused a strong but transient increase in cytokine levels in the serum and brain. In addition to studying LPS-induced neuroinflammation, we tested whether sickness could be separated from depressive-like behavior by evaluating LPS-treated mice in a panel of behavioral paradigms. Our behavioral data indicate that systemic LPS administration caused sickness and mild depressive-like behavior. However, due to the overlapping time course and mild effects on depression-related behavior per se, it was not possible to separate sickness from depressive-like behavior in the present rodent model.
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Rajkumar, Ravi Philip. "Depressive Symptoms during an Acute Schizophrenic Episode: Frequency and Clinical Correlates." Depression Research and Treatment 2015 (2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/674641.
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Introduction. Depressive symptoms are common in schizophrenia and are associated with poorer functioning, lower quality of life, and an elevated risk of suicidal behaviour. There are few studies on the occurrence and correlates of these symptoms in acutely ill patients with schizophrenia.Method.72 acutely ill patients with schizophrenia were assessed for depression using the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS). A cut-off score of ≥6 on the CDSS was used to identify clinically significant depressive symptoms. The relationship between depression and illness variables, including psychotic symptom dimensions as measured by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for Schizophrenia (PANSS), was examined.Results. Eleven (15.3%) patients had clinically significant depressive symptoms. These patients scored higher on the positive and general psychopathology scales of the PANSS and had higher rates of suicidal behavior and poorer functioning. The severity of depressive symptoms was positively correlated with the PANSS positive subscale and negatively correlated with the PANSS negative subscale.Discussion. These findings confirm previous reports that depressive symptoms in active schizophrenia is related to the severity of positive psychotic symptoms and is a risk factor for suicidal behaviour in these patients.
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Yulistiyanto, Anggoro Chandra, Mayumi Hersasanti, Rahadian Yudo Hartantyo, Laksmindra Fitria, Abdul Razaq Chasani, and Mulyati Mulyati. "Ulva lactuca Linnaeus Potentially Promotes Reproductive Indices and Depressive-like Behavior of Hypertriglyceridemia Male Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769)." Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology 5, no. 3 (December 14, 2020): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.57924.
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Excessive consumption of fatty foods can lead to hyperlipidemia, which is often coupled with hypertriglyceridemia (HTG), a condition where blood plasma triglyceride (TG) levels elevated beyond normal levels. This condition may disturb physiological functions of the body, such as reproductive functions, and other physiological imbalances leading to chronic stress and depression. Ulva lactuca is a potential natural treatment for HTG, as it contains various nutrients to aid physiological functions. This seaweed also has high levels of Cd, which can increase depression. Therefore, research on the potential benefits of U. lactuca should be followed by an investigation of its health risks. This research aimed to examine the effects of HTG and treatment with U. lactuca on reproduction and depressive-like behavior of male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769). The data collected in this research include body weight, serum TG concentration, gonadosomatic index (GSI), serum testosterone concentration using competitive ELISA, and depressive-like behaviors assessed using the Forced Swim Test (FST) and Open Field Test (OFT). Data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA followed by DMRT, independent- and paired-samples t-test, and Kruskal-Wallis H test with a significance value of α=0.05. Body weight, serum TG and testosterone concentration, GSI, and depressive-like behaviors were increased by the HTG condition. Ulva lactuca at the1500 mg/kg BW/day did not significantly affect body weight, testosterone concentration, and depressive-like behaviors of HTG rats. Meanwhile, this treatment significantly increased the GSI and depressive-like behaviors of healthy rats. These results suggest that Ulva lactuca treatment not only enhances gonad growth and development but also increases depressive-like behaviors.
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Straub, Joana, Ferdinand Keller, Nina Sproeber, Michael G. Koelch, and Paul L. Plener. "Suicidal Behavior in German Adolescents." Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie 43, no. 1 (January 2015): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1422-4917/a000331.
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Objective: Research in adults has identified an association between bipolar disorder and suicidal behavior. This relationship, however, has been insufficiently investigated in adolescents to date. Methods: 1,117 adolescents from 13 German schools (mean age = 14.83, SD = .63; 52.7% females) completed an extended German version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), which assesses depressive and manic symptoms during the last week, as well as the Self-Harm Behavior Questionnaire (SHBQ) for the assessment of lifetime suicidal behavior. Results: In the present sample 39.4% of the girls and 23.1% of the boys reported lifetime suicidal thoughts and 7.1% of the girls as well as 3.9% of the boys a lifetime history of suicide attempts. 18.7% of the adolescent sample revealed elevated symptoms of depression and 9% elevated levels of mania symptoms. Elevated sum scores of depression and mania were associated with a higher number of suicidal ideations and suicide attempts. A block-wise regression analysis revealed that sum scores of depression and mania predicted suicidal ideations best. Concerning suicide attempts, the best predictors were age as well as depression and mania sum scores. Conclusions: Suicidal behavior was reported more often when adolescents demonstrate symptoms of mania as well as symptoms of depression than when they demonstrate only depressive symptoms. The presence of bipolar symptoms in adolescents should alert clinicians to the heightened possibility of suicidal behavior.
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Mei, Guang, Weisheng Xu, Li Li, Zhen Zhao, Hao Li, Wenqing Liu, and Yueming Jiao. "The Role of Campus Data in Representing Depression Among College Students: Exploratory Research." JMIR Mental Health 7, no. 1 (January 27, 2020): e12503. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/12503.
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Background Depression is a predominant feature of many psychological problems leading to extreme behaviors and, in some cases, suicide. Campus information systems keep detailed and reliable student behavioral data; however, whether these data can reflect depression and we know the differences in behavior between depressive and nondepressive students are still research problems. Objective The purpose of this paper is to investigate the behavioral patterns of depressed students by using multisource campus data and exploring the link between behavioral preferences and depressive symptoms. The campus data described in this paper include basic personal information, academic performance, poverty subsidy, consumption habit, daily routine, library behavior, and meal habit, totaling 121 features. Methods To identify potentially depressive students, we developed an online questionnaire system based on a standard psychometric instrument, the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS). To explore the differences in behavior of depressive and nondepressive students, the Mann-Whitney U test was applied. In order to investigate the behavioral features of different depressive symptoms, factor analysis was used to divide the questionnaire items into different symptom groups and then correlation analysis was employed to study the extrinsic characteristics of each depressive symptom. Results The correlation between these factors and the features were computed. The results indicated that there were 25 features correlated with either 4 factors or SDS score. The statistical results indicated that depressive students were more likely to fail exams, have poor meal habits, have increased night activities and decreased morning activities, and engage less in social activities (eg, avoiding meal times with friends). Correlation analysis showed that the somatic factor 2 (F4) was negatively correlated with the number of library visits (r=–.179, P<.001), and, compared with other factors, had the greatest impact on students’ daily schedule, eating and social habits. The biggest influencing factor to poor academic performance was cognitive factor F1, and its score was found to be significantly positively correlated with fail rate (r=.185, P=.02). Conclusions The results presented in this study indicate that campus data can reflect depression and its symptoms. By collecting a large amount of questionnaire data and combining machine learning algorithms, it is possible to realize an identification method of depression and depressive symptoms based on campus data.
