Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Deprivation theory'

Every day, individuals commit acts which are considered immoral, unethical, even criminal, often to gain material advantage. Many people consider cheating on taxes, cheating on tests, claiming false benefits, or avoiding transport fare to be wrong, but they do them anyway. While some of these acts may not be formally illegal, they are, at best, considered morally dubious and is labeled “everyday crime.” Anomie theory holds that individuals make decisions based on socialized values, which separately may be contradictory but together, balances each other out, producing behavior considered “normal” by society. When one holds an imbalanced set of values, decisions made on that set may produce deviant behavior, such as everyday crime. RD theory holds that individuals who perceive their own deprivation, relative to someone else, will feel frustration and injustice, and may attempt to ameliorate that feeling with deviant behavior. Data from the 2006 World Values Survey were analyzed using logistic regression, testing both constructs concurrently. An individual was 1.55 times more likely to justify everyday crime for each calculated unit of anomie; and 1.10 times more likely for each calculated unit of RD. It was concluded from this study that anomie and relative deprivation were both associated with the tendency towards everyday crime.

The following thesis presents the results of a mixed-design study (quasi-experimental and true experimental) testing an integrated model of human risk-taking behavior, defined statistically as a preference for variance in outcomes. The research presented examines the relationships among early-life environmental conditions (i.e., harshness and unpredictability), life-history strategy, and risk-taking behavior for primary resources under various "resource-budget" conditions consisting of deprivation and non-deprivation in two areas: (1) Social-inclusion and (2) caloric "Energy-budget." Two hundred and forty seven (N=247) university students participated in the research. In session one, participants completed multiple questionnaires assessing levels of environmental harshness and unpredictability experienced during development and individual life-history strategy. In session two, participants were pseudo-randomly assigned to experience laboratory induced deprivation or non-deprivation in one of two possible areas: Social-inclusion or caloric "Energy-budget." Following the experimental manipulations, participants played two different behavioral risk-taking tasks: (1) The Wheel Spin Risk Task which required participants to select between a low variance "safe" wheel and a high variance "risky" wheel in an attempt to earn either points or food rewards (depending upon study condition). (2) The Operant Risk Taking Task which required participants to select between a low variance "safe" keyboard key which produced constant rewards and a high variance "risky" keyboard key which produced variable rewards (points or food, depending upon study condition). The results of the multivariate analyses supported main effects only (no moderation) between the characteristics of the early-life environment, life-history strategy, and the experimental manipulations on risk-taking behavior. Specifically, early-life harshness was significantly associated with a faster life-history strategy in participants. Participants with a faster life-history strategy were significantly more likely to select the risky spin wheel on the Wheel Spin Risk Task than were slower life-history strategy participants who were more likely to select the safe spin wheel. Furthermore, participants who experienced the deprivation experimental manipulations behaved more risky on the Operant Risk-Taking Task (for reward amount) than did participants exposed to the non-deprivation manipulations in the study. Interestingly, this effect was domain-general in that deprivation in either Social-inclusion or Energy-budget was associated with risk taking for both social points and for food rewards. The results of this study suggest that life-history strategy is predictive of instrumental risk-taking behavior for reward amount and that deprivation in adaptive areas like Social-inclusion and Energy-budget enhances risk-taking behavior for primary rewards in a domain-general manner as opposed to a domain-specific manner.

This study examines the impact of relative deprivation on juvenile delinquency. Though this topic has been explored by several researchers, there has not been much consistency in the research due to the operationalization of key variables. Traditionally, relative deprivation has been referenced in relation to Merton's Classic Strain Theory, using economic indicators to measure relative deprivation. Webber and Runciman however, expanded upon Merton's original premise and integrated more diverse measures of relative deprivation into their research. The current study utilizes Agnew's General Strain Theory (GST) as a means to measure relative deprivation as a broader and more subjective topic. This unique approach in the study of relative deprivation utilizes aspirations as a primary measure of relative deprivation.<br>M.A.<br>Department of Sociology<br>Sciences<br>Applied Sociology MA

The State of Israel’s control of the West Bank and their creation of settlements has led to feelings of frustration amongst the Palestinian population. The significance of the next generation in a conflict that has been ongoing for generations becomes crucial when aiming for peace, as the youth of today will be the adults of tomorrow. Therefore, this study researches how Palestinian university students perceives the Israeli settlements as well as examining whether if the Relative Deprivation Theory can explain these potential perceptions and the possible willingness amongst Palestinian students to participate in social movements. The methodology is based on qualitative semi-structured interviews with ten Palestinian students from Bethlehem University, which then has been analysed. The results of this study indicate that the respondents feel deprived of seven different themes, namely (1) Demolition, (2) Economy, (3) Freedom of Movement, (4) Freedom of Speech, (5) Permits, (6) Resources and (7) Services. Furthermore, the result shows that nine out of ten respondents are, or have been, participating in activities to achieve social change. In addition to feeling deprived of the seven different themes, all the respondents also felt frustration and/or negative feelings towards the existence of Israeli settlements. The analysis focuses on how the respondents partake in social movements as well as what their opinions about the resistance activities are. It became clear that all the respondents feel, or have felt, a willingness to participate in activities to achieve social change. However, the respondents use different forms of activities, such as protesting in the streets, demonstrating, and/or raising awareness, but there is an overarching social movement which focuses on “the Palestinian cause”. Finally, this study supports the idea of Relative Deprivation Theory, as the willingness to partake in social movements seems to be high amongst the respondents due to them being deprived of essential services and resources.

This thesis examines development as a catalyst for the decision to migrate. Specifically, the two complementary theories of relative deprivation and social networks are examined to explore possible associations between level of household development and migrants' designation of savings or remittances towards development-related purposes and whether remittances are positively affected by migrants' participation in a hometown association (HTA). The study relied on data from the Mexican Migration Project (MMP), using the historical Mexican sending state of Jalisco. The MMP, using an ethnosurvey method, gathers data on individual migrant experiences, including border-crossing methods, jobs held, and participation in migrant hometown associations, amenities found in individual households, and available services in communities. No support was found for the first hypothesis, which predicted that relative deprivation was a catalyst of migration. Support was found for the second hypothesis, that migrant participation in HTAs, specifically in social clubs, positively influenced designation of savings or remittances for development-related purposes. This same support was not the case for migrant involvement in sport clubs. This thesis contributes to social network theory, pinpointing the positive effect that migrant participation in hometown associations has on designating money towards development.<br>Master of Arts

Background: The aims of this qualitative research were to explore a range of challenges encountered by mothers coping with infant sleep difficulties, and subsequent impacts on the transition to becoming a parent. The intention was twofold – to raise awareness amongst practitioner psychologists that “many new mothers experience some level of emotional distress and all deserve systematic and compassionate support” (Boots Family Trust, p.1), with particular reference to early relationship formation, and to encourage opportunities for translation from multidisciplinary research into practice. Method: Five semi-structured interviews were conducted. Four with mothers who were either experiencing, or had in the past experienced sleep difficulties with their babies. The fifth was with a professional ante-natal educator, herself a mother. The interviews were transcribed and analysed according to a constructivist version of grounded theory methodology guided by Charmaz (2006). Analysis: A central narrative of ‘the wearing mask of transition’ was developed from four analytic categories: being me’, ‘being pushed to the limit’, ‘relationships’ and ‘coping, learning and trusting’. The interconnectedness of the categories was conveyed via the visual translation of the proposed pluralistic model – ‘the coping mask of transition’. Conclusion: After having been neglected within mainstream mental health services, perinatal mental wellbeing is currently being prioritised, representing a unique opportunity for multidisciplinary consultation and sharing of expertise and training. The ‘normal’ experiences of the women interviewed were revealed as emotionally complex. They worked through their sleep deprivation and distress feeling largely unsupported, and often unwilling to disclose even to partners the extent of their difficulties. It is hoped that this small-scale study, with its focus on a non-clinical population, and the significance of maternal mental and emotional wellbeing and outcomes for children, will encourage professionals to consider the distressing impacts of ‘normal’ sleep disturbance and deprivation within the broader context of this major life transition.

