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Mayo, Bruce. "A computational model of derivational morphology." [S.l. : s.n.], 1999. http://www.sub.uni-hamburg.de/disse/386/Disse.pdf.
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Ikemoto, Yu. "Psycholinguistic studies of derivational morphology in Japanese." Thesis, University of Essex, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.542337.
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Schrammel, Barbara. "Verb derivational morphology and event structure in Romani." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.495744.
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Romani has a system of synthetic valency-changing morphology to systematically increase or decrease the valency of verbs. Historically, valency-changing suffixes were used to change the valency structure of verbs, to derive new verbaF stems from nonverbal roots, and to integrate loan verbs into the language according to their valency structure. Present-day Romani dialects differ with respect to productivity and functions of the individual morphemes, as well as with respect to the overall productivity of verb derivation by means of synthetic morphology. This dissertation investigates different aspects of the multi-functionality of Romani transitive suffixes in present-day Romani dialects.
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Eldeeb, Muftah Bashir. "THE ACQUISITION OF DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY BY ARAB LEARNERS OF ENGLISH: VERB>NOUN DERIVATION." OpenSIUC, 2013. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1185.
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This study examines seven deverbal nominalizing suffixes through theoretical framework and previous research. They include the morphological aspects, productivity of suffixes, base-driven approach and phonological neutral and nonneutral suffixes. Learners participated in an instrument to account for their competence of verb-noun derivation. The participants presented knowledge of relational, syntactic and relatively distributional morphology. Also, some suffixes are more productive than others and that was shown through the level of accuracy of these suffixes. The suffixes -ing, -er, and (at)-ion are of high accuracy and thus productive. Whereas the suffixes -ment, -ent/-ant, -ence/-ance and -al are less accurate and less productive. The underlying reason behind the productivity and non-productivity of these suffixes is because of the phonological transparency factors. Suffixes that do not cause internal phonological changes in the base presented high accuracy and easily learned, while suffixes that require internal phonological changes posed challenges to learners. The -ment suffix is neutral, no internal change required, however; its accuracy went down in this study.
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Whong-Barr, Melinda. "Morphology, derivational syntax and second language acquisition of resultatives." Thesis, Durham University, 2005. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/2783/.
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This thesis explores questions of functional morphology in morphosyntactic theory and in second language acquisition. The work develops Emonds' (2000) notion of a Syntacticon as the store of grammatical lexical items in the Lexicon and it explores the interaction between morphology and syntax in syntactic derivation. The focus of the work is the resultative construction (e.g. She painted the table red). As a resultative, the string conforms to a regular syntactic structure and gives rise to an interpretation in which there is an agent that acts upon some object so as to effect some change of state. In this work, resultative formation in English is contrasted with resultative formation in Korean because the latter, but not the former, includes an obligatory functional result morpheme, -key. The proposed analysis of the resultative accounts for both the morphological and syntactic facts in English and Korean. Additionally, traditional notions of subcategorization are developed, using a Feature-based approach in order to explain the lexical restrictions associated with resultatives. The thesis also includes an experimental study of the acquisition of English resultatives by native Korean and Mandarin Chinese speakers. These languages were chosen in order to highlight the mismatch between Korean and English resultative formation in terms of functional morphology. Accepting the Full Transfer/Full Access model of Schwartz and sprouse (1996), the whole of the native language is assumed to transfer to form the initial state of second language acquisition. The results of the experimental study provide support for the claim that functional morphology, like that implicated in Korean resultative formation, transfers from the native language to affect the development of the Interlanguage in second language acquisition.
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Silva, Ana LÃcia Rocha. "Derivational morphology of Portuguese: the suffix-ing in the formation of adjectives." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2009. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4877.
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nÃo hÃThis study focuses on the âvel-suffixed adjective formation rules in the Portuguese language. In order to accomplish such a study, 25 morphologically-annotated texts taken from the Tycho Brahe Historical Portuguese Corpus, as well as excerpts from randomly selected on-line newspaper articles were used. The theoretical basis which supports this analysis is Stephen Anderson (1992)`s study on the -әble-suffixed adjective rules of word formation in English in derivational morphology. The UNIX tools developed by Professor Dr. Leonel Figueiredo de Alencar Araripe were the commands used in the analysis of the Tycho Brahe Historical Portuguese Corpus texts. The study results demonstrate that the -vel adjective formation in the Portuguese language depends on the speaker`s / listener`s competence in making use of their mental grammar. This research also shows that the creation mechanisms of -vel adjectives is described by means of word formation rules concerning both the result in the formation process of adjectives and the analysis of the structures which allow the formation of new -vel-suffixed adjectives.
Este estudo analisa as regras de formaÃÃo dos adjetivos sufixados com -vel na lÃngua portuguesa. Para isso, escolheram-se 25 textos anotados morfologicamente do Corpus HistÃrico do PortuguÃs Tycho Brahe e textos de artigos de jornais on-line selecionados aleatoriamente, visando-se os adjetivos em -vel. Apresenta-se como teoria basilar o estudo sobre as regras de formaÃÃo de palavras em inglÃs de adjetivos com sufixo - able de Stephen Anderson (1992), dentro da morfologia derivacional. Para as anÃlises no Corpus HistÃrico do PortuguÃs Tycho Brahe, sÃo usados comandos de ferramentas do UNIX desenvolvidos pelo Professor Dr. Leonel Figueiredo de Alencar. Os resultados obtidos atravÃs das anÃlises demonstraram que a formaÃÃo dos adjetivos em -vel, na lÃngua portuguesa sÃo produtos da competÃncia do falante/ouvinte ao fazer uso de sua gramÃtica mental. Esta pesquisa demonstrou que os mecanismos de criaÃÃo dos adjetivos em -vel sÃo descritos atravÃs das regras de formaÃÃo de palavras cujas funÃÃes sÃo indicar o processo formativo do adjetivo quanto ao resultado, bem como analisar as estruturas com que a lÃngua pode formar novos adjetivos com o sufixo -vel.
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Ževžikovaitė, Marija. "Veiksmo pavadinimo konstrukcijos dalykinio stiliaus tekstuose (Lyginamoji analizė)." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20140627_170533-13457.
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Veiksmo pavadinimo konstrukcijos – būdingi šiuolaikinių technologijų, mokslo, teisės verslo ir daugelio kitų sričių kalbos bruožai. Šie žodžiai suteikia pavadinimą įvairiems procesams, procedūroms, metodams ir kt., todėl jie plačiai vartojami įvairiuose oficialiuose dokumentuose, ir būtent šie dokumentai dažnai apibūdinami kaip turintys bene daugiausia veiksmų pavadinimų konstrukcijų. Šiais laikais žmonės, kalbantys skirtingomis kalbomis, nuolat turi bendrauti, ir todėl dažnai atsiranda būtinybė versti oficialius dokumentus iš vienos kalbos į kitą. Taigi, pagrindinė keliama hipotezė, kad vertėjai, versdami oficialius dokumentus, vartoja tam tikrus žodžius, kurie apibrėžia skirtingus veiksmus, ir jie verčia šiuos žodžius pasitelkdami pačias produktyviausias priemones, t.y. produktyviausias priesagas anglų ir lietuvių kalbose, tuo tarpu kitas priesagas vartodami labai retai. Šio magistrinio darbo tema – „Veiksmo pavadinimo konstrukcijos dalykinio stiliaus tekstuose” (lyginamoji analizė). Nors praeityje daugelis mokslininkų tyrinėjo veiksmo pavadinimo konstrukcijas tiek anglų, tiek lietuvių kalboje, šios konstrukcijos dar nebuvo nagrinėjamos oficialiuose dokumentuose bei lyginamos tarpusavyje. Magistrinio darbo tikslas – atskleisti būdus, kaip yra sudaromi veiksmų pavadinimai, ir kaip jie yra verčiami anglų ir lietuvių kalbų dalykinio stiliaus tekstuose, atsižvelgiant tiek į jų formą, tiek į prasmę. Šiame darbe buvo apibrėžta veiksmo sąvoka, išskirta derivacinės morfologijos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]Action defining words are characteristic features of the modern language style of technology, science, law, business and many other fields. They create an individual subgroup of naming units in the vocabulary inventory. From the point of view of terminological use, action defining words may designate processes, procedures, methods, ways of processing materials and administration acts. Such words are widely used in different formal documents, and, therefore, the texts are characterized as having a great many of action defining words. Nowadays, as different language speakers regularly communicate, formal documents are facing the necessity to be translated from one language to another. Thus, the main hypothesis of the research is suggested by the fact that in formal texts translators use a determined set of words which define actions and consequently their translations often are performed in a particular manner: they use the most productive English and Lithuanian suffixes leaving aside other linguistic means. In other words, translators do not vary and choose the easiest ways how to express the action in the process of translating. Although there are many research studies carried out on the action defining words by the English and Lithuanian linguists, such as Quirk (1972), Holvoet (2006), Keinys (1999), Pakerys (2006), comparative investigations on the issue of the action defining words in English and Lithuanian are not widespread. This Master thesis aims at revealing the means... [to full text]
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Shalal, Fadhel. "A word-based approach to Russian derivational morphology with the suffix {+к(а)}." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/21306/.