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COMPTON, KRISTI, JAMES SNYDER, LYNN SCHREPFERMAN, LEW BANK, and JOANN WU SHORTT. "The contribution of parents and siblings to antisocial and depressive behavior in adolescents: A double jeopardy coercion model." Development and Psychopathology 15, no. 1 (March 2003): 163–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579403000099.
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A dual coercion model of family processes associated with the development of antisocial and depressive behavior during adolescence was assessed, using an at-risk sample of families and children. Consistent with the model, involvement in family coercion during childhood and adolescence increased both boys' and girls' risk for antisocial behavior in adolescence and girls' risk for depressive behavior. Coercive family processes served as a link between older and younger siblings' antisocial behavior. Childhood exposure to maternal depression predicted boys' and girls' depressive behavior 10 years later, but this association was not mediated by coercion. The data suggest that family risk factors and processes for antisocial development are similar for boys and girls but pathways to depression may be gender specific.
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Yamamoto, Yuta, Takashi Ueyama, Takao Ito, and Yoshihiro Tsuruo. "Downregulation of growth hormone 1 gene in the cerebellum and prefrontal cortex of rats with depressive-like behavior." Physiological Genomics 47, no. 5 (May 2015): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00119.2014.
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Depressive-like behaviors in animals are usually assessed by standardized behavioral tests such as the forced swimming test (FST). However, individual variation in test performance may obscure group differences and thereby hinder the discovery of genes responsible for depression. Few reports have shown the influence of individual variability in identifying the genes associated with depressive-like behaviors. In this study, we conducted microarray analysis to identify genes differentially expressed in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and cerebellum of rats stratified by FST immobility ratio (% immobility in 5 min) into a control group [immobility ratio: −1 to +1 standard deviation (SD) from the mean] and a depressive group (immobility ratio: +1 to +2 SDs above the mean). Genes differentially expressed in both the cerebellum and PFC of the depressive group were Alas2, Gh1, Hba-a2, Hbb, Hbb-b1, Hbe2, LOC689064, Mrps10, Mybpc, Olf6415, and Pfkb1. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified Gh1 as a hub gene in the networks of differentially expressed genes in both brain regions. This study indicates that the depressive-like behavior may be related to the decrease of Gh1 expression in the cerebellum and PFC.
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Ali, Talha, Gail McAvay, and Joan Monin. "Dietary Behavior and Depressive Symptoms in Late-Life Marriage." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 369–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1190.
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Abstract Epidemiologic studies have linked dietary patterns to psychological health including depression, anxiety, and stress. However, no research has examined dyadic associations between dietary behavior and depressive symptoms in older married couples. In this study, one hundred and one couples 51 to 90 years of age who were married or in a marriage-like relationship and living together for at least 6 months were recruited. Participants completed questionnaires and self-reported their dietary behavior (i.e., the total number of meals, number of snacks, and number of fast-food meals eaten in a typical day and the number of meals they eat alone and eat sitting down). They also completed the 20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Results of the Actor Partner Interdependence Models controlling for income, education, chronic conditions, and marital satisfaction, showed that for wives only, more meals eaten in a day were associated with lower depressive symptoms (actor effect). Additionally, more snacks eaten by the wife and more meals eaten alone by the wife were associated with higher depressive symptoms for the husband (partner effects). Findings suggest that wives’ dietary behavior is particularly important, not only for their own but also their husbands’ mental health in late-life marriage.
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Igna, Cornel V., Juhani Julkunen, Jari Lipsanen, and Hannu Vanhanen. "Facets of negative affectivity and blood pressure in middle-aged men." Health Psychology Research 1, no. 2 (April 22, 2013): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/hpr.2013.672.
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Research results suggesting that facets of negative affectivity, <em>i.e. </em>anxiety, anger-hostility, and depression, relate to incident cardiovascular diseases have been steadily increasing. Evidence for depression has been especially extensive. Elevated blood pressure, a major risk factor of cardiovascular diseases, is one probable mediator in this context. The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship of specific key elements of depressive disposition, <em>i.e</em>. depressive symptoms, hopelessness and vital exhaustion, with health behavior and blood pressure. Study sample was comprised of 710 middle-aged men. Participants completed self-report questionnaires assessing health behavior, depressive symptoms, vital exhaustion and hopelessness. Statistical analyses involved descriptive analyses, correlations and path analysis. Depressive symptoms and vital exhaustion associated with several unfavorable lifestyles such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and inactivity (standardized solution coefficients: 0.10, 0.14, 0.17, accordingly). However, no significant direct associations with blood pressure could be found for depressive symptoms or vital exhaustion. Hopelessness associated only with unhealthy diet (standardized solution coefficient -0.10) Moreover, for hopelessness, results showed a direct but inverse association with systolic blood pressure (standardized solution coefficient -0.08). Results suggest that the previously reported relations of depression and vital exhaustion with blood pressure could be mediated by unfavorable lifestyles. The relation of hopelessness with adverse health behaviors seems to be less significant. Also, the role of hopelessness as a risk factor of elevated blood pressure is not supported by the results of this study.
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Honeycutt, Lucy, Jean-François Gagnon, Amélie Pelletier, Jacques Y. Montplaisir, Geneviève Gagnon, and Ronald B. Postuma. "Characterization of Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Idiopathic REM Sleep Behavior Disorder." Journal of Parkinson's Disease 11, no. 3 (August 2, 2021): 1409–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jpd-212625.
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Background: Depression and anxiety are common in synucleinopathies and often present during prodromal stages, including idiopathic/isolated REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD). However, the specific profiles of depression/anxiety and their predictive values for phenoconversion remain unclear. Objective: To assess the predominant manifestations, predictive value, and changes over time in depressive and anxiety symptoms in iRBD. Methods: Patients with polysomnography-confirmed iRBD (n = 114) and healthy controls (n = 44) were recruited. The Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory were administered at baseline, which was repeated prospectively over follow-up. Factor solutions were generated to delineate symptom clusters within the scales, and to help disentangle primary mood symptoms from other neurodegenerative confounds. Total scores, individual scale items, and factors were evaluated to 1) compare patients and controls, 2) assess progression of symptoms over time, and 3) assess predictive value for phenoconversion. Results: At baseline, iRBD patients had more severe depressive (9.0 = 6.7 vs 5.8 = 4.8) and anxiety (7.0 = 7.9 vs 4.5 = 6.0) symptoms than controls. Increased scores were seen in numerous individual scale items and most scales’ factors. For depressive symptoms, there was no progression of total scores or factors over time. However, anxiety scores worsened slightly over prospective follow-up (annual slope = 0.58 points, p < 0.05). Over an average 2.4 = 3.1-year follow-up, 37 patients phenoconverted and 72 remained disease-free. Neither baseline depressive nor anxiety symptoms predicted phenoconversion to clinical neurodegenerative disease. Conclusions: Depressive and anxiety symptoms are common in iRBD. However, they do not predict phenoconversion and show only modest progression over time, solely for anxiety.