Tanzania’s natural resources are national resources for the benefit of all Tanzanian citizens (The Arusha Declaration, 1967). The liberalization of the Mining Industry in the mid-1990s sparked hope in the country that the socio-economic status of all citizens across the nation would improve as a result of the mineral resource revenues obtained by the Government of Tanzania. Contemporary literature on mining in Tanzania has mostly riveted on issues surrounding a triangular relationship between the mining girdle and its population, foreign mining companies, and the Government of Tanzania. Hardly any attention has been given to the non-mining rural districts where the poor majority reside. This qualitative study using a phenomenological approach explored the shared experiences of citizens living in non-mining rural districts and their ascribed meanings of inequitable distributive realities in mineral resource revenues in Tanzania. The study employed the theories of relative deprivation and human needs for the theoretical framework. Study findings revealed seven core essences: socio-economic insecurity, inequity and injustice, communication and trust, investment and technology, moral leadership and human capital, growth and a culture of dependency. Understanding these essences should help determine policies and practices that promote equitable distribution of not only mineral resource wealth but also in other types of natural resource wealth found in the country; allowing for a true/win-win tri-partnership relationship involving all stake-holders: Tanzanian citizens, foreign investors, and the Government of Tanzania.

[Abstract]: A stress and coping framework was used to explore psychological factors influencing coping behaviours, mental health, and employment outcomes among the unemployed. Jahoda’s (1982) deprivation theory was also incorporated in the exploration. Jahoda proposed that unemployment not only deprives individuals of the manifest, or financial benefits, of employment, but it also deprives them of five latent, or psychosocial benefits, including collective purpose, social contact, status, time structure, and activity. Two studies were carried out, the first being a cross-sectional paper-based survey of 371 unemployed participants (214 males and 157 females, aged between 16 and 65 years) from South East Queensland. A follow-up survey was then carried out 6 months later on 115 of those same participants (59 males and 56 females, aged between 17 and 64). At Time 2, 58 participants had found jobs and 57 had remained unemployed. The variables measured in Study One included coping resources, cognitive appraisals, coping behaviours, and mental health. The coping resources included the personal resources of self-esteem, job seeking efficacy, positive affect, negative affect, and employment commitment, along with financial resources, measured by net fortnightly income, and social resources, measured by social contact during leisure. Job seeking efficacy was measured by self-promotion efficacy and task-focused efficacy. The former involves interpersonal tasks, such as promoting oneself to others as a job seeker, whilst the latter is more impersonal and involves tasks such as writing a resume. The cognitive appraisal variables included employment expectation, satisfaction with employment status, leisure meaningfulness, economic deprivation, and perceived access to the five latent benefits of employment, outlined by Jahoda. The coping behaviours included leisure activity and job search behaviours, including job applications, job search intensity, and job search methods. Mental health was measured by the GHQ-12 (Goldberg, 1972). The same variables were measured in Study Two, with the exception of the leisure variables. Other variables measured in Study Two included job satisfaction and job quality. Study One found that the most consistent predictors of job search behaviours were geographic region, employment commitment, and self-promotion efficacy, with participants living in the metropolitan area, those with a higher commitment to work, and those with greater efficacy being more actively engaged in job seeking. Leisure activity was significantly correlated with mental health and was predicted by availability of financial resources, positive affect, time structure, leisure meaningfulness, and level of education. That is, more frequent leisure activity was associated with being less financially restricted, higher positive affect, greater time structure, more meaningful leisure, and higher levels of education. Mental health was predicted by self-esteem, positive affect, negative affect, employment commitment, satisfaction with employment status, and financial hardship. Participants with better personal coping resources, greater satisfaction with their employment status, and less financial hardship were less likely to have clinical symptoms. The aforementioned variables accounted for 56% of the variance in mental health, and the logistic regression model correctly classified over 84% of cases as having clinical or non-clinical symptoms. The same model, with the exception of employment commitment, was tested in Study Two for the 57 continuously unemployed participants. It accounted for 62% of the variance in mental health, with similar classification accuracy to that at Time 1. The mental health of the 58 employed participants at Time 2 was predicted by occupation, collective purpose, activity, positive affect, and negative affect. Participants in higher skilled occupations, with higher collective purpose, greater activity, higher positive affect, and lower negative affect were less likely to have clinical symptoms. Those variables accounted for 62% of the variance in mental health and correctly classified 84.5% of cases as being clinical or non-clinical. One of the consistent predictors of job search behaviours at Time 2 was job search training. Participants who had completed a training program some time during the 6 months of the research project were more actively looking for work. Training did not, however, enhance participants’ job seeking efficacy or employment expectations. Study Two demonstrated that self-promotion efficacy, employment expectations, and job search behaviours had deteriorated over the 6 month research period, whilst task-focused efficacy increased. Employment status (i.e., gaining employment or remaining unemployed) was predicted by age, job applications, satisfaction with employment status, self-promotion efficacy, employment commitment, and time structure. Job acquisition was predicted by being younger, having submitted more job applications, being dissatisfied with employment status, having higher self-promotion efficacy, having higher employment commitment, and having less structured time. The logistic regression model including those variables accounted for 28% of the variance in employment status (employed or unemployed). Results of a mixed design analysis of variance in Study Two demonstrated that self-esteem, negative affect, satisfaction with employment status, financial hardship, financial strain, social contact, time structure, and mental health were all positively influenced by gaining employment, but showed either very little change or deteriorated for participants who remained unemployed. This research identified important predictors of coping behaviours, mental health, and job acquisition that can be used as a guide for developing suitable intervention strategies for the unemployed.

The loss of human capital that is the result of repatriate turnover has plagued multi-national companies' expatriate programs for decades. In striving to avoid this outcome, many are today sending their employees on so-called short-term expatriate assignments for which the long term effects are unknown. This study attempts to remedy this using quantitative methods and the latest developments in Identity Theory, but falls short due to difficulties in gaining access to respondents.

This qualitative phenomenological study was designed to gain an in-depth understanding of the lived experiences of Nigerian citizens on corruption and conflict. A review of the literature found a gap in the understanding of the lived experiences of participants on corruption and conflict in Nigeria, and this study was designed to fill that gap. Using a purposeful sampling method, the investigator targeted 20 Nigerian citizens who have experienced corruption and conflict. The phenomenological method provided the basis for a reflective structural analysis that exposes the meanings and essences of the lived experiences of the participants on corruption and conflict in Nigeria. Participant interviews showed that many Nigerians encounter bribery on a daily basis because of the following reasons: they were encouraged by a perceived culture of greed, a culture of impunity, a culture of impropriety and a culture of no accountability. All of the participants indicated the need to survive the harsh realities of living in Nigeria. The study revealed a broad variety of corruption and conflict situations in Nigeria. This dissertation adds value and richness to existing body of knowledge, which suggested to policy makers, advocates and civil society of the need to develop policies and strategies to stem corruption as part of a wider strategy for resolving the negative conflicts that currently characterize the socio-political and economic landscape of Nigeria. Overall, as part of the major contributions and objectives, this dissertation illuminated the psychological impacts of corruption and conflict in Nigeria. In other words, this research bridged the gap between the social structural understandings and impacts of corruption and the personal component.