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In Russian, there are derivational suffixes which are distinguished by the uniform manner in which they form surface words. These suffixes keep the same phonological/orthographic composition and are found with surface words derived only from a particular base, as seen with {+тель} and {+ость}. However, the suffix {+к(а)} displays more complexity than the suffixes above. While the Item-and-Arrangement morphemic approach seems acceptable when morphemes are organised in a linear arrangement, such as демократ /demokrat/ ‘democrat (m.)’ > демократка /demokratka/ ‘democrat (f.)’, this approach cannot be generalised over other coinages due to the mismatch of the following: 1) the orthographic correspondence as illustrated by болгарин /bolgarin/ ‘Bulgarian (m.)’ > болгарка /bolgarka/ ‘Bulgarian (f.)’; and 2) the semantic relatedness as found with вода /voda/ ‘water’ > водка /vodka/ ‘vodka’. Moreover, the formation of this suffix possibly differs from other counterpart suffixes that denote similar functions/meanings. For instance, this suffix expresses the diminutive meaning as found by дед /ded/ ‘grandfather’ > дедка /dedka/ ‘grandfather (dim.)’. However, the majority of suffixes that denote diminutiveness are masculine, such as {+ок} (город /gorod/ ‘city’ > городок /gorodok/ ‘small city’); {+ик} (дом /dom/ ‘house’ > домик /domik/ ‘small house’); {+чик} (роман /roman/ ‘novel’ > романчик /romanchik/ ‘small novel’), etc. One of the outcomes of this study is a contribution to the debate on morphological models from a morphological perspective only. Other approaches (e.g. psycholinguistics, frequency of occurrence, corpus-based study, experimental-based study, and prototype-radial model) are employed to determine which model describes the word formation process in Russian. I identify the correlation of productivity of {+к(a)} with its mental representation and frequency factor. Also, I demonstrate the effect of relative frequency on coinages of {+к(a)} using corpus materials. The reaction time of native speakers is tested to evaluate whether coinages of {+к(a)} are mentally perceived according to storage or compositional process. Finally, I provide a new look at the semantic distribution of {+к(a)} based on ‘prototype theory’ which connects multiple meanings/functions of {+к(a)} according to ‘family relatedness’ concept. My data on {+к(a)} come from a variety of sources, such as dictionaries, corpora, and an online experiment. I make use of data from a number of Russian dictionaries to ascertain the scope of use of this suffix and provide information on its semantics. Corpora data, however, constitute a more representative source of modern language usage, and I use them to assess the importance of frequency of occurrence. Finally, I employ experimental data to test whether the cognitive perception of native speakers supports a single-route account of word-formation. The suffix {+к(а)} has a substantial influence in Russian since it provides a multiplicity of semantic meanings. It is used in forming a larger number of words compared to other suffixes. Its formation includes a variety of linguistic phenomena which are associated with word formation process (e.g. additive morphology, subtractive morphology, allomorphy, and mutation). This complexity requires explanation. After providing such an explanation and comprehensive details about suffixation in Russian, it will be argued that {+к(a)} can serve as an appropriate tool in order to assess the performance of models of word-formation; it is therefore used to test our hypotheses. I find that the word-based approach represented by the Word and Paradigm (WP) gives a more convincing explanation of linguistic phenomena associated with {+к(а)} and offers a better explanation for the description of {+к(а)} than other approaches, particularly a morpheme-based approach represented by the Item and Arrangement model (IA) or a process-based approach represented by the Item and Process model (IP).
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Quadros, Emanuel Souza de. "Competição morfológica e ilhas de confiabilidade na morfologia derivacional." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/131626.
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No domínio da morfologia derivacional, é difícil encontrar padrões de formação de palavras que possam se aplicar a todas as bases que se encaixam em seus contextos de aplicação. Isso equivale a dizer que a produtividade de padrões derivacionais costuma ser limitada. Entre as causas dessa limitação, vemos que formações potenciais são frequentemente bloqueadas por itens lexicais já existentes; em outros casos, elas são suplantadas por expressões formadas por padrões derivacionais concorrentes. Este trabalho dedica-se a explorar tais situações de competição. Iniciamos pelo exame da ideia de produtividade e de como entender as diferenças quantitativas entre padrões rivais quanto a este aspecto. Fazemos, em seguida, uma discussão mais detida da competição morfológica e da noção central de bloqueio, contrapondo às teorias gramaticais de base lexical uma abordagem pragmática deste fenômeno. Por fim, apresentamos o modelo desenvolvido em Albright e Hayes (1999) e em trabalhos posteriores, que explora a ideia de que o grau de confiabilidade do emprego de padrões morfológicos em diferentes contextos fonológicos é um fator determinante da produtividade desses padrões, bem como da competição entre eles. Testamos este modelo utilizando dados dos sufixos -ção e -mento, que se encontram em competição há bastante tempo no português. Estes dados provêm do Dicionário Houaiss 3.0 e de um levantamento de textos de jornais e blogs, coletados com o auxílio de programas computacionais desenvolvivdos para este trabalho. Nossos resultados sugerem que a manutenção da produtividade de -mento ao longo da história, mesmo após -ção ter se tornado o padrão dominante de nominalização, foi escorada pela existência de contextos fonológicos em que -mento atinge um alto grau de confiabilidade. Dada a produtividade da primeira conjugação, foram particularmente importantes os contextos de aplicação de -mento encontrados entre palavras desta classe verbal. Com base nestas generalizações, mostramos como um modelo estatístico é capaz de prever, na maior parte dos casos, a escolha entre estes dois afixos diante de uma nova base verbal.In the field of derivational morphology, it is hard to find word formation patterns that may be applied to every base satisfying its context of application. This means that the productivity of derivational patterns is often limited. Among the causes of this limitation, we find that potential words are blocked by existing lexical items in many cases; in other cases, they are preempted by expressions formed by rival derivational patterns. This work devotes itself to exploring these instances of competition. We start by exploring the concept of productivity and by investigating how to understand quantitative differences between rival patterns in this respect. We then proceeed to a more detailed discussion of morphological competition and the fundamental notion of blocking, comparing a pragmatic approach to this phenomenon with lexicalist grammatical theories. Finally, we present the model of Albright e Hayes (1999) and later works, which explores the idea that the reliability of morphological patterns in different phonological contexts is a key determinant of the productivity of these patterns and the competition between them. We test this model on data formed by the suffixes -ção and -mento, which have been in competition for a long time in Portuguese. These data come from Dicionário Houaiss 3.0 and from a corpus created from newspapers and blogs with the help of software developed for this research. Our results suggest that the continued productivity of -mento throughout history, even after -ção had become the dominant nominalization pattern in the language, was supported by the existence of phonological contexts in which -mento reaches a high degree of reliability. Given the productivity of the first conjugation, contexts of application of -mento in words of this verbal class have shown to be especially important. We show that a statistical model equipped with these generalizations is able to predict the choice between these affixes in most cases.
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Zeller, Britta Dorothee [Verfasser], and Sebastian [Akademischer Betreuer] Padó. "Induction, Semantic Validation and Evaluation of a Derivational Morphology Lexicon for German / Britta Dorothee Zeller ; Betreuer: Sebastian Padó." Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1180611284/34.
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Jean, Gladys. "Word analysis skills, a study of grade 10 core French students' knowledge of derivational morphology in their second language." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0003/MQ45964.pdf.
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Benson-Goldberg, Sofia. "Spelling of Derivationally Complex Words: The Role of Phonological, Orthographic, and Morphological Features." Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5182.
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Spelling ability is not static; rather, as children age, learning how to encode morphophonologically complex words in conventional ways is motivated by the increasingly complex demands imposed by academic experiences with morphologically complex words. Success requires ongoing integration of phonological (P), orthographic (O) and morphological (M) knowledge. However, current research on the development and assessment of spelling has not sufficiently accounted for the way word features and participant characteristics interact with students' POM knowledge in the spelling of derived words. This study used a linear mixed effects regression approach to provide new insights about how both word characteristics and students' linguistic knowledge affected the application of POM from grades 3-7 in the spelling of derived forms.
Spelling data (WIAT-II) were taken from a larger longitudinal study focused on reading development (Garcia et. al., 2010). Eleven words from the WIAT-II with derivational morphology (which included one inflected form with a derived homophone possibility) were analyzed first with the Phonological Orthographic Morphological Analysis of Spelling (POMAS; an unconstrained scoring system) in order to identify linguistic feature errors within misspellings. Next, misspellings were quantified with the POMplexity metric to evaluate the individual and combined influences of phonology (P), orthography (O), and morphology (M) to derivational misspellings over time.
A linear mixed effects regression approach evaluated the impact of item-level characteristics (derivational frequency and shifts), participant characteristics (rime, spelling choice and morphological awareness task scores), and time (grade level) on POMplexity scores. Results indicated item-level characteristics, participant characteristics and time significantly predicted variation in P, O, M, and total POMplexity scores. Frequency had a significant impact on scores, with high frequency words resulting in lower POMplexity scores than low frequency words and these effects were most obvious in grades 3 and 4. Slope differences between words suggested that low frequency misspellings resolve more rapidly than high frequency words.
Derivational shift was shown to have a significant interaction with time for O, M and Total scores, but not P scores. In all cases, the slopes for derived words with no shift improved more quickly than shift categories. Finally, performance on measures on the measures of linguistic skill correlated to improved scores for the related POMplexity code.
These results strongly suggest that the developmental course of learning to spell derivations is not a linear accumulation of POM knowledge, but instead is a recursive process with both general and word-specific knowledge affecting how an individual student produces a derivational spelling at any given point in time. Contributions of word characteristics, such as frequency and number/type of derivational shift, suggest that morphemic features challenge encoding; that is, increased complexity taxes the system's ability to represent both sound and meaning orthographically. Educational and clinical implications will be described.
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Katupha, Jose M. M. "The grammar of Emakhuwa verbal extensions : an investigation of the role of extension morphemes in derivational verbal morphology and in grammatical relations." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1991. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29410/.
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The central concern of this thesis is a group of derivational suffixes characteristic of the Bantu languages known as verbal extensions yielding such derived verbs as causative, frequentative, passive, reciprocative. The study is based on a textual corpus from Emakhuwa, a Bantu language of Mozambique, supplemented by the author's native knowledge of the language. The theoretical background is provided by Lexical Functional Grammar (Bresnan (1982)), which provides a means of relating theta roles (agent, instrument, theme etc.) to grammatical functions through the Lexical Mapping sub-theory. After exploring in chapter two the morphology of these suffixes and their suppletive relationship within the lexicon, chapter three examines the syntax of primitive verbs, classified principally as ergative, unergative and unaccusative. In this analysis "objecthood" and "restrictedness" prove difficult to establish, since object c1iticization is largely restricted to human reference, while passivization (chapter five) is applied to all roles below the highest, including roles such as time and manner, normally perceived as adverbial. Furthermore, word order is little constrained and not decisive of function. Certain constructions allow variable mapping of roles to functions and introduction of supplementary objects corresponding to co-referent patients or reason, but without morphological verbal indexation. Focus in chapters four and five is narrowed to thematic extensions adding or dropping roles. The applicative introduces a beneficiary, instrument or goal, interpreted partially according to animacy; the repeated extensions may introduce multiple roles. The causative constructions include the inductive, introducing a reason/instrument role with optional suppression of agent and/or theme. The reciprocative may have a quasi-causative reading introducing an involved but unequal participant. Uses of these extensions with the passive and stative, singly or in combination, are systematically explored. The conclusion casts doubts on the adequacy of theories relying heavily on the traditional morpho-syntactic manifestations of object.