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Yamada, Nobuko, Goro Katsuura, Yukari Ochi, Ken Ebihara, Toru Kusakabe, Kiminori Hosoda, and Kazuwa Nakao. "Impaired CNS Leptin Action Is Implicated in Depression Associated with Obesity." Endocrinology 152, no. 7 (April 26, 2011): 2634–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2011-0004.
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Recent epidemiological studies indicate that obesity increases the incidence of depression. We examined the implication of leptin for obesity-associated depression. Leptin induced antidepressive behavior in normal mice in a forced swimming test (FST), and leptin-overexpressing transgenic mice with hyperleptinemia exhibited more antidepressive behavior in the FST than nontransgenic mice. In contrast, leptin-deficient ob/ob mice showed more severe depressive behavior in the FST than normal mice, and leptin administration substantially ameliorated this depressive behavior. Diet-induced obese (DIO) mice fed a high-fat diet showed more depressive behavior in the FST and in a sucrose preference test compared with mice fed a control diet (CD). In DIO mice, leptin induced neither antidepressive action nor increment of the number of c-Fos immunoreactive cells in the hippocampus. Diet substitution from high-fat diet to CD in DIO mice ameliorated the depressive behavior and restored leptin-induced antidepressive action. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor concentrations in the hippocampus were significantly lower in DIO mice than in CD mice. Leptin administration significantly increased hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor concentrations in CD mice but not in DIO mice. The antidepressant activity of leptin in CD mice was significantly attenuated by treatment with K252a. These findings demonstrated that leptin induces an antidepressive state, and DIO mice, which exhibit severe depressive behavior, did not respond to leptin in both the FST and the biochemical changes in the hippocampus. Thus, depression associated with obesity is due, at least in part, to impaired leptin activity in the hippocampus.
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Rethorst, Chad D., Ashley E. Moncrieft, Marc D. Gellman, Elva M. Arredondo, Christina Buelna, Shelia F. Castañeda, Martha L. Daviglus, et al. "Isotemporal Analysis of the Association of Objectively Measured Physical Activity With Depressive Symptoms: Results From Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL)." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 14, no. 9 (September 2017): 733–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2016-0648.
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Background:The burden of depression among Hispanics/Latinos indicates the need to identify factors related to depressive symptoms. This paper examines the relationship of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) with depressive symptoms in Hispanic/Latinos.Methods:The Hispanic Community Health Study / Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) is a population-based, cohort study of Hispanic/Latinos in 4 United States metropolitan areas. Objectively measured PA was coded into: sedentary behavior (SB), light-intensity (LPA), moderate-intensity (MPA), and vigorous-intensity (VPA); and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale-10 assessed depressive symptoms. Multiple regression analysis utilizing isotemporal substitution, adjusted for relevant covariates, examined PA as predictors of depressive symptoms.Results:Substitution of 1 hour of SB with VPA resulted in a significant decrease in depressive symptoms (β = –1.215, P = .021). Similar decreases were observed when VPA replaced LPA (β = –1.212, P = .021) and MPA (β = –1.50 P = .034). MPA and LPA were not associated with lower depressive symptoms.Conclusions:Previous research has focused on the relationship of MVPA on depressive symptoms. Our results suggest these constructs should be examined separately as they may have unique relationships with depressive symptoms. The association of SB with greater depressive symptoms confirms previous reports.
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Grigorieva, Alexandrina. "Depressive syndrome in adolescents with risks of substance use." Living psychology, no. 7-3 (October 1, 2020): 52–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.51233/2413-6522_lp-2020-7-3-52-65.
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The article presents an empirical study devoted to the study of depressive symptoms in adolescents with different personality profiles corresponding to high psychological risks of developing addictive behavior. The study materials were obtained from a sample of 140 adolescents with high rates of suicidal and self-harming behavior identified (in a previously published study). Indicators of autoaggressive behavior were diagnosed on the basis of psychodiagnostic testing conducted in secondary schools in the Moscow region. To study the risks of addictive behavior, a questionnaire "Narokrisk" was used (Syrkin L. D., 2016), and a questionnaire for children's depression was used to study depressive symptoms (children's Depression Inventory, Kovacs M., 1992). The study identified 50 people with risk-based personality profiles that correspond to high risks of addictive behavior associated with substance use. According to the results of a comparative analysis in the group with high addictive potential and the control group (n=90), it was found that the integral level of depression in the risk group significantly exceeds the critical value (71), while in the control group, the indicator of depression varies within the normal range. The results of correlation analysis revealed significant relationships between the indicators of individual symptoms and the overall level of depression. Conclusions are made that in adolescents with abulistic, conformal and cognitive-destructive riskbased personality profiles, an increase in addictive potential is accompanied by an increase in depressive symptoms.
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Hervías Higueras, P., L. Maroto Martín, S. Raffo Moncloa, and P. Jiménez de los Galanes Marchán. "Autolytic behavior in acute psychiatric hospitalization." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.2248.
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The aim of the study was to identify inpatients due to autolytic behavior in the acute psychiatric hospitalization of Dr. R. Lafora Hospital. It is an observational, descriptive and retrospective study. We collected information about patients aged 18 to 64 who were hospitalized during the month of January of 2015 in the acute psychiatric hospitalization by Selene software. The results were analyzed by SPSS software; 53.3% of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders were hospitalized for acute exacerbation of paranoid schizophrenia; 57.1% of personality disorders for suicide attempts, 28.6% autolytic ideation; 28.6% of bipolar disorders due to mania, 28.6% depression, 28.6% mixed clinical and 14.29% suicide attempts; 60% of alcohol use disorders for autolytic ideation, 20% intoxication; 100% of substance-related and addictive disorders due to autolytic ideation; 100% of feeding and eating disorders for autolytic ideation; 50% of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders due to autolytic ideation; 100% of adjustment disorders with depressed mood due to drug over-eating; 100% of adjustment disorders with mixed anxiety and depressed mood for mixed clinic; 16.7% of depressive disorders due to dysthymia, 16.7% due to major depressive episode, 16.7% for moderate depressive episode, 16.7% for mild depressive episode with mixed nature, 16.7% for drug over-eating, 16.7% for autolytic ideation. It would be important to focus on patients with a diagnosis of adjustment disorders, personality disorders, alcohol use disorders, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders and bipolar disorders, providing community care and avoiding the risks associated psychiatric hospitalization.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Hawkins, Wesley E., Michele J. Hawkins, and John Seeley. "Stress, Health-Related Behavior and Quality of Life on Depressive Symptomatology in a Sample of Adolescents." Psychological Reports 71, no. 1 (August 1992): 183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1992.71.1.183.
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This study examined the correlations of 21 variables categorized into sociodemographic, subjective quality of life, stress, problem behavior, and health behavior predictors of at-risk and low-risk depressive symptomatology for a sample of 1056 adolescents attending public school. Discriminant function analysis showed lower life satisfaction, higher stress, and perceived unattractiveness as major discriminating variables for at-risk (CES-Depression score >23) versus low-risk depressed adolescents. Only two problem behaviors were significant, smoking for girls and hard drug use for boys.