Presented through the lens of the Theory of Relative Deprivation (Tajfel & Turner, 1986), this thesis aims to establish and quantify the link between inaccessibility in online contexts for people with low-vision or blindness, and the psychosocial impacts that may be associated with this inaccessibility. As there is existing research on this topic with elderly participants (Lagacé, Charmarkeh, Zaky, & Firzly, 2016), the focus for this research was working-aged people. The following research questions were addressed: 1) Does perceived lack of internet accessibility lead to perceptions of unfairness among low-vision or blind individuals? 2) In turn, do perceptions of unfairness negatively impact their level of self-esteem, and civic engagement? The hypothesized results were modeled as lower levels of perceived access lead to lower levels of perceived fairness, which in turn, lower the levels of civic engagement and self- esteem. Using a sample of 69 participants between the ages of 21-65, a self-report questionnaire was administered. It was found that perceived fairness was correlated on three of four scale items with self-esteem levels; the perception of fairness was not correlated with civic engagement; civic engagement and self-esteem were significantly correlated; and perceived access was correlated with levels of self-esteem.

This qualitative study explored and described the lived experience of people with brain injuries with regard to resuming their worker roles. Based on the results, an occupational therapy practice model to facilitate return to work was developed. The theoretical framework of occupational science with emphasis on occupational risk factors informed the study. The research design was a theory generative design based on a qualitative, phenomenological, explorative and descriptive research approach utilizing the methods of theory generation as advocated by Chinn and Kramer (1999), Walker and Avant (2005) and Dickoff, James and Wiedenbach (1968).

<p>The United States of America is one of the most powerful countries in the world and their broadcasting system has become a role model to the rest of the world. Since the US charge less for their media products in third world countries, it is cheaper even for poor countries to import American content than to purchase local products. The aim with our survey is to explore whether heavy consumers of American television programs in Kenya hold positive attitudes to the American lifestyle and experience feelings of relative deprivation as a result of this consumption. Comparisons are made between students in an urban and a rural area.</p><p>The theoretical framework for this study includes cultivation theory which investigates the effects of the values and behaviors of the television audience. It also includes relative deprivation, which is based on the assumption that people experience deprivation when they compare themselves with others – so called reference groups. In our case the reference group is the American lifestyle. A third theory used for this study is cultural imperialism which says that dominating, mainly western media corporations impose their cultural values on third world countries, as in this case, Kenya.</p><p>In this study we are using a quantitative survey based on questionnaires handed out to Kenyan students at two different universities, one in a rural and one in an urban part of Kenya.</p><p>Television is an important part of everyday life for Kenyan students and they consume more than we had predicted. We concluded that the respondents in our study generally have negative attitudes to their life and their country, but a more positive impression of life in the US. Relating these findings to the television consumption of the respondents, the students that watch American programs the most are students at the university in the urban area, and they are more positively disposed to Kenya, but more negative to the US, compared to the Egerton students in the rural area that generally do not favor American programs. These results do not support the theories chosen for this study. Based on our results, our conclusion is that the attitudes held by the USIU students do not originate from television consumption, but do most likely depend on other influences.</p>

<p>Different Perspectives is a study of detainees' and guards' experiences of the remand prison. The result of the study shows that the remand prison brings forth the individuals anxiety, stress and fear. The individual detained in remand prison have a great need for contact with their families, but also with the guards. In the remand prison there is always a great level of control and always some kind of power practised. It is the guards who have the power and the competences to make the individuals detained in remand prison follow the rules and do what they have been told. The society possesses biases and a great curiosity about remand prisons and the people being there. This can lead to stigmatization among both the detained individuals as well as the guards.</p>

the present report illustrates the research path developed during the PhD program in Economics at the University of Genova and discuss its results. The report consists of three independent chapters which reflect the chronological order of the activities carried out during the program. In the first 2 chapters, two articles are discussed. They belong to the research field inaugurated by Townsend (1987), that is, the analysis of deprivation in urban contexts and the relation between socio economic conditions and health status. The first article consists in a detailed analysis of the distribution of deprivation in the metropolitan city of Genoa and of its relationship with the health status of the resident population, represented by a generic measure of health such as premature mortality. Information on 14 variables used to assess deprivation was available at the level of the Unità Urbanistiche. These are small administrative units with territorial homogeneity and historical and cultural traditions which appear to be suitable for statistical analyses. An exploratory factorial analysis identified two groups of variables which, according to definitions in the literature, identify the two dimensions of deprivation, material deprivation and social deprivation. For each dimension, two indices were calculated on the basis of two non-compensatory methodologies, the Mazziotta Pareto Index and the Pena Distance Index. Health status was measured through a measure of premature mortality, measured through the calculation of age-standardized SMR. The calculation of the attributable risk was used to evaluate the proportion of the excess mortality observed in various areas which can be attributable to deprivation, and a geographical analysis is presented. The results of the work, in line with the available evidence, confirm the association between material deprivation and premature mortality, but fail to show a relationship with social deprivation. The second article presents the results of an analysis of deprivation in Argentine urban areas, with the aim of assessing the presence of a relationship with the average health status of the residents Based on data extracted from the 2017 Survey on Permanent Families in Argentina (EPH), a continuous survey carried out on 32 urban areas in Argentina, five variables were identified, four relating to material and the fifth to social deprivation. The Mazziotta-Pareto Adjusted Index was calculated to provide a synthetic and quantitative measure of the level of deprivation. An analysis of hierarchical clusters was carried out to group different urban areas into deprivation classes and analyse the state of health. The primary measure of the health status used in this study was Life Expectancy at birth. The results, in line with the literature, allow to conclude that the proposed mixed deprivation index accounts for a significant proportion of the variability in Life expectancy at birth across urban areas. In the third chapter , a study is presented that was developed in in the research field of contract theory. In particular, it refers to contracts in the presence of information asymmetry and the consequent moral hazards and it is aimed at providing policy makers with a tool for an informed use of resources while identifying the sources of inefficiency and waste. The study is focussed on the problem of defining contracts for the provision of transport services for people with disabilities in a Principal-Agent context. The main issues derive from the hidden actions of the agent and the uncertainty which is due to the type and level of disability of the user which give rise to problems of incomplete information. The work consists of two parts. In the first, the conceptual framework, the theoretical tools and the main assumptions are presented, including: the description of a principal-agent relation under asymmetric information; the optimization problem of the principal; the description of the causal variables, which are the effort applied by the agent in the supply of the service and the disability condition of the user, which, in general terms, is referred to as "complexity"; the statistical tool used to model the probability related to the uncertainty which characterizes the service analysed, which is the logistic function; the relation between independent variables and outcome variable; and the agent’s risk aversion. The second part of the study includes the description of two empirical models which, through various simulations, analyse how causal variables affect the probability of the positive result that is the regular performance of the transport service, the expected principal expenditure and the expected agent utility. The results suggest that, as expected, the more complex the disability condition of the user is, the greater expected expenditure of resources is, but the analysis of the dynamics of the contract, which has actually highlighted the opportunity for unfair behaviours of the agent, suggests that moral hazard is stronger in situations where the user is less complex. As the user’s level of disability increases, the agent is less inclined to implement opportunistic behaviours as the uncertainty of the final result increases exogenously.