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Mertens, Bianca. "Le suffixe */-'ur-a/ : recherches sur la morphologie dérivationnelle du protoroman." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0090.
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Cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude du suffixe protoroman */-'ur-a/ et, par ce biais, à l’étude de la morphologie dérivationnelle du protoroman. D’une part, nous fournissons un examen approfondi et détaillé des unités lexicales protoromanes présentant le suffixe */-'ur-a/ et, d’autre part, nous offrons une analyse pointue des propriétés phonologiques, morphologiques et sémantiques du suffixe */-'ur-a/. La première partie de ce travail consiste en une brève introduction et en la présentation de la méthodologie dont nous nous sommes servie pour nos recherches : celle de la reconstruction comparée et celle de la reconstruction interne. Ensuite, nous jetons un coup de projecteur sur les deux domaines qui sont particulièrement intéressants dans le cadre de l’étude d’un suffixe protoroman : la reconstruction en domaine roman et la reconstruction morphologique. Cette première partie se conclut par l’explication de notre choix de nomenclature – avec une brève analyse des lexèmes rejetés –, par l’explicitation de nos processus de recherche et par la présentation de la microstructure utilisée pour les articles étymologiques. Dans la deuxième partie de cette thèse figurent les articles étymologiques des 45 étymons protoromans portant le suffixe */-'ur-a/ que nous avons pu reconstruire. Chaque article étymologique est accompagné d’une carte linguistique qui donne une vue globale sur la distribution aréologie de l’étymon en question.Enfin, la troisième partie de notre travail se veut une analyse approfondie et détaillée des propriétés phonologiques, morphologiques et sémantiques du suffixe */-'ur-a/ ainsi qu’une analyse de la variation diasystémique de la protolangueThis thesis is dedicated to studying the Protoromance suffix */-'ur-a/ and, hence, to studying derivational morphology of Protoromance. On the one hand, we provide an extensive and detailed exam of Protoromance lexical units presenting the suffix */-'ur-a/ and, on the other hand, we produce a thorough analysis of the phonological, morphological and semantic properties of the suffix */-'ur-a/.The first part of this work consists of a short introduction and of the presentation of the methodology that we used in our research : the methodology of compared reconstruction and of internal reconstruction. Then, we focus on the two fields that are particularly interesting in the context of studying a Protoromance suffix : reconstruction in Romance studies and morphological reconstruction. This first part closes up with an explanation of our nomenclature – including a short analysis of the rejected words –, a specification of our research process and a presentation of the microstructure used for our etymological articles.In the second part of our thesis appear the etymological articles of all 45 Protoromance etymons with the suffix */-'ur-a/ that we were able to reconstruct. Each etymological article comes with a linguistic map that provides a global view of the geographical distribution of the concerned etymon.Finally, the third part of our work is a thorough and detailed analysis of the phonological, morphological and semantic properties of the Protoromance suffix */-'ur-a/ and of the diasystemic variation of the Protoromance language
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Černý, Stanislav. "Analýza slovotvorných vazeb v češtině." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-237262.
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In the theoretical part of the thesis, we will describe word-formation in Czech from the traditional point of view. Then we will dwell on automation of word formation based on derivational rules, which we will generate from a~given dictionary. The quality of new-found words will be evaluated using four different estimations. Finally, we will review achieved results.
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Silva, Luciane Cristina Camelo [UNESP]. "Prefixos latinos de movimento: um estudo morfológico e lexicográfico." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103589.
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A derivação é apresentada pelas gramáticas tradicionais como uma lista de prefixos e sufixos, divididos em gregos e latinos, com seus significados e acompanhados de exemplos. Com essa limitação no estudo da derivação, não são apresentadas as possíveis combinações das unidades lexicais com os prefixos, nem tampouco é admitido que, para se formar um derivado prefixado, é preciso que a base a que se junta o prefixo aceite a significação que lhe será impressa. Outra falha ocorre nos dicionários que se limitam a definir as entradas lexicais não contextualizadas dificultando o entendimento do significado da unidade derivada, pois nem sempre é possível entender sua formação visto que o prefixo pode admitir significados diferentes e somente o contexto pode precisar esse significado. Desta forma, o processo de formação de palavras tradicionalmente atrbuído à morfologia deve envolver também outros níveis da língua: sintaxe, semântica e pragmática. Uma vez considerados esses níveis é possível estabelecer paradigmas que sistematizem a formação de palavras considerando o significado do derivado contextualizando e os semas contidos na base. Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar o paradigma derivacional dos verbos formados por prefixos latinos de movimento, o tipo de base a que se anexam os prefixos, as classes gramticais que entram na formação do derivado e o dignificado contextual do prefixo na unidade lexical analisando o valor semântico do derivado, bem como as interferências pragmáticas. Cnclui-se que, analisando o derivado sob a perspectiva morfológica, semântica, sintática e pragmática, é possível estabelecer um paradigma do sistema prefixal da língua considerando o aspecto diacrônico dos prefixos, os semas das unidades lexicais, agrupando as unidades que apresentam semas comuns e o comportamento pragmético da unidade derivada.
The derivation is presented by the traditional grammars as a list of prefixes and suffices, divided into Greek and Latin, with their meanings and accompained by examples. With this limitation in the study of the derivation, possible combinations of the lexical units with the prefixes are not presented. In addition, it is not admitted that, in order to from a derived prefix it is necessary that the base to which the prefix joins, accepts its new signification. Another failure occurs in dictionaries that only define the non-contextualized lexical entries, making it difficult to understand the meaning of the derived unit, as it is not always possible to undestand its formation, since the prefix can admit different meanings and only the context may clarify this meaning. Therefore, the formation process of words, traditionally ascribed to morphology, may also involve other levels of the language: syntax, semantics and pragmatics. Once considered these sectors, it is possible to establish that systematize the formation of words, considering the meaning of the contextualized derived and the semes contaimed in the base. This paper has had the aim to identiflay the derivational paradigm of the verbs formed by Latin prefixes of movement, the kind of base to which the prefixes attach, the grammatical classes that enter in the formation of the derived and the contextual meaning of the prefix in the lexical unit, analyzing the semantic value of the derived, as well as the pragmatic interferences. It was concluded that, analysing the derived under the morphological, semantic, and pragmatic perspectives, it is possoble to establish a paradigm of the prefix system of the language considering the diachronic aspect of the prefixes, the semes of the lexical units, joing the units that present common semes and the pragmatic behavior of the derived unit.
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Egueh, Hayat. "Étude comparative entre le français ivoirien et le français algérien dans les livres Les soleils des indépendances et Les agneaux du seigneur." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-54314.
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This paper presents a reflection on some particularities of written French in Algeria and Ivory Coast. French language was implanted and imposed in both countries at the time of the colonization. Today written French, in Algeria and Ivory Coast, does not always follow standardized French. Some writers like Ahmadou Kourouma and Yasmina Kadra have added new expressions, neologisms and metaphors in order to better convey their messages and place their work in their cultural contexts. The main purpose of this study is to classify some of the different characteristics of Ivorian and Algerian French according to previous studies, then to identify those features in Ahmadou Kourouma’s novel Les soleils des indépendances and Yasmina Khadra’s Les agneaux du seigneur and finally to compare the features of their works. We realize, through those writers, that Ivorian and Algerian French have some convergences and divergences. We noticed that the characteristics of both works exhibited similarities on the derivational morphology level and on the semantic level. But they have some divergences on the syntactic, phonetic and morphologic level. Keywords: French, lexical particularities, neologisms, borrowings of words, new expressions, French characteristics, convergences, divergences, derivational morphology, semantics, syntax, phonetics, morphology
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Oliveira, Carolina Cardoso de. "Análise morfológica dos termos das pragas da cana-de-açúcar : subsídios para organização de uma base de dados morfológicos para o português." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/7666.
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Research in Terminology is extremely important for the dissemination of knowledge. This way, more studies with the objective of improving the terminological work are necessary and for this purpose, computer science has become an ally, helping the terminologist in his tasks. A computational tool that improves research in Terminology is the automatic extractor of candidate terms. The more refined and detailed the linguistic information present in these systems is, the more precise the list of candidates provided to the terminologist will be. Focusing on offering information to enrich the database used in these tools, this research carries out a morphological description of the terms of the domain of Plagues and sugarcane diseases and a verification of the most productive processes of word formation. The terms considered in this research were obtained in an end of course project, entitled The terminology of sugarcane plagues, developed in 2013. There are 135 terms which were analyzed according to the classification proposed by Correia and Almeida (2012). From this total: 135 are importation of words, 16 are syntagmatic lexicalizations, 10 are formed by suffixal derivation, only 2 cases of semantic extension, 1 of non-affixal derivation and 1 of morphosyntatic composition. With the proposed morphological description, we expect to enhance the morphological database being elaborated by GETerm, offering, this way, resources for the future implementation of semiautomatic extractors of terms that make use of linguistic knowledge, improving its performance. We also hope to contribute with the advance in morphological studies in Portuguese terminologies.
As pesquisas em Terminologia são de extrema importância para a disseminação do conhecimento. Nesse sentido, é necessário que se façam cada vez mais estudos com o objetivo de aprimorar o trabalho terminológico e, para isso, a informática se tornou uma aliada, auxiliando o terminológo na realização de suas tarefas. Uma ferramenta computacional que aperfeiçoa o trabalho em Terminologia são os extratores automáticos de candidatos a termos. Quanto mais finas e detalhadas forem as informações linguísticas presentes nesses sistemas, maior a precisão da lista de candidatos que eles irão fornecer ao terminológo. Com o objetivo de oferecer informações para enriquecer as bases de dados utilizadas nessas ferramentas, propomos nesta dissertação descrever morfologicamente os termos do domínio das Pragas e doenças da cana-de-açúcar e verificar os processos de formação de palavras mais produtivos. Os termos aqui considerados foram obtidos no Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (TCC), intitulado A terminologia das pragas da cana-de-açúcar, desenvolvido em 2013. São 135 termos que foram analisados segundo a classificação proposta por Correia & Almeida (2012). Desse total: 135 são importação de palavras, 16 são lexicalizações sintagmáticas, 10 são formados por derivação sufixal, apenas dois casos de extensão semântica, um de derivação não afixal e um de composição morfossintática. Com a descrição morfológica aqui realizada, espera-se enriquecer a base de dados morfológicas em elaboração pelo GETerm, oferecendo, assim, subsídios para a futura implementação em extratores semiautomáticos de termos que se utilizam de conhecimento linguístico, de maneira a melhorar o seu desempenho. Também esperamos contribuir para o avanço de estudos morfológicos de terminologias do português.