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Josephson, Gordon, and Valerie Whiffen. "An Integrated Model of Gay Men’s Depressive Symptoms." American Journal of Men's Health 1, no. 1 (March 2007): 60–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988306295795.
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A model of depressive symptoms in gay men is tested that links gender-related personality traits (agency and unmitigated communion) to peer harassment, self-discrepancies in agency, and cold-submissive interpersonal behavior, all of which were reported in previous research to contribute to depression. A sample of 510 gay men was recruited through the Internet. The integrated model was tested using half of the sample and validated with the other half. Significant zero order correlations between the gender-related personality traits and depressive symptoms were mediated by unassured-submissive behavior and self-discrepancies in agency. Recalled peer harassment was linked directly with depressive symptoms and indirectly through unassured-submissive interpersonal behavior.
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Harold, Gordon T., Leslie D. Leve, Hyoun K. Kim, Liam Mahedy, Darya Gaysina, Anita Thapar, and Stephan Collishaw. "Maternal caregiving and girls' depressive symptom and antisocial behavior trajectories: An examination among high-risk youth." Development and Psychopathology 26, no. 4pt2 (November 2014): 1461–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095457941400114x.
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AbstractPast research has identified maternal depression and family of origin maltreatment as precursors to adolescent depression and antisocial behavior. Caregiving experiences have been identified as a factor that may ameliorate or accentuate adolescent psychopathology trajectories. Using a multilevel approach that pools the unique attributes of two geographically diverse, yet complementary, longitudinal research designs, the present study examined the role of maternal caregiver involvement as a factor that promotes resilience-based trajectories related to depressive symptoms and antisocial behaviors among adolescent girls. The first sample comprises a group of US-based adolescent girls in foster care (n = 100; mean age = 11.50 years), each of whom had a history of childhood maltreatment and removal from their biological parent(s). The second sample comprises a group of UK-based adolescent girls at high familial risk for depression (n = 145; mean age = 11.70 years), with all girls having biological mothers who experienced recurrent depression. Analyses examined the role of maternal caregiving on girls' trajectories of depression and antisocial behavior, while controlling for levels of co-occurring psychopathology at each time point. Results suggest increasing levels of depressive symptoms for girls at familial risk for depression but decreasing levels of depression for girls in foster care. Foster girls' antisocial behavior also decreased over time. Maternal caregiver involvement was differentially related to intercept and slope parameters in both samples. Results are discussed with respect to the benefits of applying multilevel (multisample, multiple outcome) approaches to identifying family-level factors that can reduce negative developmental outcomes in high-risk youth.
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Meng, Pan, Yuanshan Han, Qin Yang, Hui Yang, Qing Zhu, Xiaoyuan Lin, Xiuli Zhang, et al. "Xiaoyao Kangai Jieyu Fang, a Chinese Herbal Formulation, Ameliorates Cancer-Related Depression Concurrent with Breast Cancer in Mice via Promoting Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2018 (November 18, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3967642.
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Diagnosis with breast cancer is a major life event that elicits increases in depressive symptoms for up to 50% of women. Xiaoyao Kangai Jieyu Fang (XYKAJY) is derived from a canonical TCM formula, Xiaoyao San (XYS), which has a history of nearly 1000 years for treating depression. The aim of this study was to investigate whether XYKAJY alleviates depression-like behavior and breast tumor proliferation in breast cancer mice then explore the mechanisms underlying its action on HPA axis and hippocampal plasticity further. XYKAJY was treated at the high dose of 1.95 g/mL and 0.488 g/mL, after 21 days of administration. Different behaviors, monoamine neurotransmitters, tumor markers, and the index of HPA axis were detected to evaluate depressive-like symptoms of breast cancer mice. Also, the pathological changes of the tumor, hippocampus, and the expressions of GR, NR2A, NR2B, CAMKII, CREB, and BDNF were detected. In this study, XYKAJY formulation significantly improved the autonomic behavior, reduced the incubation period of feeding, and reversed the typical depressive-like symptoms in breast cancer mice. Also, it reduced the content of CORT, ACTH, CRH, and CA125, CA153, CEA in the blood, protected the pathological changes of the hippocampus and tumor, upregulated the expression of GR, CREB, and BDNF in the hippocampus, and significantly decreased the expression of NR2A, NR2B, and CaMKII. These results provide direct evidence that XYKAJY effectively alleviates depression-like behaviors and tumor proliferation in vehicle mice with ameliorates hippocampus synaptic plasticity dysfunctions.
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Maric, Zorica. "Predicting depressive symptoms in unemployed." Psihologija 38, no. 1 (2005): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi0501005m.
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In this study we review recent research literature focused on relationship between unemployment and depression, and theories emphasizing the mechanisms by which unemployment may contribute to increased levels of depression. Our research investigated depressive symptomatology and its predictors among unemployed people (N = 453) varying in length of unemployment. Results showed that self - mastery, self - esteem, financial strain, gender, intensity of job - seek behavior and length on unemployment were significant predictors of depressive symptoms. Results are discussed in light of current theories of unemployment and mental health and recommendations are made for practice.
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Mokhtari, Tahmineh, Yiheng Tu, and Li Hu. "Involvement of the hippocampus in chronic pain and depression." Brain Science Advances 5, no. 4 (December 2019): 288–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.26599/bsa.2019.9050025.
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Increases in depressive behaviors have been reported in patients experiencing chronic pain. In these patients, the symptoms of pain and depression commonly coexist, impairing their lives and challenging effective treatment. The hippocampus may play a role in both chronic pain and depression. A reduction in the volume of the hippocampus is related to reduced neurogenesis and neuroplasticity in cases of chronic pain and depression. Moreover, an increase of proinflammatory factors and a reduction of neurotrophic factors have been reported to modulate the hippocampal neurogenesis and neuroplasticity in chronic pain and depression. This review discusses the mechanisms underlying the depressive-like behavior accompanying chronic pain, emphasizing the structural and functional changes in the hippocampus. We also discuss the hypothesis that pro-inflammatory factors and neurotrophic factors expressed in the hippocampus may serve as a therapeutic target for comorbid chronic pain and depression.
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Gopalan, Geetha, Lindsay A. Bornheimer, Mary Acri, Andrew Winters, Kyle H. O’Brien, and Anil Chacko. "Multiple Family Group Service Delivery Model for Children With Disruptive Behavior Disorders: Impact on Caregiver Stress and Depressive Symptoms." Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders 26, no. 3 (July 10, 2017): 182–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1063426617717721.
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Disproportionately high rates of caregiver stress and depression are found among poverty-impacted communities, with high levels of caregiver stress and depression putting youth at heightened risk for the onset and perpetuation of disruptive behavior disorders. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a behavioral parent training program called the 4Rs and 2Ss for Strengthening Families Program (4R2S) on caregiver stress and depressive symptoms among 320 youth aged 7 to 11 and their families assigned to either the 4R2S or services as usual (SAU) condition. Among caregivers with clinically significant (CS) scores at baseline, 4R2S participants manifested significantly reduced scores on the stress and depressive symptom scores to SAU participants at 6-month follow-up. Findings suggest that 4R2S may reduce caregiver stress and depressive symptoms among those caregivers initially manifesting CS levels of stress or depressive symptoms.