Previous research has shown that separately and in some combinations internal and external variables (e.g., fashion consciousness, the weather), in addition to the demographic variables of the individual (e.g., gender, age), can affect dress choice. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between the variables within the Choice of Professional Dress system and businesswomen's choice of professional dress along the classic–innovative fashion continuum (e.g., whether the professional dress is considered by the dress adopter as more classic or more innovative). A model was developed for this study to illustrate the relationships between multiple variables that are proposed to influence an individual's choice of professional dress. A survey questionnaire was created to investigate businesswomen's choice of professional dress along the classic–innovative fashion continuum in regards to variables within two of the internal subsystems, the demographic subsystem, and the two external subsystems of the Choice of Professional Dress system. Data was collected via an online survey managed by a marketing research company. Participants were predominately married, Caucasian, businesswomen between 30 and 40 years old who held primarily occupations such as office and administrative support or management and financial operations. Multiple regression analyses and ANOVA were employed to test the relationships between the Choice of Professional Dress variables and businesswomen's selection of professional dress for work, as proposed in five main hypotheses. Results of the multiple regression analysis and ANOVA indicated significant relationships between businesswomen's choice of professional dress along the classic–innovative fashion continuum and demographics (i.e., age, education), as well as internal variables (i.e., fashion consciousness, professional image/role, comfort, appearance labor, availability of professional dress) and external variables (i.e., company culture, company dress policies, profession). These results contribute to academia by providing a deeper and richer understanding of businesswomen's professional dress choice as well as the placement of these choices by businesswomen on the <i>Fashion Continuum</i>. Based on the findings, academic and practical suggestions as well as recommendations for future research were provided.<br>Ph. D.

This study examines employees who, during the spread of the Covid-19 virus, have had to switch from working in the workplace to digital teleworking. The aim of the study is to achieve a deeper understanding of how the informants are experiencing their social work environment in digital teleworking, by examining how they experience their relationships with colleagues, managers and cohabitants, as well as how they experience their organizations’ handling of the social work environment. The empirical data consists of 6 qualitative, semi-structured interviews. The theoretical framework of the study consists of Jahoda’s Deprivation theory and Ahrne’s theory of the Organizational centaur, both of which concern the importance of social contact in the workplace. The result of the study show how the respondent’s collegial relationships are affected or even deteriorative by the digital telework during Covid-19 , and how the relationships with cohabitants have changed their dynamics by becoming more work oriented. The result also shows that the respondents perceived lack of organizational management of the social work environment during their new work circumstances caused by Covid-19. Meanwhile, the experiences of employee engagement for digital social contact has increased, as well as perceived social support from those whose partners also work from home. The conclusions of the study are that work seems to fulfill an unintentional social function that is irreplaceable, and that employee initiatives for social interaction increase when the employees feel that the employer invests too much in organizational goals<br>Denna studie undersöker arbetstagare som under spridningen av Covid-19 har behövt ställa om från arbete på arbetsplatsen till digitalt distansarbete. Studiens syfte är att nå en djupare förståelse av hur respondenterna upplever den sociala arbetsmiljön i det digitala distansarbetet, genom att undersöka hur de upplever relationerna till kollegor, chefer och samboende samt hur de upplever organisationernas hantering av den sociala arbetsmiljön. Den empiriska datan består av 6 stycken kvalitativa, semistrukturerade intervjuer i vilket respondenterna fått berätta om sina upplevelser. Studiens teoretiska ramverk utgörs av Jahodas deprivationsteori och Ahrnes teori om den organisatoriska kentauren, vilka båda berör vikten av social kontakt i arbetet. Resultaten som framkommer vittnar om försämrade eller uteblivna kollegerelationer i det digitala distansarbete som orsakats av Covid-19, en ändrad relationsdynamik med samboende och upplevd bristande organisationshantering av den sociala arbetsmiljön i det digitala distansarbetet. Samtidigt återfinns dock upplevelser av ett ökat medarbetarengagemang för digital social kontakt, samt ett socialt stöd från partners som också arbetar hemifrån. Slutsatserna blir att arbetet verkar fylla en oavsiktlig social funktion som är oersättlig, samt att medarbetarinitiativen för socialt umgänge ökar då arbetstagarna upplever att arbetsgivaren satsar för mycket på organisatoriska mål.

Little is known about how residents of rapidly growing cities are impacted by the loss of natural environments. Large cities are expanding at an exponential rate, reducing the presence of, and access to, natural environments for urban dwellers. Many benefits to human health regarding the presence of natural environments near where people live and work are known, but impacts of the loss of natural environments for urban dwellers are unknown. The purpose of this qualitative investigation was to understand residents' experiences regarding the loss of natural environments and related impacts. Attention restoration theory and place attachment were the theoretical lenses used to examine this problem. Data were collected via in-depth interviews from a purposive sample of 20 San Antonio residents. Using interpretative phenomenological analysis procedures, 7 themes emerged: (a) environment (b) health (c) safety (d) finance (e) community and culture (e) factors related to deprivation of nature, and (f) recommendations for improvements. Residents expressed concerns for their health, mental health, the environment, wildlife, byproducts of urbanization, social well-being, personal safety, and finances. Other possible key factors related to the process of deprivation of nature included experiencing a loss of freedom, associated with emotional impacts similar to sadness. Residents of San Antonio, city planners, and policy makers could benefit from understanding these impacts on residents. Data from this study may contribute to possible implications for social change and new knowledge and insights in the areas of health, mental health, social responsibility, urban planning, land conservation, and environmental psychology.

The background to this thesis is the dramatic increase of the long-term sickness absence that took place in Sweden from the late 1990s. There was also a shift in the diagnostic pattern with rising mental diagnoses. The overall purpose was to describe and try to understand the process leading to long-term sickness absence from the perspective of the sickness absentees, in order to get a better knowledge base for preventive and rehabilitative actions. The thesis comprises four studies (I-IV). Research methods have been both qualitative and quantitative. In study I data from individual interviews with 32 persons on long-term sick leave due to burnout was analyzed using a grounded theory approach. In study II the study population comprised of 2064 employed sick-listed persons, a sub sample derived from the 2002 national Swedish survey on health, working conditions, life situation and sick-listing. It was analyzed if persons with burnout had higher probability of having experienced the steps in the burnout staircase compared to other diagnostic groups in accordance with the previously suggested hypothesis of "the burnout staircase". Study III comprised of 2521 employed persons, a sub sample derived from the same national survey as in study II. It was analyzed if psychosocial work environment and conflicts and losses in private life independently or in combination were more strongly associated to sickness absence with mental diagnoses as compared to a healthy population. In study IV individual interviews with 25 professional rehabilitation actors and 14 unemployed sick-listed persons were conducted. Data were analyzed according to grounded theory method. The process that led to sicknes absence can be described as an emotional deprivation process, illustrated as a flight of stairs (the burnout staircase) describing a sequence of steps toward sickness absence (I). In accordance with the tested hypothesis persons with burnout to a noticeable higher extent reported expereince of being in the different steps in the burnout staircase compared to sickness absentees with other diagnoses. The model seemed to be valid also for persons with other mental diagnoses (II). Reorganization and conflicts at work as well as adding adverse private life events were associated with increased risk for sickness absence with mental diagnosis (III). Three significant factors behind the weak co-operation between local social insurance and employment agencies were identified: indistinct regulation of co-operation, shifting political goals over time and conflicting goals between agencies (IV). In this thesis it has been suggested that the course of events preceding sickness absence might be understood as a process of emotional deprivation, where the individual is gradually emptied of the life-giving emotional energy revealed in joy, commitment, and empathy. This life-giving force finds its nourishment in safe and secure social relations with others and in a social structure that promotes this type of social relations. The profound changes in the Swedish labour market during the 1990s influenced not just the psychosocial work climate but also the rehabilitation efforts for unemployed sick-listed persons. When the political goal of reducing the unemployment level came to the forefront the indistinct regulation and the conflicting goals in addition were factors that impaired co-ordinated rehabilitation. In this process also the physicians were involved. A labour market problem was turned into a medical problem.