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MELI, GIULIA. "IL DIALETTO DEGLI SHINTE ROSENGRE: ESAME DELLE FONTI E ANALISI DELLA MORFOLOGIA TRA SINCRONIA E DIACRONIA." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/694709.
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The discovery of Shinto Rosengro brings about new data to the panorama of old settlement Romani varieties in Italy. Discovered by Leonardo Piasere in the early 90s’ and partly published in 2001, the manuscripts witnessing this Neo-Indo-Aryan dialect were arranged from 1892 to 1911. The author, Sigismondo Caccini, was a man who had a strict contact with the community of Shinte Rosengre and took part to its short-range movements through Central Italy. The wide corpus of texts and grammatical descriptions by Caccini consists of six grammars, eighteen tales and four dictionaries counting about four thousand terms. It shows a Sinti variety carrying some peculiar features, which distinguish it from the other old settlement varieties on the Italian ground (Sinti and Abruzzian Romani). This work aims to the description of the morphology of Shinto Rosengro, and to the discussion and possible explanation of some of its peculiarities. It is divided in three main parts. In the first part, a description of the morphology of the word classes of Shinto Rosengro is given (the described classes are: noun, article, adjective, personal pronoun, possessives, demonstratives and verb). Every chapter of this first part is divided into two sections: the first section presents and, if possible, accounts for the forms given by the grammarian Caccini, and shows the evolution of his description; the second section offers a description of the morphology extracted by the texts in Shinto Rosengro, that are considered as the most proximate example of what had to be the actual use of this language. The second part is a collection of five chapters that focus on some peculiar morphological traits of Shinto Rosengro, in order to offer a possible explanation for their genesis. The topics are: the dative/locative syncretism in the noun inflection; the imperfect marker -esta; the periphrastic future built with avra particle; the participle in -men; the abstract derivatives in -ipen/-iben and their distribution. The third part gives a synthetic analysis of some features of Shinto Rosengro, which are presented in relation to the main diagnostic isoglosses proposed by scholars up to now for the classification of Romani dialects. This part focuses especially on the relation of Shinto Rosengro with the geographically nearest old settlement varieties. As a final appendix, the transcription and translation of some unpublished tales of Caccini corpus is proposed.
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Hamedani, Ladan. "The Function of Number in Persian." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20167.
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This thesis investigates the function of number marking in Persian, within the framework of principles and parameters (P&P), and its relationship to inflectional and derivational number marking. Following the assumption in Distributed Morphology that inflectional and derivational morphology are not distinct, the distribution and properties of number marking in Persian provide evidence for both inflectional and derivational number marking.
Assuming the two parameters of number marking (Wiltschko, 2007, 2008), number marking as a functional head and number marking as a modifier, I propose that number marking in Persian is mainly inflectional while number functions as a functional head; moreover, I propose that number marking in Persian can be derivational while number functions as a modifier. This explains that number morphology in Persian is not split to either inflectional or derivational. Rather, following Booij’s (1993, 1995) claim that inflectional morphology can be used contextually as well as inherently, I propose that number morphology in Persian is inflectional while number is a functional head; however, it has inherent residues as a modifier.
Considering the functions of inflectional plural morphology in Persian, I argue that the functional category Number Phrase (NumP) is projected in Persian, and number is generated in the head of this functional category. Besides, Persian is a classifier language in which classifiers are in complementary distribution with plural marking. Following Borer’s (2005) discussion of the complementary distribution of plural marking and classifiers in Armenian, I argue that the head of NumP in Persian is either occupied by the plural maker or by full/empty classifiers.
Moreover, I show that the presence of bare singulars/plurals in certain syntactic positions in Persian is related to the projection/non-projection of NumP.
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Codreanu, Ecaterina. "Étude comparative des noms d'affect en français et en roumain." Thesis, Paris 4, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA040099.
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Menée dans une perspective comparative, cette recherche a pour ambition une description du lexique des noms d’affect dans le but de relever des zones convergentes et des zones divergentes dans deux langues apparentées généalogiquement – le français et le roumain - selon deux axes de réflexion : l’analyse diachronique de la dynamique de l’évolution du lexique affectif roumain imprégné de mots d’origine française et l’analyse synchronique des particularités combinatoires des noms d’affect. Une telle recherche a mis en évidence des cas très intéressants, des points où les deux systèmes se rapprochent, sans pour autant coïncider totalement. Mais, malgré les petites différences morphosyntaxiques et combinatoires spécifiques attestées dans l’expression des affects, ces derniers présentent globalement une homogénéité du fonctionnement linguistique. Ce fait n’est pas seulement intéressant en termes de syntaxe comparée, mais aussi par le fait que les noms d’affect qui réalisent le même scénario cognitif ont un comportement similaire dans les deux langues confrontéesConducted in a comparative perspective, this research aims to describe the lexicon of affect nouns in order to underline the converging areas and diverging areas in two genealogically related languages - French and Romanian - in two lines of thought: diachronic analysis concerning the dynamics of the evolution of the Romanian emotional vocabulary permeated with words of French origin and synchronic analysis of combinatorial features of affect nouns. Such research has highlighted some very interesting cases, the points where these two systems are similar, but not completely coincide. But despite the small specific morphosyntactic and combinatorial differences evidenced in the expression of emotions, they generally bear homogeneity of linguistic functioning. This fact is not only interesting in terms of comparative syntax, but also by the fact that the affect nouns performing the same cognitive scenario have similar behavior in both languages faced
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Bernal, Elisenda 1971. "Els Sufixos verbalitzadors del català. Relacions semàntiques i diccionari." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7490.
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La tesi Els sufixos verbalitzadors del català. Relacions semàntiques i diccionari és un treball interdisciplinari en què intervenen aspectes de morfologia i semàntica lèxiques i lexicografia, que té un objectiu doble: d'una banda, analitzar els verbs sufixats de manera que quedin recollits els punts de divergència i de contacte entre els diversos verbs, i de l'altra, proposar una representació lexicogràfica per als sufixos verbalitzadors en forma de prototip de diccionari. Amb aquest objectiu, es parteix de la premissa que és important que els afixos en general, i els sufixos verbalitzadors en particular, passin a formar part de la macroestructura del diccionari, per tal de millorar les definicions lexicogràfiques de les entrades que els contenen.Així, s'analitzen com a objecte d'estudi les sèries derivatives verbals coradicals, és a dir: verbs que comparteixen la mateixa base, però que es construeixen per mitjà de processos diferents, ja que el fet de confrontar els diversos elements que forman una sèrie derivativa havia de permetre precisar quines són les característiques de cada procés i/o cada sufix, i, en concret, quines són les diferències semàntiques i sintàctiques que hi ha entre cada element. El treball aconsegueix establir tres tipus de factors que expliquen que no es donin sèries sinonímiques completes en els verbs construïts per sufixació: pragmàtics, temàtics i distribucionals.
La proposta de representació lexicogràfica dels sufixos analitzats es presenta dins d'un projecte futur de Diccionari d'afixos. Aquesta representació intenta millorar la dels diccionaris existents, sistematitzant les informacions de cada afix i incloent-hi les relacions semàntiques que s'estableixen entre les paraules construïdes del mateix tipus i les regles que les construeixen.
The dissertation Els sufixos verbalitzadors del català. Relacions semàntiques i diccionari (en.: The verbalizing suffixes of Catalan. Semantic relations and dictionary) is an interdisciplinary work, where aspects of lexical morphology, lexical semantics and lexicography are involved. The work has a double goal: first, to analyze the verbs to determine the points of divergence and contact among them, and second, to propose a lexicographic representation for the suffixes in a prototype of dictionary. We started from the premise that it is important that affixes in general, and the verbalizing suffixes in particular, should be part of the macrostructure of the dictionary, in order to improve the lexicographic definitions of the entries that contain them.
Thus, verbal derivative strings are analized, but only those verbs that share the same base, but built by different processes. We thought that to confront the several elements that form a derivative string will allow us how to determine which are the characteristics of each process and/or each suffix, and, in particular, which are the semantic and syntactic differences that exist between each element. The work achieves to establish three types of factors that explain why complete synonymic strings do not exist: pragmatic, thematic and distributional.
The proposal of lexicographic representation for suffixes is shown in a future project of Dictionary of affixes. This representation attempts to improve that of the published dictionaries, giving the information of each affix systematically and including the semantic relations that are established between the words built by the same rule.
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Sun, Lei. "The literate lexicon in narrative and expository writing : a developmental study of children and adolescents /." Thesis, Connect to title online (Scholars' Bank) Connect to title online (ProQuest), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/8443.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2008.Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 137-149). Also available online in Scholars' Bank; and in ProQuest, free to University of Oregon users.
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Costa, Igor de Oliveira. "A rede de construções quantificadoras mórficas sufixais: uma contribuição da gramática das construções à morfologia derivacional." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 2015. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/1291.
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Este trabalho, de viés sociocognitivista e construcionista, tem como objeto analítico um nódulo da rede de Construções Quantificadoras Mórficas Sufixais, reconhecida como uma estratégia morfológica de evocação da noção de coletividade na Língua Portuguesa, como ilustram os exemplos seguir: (i) {XN-ADA} (“Com AXE vou pegar a mulherada.”); (ii) {XN-ARADA} (“No meio daquela brinquedarada toda tinha um brinquedo que, pelo menos o que eu acho hoje, era da família daqueles patinhos de borracha [...]”); (iii) {XN-AIADA} (“Após a cachaçaiada é sempre bom beber bastante liquido [...]”). Tal estudo de caso serve de estofo a um objeto teórico mais amplo, qual seja a proposição de um trato construcionista da morfologia derivacional (MIRANDA, 2013; RHODES, 1992). A Gramática das Construções Cognitiva (GOLDBERG, 1995, 2006; BOAS, 2013), entendida como um Modelo Baseado no Uso (BYBEE, 2010; CROFT E CRUSE, 2004), fornece o aparato teórico central a este estudo. Da premissa sociocognitivista que reivindica a centralidade da experiência na constituição da linguagem deriva outro fundamento crucial à sustentação das análises, qual seja a proposição de convergência entre o escopo teórico construcionista e a Semântica de Frames (FILLMORE, 1977, 2009[1982], 1985; PETRUCK, 1996; RUPENHOFER et al., 2010). Dado o relevo do uso no modelo teórico-analítico eleito, acolhe-se, em termos metodológicos, uma Linguística Cognitiva baseada em corpus (FILLMORE, 2008[1992]; MCENERY, XIAO E TONO, 2006), o que implica o uso de corpora eletrônicos e ferramentas computacionais na análise dos dados. As análises apontam, dentre outras coisas, para a consistência de um trato construcionista da morfologia derivacional, bem como para a riqueza linguística e cognitiva das construções estudadas. Os construtos, instituídos pelo esquema imagético COLEÇÃO (JOHNSON, 2005; CLAUSNER E CROFT, 1999), tem na evocação dos frames Quantidade e Desejabilidade a sua constituição semântica, apresentando-se como estratégias de quantificação e avaliação pertinentes a gêneros mais distensos da Língua Portuguesa.