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Mitic, Milos, Iva Lukic, Natalija Bozovic, Jelena Djordjevic, and Miroslav Adzic. "Effects of female gonadal hormones and LPS on depressive-like behavior in rats." Archives of Biological Sciences 67, no. 3 (2015): 1025–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs150130065m.
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Considerable evidence shows an association of depression with the immune system and emphasizes the importance of gender in the etiology of the disease and the response to inflammatory stimuli. We examined the influence of immune-challenged systems on depressive-like behavior in female rats in the context of gonadal hormones. We used a neuroinflammatory model of depression elicited by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration on naive and ovariectomized (OVX) female rats, and examined the effects of estradiol (E2) and/or progesterone (P4) replacement therapy on animal behavior, as assessed by the forced swimming test (FST). We found that LPS and OVX increase immobility in the FST, while LPS also decreased body weight in naive female rats. Further, even though P4 application alone showed beneficial effects on the behavioral profile (it reduced immobility and increased climbing), supplementation of both hormones (E2 and P4) together to OVX rats failed to do so. When OVX rats were exposed to LPS-induced immune challenge, neither hormone individually nor their combination had any effect on immobility, however, their joint supplementation increased climbing behavior. In conclusion, our study confirmed that both LPS and OVX induced depressive-like behavior in female rats. Furthermore, our results potentiate P4 supplementation in relieving the depressive-like symptomatology in OVX rats, most likely through fine-tuning of different neurotransmitter systems. In the context of an activated immune system, the application of E2 and/or P4 does not provide any advantageous effects on depressive-like behavior.
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Giebel, Clarissa, Caroline Sutcliffe, Hilde Verbeek, Adelaida Zabalegui, Maria Soto, Ingalill Rahm Hallberg, Kai Saks, Anna Renom-Guiteras, Riitta Suhonen, and David Challis. "Depressive symptomatology and associated factors in dementia in Europe: home care versus long-term care." International Psychogeriatrics 28, no. 4 (December 11, 2015): 621–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610215002100.
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ABSTRACTBackground:This study forms part of a larger European programme investigating the transition from home care to long-term care (LTC) facility in people with dementia (PwD) at the margins of LTC. The aim of this study was to explore the factors associated with depressive symptomatology in PwD in different settings.Methods:A total of 1,538 PwD, of which 957 received home care and 581 lived in a LTC facility, and their carers were interviewed. The Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD) measured depressive symptomatology. PwD completed measures of cognition and quality of life (QoL), and informal or formal carers completed measures on the PwD’ QoL, neuropsychiatric behavior, activities of daily living, comorbidities, pain, and falls. Logistic regression was used to assess which factors contributed to depressive symptomatology in the two settings.Results:Those receiving home care, living in Germany, and with severe dementia, showed the highest prevalence of depressive symptomatology. In the home care group, high levels of pain, neuropsychiatric behavior, and comorbidity, as well as low self- and proxy-rated QoL were factors associated with depressive symptomatology. In the LTC group, low proxy-rated QoL, more severe neuropsychiatric behavior, being a male informal carer and living in Germany were associated with depressive symptomatology.Conclusions:Evidence highlights the need for targeting different aspects in the management of depression in dementia, including offering improved pain management for those living in the community. Further research needs to explore cultural variations and carer gender factors associated with higher levels of depressive symptomatology.
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Mesquita, Ana Raquel, Margarida Correia-Neves, Susana Roque, António Gil Castro, Paulo Vieira, Jorge Pedrosa, Joana Almeida Palha, and Nuno Sousa. "IL-10 modulates depressive-like behavior." Journal of Psychiatric Research 43, no. 2 (December 2008): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.02.004.
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Bauer, Rebecca L., Megan S. Chesin, and Elizabeth L. Jeglic. "Depression, Delinquency, and Suicidal Behaviors Among College Students." Crisis 35, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000226.
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Background: Liu (2004) investigated the interaction between delinquency and depression among adolescents and found that delinquency moderated the relationship between depression and suicidal behaviors. Aims: This study also explored the relationship between depression, delinquency, and suicidal behaviors, although delinquency was expected to mediate, as opposed to moderate, the relationship between depression and suicidal behaviors. Method: The participants comprised 354 college students. The students completed a series of questionnaires measuring delinquent behavior, depressive symptoms, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Results: Contrary to Liu’s (2004) findings, delinquency was found not to moderate but rather to partially mediate the relationship between depression and suicidal behaviors. Conclusion: The findings suggest that for some college students, depression is associated with delinquent behaviors, which, in turn, are associated with suicidal behaviors.
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Nelson, George M., and Steven R. H. Beach. "Sequential interaction in depression: Effects of depressive behavior on spousal aggression." Behavior Therapy 21, no. 2 (1990): 167–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80275-8.
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Lim, Dong Wook, Joon Park, Daeseok Han, Jaekwang Lee, Yun Tai Kim, and Changho Lee. "Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Asian Fawn Lily (Erythronium japonicum) Extract on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Depressive-Like Behavior in Mice." Nutrients 12, no. 12 (December 11, 2020): 3809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12123809.
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Neuroinflammation is associated with an increased risk of depression. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment is known to induce pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and a depressive-like phenotype in mice. Although Erythronium japonicum exhibits various health benefits, the role of E. japonicum extract (EJE) in inflammation-associated depression is unknown. This study aimed to explore the anti-inflammatory effect of EJE on LPS-induced depressive symptoms in mice using the open field test (OFT), passive avoidance test (PAT), tail suspension test (TST), and forced swim test (FST). LPS-treated mice had significantly increased immobility time in the TST and FST, decreased step-through latency time in the PAT, and decreased locomotor activity in the OFT. However, administration of 100 and 300 mg/kg of EJE significantly improved these depressive-like behaviors. EJE also prevented the increase in mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and the decrease in IL-10 levels by inhibiting nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) subunit p65 phosphorylation. Additionally, LPS-treated mice showed markedly decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels and phosphorylation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt, while EJE treatment significantly increased these levels in the hippocampus. These results suggest that EJE ameliorated LPS-induced depressive-like behavior by reducing LPS-induced neuroinflammation and activating the BDNF-PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Schramm, Elisabeth, Karin Hediger, and Undine E. Lang. "From Animal Behavior to Human Health." Zeitschrift für Psychologie 223, no. 3 (July 2015): 192–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000220.
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Abstract. Animal-assisted therapy (AAT) has been shown to be effective in recent meta-analyses with an improvement of mental health, quality of life, and a decrease in the sense of isolation. Reduction of depressive symptoms in human beings is one of the most beneficial outcomes of AAT. For relapse prevention in depression, conventional mindfulness programs such as mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy(MBCT) proved to be useful, but are often difficult to learn and produce high dropout rates in high risk patients. For this patient group, the teaching of mindfulness skills was facilitated by using sheep in an open pilot study. Six partially or unstable remitted patients with early trauma participated in eight group sessions of a nature and animal-assisted mindfulness training. The approach was feasible and highly accepted by participants with no dropouts. The results show a decrease of depressive symptoms and rumination, an improvement of overall mindfulness skills, but not of acceptance skills. Further studies using randomized controlled designs are warranted.