The challenges of backlogs experienced amongst Grade R-learners, results in learners not being school and learning ready when entering Grade 1. Obstacles for example are insufficient stimulation, under developed perception, and poor gross and fine motor skills, require early intervention and ought to receive attention in Grade R. From the socialecological perspective and taking into consideration the great amount of learners in South Africa originating from deprived environments, the study is focused in the domain of the Social Deprivation Theory. The bio-ecological context within which learners find themselves, influence the cognitive and perceptual development of every learner. Epistemologically the study focuses on the similarity between Critical Theory and Interpretivism. Critical Theory highlights the meaning of experience as manifested in relation to social circumstances and developmental background. Interpretivism in this study focuses on the meaning which individuals attach to their experiences in the spotlight and results in greater understanding and insight of the researched phenomenon. Circumstances of deprivation occur worldwide, even in developed countries like United States of America (USA) and England. Already for decades in USA young children gain in their development through intervention in early childhood (Ludwig & Phillips, 2007). Duncan and Brooks-Gunn (2000) identified a relation between child poverty/deprivation and poor school performance in the USA. Research in England (Thompson, 2000) shows that the impact of social neglect of children have serious consequences. The National Education Policy Act (Pandor, 2008; SA DvO, 1997:2) uses Early Childhood Development (ECD) as an umbrella term which refers to the development processes whereby children physically, intellectually, emotionally, spiritually, morally and socially grow and develop from birth to the age of nine years (SA, DoE, 1995, White paper 5,). The kind of education learners receive in Grade R is crucial to their further development in the education system (Van Zyl, Le Roux & Janse van Rensburg 2011, DvO, 1997:2). Learners lacking an adequate foundation may experience difficulties throughout their school career. In South Africa there is concern as to the standard of education and training, manifesting in a low pass rate on Grade 12-level. This study is undertaken to determine the current shortages in the South African educational system which may hinder the learning potential of Grade R-learners. An attempt is made to determine which handicaps/backlogs Grade R-learners experience, which fits the framework of the deprivation theory, which can undermine learner readiness. This study determine whether intervention by means of a perceptual-motor skills programme can enhance the school readiness of pre-school learners. Finally to determine which shortages/ backlogs exists in the perceptual-motor skills of Grade R nlearners from deprived backgrounds in South Africa. Guidelines for a perceptual-motor intervention program was developed through this study. A combination of quantitative and qualitative data-analysis is used in this study (Onwuegbuzie, Johnson en Collins, 2009). The dissertation is compiled in article format. In the first article of the study, the issues of teacher development and support mechanisms and equipment at primary schools and kindergartens are explored. Qualitative and phenomenological research was undertaken and information was gathered by means of questionnaires directed at teachers. In the following article the school readiness of 48 Grade R-learners from deprived backgrounds were tested. The research participants came from similar sosio-economic background, from quintile one and two schools. Seeing that those were the only primary schools with Grade R classes in that area, they were identified on behalf of their availability. In this study the data was analysed and descriptive statistics (means, averages, standard deviations, minimum and maximum values, percentages) and t-tests were used to determine variations in terms of perceptual motor skill development and learning readiness. An experimental group of 21 Grade R learners followed a 10 week long perceptual-motor skills intervention programme. In the follow-up school readiness test (article 3), results indicated that the intervention showed a positive response with regards to the school readiness of the Grade R learners. Drawing to a conclusion (article 4), the intervention programme is critically discussed and recommendations were made to all those concerned with Grade R teaching (teachers, principals, Departments of Education). The conclusion according to the results of the research shows that the intervention had a positive effect on the school and learning readiness of this group of Grade R learners.<br>Thesis (PhD (Curriculum Development Innovation and Evaluation))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

The purpose of this study is to examine the opinions of the land reform by the young population in Stellenbosch, South Africa. So far, the land reform that was implemented already in 1994, has not proven to be effective on the country’s huge inequality of land ownership between the black and white population. The white minority still own the majority of the land, due to historical injustices that developed through colonisation of South Africa and during the apartheid rule.  Since 2014, the discussions of the land reform have got more attention, both nationally and internationally, due to a new policy proposal called land expropriation without compensation. The objective of the thesis were therefore to gain an understanding on the perception of the land reform by both black and white people. To accomplish this, semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with seven people from black ethnicities and seven people from white ethnicities. The interviews were outlined to analyse how grievance would be affected by the land reform, as well as if the respondents answers differed due to homogeneous characteristics. The main results from this research was that there were no indication on that the level of relative deprivation would be affected by the land reform. Although, the majority of the respondents stressed the importance of the land reform to be given the right support and attention by the government in order to be successful. This could in turn be seen as problematic whereas most of them did not express much trust for the government. In addition, the perception by the land reform could generally not be interconnected to a certain background characteristics. The answers to both of the research questions could be explained by the uncertainty about the implementation of the land reform.

Paper 2: Individual Specific Weighting Scheme to a Multidimensional Poverty Measure Abstract Weights in the estimation of multidimensional poverty have a central role by showing the relative importance of dimensions. This paper proposed two differentweighting schemes: endowment and distributional based weighting schemes.The later weighting scheme gives more weight to the dimension with small number of deprived individuals. On the other hand, the endowment based weighting scheme gives more weight to the dimension with large number of deprived individuals. The proposed weighting schemes considerboth distributional equity and simultaneous deprivations of indicators. Using the Ethiopian rural household survey (ERHS) data for the year 2004, the paper compared the proposed weighting schemes with the equal weighting scheme approach. The empirical result showed that, the multidimensional poverty index (MPI) estimation using endowment based equity weight has a lower estimate than the equal weighting approach. This happened because the indicators that have a small number of deprived individuals have got a higher weight under the equal weighting approach.<br>Paper 1: A Panel Multidimensional Poverty Estimation for Ethiopia Abstract Estimating the extent of poverty is a preliminary task before implementing any anti-poverty project. This can be done by creating a holistic individual deprivation index for different life dimensions. Currently, there are a growing number of multidimensional poverty index (MPI) studies. However, there exist only few empirical papers for Ethiopia that used country-specific well-being indictors in a panel data framework. This paper estimated the MPI for Ethiopia using the Ethiopian Rural Household Panel Data Survey (ERHS) for the years 2004 and 2009. The study used five dimensions and nineteen country specific well-being indicators to estimate MPI. The MPI estimation with the counting approach showed that the percentage of multidimensional poor people for the years 2004 and 2009 were 35% and 25% respectively. The paper decomposed MPI across regions, household sizes, and depth and breadth of poverty. The MPI decomposition across time estimate confirmed that the large decrease in the MPI was the result of a significant decrease in the number of poor households among the middle and the large families than a decrease in the number of deprivations. The panel MPI decomposition also showed that, once a household slipped into poverty, the probability of exiting from it was very low. Child mortality contributed more for the decrease in the breadth of poverty. Moreover, the decrease in asset deprivation contributed the largest for the decrease in MPI across the two periods. The use of country-specific indicators such as land holding and crop stored for agrarian economy are more likely to identify poor people than indicators used in internationally comparable MPI estimation. This panel based MPI estimation clearly showed the progress or regresses of the household in achieving a particular indicator over time.<br>Paper 3: Preferences in the Multidimensional Poverty Measure Abstract One of the most challenging issues in the measurement of multidimensional poverty is the selection of the appropriate weight attributed to each dimension. The paper proposed an observed preference weighting scheme based on four domains: happiness, importance, perceived deprivation and easiness to achieve. Those domains discussed with rank and scaling methods to check consistency of choices and to create a holistic weighting scheme. The proposed weighting scheme is sensitive to equity and efficiency. To elicit individual preferences to well-being dimensions the paper used a survey that has collected from Ethiopia. The paper estimated multidimensional poverty index (MPI) using six preference models and compared them with the equal weighting approach. The estimated results showed that the MPI measure with preference based weighting approach is higher than the equal weighting approach. The inclusions of all domains in the preference based weighting scheme have a significant difference on MPI estimates compared to the situation where only one domain used as a weight. Besides, it is also found that, getting relatively similar MPI estimate is not a guarantee for having the same poor individuals across models. Furthermore, the paper founds that the MPI estimate varied a lot when dimensional cutoffs are set by individual’s subjective threshold and an objective threshold. The result from the survey showed that most of the respondents believe that they are less poor than what the objective measure identifies. The findings from the regression result also confirmed that individual’s well-being improves more with people’s perceived deprivations than the observed deprivations used as explanatory variables. Hence, the paper suggests that considering people’s perception about dimensions threshold and weights could help to identify the dimensions which improve people’s welfare.