This paper analyses, in a cognitive and constructionist perspective, a node of the vast network of Suffixal Morphic Quantifying Constructions, recognized as a morphological strategy evocation of the notion of collectivity in Portuguese, as illustrated with the following examples: (i) {XN-ADA} (“Com AXE vou pegar a mulherada.”); (ii) {XN-ARADA} (“No meio daquela brinquedarada toda tinha um brinquedo que, pelo menos o que eu acho hoje, era da família daqueles patinhos de borracha [...]”); (iii) {XN-AIADA} (“Após a cachaçaiada é sempre bom beber bastante liquido [...]”). This case study supports a broader theoretical object, the proposition for a constructionist approach to derivational morphology (MIRANDA, 2013; RHODES, 1992). Cognitive Construction Grammar (GOLDBERG, 1995, 2006; BOAS, 2013), a Used-based Model of Language (BYBEE, 2010; CROFT AND CRUSE, 2004), provides the central theoretical apparatus to this study. The Cognitive Linguistics premise of claiming the centrality of experience in the creation of language grants another crucial support to this analysis, which is the proposition of convergence between the constructionist approach and Frame Semantics (FILLMORE, 1977, 2009[1982], 1985; PETRUCK, 1996; RUPENHOFER et al., 2010). Given the amount of use in the theoretical and analytical model adopted, corpus-based Cognitive Linguistics (FILLMORE, 2008[1992]; MCENERY, XIAO AND TONO, 2006) was the methodology chosen. It implies the use of electronic corpora, computational tools and quantitative analysis of the data in terms of type frequency and token frequency (BYBEE, 2010; GOLDBERG, 1995). The analysis points out, among other things, to the consistency of a constructionist approach for derivational morphology, as well as the cognitive and linguistic richness of the constructional patterns under investigation. The constructs, established by the COLLECTION image schema (JOHNSON, 2005; CLAUSNER AND CROFT, 1999), evoke the Quantity and Desirability frames, presenting itself as quantifying and evaluation strategies relevant to distended genres of Portuguese.
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Deaver, Guinevere J. "The Effects of Frequency on Dual-Route Versus Single-Route Processing of Morphologically Complex Terms: A Usage-Based Experiment." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2013. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4282.
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With the availability of frequency dictionaries, such as Alameda and Cuetos (1995) or the Corpus del Español (2002), it is now possible to explore the effects of frequency on linguistic items. The following is a study exploring the effects of frequency on Spanish affixed words. While the debate of dual-route versus single-route processing continues, the results of this study suggest that L2 Spanish speakers use a dual-route model and decompose morphologically complex words when the base frequency is higher than the surface frequency. L2 Spanish speakers perceive derived words with a higher base frequency as more complex than derived words with a lower base frequency. The results of this study do not suggest the same process occurs for native Spanish speakers. When asked to identify the more complex word of a pair, native Spanish speakers are just as likely to select the derived word with a lower base frequency as they are to select the derived word with a higher base frequency suggesting a single-route model.
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Baiandina, Natalia. "La confixation en russe moderne." Thesis, Paris 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA040139/document.
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Cet ouvrage défend une « thèse » au plein sens du mot. Celle-ci vise à modifier radicalement la conception traditionnelle de la dérivation lexicale en russe moderne, qui ne retient que deux modes de dérivation et deux seuls : la préfixation et la suffixation. La thèse défend l’idée qu’aux côtés de ces deux procédés, il en existe un troisième, qui opère à l’aide d’un signifiant discontinu, que certains linguistes appellent « circonfixe » et qui est appelé ici « confixe ». La thèse met en évidence les incohérences de l’approche traditionnelle qui considère comme relevant de le catégorie préfixo-suffixale ou préfixo-postfixale des mots tels que le substantif masculin podokonnik (pod+ok(o)n+nik : ‘sous’ + ‘fenêtre’ + ‘objet’ = appui de fenêtre) ou le verbe nabegat’sja (‘saturation’ + ‘courir’ + ‘réfléchi’ = ‘courir tout son soûl’). La thèse met en évidence que nous avons affaire ici aux confixes pour le premier mot, pour le second. L’argumentation s’appuie sur un vaste matériau fourni par les dictionnaires historiques et contemporains. L’abondance des données a imposé de limiter les investigations aux substantifs et aux verbes. L’examen diachronique démontre que les confixes (morphèmes discontinus) se sont installés progressivement dans le système dérivationnel. En russe moderne, la confixation constitue un procédé dérivationnel désormais autonome et productifThis work defends the « thesis » in the full sense of the word. It is aimed at the radical revision of the traditional concept of lexical derivation in moderne Russian, which keeps only two modes of derivation and two only ones : prefixation and suffixation. The dissertation defends the idea that besides these two ways of word-formation, there is the third – word-formation by means of a discontinuous morpheme, which some linguists call “Circonfixe” and which is called here “Confixe”. The dissertation highlights the contradictions of the traditional approach which considers nouns such as podokonnik (pod + ok(o)n +nik : ‘under’ + ‘window’ + ‘object’ = window sill) or verbs like nabegat’sja (‘satiation’ + ‘to run’ + ‘reflexive’ = ‘to be run’) as prefixally-suffixal or prefixally-postfixal formations. It underlines that we are dealing here with confixes for the first word, for the second. Argumentation is based on a large material taken from the historical and contemporary dictionaries. The abundance of the collected data imposed to limit the research to nouns and verbs. The diachronic examination proves that confixes (discontinuous morphemes) have gradually taken their place in word-formation system. In moderne Russian confixation is really an independent way of word-formation
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Ford, M. A. "Morphology in the mental lexicon : frequency, productivity and derivation." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.599108.
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This thesis examines a critical issue in psycholinguistics, of whether the fundamental unit of representation in the mental lexicon is the morpheme. Are complex words, such as darkness, processed as whole forms or are they decomposed into their component morphemes dark and -ness? Research on this topic has provided preliminary evidence for decomposition by showing that response times to polymorphemic words such as darkness are influenced by summed frequency of the other words in the language containing the root morpheme (e.g. darken, darkly, darkish, etc). This thesis uses multivariate regression techniques to explore in greater depth than previously, both in terms of numbers of items and numbers of variables, the role of morphology in lexical access. It explores not only whether words are influenced by the summed frequency of the morpheme but also whether whole word frequency is important. It also asks whether for singular nouns the word-form frequency (the frequency of the form itself) or the lemma frequency (the summed frequency of all inflectional variants) is the better predictor of response times. Additionally, the role of meaning relationships between words sharing a morpheme and the role of the productivity of the suffix (the likelihood that a new form will be coined with a suffix) are investigated. Results showed that for singular nouns in standard lexical decision, the frequency of the form itself was a better predictor of response times than the lemma frequency. The semantic relationships between items and the complex forms in which they are root morphemes were also shown to be predictive of response times. However, when sampled at an earlier time point in processing, using lexical decision with a response deadline, lemma frequency was the better predictor and semantic effects were not significant. Response times to derived words were influenced both by the frequency of the root morpheme and the frequency of the form itself. The productivity of the suffix was also important. Productive items showed significantly stronger effects of morphemic frequency and of the semantic relatedness between the derived form and its stem. Distributed connectionist modelling captured important aspects of the behavioural data indicating that some aspects of morphology may be an emergent property of regularities in the mapping between form and meaning in morphologically complex forms.
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PELTZER, GROZNYKH LOUISE. "Elements de morphologie du tahitien; derivation et composition." Paris 3, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA030083.
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Le tahitien est une langue polynesienne appartenant a la famille des langues austronesiennes et parlee principalement dans l'archipel des iles-de-lasociete. Le nombre de locuteurs est estime a environ 150. 000. Cette langue possede un nombre de phonemes restreint (neuf consonnes et dix voyelles) et une morphologie simple (cf. Chapitre 1 : iii). Avant d'aborder l'etude de la derivation et de la composition, il etait necessaire de proceder auparavant a la recherche des categories (chapitre 2). Cette etude a ete menee en utilisant des criteres distributionnels et hierarchises qui permettent de differencier le niveau categoriel et le niveau fonctionnel. Les resultats ont abouti a seize classes de mots et a huit categories grammaticales. L'etude de la derivation a ete divisee en deux parties : derivation affixale et derivation flexionnelle (cf. Chapitre 3). La derivation par prefixation a ete etudiee du point de vue formel (cf. Morphologie). Et fonctionnel. Il y a peu d'alterations formelles des prefixes; du point de vue fonctionnel, certains sont des formants specifiques de verbes ou de noms, d'autres sont indifferencies (formation de noms et de verbes). Nous n'avons isole que quatre suffixes dont deux productifs, l'un servant a former des noms et l'autre, les verbes. La derivation flexionnelle a consiste en l'analyse de la derivation par flexion quantitative et par redoublement, ce qui a permis de mettre en evidence que la flexion quantitative est peu productive et sert principalement a former des verbes. Le redoublement, fortement productif, permet aussi bien de former des noms que des verbes. La composition constitue la derniere partie de ce chapitre. Les composes ont ete consideres selon leur categorie d'arrivee, le nombred'elements composants et la categorie des elements composants. Il ressort de cette etude que la majorite des composes ont ete formes sur le modele d'un syntagme de determination courant dans la langueTahitian is a polynesian language that belongs to the austronesian family and which is spoken mainly in the islands-of-the-society archipelago. It is estimated that about 150. 000 people use this language. Tahitian is characterized by a limited number of phonemes and a simple morphology. Before studying the derivation and the composition, it was necessary to find a classification (chapter 2). Therefore, distributional criterion have been organized into a hierarchy and used to make the difference between the category index and the functional level. As a result, sixteen categories of words (or parts of speech) and eight grammatical categories have been obtained. The study of the derivation has been divided into two parts : on the hand, the affixal derivation and on the other hand, the inflectional derivation (chap. 3) the prefixal derivation has been studied from two points of view, formal and functional. There is only a small change in the form of the prefixes : from the funtional point of view, some are stem-formative of verbs or of nouns, others can constitute either nouns or verbs. We have been able to isolate only four suffixes, two of them being productive; the first one is used to constitute the nouns and the other the verbs. In order to study the inflectional derivation, an analysis of the derivation by quantitative inflection and by reduplication has been necessary thus bringing out that the former is not very productive and is used mainly to constitute verbs. The reduplication which is, on the contrary, very productive is used to make up nouns as well as verbs. The composition is the last part in this chapter. The compounded words have been studied according to the final category, the number of the components and their classification. This study has enabled us to bring out that most of the compounded words have been constituted according to the usual syntactic rules of the noun phrases
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Punske, Jeffrey Paul. "Aspects of the internal structure of nominalization: roots, morphology and derivation." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/222837.