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Reinecke, Katharina C. H., Daniela Dvoretska, Peter Joraschky, and Hedda Lausberg. "Fidgeting Behavior During Psychotherapy: Hand Movement Structure Contains Information About Depressive Symptoms." Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy 50, no. 4 (July 7, 2020): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10879-020-09465-5.
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Abstract Fidgeting may be a motor sign reflecting self-regulation processes in patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD) and depressive patients. Since SAD co-occurs with comorbid depression, the question arises whether fidgeting is a disorder-unspecific phenomenon or a specific and therefore diagnostically relevant sign of depression. 33 SAD patients with (n = 12) and without (n = 21) depression from the Social Phobia Psychotherapy Research Network project were compared regarding their nonverbal behavior. Four video sequences of a psychotherapy session with each patient were analyzed using a standardized system for the analysis of nonverbal behavior by two independent, certified, blind raters. SAD patients with comorbid depression exhibited significantly more (number/minute) irregular movements, but fewer (number/minute) repetitive movements than SAD patients without depression. Irregular movements, which reflect less structured motor behavior, are associated with comorbid depression in SAD. In contrast, in SAD without depression, more structured repetitive movements were prominent. Thus, irregular movements represent a diagnostically relevant behavior for comorbid depression among SAD patients.
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Katsuki, Ryoko, Hiroaki Kubo, Itsuki Yamakawa, Naotaka Shinfuku, Norman Sartorius, Shinji Sakamoto, and Takahiro A. Kato. "Association between Self-Restraint Behavior, Stigma and Depressive Tendency in Office Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan—Self-Restraint Behavior and Depression during the COVID-19." Psychiatry International 2, no. 3 (August 3, 2021): 300–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/psychiatryint2030023.
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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has forced people to change their lifestyles, especially with respect to restrictions on going out. Forced quarantine (i.e., lockdown) and self-restraint behavior (SRB), including self-quarantine, are suggested to induce potential negative impacts on public mental health. SRB seems to be related to governmental policies, each individual’s social background and mental condition; however, no empirical studies have been conducted. Methods: 1053 participants (mainly office workers) from epidemic areas and non-epidemic areas in Japan voluntarily conducted an online survey in June 2020. We assessed COVID-19-related aspects such as the degree of SRB, motivation for SRB, stigma, anxiety and depressive feelings due to COVID-19 by original questionnaires) and general mental health status (social anxiety by MINI-SPIN, depressive tendency by PHQ-9, depression-related personality traits by TACS-22 and resilience by TRS). Results: Regional comparison showed significant differences in SRB and social anxiety. People in epidemic areas tend to refrain from going out. Conversely, people in non-epidemic areas tend to shun the public eye. Regardless of epidemic status, proactive SRB was associated with higher motivation for SRB, higher social anxiety, higher depressive tendency, stronger COVID-19-related psychological factors and lower resilience. Moreover, people with proactive SRB in non-epidemic areas had the highest depressive tendency. Discussion: The present cross-sectional survey among office workers in Japan showed that people with proactive SRB have stronger COVID-19-related anxiety and depressive feelings, regardless of where they live. Our key finding is that people with proactive SRB in non-epidemic areas have the highest depressive tendency. Based on the present finding, we herein propose the following hypothesis: Higher levels of depressive tendency may enhance proactive SRB, which may be partly associated with higher levels of stigma, anxiety and depressive feelings related to COVID-19. Limitations: The general tendencies to avoid danger and stigma were not evaluated. Conclusions: Depressive tendency is suggested to be associated with proactive SRB against COVID-19. Intervention for depressive tendency in non-clinical settings (e.g., workplaces) may help citizens understand the infectious situation appropriately and to behave effectively during the pandemic. Further investigations should be conducted to clarify the present findings.
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Dart, Evan H., Prerna Arora, Tai Collins, Kevin Stark, Clayton R. Cook, Mylien T. Duong, Carolyn A. McCarty, and Beth Doll. "Developing a Brief Behavior Rating Scale for Progress Monitoring of Depression in School Settings." Assessment for Effective Intervention 45, no. 3 (September 10, 2018): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1534508418799179.
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Frequent formative assessment of students’ functioning, or progress monitoring, is a critical component of multi-tiered systems of support as data inform data-driven decisions about response to treatment. Progress monitoring tools for students’ academic and behavioral functioning are readily available and widely researched; however, despite the documented prevalence of depressive disorders among youth and that schools have been put forth as an ideal location for the delivery of mental health services, there are currently no progress monitoring tools to examine students’ response to interventions that target depression. To address this gap, this study sought to develop a progress monitoring assessment of students’ depressive symptoms using an empirically informed model for creating Brief Behavior Rating Scales (BBRS). Using this model, a four-item BBRS of depressive symptoms (BBRS-D) was created from the item pools of the Beck Depression Inventory for Youth (BDI-Y) and Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) administered during a treatment study of depression in female youth; the resulting short scale corresponds well to the full-length assessments (i.e., r = .65 and r = .59); however, the BBRS-D possessed lower than adequate internal consistency (α = .50) and test–retest reliability ( r = .56). Limitations and future directions are discussed.
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Klingbeil, Julian, Max-Lennart Brandt, Max Wawrzyniak, Anika Stockert, Hans R. Schneider, Petra Baum, Karl-Titus Hoffmann, and Dorothee Saur. "Association of Lesion Location and Depressive Symptoms Poststroke." Stroke 52, no. 3 (March 2021): 830–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.120.031889.
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Background and Purpose: Poststroke depression is a common stroke sequel, yet its neurobiological substrates are still unclear. We sought to determine whether specific lesion locations are associated with depressive symptoms after stroke. Methods: In a prospective study, 270 patients with first ever stroke were repeatedly tested with the depression subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale within the first 4 weeks and 6 months after stroke. Voxel-based lesion behavior mapping based on clinical imaging was performed to test for associations between symptoms of depression and lesion locations. Results: Frequency of poststroke depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-D score >7) after 6 months was 19.6%. Higher Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-D scores for depression within the first 4 weeks were the only independent predictor for poststroke depression after 6 months in a multiple logistic regression also including age, sex, lesion volume, stroke severity, Barthel-Index, and the anxiety subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Nonparametric permutation-test based voxel-based lesion behavior mapping identified a cluster of voxels mostly within the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex where lesions were significantly associated with more depressive symptoms after 6 months. No such association was observed within the right hemisphere despite better lesion coverage. Conclusions: Lesions in the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex increase the risk of depressive symptoms 6 months poststroke. Lesions within the right hemisphere are unrelated to depressive symptoms. Recognition of left frontal lesions as a risk factor should help in the early diagnosis of poststroke depression through better risk stratification. The results are in line with evidence from functional imaging and noninvasive brain stimulation in patients without focal brain damage indicating that dysfunction in the left lateral prefrontal cortex contributes to depressive disorders.