Staging Sleep: Labor, Care, and Rest in Contemporary Performance examines an archive of plays and performances from the past forty years—which I term sleep theatre—including dramatic literature that foregrounds sleep and sleeplessness and performance art in which the artist sleeps in front of an audience. Contemporary theatre about sleep exposes the roots of sleep loss in overwork, healthcare disparities, and housing insecurity and imagines alternative social possibilities for sustainable rest. I understand the concerns and possibilities raised by sleep theatre through the framework of social reproduction theory, a feminist analysis of the vital forms of labor antecedent to commodity production, including housework and dependent care, that keep us all alive. I reorient theatre scholarship on sleep away from psychoanalytic readings of staged dreams and toward an understanding of sleep as a political act shaped by social and material contexts. In Staging Sleep, I argue that studying sleep in theatre and performance art offers new insights into social relations of care and interdependence among performers and spectators, and that sleep onstage not only critiques inhumane economic arrangements but also imagines myriad new social configurations that value rest over work. Staging Sleep begins in 1980, in the immediate aftermath of two decades of international Marxist feminist organizing that saw politicized housewives agitating for recognition of the value of both their work and their leisure. I demonstrate how sleep theatre expands and complicates this political legacy, beginning with the continuing global assault on welfare and unions in the 1980s. In my first chapter, I track how pioneering socialist feminist playwright Caryl Churchill develops the sleepless housewife as a character type, bringing sleep to the stage in a new way as a linchpin of her critique of the family. I then track sleep in theatre as a site of experimentation informed by feminist, queer, and disability studies through the 2010s. Chapter 2 explores sleep in plays by Sarah Kane, Maria Irene Fornes, and Peggy Shaw at the nexus of illness, friendship, and a fraying welfare state. Chapter 3 examines how directors stage homeless sleep in four recent adaptations of Cymbeline from the UK and South Sudan. My final chapter asks how performance itself creates the care and attention necessary to sustain sleep in the globe-touring, iterative performance artworks Best Place to Sleep and Black Power Naps. Sleep performances imagine, enact, and test the limits of very different configurations of labor and rest: ways of life in which caretaking labor is redistributed, and resilience and health become collective concerns rather than individual responsibilities. I suggest that sleep performance is a nascent theatrical phenomenon that will continue to reappear as politically-minded artists work through the theatrical possibilities of spectatorship, site, and immersion in the context of deep questions of everyday justice and equity. Staging Sleep shows how theatre can exploit and transform the weirdness of watching someone sleep, or of falling asleep in the audience, into a restructuring of our practices of work and rest, space and shelter, toward ensuring safe and restorative sleep as a universal right.