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This dissertation uses syntactic, semantic and morphological evidence from English nominalization to probe the interaction of event-structure and syntax, develop a typology of structural complexity within nominalization, and test hypotheses about the strict ordering of functional items. I focus on the widely assumed typology of nominalization found in Chomsky (1970). In particular, I show that derived nominals are structurally more complex than nominal gerunds; this has long been assumed to be the opposite. I provide a structural and morphological account of these forms of nominalization. In doing so, I explore a number of disparate topics such as: the importance of syncretism in apparently unrelated morphological elements for theories like Distributed Morphology; the role of prepositions in allowing or preventing binding relations and NPI-licensing, the exact nature of root-object union that allows idiomatic interpretations; the morphological reflexes of Case in the nominal system; the syntactic structure of verb particle constructions; the nature of events in nominalization; and the role syntactic operations play in determining morphological regularity. The dissertation also explores the nature of the English verb particle construction, arguing that it has (at least) three distinct structural configurations. Using these three distinct structures I am able to explain a number of distinct behaviors from predicate-object relationships, particle modification and argument loss in particle construction. I also discuss the relationship between particles (and results) and the different forms of nominalization. In particular, I show that apparent co-occurrence restrictions between nominal types and particles are not due to event-structure or other semantic restrictions. Rather, these differences are tied solely to the particular, idiosyncratic morphological properties of the constructions. The dissertation shows that certain functional projections may only appear once with a given root, but that there is some freedom of ordering of projections relative to the root in some cases. This work provides a window into the interaction between syntax and event structure as well as the nature of ordering within functional projections.
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Devos, Maud. "Les extensions verbales en Swahili Standard. East African Languages and Dialects 24. Racine, Odile. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, 2015, 251 pp, ISBN 978-3-89645-709-7." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-220490.
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Todaro, Giuseppina. "Nomi (e aggettivi) che diventano verbi tramite prefissazione : quel che resta della parasintesi." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU20022/document.
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Menée dans le cadre de la Construction Morphology, ma thèse propose une analyse des verbes parasynthétiques de l’italien. La définition de parasynthèse courante en littérature correspond à ‘double affixation simultanée sur une base de dérivation’ ([préf+[X]N/A+suff]V, cf. par exemple IMBARCARE ’embarquer’). Cette particularité est motivée par l’impossibilité d’attester ‘l‘étape intermédiaire’ de dérivation entre la base et le verbe construit (cf. BARCA, *IMBARCA, *BARCARE). Cette définition relève d’une analyse morphemique, incrémentale et concatenative et présuppose que les procédés dérivationnels sont conçus comme des règles orientées. Dans mon analyse, au contraire, sont définis parasynthétiques tous les verbes construits par préfixation. Cette définition s’appuie uniquement sur le paramètre d’appartenance au schéma [préf+[X]N/A]V (le suffixe étant de nature flexionnelle). Selon mon point de vue, la non-attestation d’une forme est un paramètre qui est non seulement insuffisamment fiable d’un point de vue empirique, mais aussi négligeable du point de vue d’une théorie basée sur l’idée de procédés non-orientés. La base de données utilisée contient 1674 lexèmes tirés de façon automatique du corpus ItWaC. Les variables structurelles des verbes correspondent (i) au préfixe employé (a-, in-, s-, de- ou dis-), (ii) à la classe flexionnelle (-are ou -ire) et (iii) à la catégorie de la base (N ou A). Chaque lexème, définit comme construction, est l’association d’une forme (le résultat de la combinaison des variables) et d’une valeur sémantique holistique. Les valeurs sémantiques suivantes ont été identifiées : (i) changement d’état, (ii) changement de relation locative et (iii) valeur intensive/itérative. Pour les deux premières valeurs il a été proposé une analyse unifiée dans une même composante sémantique qui exprime un changement (formalisé au moyen du prédicat BECOME), alors que la classe des verbes qui expriment la valeur (iii) est exclue de cette généralisationMy thesis proposes an analysis of the Italian parasynthetic verbs in within the framework of the Construction Morphology. The widespread definition of parasynthesis in literature corresponds to 'double simultaneous affixation on a derivational base' ([pref+[X]N/A+suff]V, cf. for example IMBARCARE 'to board'). Such definition is motivated by the impossibility of attesting the intermediate derivational stage between the base and the derived verb (cf. BARCA 'boat', *IMBARCA, *BARCARE) and it derives from a morpheme-based, incremental and concatenative approach to morphology that assumes that derivational processes are oriented rules. In my thesis I propose an alternative analysis which defines parasynthetic verbs as verbs built by prefixation. I consider as parasynthetic verb each verb belonging to the schema [préf[X]N/A]V (note that the suffix is analyzed as inflectional). This definition is purely based on the membership parameter in schema [préf[X]N/A]V (note that the suffix is analyzed as inflectional). According to this approach, the fact that a word is not attested not only represents an unreliable criterion from an empirical point of view but it also seems to be negligible within a theoretical framework considering morphological processes as non-oriented. The corpus includes 1674 lexemes automatically extracted from ItWaC. The structural variables for these verbs are (i) the prefix selected (a-, in-, s-, de-, dis-), (ii) the inflectional class (-are, -ire), (iii) the category of the base (N, A). Each lexeme is defined as a construction, i.e. a form-meaning pair (the form corresponding to a possible combination of variables and the meaning to a holistic sense). The possible semantic values are: (i) the change of state, (ii) the change of locative relation and (iii) the intensive/iterative value. For (i) and (ii) I propose a unified analysis in terms of a general semantic component expressing a change (formalized by the predicate BECOME), while the class of verbs expressing the value (iii) are not included in this generalization
La mia tesi propone un’analisi des verbi parasintetici dell’italiano nel quadro teorico della Construction Morphology. La definizione di parasintesi diffusa in letteratura corrisponde a ‘doppia affissazione simultanea su una base di derivazione’ ([préf+[X]N/A+suff]V, cf. ad esempio IMBARCARE). Questa particolarità è motivata dall’impossibilità di attestare la ‘tappa intermedia’ di derivazione tra la base e il verbo costruito (cf. BARCA, *IMBARCA, *BARCARE). Questa definizione è dovuta ad un’analisi morfemica, incrementale e concatenativa e presuppone che i processi derivazionali siano concepiti come regole orientate. Nell’analisi proposta, al contrario, sono definiti come parasintetici tutti i verbi costruiti tramite prefissazione. Questa definizione si basa esclusivamente sul parametro di appartenenza allo schema [pref[X]N/A]V (il suffisso è di tipo flessivo). Secondo la prospettiva adottata, la mancata attestazione di una forma è un parametro che risulta, oltre che insufficientemente affidabile da un punto di vista empirico, persino irrilevante dal punto di vista di una teoria basata sull’idea che i processi siano non orientati. Il corpus utilizzato contiene 1674 lessemi estratti automaticamente da ItWaC. Le variabili strutturali dei verbi in questione corrispondono (i) al prefisso selezionato (a-, in-, s-, de-, dis-), (ii) alla classe flessiva (-are, -ire), (iii) alla categoria della base (N, A). Ogni lessema, definito come costruzione, è l’associazione tra una forma (il risultato della combinazione delle variabili) e di un valore semantico olistico. I valori semantici identificati sono : (i) cambiamento di stato, (ii) cambiamento di relazione locativa e (iii) valore intensivo/iterativo. Per i primi due valori è stata proposta un’analisi unificata all’interno di un’unica componente semantica che esprime il cambiamento (formalizzata con il predicato BECOME), mentre la classe di verbi che esprimono il valore (iii) rimane esclusa da questa generalizzazione
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Lacotiz, Andréa. "Estudo diacrônico da função e dos valores semânticos dos sufixos -ança/ -ença, -ância/ -ência no português." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-28012008-112539/.