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Barbosa Méndez, Susana, and Alberto Salazar-Juárez. "Mirtazapine attenuates anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in rats during cocaine withdrawal." Journal of Psychopharmacology 33, no. 5 (April 23, 2019): 589–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881119840521.
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Background: Anxiety and depression, key symptoms of the cocaine withdrawal syndrome in human addicts, are considered the main factors that precipitate relapse in chronic cocaine addiction. Preclinical studies have found that rodents exposed to different withdrawal periods show an increase in anxiety and depressive-like behavior. Mirtazapine – a tetracyclic medication – is used primarily to treat depression and, sometimes, anxiety. It has also successfully improved withdrawal symptoms in drug-dependent patients. Aim: This study sought to determine whether chronic dosing of mirtazapine during cocaine withdrawal reduced depression- and anxiety-like behaviors that characterize cocaine withdrawal in animals. Methods: Cocaine pre-treated Wistar rats were subjected to a 60-day cocaine withdrawal period during which depression- and anxiety-like behaviors were evaluated in open field tests (OFT), the elevated plus-maze (EPM), the light–dark box test (LDT), the forced swimming test (FST) and spontaneous locomotor activity (SLA). Results: We found that chronic dosing with different doses of mirtazapine (30 and 60 mg/kg) decreased depression- and anxiety-like behaviors induced by different doses of cocaine (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) during the 60-day cocaine withdrawal. Interpretation: Our results suggest that the pharmacological effect of mirtazapine on its target sites of action (α2-adrenergic and 5-HT2A and 5-HT3 receptors) within the brain may improve depression- and anxiety-like behaviors for long periods. Conclusion: Therefore, the findings support the use of mirtazapine as a potentially effective therapy to reduce anxiety and depressive-like behavior during cocaine withdrawal.
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Stanley, Shyla C., Steven D. Brooks, Joshua T. Butcher, Alexandre C. d'Audiffret, Stephanie J. Frisbee, and Jefferson C. Frisbee. "Protective effect of sex on chronic stress- and depressive behavior-induced vascular dysfunction in BALB/cJ mice." Journal of Applied Physiology 117, no. 9 (November 1, 2014): 959–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00537.2014.
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The presence of chronic, unresolvable stresses leads to negative health outcomes, including development of clinical depression/depressive disorders, with outcome severity being correlated with depressive symptom severity. One of the major outcomes associated with chronic stress and depression is the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and an elevated CVD risk profile. However, in epidemiological research, sex disparities are evident, with premenopausal women suffering from depressive symptoms more acutely than men, but also demonstrating a relative protection from the onset of CVD. Given this, we investigated the differential effect of sex on conduit artery and resistance arteriolar function in male and female mice following 8 wk of an unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) protocol. In males, plasma cortisol and depressive symptom severity (e.g., coat status, anhedonia, delayed grooming) were elevated by UCMS. Endothelium-dependent dilation to methacholine/acetylcholine was impaired in conduit arteries and skeletal muscle arterioles, suggesting a severe loss of nitric oxide bioavailability and increased production of thromboxane A2 vs. prostaglandin I2 associated with elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an increased level of systemic inflammation. Endothelium-independent dilation was intact. In females, depressive symptoms and plasma cortisol increases were more severe than in males, although alterations to vascular reactivity were blunted, including the effects of elevated ROS and inflammation on dilator responses. These results suggest that compared with males, female rats are more susceptible to chronic stress in terms of the severity of depressive behaviors, but that the subsequent development of vasculopathy is blunted owing to an improved ability to tolerate elevated ROS and systemic inflammatory stress.
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Wang, Yihe, Jingjing Xu, Yuan Liu, Ziyang Li, and Xiaohong Li. "TLR4-NF-κB Signal Involved in Depressive-Like Behaviors and Cytokine Expression of Frontal Cortex and Hippocampus in Stressed C57BL/6 and ob/ob Mice." Neural Plasticity 2018 (2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7254016.
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Studies found that elevated levels of cytokines such as interleukin- (IL-) 1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) are closely associated with the pathogenesis of depression. Obesity providing a low-grade inflammation state was proposed to be implicated in susceptibility to depression in obesity. However, the alterations of cytokines and the TLR4-NF-κB signal in the brain of normal-weight and obese mice under stress have not been fully elucidated. This study used chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) to induce a depressive-like behavior in an animal model and examine depressive-like behaviors, memory changes, and serum corticosterone levels, as well as the expressions of cytokines and NF-κB in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. We aimed to observe the role of neuroinflammation in susceptibility to depression in obesity under CUMS. In addition, we investigated the protective effect of inhibiting the TLR4-NF-κB signal. Our results demonstrated that CUMS induced depressive-like behavior and spatial memory damage, higher level of serum corticosterone, and overexpression of cytokines and NF-κB in the frontal cortex and hippocampus in both C57BL/6 and ob/ob mice. ob/ob mice displayed serious behavioral disorder and higher levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and NF-κB. Our results concluded that a hyperactive TLR4-NF-κB signal and higher level of cytokines are involved in susceptibility to depression in stressed obese mice.
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Epanchin, Betty C., and Mary Sue Rennells. "Parents' and Teachers' Sensitivity to Unhappiness Reported by Undercontrolled Children." Behavioral Disorders 14, no. 3 (May 1989): 166–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019874298901400301.
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The primary purpose of this study was to investigate parents' and teachers' sensitivity to the unhappiness and depression of 110 elementary-aged undercontrolled children being treated in an inpatient program. Sensitivity was operationally defined as congruence between the child's responses on two self-report measures (Children's Depression Inventory and Hopelessness Scale for Children) and the adults' behavioral ratings of the children on behavior checklists (Child Behavior Checklist and Teacher Report Form). The first hypothesis that children's self-reports of depressive symptoms would not be significantly correlated with parents' and teachers' ratings of depressive symptomatology was supported. Secondly, it was hypothesized that there would be no differences in the level of self-reported depressive symptoms when children who were rated as depressed by their parents and teachers were compared with children rated as not depressed by their parents and teachers. This was also supported. Finally, it was hypothesized that children who reported significant levels of depressive symptomatology would be rated by their parents and teachers as having more behavior problems than children who did not report significant levels of depressed symptomatology. This was partially supported. The implications of these results in relation to identification and treatment are discussed.
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Williams, Susan G., Jennifer Langhinrichsen-Rohling, Cory Wornell, and Heather Finnegan. "Adolescents Transitioning to High School: Sex Differences in Bullying Victimization Associated With Depressive Symptoms, Suicide Ideation, and Suicide Attempts." Journal of School Nursing 33, no. 6 (January 5, 2017): 467–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059840516686840.