In this dissertation we follow the migration path from initiation through implementation to reaction: we study the decision-making process that leads to migration; we explore the behavior of migrants in their country of destination; and we model institutional responses at destination to the presence of migrants. Specifically, using the standard toolkit of applied microeconomic theory, we shed light on three specific components of the analytics and policy design of migration: the evolution of networks; the assimilation of migrants; and the enactment of employer sanctions. We present our results in four essays. In the first essay we explore the formation, evolution, and functioning of migration networks. Using an idea akin to a Rotating Savings and Credit Association (ROSCA), we show that cooperation between would-be migrants (the formation of a network) can expedite access to a rewarding yet costly employment opportunity abroad, and we find that the risk of opportunistic behavior by those with whom would-be migrants cooperate in order to finance and expedite their migration, limits the (optimal) size of the migration network. In the second and third essays, building on the theory of comparison groups and relative deprivation, we study the assimilation behavior of migrants. In the second essay we focus on individual choices as a determinant of the assimilation outcome, whereas in the third essay we shift our attention to community choices. In the second essay we draw a distinction between social integration (blending into the host country’s society) and economic assimilation (acquisition of human capital that is specific to the host country’s labor market). We find that a non-integrated migrant chooses to acquire a relatively limited amount of human capital. However, when a migrant is made to integrate, his increased exposure to comparisons with the natives prompts him to acquire more destination-specific human capital. We make recommendations for assimilation policies, drawing on the notion that when interpersonal comparisons are taken into account, social integration can be a catalyst for economic assimilation. In the third essay we analyze the cohesion of a community of migrants as a determinant of their assimilation. We show that a tightly knit community of migrants shields itself from exposure to relative deprivation - which arises from comparisons with the richer natives - by maintaining a uniformly low level of assimilation. We identify a policy intervention that breaks the hold of a tightly knit community (which acts to constrain assimilation), thereby inducing all members to assimilate by more. In the fourth essay we analyze the repercussions for the welfare of the native workers of penalizing employers for employing illegal migrants. Studying the reaction of a profit-maximizing firm to the introduction of government-imposed sanctions, we find, quite unexpectedly, that they can actually hurt the intended beneficiaries. The reason for this is that the firm responds to the sanctions by reassigning managers from the supervision of production to the verification of the legality of the firm’s workforce. This reorganization impedes production efficiency and reduces the wages and / or employment of the native workers. The three topics studied in this dissertation serve as vivid examples of how applied microeconomic theory can be used to unravel new aspects of migration behavior, yield unexpected results, delineate fresh hypotheses, and suggest novel policies. In concluding the dissertation, we list several possible extensions, and we sketch ideas for follow-up research.<br>Celem niniejszej pracy jest analiza zjawiska migracji międzynarodowych na trzech jego etapach: począwszy od momentu kształtowania się decyzji o migracji i mechanizmu zapewnienia środków na zrealizowanie tego celu w kraju źródłowym, poprzez analizę zachowań imigrantów w kraju docelowym, po reakcję instytucjonalną kraju docelowego na obecność imigrantów. W pracy w szczególności poruszono, używając metodologii opartej o teorię mikroekonomii, problem formowania się sieci migracyjnej, asymilacji imigrantów, oraz kwestię skutków polityki sankcji dla pracodawców za zatrudnianie nielegalnych imigrantów. Praca została podzielona na cztery eseje. Pierwszy esej ukazuje sieci migracyjne jako mechanizm umożliwiający oraz przyspieszający ruchy migracyjne z krajów rozwijających się. Mechanizm ten działa podobnie jak tzw. rotacyjne wspólnoty oszczędnościowo-kredytowe (ROSCA - Rotating Savings and Credit Association). Mianowicie, grupa osób chcących wyemigrować z biednego kraju oszczędza wspólnie, a gdy zgromadzone środki pozwalają na wysłanie jednej osoby do bogatszego kraju, odbywa się losowanie, kto pierwszy spośród tej grupy wyruszy w podróż. W dalszej kolejności ta osoba, wykorzystując wyższe dochody w bogatszym kraju docelowym, zobowiązuje się przekazywać z powrotem więcej pieniędzy niż mogłaby odkładać z dochodów w biedniejszym kraju źródłowym. Dzięki temu wsparciu, kolejne osoby z grupy mogą odbyć podróż szybciej, niż gdyby odkładały środki tylko ze swoich niskich dochodów. Taki schemat oszczędzania niesie jednak ze sobą ryzyko – jeśli osoba wylosowana do odbycia podróży wcześniej okaże się nieuczciwa i nie dotrzyma obietnicy przysyłania funduszy z powrotem do kraju źródłowego, to grupa oszczędzająca traci środki „zainwestowane” w nieuczciwego emigranta. I właśnie to ryzyko jest przedmiotem głównej analizy pierwszego eseju, w którym pokazano, że ryzyko to nie pozwala rozrosnąć się dowolnie sieci migracyjnej, lecz ma ona określony optymalny rozmiar. W drugim i trzecim eseju do analizy zachowań asymilacyjnych imigrantów wykorzystano podejście oparte na teorii grup referencyjnych i relatywnej deprywacji. Drugi esej podejmuje analizę indywidualnych decyzji jako determinantów stopnia asymilacji populacji imigrantów, natomiast esej trzeci poświęcony jest analizie decyzji zbiorowych. W drugim eseju podstawą badania jest rozróżnienie między integracją społeczną (formowaniem powiązań z populacją tubylców kraju docelowego) a asymilacją ekonomiczną (rozumianą jako nabywanie kapitału ludzkiego specyficznego dla rynku pracy kraju docelowego) imigrantów. Analiza wykazała, że niezintegrowany imigrant wybiera również niski poziom kapitału ludzkiego. Jednak kiedy warunki instytucjonalne („polityka integracyjna”) zmuszają go do zbliżenia się do populacji tubylców, relatywna deprywacja odczuwana z ich strony popycha go do zwiększenia dochodów poprzez uformowanie większego zasobu kapitału ludzkiego. Głównym wynikiem eseju drugiego jest zatem ukazanie roli integracji społecznej w asymilacji ekonomicznej migrantów oraz sformułowanie zaleceń dla wypracowania efektywnych polityk asymilacyjnych. W eseju trzecim analizowana jest z kolei rola spójności populacji imigrantów w ich asymilacji. Ta część badania pokazuje, że populacja imigrantów charakteryzująca się wysokim poziomem spójności dąży do utrzymania wspólnego, niskiego poziomu asymilacji, aby chronić się przed relatywną deprywacją ze strony (bogatszych) tubylców. Na bazie tej analizy zostało również zaproponowane rozwiązanie instytucjonalne, które aktywuje całą społeczność imigrantów w kierunku asymilacji. W czwartym eseju badany jest wpływ polityki mającej ograniczyć zatrudnianie (a więc i napływ) nielegalnych imigrantów (czyli sankcji dla pracodawców za zatrudnianie nielegalnych imigrantów) na dobrobyt populacji tubylców. Analiza reakcji firmy maksymalizującej zysk na wprowadzane przez rząd sankcje wykazała – nieco zaskakująco – że mogą one obniżyć dobrobyt rodzimych pracowników, czyli zaszkodzić tym, którzy mieli być głównymi beneficjentami takiej polityki. Powodem tego jest zmniejszenie efektywności firmy, która część zasobów musi przenieść z procesu produkcji na weryfikację legalności zatrudnionych pracowników, co obniża wynagrodzenie i / lub zatrudnienie rodzimych pracowników. Jako podsumowanie przedstawione są propozycje badań będących kontynuacją i rozszerzeniem tematyki podjętej w niniejszej pracy.

Thirty-seven patients identified as vocally disruptive and a control group, selected from 264 patients at psychogeriatric wards were studied. Tape-recordings of their vocal behaviour, ratings of their functional performance and symptoms related to dementia, observations of their behaviour, activities and interaction with caregivers were performed. Seventeen plus sixteen caregivers were interviewed to give their interpretation of the experience behind the behaviour and describe their own experience of it. The severely demented vocally disruptive patients were found to be significantly more physically dependant, disorientated at the ward and prone to confusional reactions but they had a more preserved speech performance than the controls. The vocal activity expressed such as helplessness, pain, fear and protest. Some were emotionally indifferent and a few expressed positive emotions. Caregivers interpreted the behaviour as an expression of anxiety related to such as abandonment, dissolution and loss of autonomy. They also expressed a strong wish to comfort the patients but felt unable to do so. The patients' daily life was characterized by idleness and solitude. Caring activities and interactions were dominated by physical procedures performed in a fragmentary and rapid way. Two hypotheses are generated. 1. Vocally disruptive behaviour develops influenced by sensory deprivation and the brain damage. 2. The care provided is influenced by caregivers experiencing anxiety in the patients as well as experiencing a conflict between the care they would like to provide and the care they actually provide. This evokes anxiety in them which elicits defence mechanisms leading to emotional withdrawal from the patients and task oriented care. The results are discussed in a nursing perspective based on existential thoughts, psychoanalytic and psychosocial theory.<br><p>S. 1-48: sammanfattning, s. 49-164: 6 uppsatser</p><br>digitalisering@umu