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O percurso histórico de derivações sufixais é muito pouco estudado, pois é lugar-comum concentrarem a análise de formação de palavras sob a ótica sincrônica. O presente trabalho constitui-se de um estudo calcado em diacronia sobre as ocorrências dos sufixos -ança/-ença, -ância/-ência, em suas funções transcategorial e semântica. Em manuais de gramática normativa, afirma-se, comumente, que esses sufixos se prestam apenas a transpor a classe gramatical de uma palavra, de verbo a substantivo abstrato, e acrescentam à base um significado superficial. Os modelos gerativos de estudo morfológico, por sua vez, embora reconheçam a polissemia dos sufixos, instituem regras de derivação sufixal que não abrangem a total possibilidade formativa, encontrada no processo histórico dos sufixos abordados. O objetivo de nossa pesquisa tratava-se de precisar dados etimológicos encontrados no Dicionário Houaiss, para com isso investigar os valores semânticos variáveis no percurso diacrônico dos sufixos, avaliar a tendência formativa transcategorial, desde o latim clássico, e verificar a relação que os substantivos derivados estabelecem com seus verbos e adjetivos cognatos. Com base em um corpus de 250 palavras usuais formadas por esses sufixos, investigamos a etimologia dos vocábulos, utlizando-se de dicionários de latim, clássico e medieval, inglês, francês, espanhol e italiano, confrontando os dados encontrados com aqueles fornecidos pelo Dicionário Houaiss. Descrevemos os valores semânticos dos sufixos em forma de paráfrases, discernindo os prototípicos daqueles advindos de empréstimos ou por extensão de sentido. Averiguamos a cognação desses substantivos derivados entre adjetivos em -nte e verbos, no português atual. Dessa forma, pudemos concluir que esses sufixos se revestem de variáveis valores semânticos, prototípicos e adquiridos em seu percurso diacrônico; prestam-se à criação de substantivos majoritariamente abstratos, pois há ocorrências de substantivos concretos, e possuem a tendência de formar derivados a partir de bases adjetivais e verbais, ainda que, ao longo da história, desde o latim, tenham existido formações com outras categorias.The historical trajectory of suffixal derivations is too little studied, since it is a commonplace to concentrate the analysis of words formation under a synchronical point of view. The present work deals with a study set in the diachronical perspective of the suffixal occurrences of Portuguese suffixes -ança/-ença, -ância/-ência, in their transcategorical and semantical functions. In normative grammar manuals, it is used to affirm that these suffixes are useful in order to cross over the grammatical class of a word, from a verb to an abstract noun, and to add it on the basis of a superficial meaning. The generative models of Morphology, in their turn, recognize even though the polysemy of the suffixes and establish suffixal derivation rules that do not embrace all formative possibilities, found in the historical process of the broached suffixes. The purpose of this research was specify etymological data found in the Dicionário Houaiss, to, hereby, investigate the changeable semantic values in their suffixal diachronic trajectory, evaluate their transcategorical formative tendency, since the Classic Latin, and verify the relation that the derivative nouns establish with their verbs and cognate adjectives. Based on a corpus of 250 usual words formed by these suffixes, we investigate the etymology of the terms, consulting dictionaries of Classic and Medieval Latin, English, French, Spanish and Italian, confronting the found data with those supplied by the Dicionário Houaiss. We describe the semantical values of the suffixes in the form of paraphrases, discriminating the prototypical one from those ocurred by loans or by meaning extensions. We inquire the cognation of these derivative nouns among adjectives in -nte and verbs, in the current Portuguese. This way, we could conclude that these suffixes resemble themselves with changeable semantical values, prototypical and acquired in their diachronical trajectory; they are useful to the creation of nouns mainly the abstract ones, because there are occurrences of concrete nouns, and have the tendency to form derivatives from adjectival and verbal bases, although, alongside the history, since the Latin, formations with other categories have also existed.
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Varvara, Rossella. "Verbs as nouns: empirical investigations on event-denoting nominalizations." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1175499.
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In this thesis, I study the differences in form and interpretation presented by event-denoting nominalizations. Frequently, languages have more than one type of event nominalization, such as deverbal nouns derived by means of suxes (Italian mutamento / mutazione, ‘change’, ‘mutation’, or English assignment, explosion) and their corresponding verbal nouns, e.g. infinitives (il mutare, ‘the changing’) or gerunds (exploding). These are usually perceived as alternatives, since their semantic difference is not clearly understood by neither native speakers nor linguists.
The aim of this work is to understand the rationale that leads us to choose one form instead of the other and to define the linguistic features involved. The hypothesis underlying the whole thesis is that different forms are never true synonyms and, thus, present some differences in use, distribution or meaning.
In a first study, I explore the role of the base verb in the nominalization selection. I investigate if the various nominalizations are formed from different types of base verbs and which characteristics define their domain of application. By means of statistical modeling, I highlight how the transitivity of the base verb partially determines which nominalization is preferred. Moreover, I show that NIs are not used to make up for the lack of a corresponding EDN, refuting previous claims.
Then, I move forward analyzing the cases in which both forms are derived from the same base and I try to understand if they differ in meaning. In the second study presented, I use collocation analysis to observe their semantic dissimilarities. With focus on a single syntactic pattern, I find out that nominal infinitives and deverbal nouns inherit only part of the base verb senses. The former usually prefer metaphorical and abstract senses, whereas the latter select more concrete and literal ones.
Lastly, I use distributional semantic models to observe quantitatively the semantic shift of the two processes. I confirm the hypothesis that nominal infinitives are more transparent and more semantically regular than deverbal nouns, given their inflectional nature.
The studies presented have been conducted on Italian and German; however, the findings are relevant for the general treatment of nominalizations and may be replicated for further languages. Overall, my work shows how quantitative analyses of corpus data can help us investigate problems that are hardly addressed by linguists introspection. Moreover, it includes in the study of nominalizations nominal infinitives, non-finite verbal forms which, contrary to English gerunds, have not received the attention they deserve.
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Corbin, Danielle. "Morphologie derivationnelle et structuration du lexique." Paris 8, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA080100.
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Cet ouvrage tente d'elaborer et d'appliquer au lexique construit (par affixation et conversion) du francais un ensemble coherent et hierarchise de regles et de principes constituant une grammaire generative du lexique. L'hypothese fondamentale sur laquelle repose ce travail est la suivante : les irregularites de tous ordres observables sur la partie attestee du lexique construit cachent des regularites profondes gouvernees par cette grammaire. Sont d'abord envisages les obstacles qui empechent le morphologue de depasser le niveau de l'"evidence": difficultes d'acces aux materiaux, pesanteur des conceptions et des outils traditionnels de l'analyse des mots construits. Les irregularites observables sont soumises a un tri qui permet d'isoler les fausses irregularites, d'origine essentiellement extralinguistique, les sous-regularites, d'ordre formel et semantique, et les veritables idiosyncrasies. Cette redistribution des exceptions apparentes permet de distinguer divers types de mots complexes, de definir de facon contrainte la notion d'operation derivationnelle, enfin de justifier la construction de divers types de regles lexicales hierarchisees entre elles. Est ensuite explicite le fonctionnement detaille d'un modele lexical reposant sur cette analyse stratifiee des donnees. Ce modele est organise en trois composants qui formalisent respectivement les materiaux non construits qui servent aux regles (composant de base), les regles de construction des mots (composant derivationnel), et un ensemble ordonne de filtres charges de conformer le lexique de droit au lexique de fait (composant conventionnel). Il presente vis-a-vis des modeles lexicalistes concurrents l'originalite d'etre a la fois associatif (les regles attribuent aux mots construits une structure morphologique et une interpretation semantique associees), surgeneratif par rapport au lexique atteste, et stratifie, puisque l'organisation du modele respecte la hierarchie des regularites et des diverses irregularites. L'ouvrage est complete par seize annexes developpant des points particuliers ou fournissant des inventaires, et quatre indexThis work tries to construct a consistent set of rules and principles organized into a hierarchy and constituting a generative grammar of the lexicon, to be applied to the french lexicon built by affixation and conversion. The main hypothesis is : behind the various irregularities one may observe in the attested part of the "built lexicon", lie deep regularities governed by a grammar such as the one here constructed. First, i analyze the reasons why the morphologists cannot generally see further than the obvious level : difficulties in the access to the material, burdensomeness of the traditional conceptions and tools used for the analysis of the derived words. Second, i sift out the observable irregularities in order to select (i) the apparent irregularities, most of them being extralinguistical, (ii) the formal and semantic subregularities, and (iii) the pure idiosyncrasies. This new classification of the apparent exceptions enables to mark off various types of complex words, then to define restrictively the concept of "derivational operation", finally to justify the hierarchy of various types of lexical rules presented here. Third, the detailed functioning of a lexical model based on such a stratified analysis of the data is explicitly described. This model is organized in three components that formalize (i) the underived material to be used by the rules ("base component"), (ii) the word formation rules ("derivational component"), and (iii) an ordered set of filters which function it is to adjust the de jure lexicon to the de facto one ("conventional component"). In comparison with the other leicalist models, this one is original, being altogether associative (the rules give to the derived words a morphological structure and a semantical interpretation that are associated), overgenerative when compared to the attested lexicon, and stratified, since the model organization agrees with the hierarchy of the regularities and of the various irregularities. The work is completed by sixteen annexes detailing spcific topics or giving corpus, plus four indexes
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Hippisley, Andrew. "Declarative derivation : a network morphology account of Russian word formation with reference to nouns denoting 'person'." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363798.
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ARCODIA, GIORGIO FRANCESCO. "La derivazione lessicale in cinese mandarino." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Pavia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/13508.
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In the Chinese language, morphologically complex words have been attested since the remote past of the language, including both stem-modifying processes and agglutination of morphemes, mostly lexical and free in the classical language (see Baxter & Sagart 1998). Chinese word-formation has received much attention in the literature in recent times, but most descriptions and theoretical work on the topic are focussed on compounding (see e.g. Packard 1998, 2000, Lin 2001, Ceccagno & Basciano 2007), and it is still a matter of debate whether compounding and derivation are two distinct phenomena in Modern Mandarin Chinese (see, among others, Pan W., Ye B. & Han Y. 2004).
In this thesis, we intend to analyse Chinese word formation patterns which may be candidate to derivational status, according to the definition of such process of word formation which we find in the morphological literature (as e.g. Beard 1998, Naumann & Vogel 2000, Olsen 2000): they are patterns such as X-學 ‘the study of X’ (心理學 xīnlǐxué ‘psychology’) or X-性 ‘the property of (being) X’ (重要性 zhòngyàoxìng ‘importance’). The characteristics of the morphemes around which those patterns are built which sets them close to derivational affixes is that they appear in a fixed position, seem to form new words productively and convey a different, “emptier” meaning than that of the corresponding lexical morph (see Ma 1995). The apparent phonological (and, needless to say, ortographical) identity between a “would-be affix” and its lexical counterpart (as, say, 學 used as a verb, ‘to study’) is not surprising, since grammaticalization without alteration in the sound shape of a morph is a characteristic feature of languages belonging to the East and South-East Asian area (Bisang 1996, 2004). Therefore, the notion of “affixoid”, coined to describe word formation elements in European languages which are bound but phonologically identical to a free form in the languge (such as Dutch boer, meaning ‘farmer’ as a word and ‘dealer’ when used as a bound form), proves to be unnnecessary for Chinese.
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Gianastacio, Vanderlei. "A presença do sufixo -ismo nas gramáticas da língua portuguesa e sua abrangência dos valores semânticos, a partir do Dicionário de Língua Portuguesa Antônio Houaiss." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-30112009-151358/.