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Adolescents transitioning to high school may be at greater risk of depression and suicide if they are victims of bullying behavior. This study explored sex differences in bullying victimization (physical, verbal/social, and cyberbullying) and the impact on depressive symptoms and suicidal behaviors in ninth-grade students ( N = 233). Females reported significantly more verbal/social and cyberbullying than male students. There were no significant sex differences in physical bullying; male students who reported physical bullying victimization were more likely to experience depressive symptoms. Verbal/social bullying predicted depressive symptoms in males and females. Females who reported being victims of cyberbullying were more likely to report depressive symptoms, suicide ideation, and suicide attempts. Eighteen students reported suicide attempts, and each also experienced verbal/social bullying. School nurses are positioned to reach out to transitioning students, screen for mental health issues, provide a safe place to talk about bullying experiences, and promote positive mental health.
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Whittle, Sarah, Marie B. H. Yap, Lisa Sheeber, Paul Dudgeon, Murat Yücel, Christos Pantelis, Julian G. Simmons, and Nicholas B. Allen. "Hippocampal volume and sensitivity to maternal aggressive behavior: A prospective study of adolescent depressive symptoms." Development and Psychopathology 23, no. 1 (January 24, 2011): 115–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579410000684.
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AbstractIt has been suggested that biological factors confer increased sensitivity to environmental influences on depressive symptoms during adolescence, a crucial time for the onset of depressive disorders. Given the critical role of the hippocampus in sensitivity to stress and processing of contextual aspects of the environment, investigation of its role in determining sensitivity to environmental context seems warranted. This study prospectively examined hippocampal volume as a measure of sensitivity to the influence of aggressive maternal behavior on change in depressive symptoms from early to midadolescence. The interaction between aggressive maternal behavior and hippocampal volume was found to predict change in depressive symptoms. Significant sex differences also emerged, whereby only for girls were larger bilateral hippocampal volumes more sensitive to the effects of maternal aggressive behavior, particularly with respect to experiencing the protective effects of low levels of maternal aggressiveness. These findings help elucidate the complex relationships between brain structure, environmental factors such as maternal parenting style, and sensitivity to (i.e., risk for, and protection from) the emergence of depression during this life stage. Given that family context risk factors are modifiable, our findings suggest the potential utility of targeted parenting interventions for the prevention and treatment of adolescent depressive disorder.
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Wachholz, S., M. Esslinger, M. Schäfer, and A. Friebe. "Mikroglia als Vermittler immuno-logischer Aspekte der Depression." Nervenheilkunde 33, no. 11 (2014): 780–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1627746.
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ZusammenfassungEine Immunaktivierung geht häufig mit Verhaltensänderungen (sickness behavior) einher, die Teil der unspezifischen Immunantwort sind, über inflammatorische Zytokine gesteuert werden und durch veränderte Priorisierung von Aktivitäten zur erfolgreichen Immunabwehr beitragen. Bei chronischer Immunaktivität kann sich aus diesen Verhaltensänderungen ein depressives Syndrom entwickeln. Dieser Zusammenhang wurde anhand humaner Modelle (immunaktivierende Behandlung mit Interferon-alpha) bestätigt. Umgekehrt finden sich erhöhte Immunparameter auch bei primär depressiven Patienten und Studien zeigten antidepressive Effekte einer anti-inflammatorischen Add-on-Therapie. Psychischer Stress, der eine Aktivierung des peripheren Immunsystems bewirkt und Hauptrisikofaktor für die Entwicklung einer depressiven Episode ist, könnte hier als Bindeglied fungieren. Mikroglia sind an vorderster Front in inflammatorische Prozesse im ZNS involviert und parallel an der Aufrechterhaltung synaptischer Verbindungen beteiligt. Sie bilden eine wichtige Schnittstelle zwischen Inflammation und Neurotransmission. Sowohl inflammatorische Prozesse in der Peripherie als auch psychischer Stress führen zur Aktivierung von Mikroglia und triggern die Induktion eines pro-inflammatorischen, neurotoxischen Phänotyps. Freigesetzte Zytokine und neurotoxische Metabolite induzieren über vielfältige Mechanismen depressive Symptome und triggern degenerative Prozesse (Neuropilreduktion). Eine Beteiligung der Mikroglia in der Pathophysiologie der Depression wird vermutet.
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ÁVILA, Gabriela Ádima de Camargo, Aline Blaya MARTINS, Otávio Pereira D'AVILA, Matheus NEVES, Juliana Balbinot HILGERT, and Fernando Neves HUGO. "Association between depressive symptoms and dental care-seeking behavior among elderly Brazilian people." Revista de Odontologia da UNESP 45, no. 3 (April 12, 2016): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-2577.22215.
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Abstract Background Depressive symptoms are highly prevalent among the elderly population (10%). These symptoms frequently appear when there is a loss of quality of life associated with social exclusion and the appearance of severe diseases. Feelings of sadness, discouragement, despondency and deception, and events such as the loss of close friends and family can also be related to these symptoms. The consequences of depressive symptoms include negative oral health outcomes, such as a decrease in the frequency of toothbrushing, greater prevalence of caries and higher probability of the appearance of periodontitis. Aim This study aimed to evaluate the association between the presence of depressive symptoms and problem-oriented oral healthcare behavior, as well as the absence of healthcare-seeking behavior. Material and method 872 elderly people living in two health districts in Porto Alegre were evaluated. They provided information on socioeconomic variables at an interview, and responded to the Geriatric Depression Scale-15 and to a questionnaire assessing dental care-seeking behavior. In addition, an oral examination was performed. When analyzed using Poisson regression with robust variance, the variables of male sex, less schooling, lower income, reduced number of teeth, presence of root remnants and presence of depressive symptoms were found to be independently associated with the outcome. Result There was a significant difference regarding dental care-seeking behavior in relation to elderly people presenting depressive symptoms and those in low socioeconomic strata having poor oral status. Conclusion It was concluded that these factors need to be taken into consideration when evaluating dental care-seeking behavior.
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Mellick, William, Carla Sharp, and Monique Ernst. "Depressive Adolescent Girls Exhibit Atypical Social Decision-Making in an Iterative Trust Game." Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 38, no. 3 (March 2019): 224–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2019.38.3.224.
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Introduction: Interpersonal trust behavior is an important target for the identification and treatment of psychiatric disorders with interpersonal dysfunction. Adolescent depression is a highly interpersonal disorder marked by impaired social interactions. However, trust has received little empirical attention. The examination of reward-related decision-making using behavioral economic methods is a relatively novel approach for studying trust in adolescent depression. The present study employed a modified trust game to examine whether depressive adolescents exhibited perturbed reward-related decision-making in social and/or nonsocial contexts. Methods: One hundred and thirty adolescent girls (65 depressive, 65 healthy comparisons) played a modified trust game under two conditions, interpersonal risk-taking (trust) and general risk-taking (lottery), and completed self-report psychopathology measures. Results: Three-way repeated measures ANCOVA analyses revealed a significant group × game interaction such that while the depressive group invested more across trials in the trust game they invested similarly to healthy comparisons in the lottery condition. Discussion: Findings highlight the interpersonal nature of adolescent depression. Future research may help determine whether increased trust behavior is characteristic of depression in adolescent girls. Behavioral economic games, like the trust game, may serve as valuable therapeutic tools for improving social interaction style among depressive adolescents.