Die studie fokus op etnisiteit gedurende die oorgang na 'n nuwe politieke bedeling in Suid-Afrika. Op teoretiese vlak is aandag gegee aan ideologiese strominge; dimensies van etnisiteit; die omskrywing van etnisiteit en die onderskeid tussen etnisiteit en ander vorme van groepidentifisering. Etnisiteit is verder op sosiaalsielkundige vlak ontleed, terwyl die invloed van ekonomiese, politieke en staatkundige faktore verreken is. Kontekstuele faktore tydens die ondersoek wat resultate kon be'invloed, is ook bestudeer. Die empiriese komponent het 'n vraelysopname in die Pretoria-WitwatersrandVereeniging- gebied (Gauteng) behels. Onderhoude is gedurende Januarie en Februarie 1994 voltooi, aan die vooraand van 'n nuwe politieke bedeling. Ewekansige steekproewe is getrek van 466 swartmense en 460 witmense (347 Afrikaanssprekendes en 113 Engelssprekendes). Patrone van etniese, staatkundige en rasse-identifisering; die betekenis van etnisiteit vir die individu; persepsies van die situasie van groepe en faktore wat etniese identifisering kon be"invloed, is gedek. Die konstrukgeldigheid en dimensies van skale is met hoofkomponent- en hooffaktorontledings ondersoek. Variansie-ontledings het verskille tussen groepe ge'identifiseer, terwyl meervoudige regressie-ontledings voorspellers van etniese identifisering uitgelig het. Belangrike bevindings is die volgende: * Etnisiteit was 'n belangrike bron van groepidentifisering vir sowel swartmense as witmense. 'n Sielkundige dimensie - etniese identiteit - wat verband hou met trots op en lojaliteit teenoor die onsgroep was onderskeibaar. Sterker etniese identifisering het by alle groepe gekorreleer met identiteitsverwerwing; betrokkenheid by en eksplorasie ten opsigte van die onsgroep; minder ambivalente gevoelens oor onsgroeplidmaatskap en 'n drang om onsgroepbelange te beskerm. Sterker etniese identifisering het by Afrikaanssprekende witmense met 'n positiewe selfbeeld en by swartmense met 'n negatiewe selfbeeld gekorreleer. Laer onderwyskwalifikasies het by Afrikaanssprekende witmense met sterker etniese identifisering gekorreleer. Die teenoorgestelde het gegeld vir Afrikaanssprekendes met hoer onderwyskwalifikasies. Persepsies van bedreiging het by Afrikaanssprekende witmense met sterker etniese identifisering verband gehou. Sterker etniese identifisering het by alle groepe 6f met negatiewe tussengroepgedrag 6f met negatiewe tussengroephoudings gekorreleer. Die gevolgtrekking word gemaak dat op alle terreine rekening gehou moet word met die etniese heterogeniteit van die Suid-Afrikaanse samelewing.<br>The study focuses on ethnicity during the transition to a new political dispensation in South Africa. At the theoretical level, attention was given to ideological trends; dimensions of ethnicity; the description of ethnicity and the distinction between ethnicity and other forms of group identification. Ethnicity was furthermore analyzed at the socio-psychological level, while the influence of economic, political and constitutional factors was also considered. Contextual factors during the investigation which could have influenced the results were also analyzed. The empirical component comprised a questionnaire survey in the PretoriaWitwatersrand- Vereeniging area (Gauteng). Interviews were conducted during January and February 1994, on the eve of a new political dispensation. Randomly selected samples were drawn of 466 blacks and 460 whites (347 Afrikaansspeaking and 113 English-speaking). Patterns of ethnic, national and race identification; the meaning of ethnicity for the individual; perceptions of the situation of groups and factors that could influence ethnic identification were covered. The construct validity and dimensions of scales were investigated by means of main component and main factor analyses. Variance analyses identified differences between groups, whereas multiple regression analyses were used to determine predictors of ethnic identification. Important findings were the following: * Ethnicity was an important source of group identification for blacks as well as whites. A psychological dimension - ethnic identity - that related to pride in and loyalty to the ingro11p was highlighted. Stronger ethnic identification correlated among all groups with identity formation; involvement with and exploration regarding the ingroup; less ambivalent feelings about ingroup membership and an urge to protect ingroup interests. Stronger ethnic identification correlated among the Afrikaans-speaking whites with a positive self-image and among the blacks with a negative selfimage. Lower educational qualifications correlated among Afrikaans-speaking whites with stronger ethnic identification. The opposite applied to Afrikaansspeaking whites with higher educational qualifications. Perceived threats were associated with stronger ethnic identification among Afrikaans-speaking whites. Stronger ethnic identification correlated among all groups either with negative intergroup behaviour or with negative intergroup attitudes. It is concluded that ethnic heterogeneity should be taken into account in all spheres of the South African society.<br>Department of Psychology<br>D. Lit. et Phil (Psychology)

This work analyses unemployed individuals’ psychological capital (Psycap), and the mediating and moderation developments through which this resource is related with amotivation to search for a job. We tested, in particular, whether need frustration of autonomy, relatedness and competence mediated the relationship between Psycap and amotivation, by using a questionnaire that was applied to a sample of 298 unemployed people. Additionally, we also tested whether individuals’ family support would moderate the negative relationship between Psycap and amotivation to search for a job, and if the strength of the hypothesized indirect effects were conditional on the perception of family support. Results revealed that the relationship between Psycap and amotivation was mediated by need frustration of relatedness and competence. Moreover, family support was confirmed to moderate the relationship between need frustration of competence and amotivation, such that the high levels of amotivation was found in individuals who demonstrated high levels of need frustration of competence and low family support. Ultimately, results have supported a conditional indirect and negative effect of the Psycap on forecasting amotivation through need frustration of competence when levels of family support were high, but not when the support was low. Overall, the results obtained show that need frustration of autonomy, relatedness and competence, and family support embody key elements in explaining how Psycap is associated with amotivation to search for a job.

This diploma thesis deals with behaviour and relationships on summer integrational camp, where children raised in family and children raised in residential care meet with each other. The aim of this thesis is to describe the difference between these groups from the viewpoint of unit counsellors (in the area of behaviour at the camp, relationship with the authority of counsellor and relationships between children) and explore mutual relationships in units, primarily ascertain the position of the children who were raised in residential care. The thesis is divided into theoretical and empirical part. In the first chapter of the theoretical part potential differences between children raised in family and children raised in residential care are analysed. The second chapter deals with summer camps and which aspects have influence on children's stay at camp. In the empirical part the qualitative research itself is presented, with the questionnaires for counsellors as the main data source. These questionnaires provide the information about observed areas regarding all the children on the camp, who are participants of the research. Mutual relationships between children and position of the children raised in residential care inside units are examined using sociometry. The information obtained about both...

Most studies in South Africa focus on male offenders as they make up the majority of the offending population. With female offenders being in the minority, they receive less of the research attention. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore the subjective experience of finding employment with a criminal record from the perspectives of six female former offenders who participated in the study. Participants were asked to share their accounts during semi-structured interviews. The transcripts were analysed using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis. A total of nine themes were identified, namely; confronting the labour market; it affected my life not my chances; experiences of vocational skills and labour in corrections; current financial status versus previous financial status; those left behind: the impact of incarceration on the family. I am Human too, entering and adjusting in the correctional system, finding God and oneself, and rehabilitation and reintegration programmes. The findings showed that the experience of incarceration cannot be separated from the experience of adjusting back into society and finding employment. Employment and unemployment had an effect on participants’ financial status but also affected self-esteem and the relationship with family. The findings illustrated how participants used different coping methods to deal with not being able to find employment, dealing with the stigma attached to being a former offender as well as adjusting back into the community. The analyses from the interviews were compared to existing literature, thus creating a rich discussion. An overview of the discussion and some recommendations were provided and the limitations of the study were also taken into account.<br>Psychology<br>M.A. (Psychology)

CHOCHOLOUSOVA, S. The right of child, who is placed under institucional care, to be in contact with one of its imprisoned parents. Prague: Faculty of Arts of Charles University in Prague, 2013. 140 s. Diploma thesis. This diploma thesis is focused on the children of imprisoned parents in the Czech Republic. It deals with the right of the child to have contact with a parent in prison, the actual realization of this contact and its support in Czech and international legal frameworks. In the center of attention is due to the imprisonment of parents and separated families. There are problems with severing emotional attachments between the separated child. Growing up in childcare institutions, without their biological parent, has implications for their upbringing. Thanks to theoretic knowledge and conclusions the theoretical part is drawn up and implemented by quantitative questionnaire surveys of all childcare institutions in the Czech Republic. Their purpose is to find out whether the child's right to contact with imprisoned parents is carried out, what type of contact is most often implemented, and what obstacles prevent most of the contact. On the basis of quantitative and partly qualitative data, this is assessing the current problem of "Children of imprisoned parents" and in conclusion, there are...