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Esta pesquisa tem o objetivo de entender os valores semânticos do sufixo ismo, num estudo diacrônico, trabalhando com dados etimológicos encontrados no Dicionário Houaiss e avaliando a formação de vocábulos nas diversas categorias. Para uma melhor compreensão do sufixo ismo, observou-se sua origem, bem como sua produtividade, na língua grega. Atentou-se para a sua transição do grego para o latim e para o processo de formação de palavras nesse idioma. Considerou-se a presença de vocábulos de origem grega, no latim, ora transliterados, ora formados no latim, mesmo sem encontrar nas gramáticas desse idioma o ismo classificado como sufixo. A passagem desse sufixo para a língua portuguesa é um fato constatado, porém o estudo do ismo não aparece nas primeiras gramáticas de língua portuguesa. Para isso, analisaram-se as gramáticas portuguesas, iniciando por Fernão de Oliveira e, assim, percebeuse que o primeiro gramático de língua portuguesa a estudar o sufixo ismo foi Julio Ribeiro. Uma vez que esta obra é produzida antes da data que marca o início do estruturalismo, verificaram-se as afirmações de Humboldt percebendo que, mesmo antes da obra de Ferdinand de Saussure, Curso de linguística geral, já havia pensamentos voltados para o estruturalismo, algo que influenciou Julio Ribeiro. Com base em um corpus de duas mil, trezentas e quarenta e três palavras (2.343), analisou-se a etimologia desses vocábulos, recorrendo aos dicionários de grego, latim, espanhol, inglês, italiano e francês, confrontando com as informações encontradas em Houaiss. Além disso, contrastou-se a datação das palavras formadas com o sufixo ismo, apresentadas em Houaiss, com o sítio na internet denominado Corpus do Português. Dessa forma, concluiu-se que o sufixo ismo apresenta uma diversidade de valores semânticos adquiridos em sua trajetória diacrônica formando, assim, substantivo de substantivo, substantivo de adjetivo e substantivo de verbo.The objective of this research is to understand, by means of a diachronic study, the semantic diversity of the suffix ism and to evaluate the formation of various types of words, working with the etymological information found in the Houaiss dictionary. In order to understand better the suffix ism, its origin and uses in Greek were observed. Attention was given to the transition from Greek to Latin and the process by which words in these languages were formed. The presence of Latin words of Greek origin, either transliterated or of Latin formation, were considered, even if the ism suffix was not found in the grammars of these languages. The transfer of the ism suffix to the Portuguese language is an established fact. However, the study of the suffix ism does not appear in the first Portuguese language grammars. For this reason, Portuguese grammars, starting with Fernão de Oliveira, were analyzed. It was shown that the first Portuguese grammar to study the suffix ism was that of Julio Ribeiro. Noting that this grammar was produced before the beginning date of structuralism, the affirmations of Humboldt were verified, showing that even before Ferdinand de Saussures work, Curso de lingüística geral, there were already structuralist ideas which influenced Julio Ribeiro. Using a group of two thousand, three hundred and forty-three (2,343) words, the etymology of each was analyzed, consulting dictionaries in Greek, Latin, Spanish, English, Italian and French, and comparing them with the information found in Houaiss. In addition, the date of the words formed with the suffix ism, presented in Houaiss, was contrasted with words found on the site O Corpus do Português. It was concluded that the suffix ism presents a semantic diversity acquired in its diachronic trajectory, forming nouns from nouns, nouns from adjectives and nouns from verbs.
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Simões, Lisângela. "Estudo semântico e diacrônico do sufixo -dade na língua portuguesa." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-04022010-161225/.
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Existem autores que consideram os sufixos como unidades mínimas vazias de significado que não alteram a classe gramatical da base a que se integram para formar novos vocábulos. Todavia, inúmeros exemplos refutam tais afirmações (de adjetivos podemos derivar substantivos abstratos: feliz felicidade; o sufixo eiro pode compor substantivos, como pedreiro, assim como adjetivos, interesseiro). Desta forma, percebemos que os sufixos possuem significado autônomo e que fazem mais do que alterar a classe gramatical de um termo. O objetivo desta pesquisa é tratar do sufixo dade na língua portuguesa, ressaltando, por meio de paráfrases semânticas, os sentidos diacronicamente atestados em gramáticas e dicionários de língua portuguesa, especialmente no Dicionário eletrônico Houaiss da língua portuguesa (2001). Acreditamos que este tipo de análise colabora com estudos de sentidos e de datações atribuídos ao sufixo. Esta pesquisa se enquadra nas propostas do Grupo de Morfologia Histórica do Português da Universidade de São Paulo (GMHP/USP, http://www.usp.br/gmhp), sob a coordenação do Prof. Dr. Mário Eduardo Viaro.There are some authors who consider suffixes as minimum units with no meaning that cannot form a word with a different morphological category from its basis. However, a lot of examples could be easily taken to refute such ideas (from adjectives abstract nouns can be derived: feliz felicidade; the Portuguese suffix eiro can be a compound of nouns, such as pedreiro, or adjectives, interesseiro). This shows us how suffixes carry an autonomy in their meaning and not only change the grammatical category of a derived word. The aim of this research is to analyze the Portuguese suffix dade, showing, through semantic paraphrases, the meanings diachronically presented in grammar books and dictionaries on Portuguese, especially in the Dicionário eletrônico Houaiss da língua portuguesa (2001). We argue that this type of analysis could enrich the studies about meanings and date occurrences associated to this particular suffix. This work is inserted within the purposes of the Grupo de Morfologia Histórica do Português da Universidade de São Paulo (GMHP/USP, Group of Historical Morphology of the Portuguese Language, http://www.usp.br/gmhp), under PhD. Mário Eduardo Viaro coordination.
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Gianastacio, Vanderlei. "A presença dos sufixos -sc- e -iz- na Vulgata e sua abrangência semântica e aspectual." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-29042015-175910/.
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Esta pesquisa tem o objetivo de entender os valores semânticos dos sufixos -sc- e -iz- nos verbos encontrados na Vulgata, num estudo sincrônico e diacrônico, considerando as informações etimológicas e avaliando a formação desses verbos nas diversas categorias. Para uma melhor compreensão dos sufixos -sc- e -iz-, observou-se sua utilização na língua grega e, a partir desta, a sua transição para o latim, o que resultou no processo de formação de palavras nesse idioma. Consideram-se os verbos, com ambos os sufixos na língua grega, e o uso deles na língua latina, ora formando novos verbos no latim, ora sendo transliterados, do grego para o latim. Além da Vulgata, o Dictionnaire Illustre Latin Français de Félix Gaffiot também é corpus para esta pesquisa a fim de perceber se os sufixos pesquisados formaram novos verbos no latim pós-clássico. Nesta comparação de corpora, pode-se notar a ausência da Vulgata nas referências dos verbos, com sufixo -sc- e -iz-, mencionado por Gaffiot. Propõe-se também nesta pesquisa, observar as assertivas dos gramáticos e linguistas quanto aos verbos produzidos com esses sufixos. Tais afirmações estão relacionadas com a semanticidade e características dos verbos, observando-se os seus aspectos, além de informar em qual período eles foram produtivos. Em suma, este estudo destina-se a considerar a Vulgata, visto que a maioria dos pesquisadores a desconsidera, produzindo conclusões divergentes quanto ao uso dos sufixos estudados nesta pesquisa. A prefixação dos verbos que utilizam o sufixo -sc- é fato que se avalia, porque as sugestões dos estudiosos dessa área propõem datas a aspecto da produção verbal. Finalmente, observou-se que os verbos com os sufixos -sc- e -iz- estão presentes nas construções de perífrases na Vulgata, divergindo em suas construções em relação à conjugação dos verbos utilizados.The purpose of this research is to understand by means of a synchronic and diachronic study the semantic values of the suffixes -sc- and -iz- in the verbs found in the Vulgate, considering etymological information and evaluating the formation of these verbs in their diverse categories. In order to comprehend better the -sc- and -iz- suffixes, their use in the Greek language it will be observed, and from this, their transition into Latin which resulted in the process of the formation of words in that language. Verbs with both suffixes in Greek and their use in Latin will be considered, at times forming new verbs in Latin, at times being transliterated from Greek into Latin. Beside the Vulgate, the Dictionnaire Illustre Latin Français by Felix Gaffiot serves as material for research in order to see if the suffixes studied formed new verbs in post-classic Latin. In the comparison of the material, the absence of references to the Vulgate of the verbs with the -sc- and -iz- suffixes mentioned by Gaffiot can be noted. The research also proposes to investigate assertions of grammarians and linguists about verbs formed with these suffixes. Those affirmations are related to the semanticity and the grammaticality of the verbs, noting its aspects, in addition to indicating in which period they were productive. As such, this study has the goal of considering the Vulgate in the production of divergent conclusions about the use of the suffixes studied in this research, since the majority of researchers do not consider it. The prefixion of the verbs that use the suffix -sc- is evaluated because suggestions from scholars in this area propose dates with respect to verbal production. Finally, it was seen that verbs with the suffixes -sc- and -iz- are present in the construction of periphrases in the Vulgate, differing in their constructions with respect to the conjugation of the verbs used.
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Darby, Jeannique A. "The processing of conversion in English : morphological complexity and underspecification." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:17ac8ebc-82b8-4aa8-b61d-5fe9f310a09c.
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This thesis investigates a subset of the lexical items which appear to be involved in the phenomenon of conversion in English. In its most canonical form, conversion involves pairs or sets of word forms which share both their phonological (and orthographic) form as well as some element of meaning, but which seem to belong to di↵erent word classes. In this study, the focus is on the relationships (or lack thereof) between monosyllabic verbal and nominal forms in conversion pairs. The investigation takes as a starting point the patterns of linguistic behaviour within and across these pairs. The situation which is revealed is complex, but not unsystematic. Instead, it is shown that in many cases, the relationship between the nominal and verbal forms is clearly asymmetrical. In contrast to these clearer patterns, however, there are also a number of cases wherein the relationship appears to be more symmetrical in nature. In view of the complexity of the situation, the question of how to best model the linguistic behaviour of such forms has been a subject of some debate in the literature. A variety of theoretical explanations for these relationships have been proposed, though none has managed to account for the wide range of data. This study therefore suggests a mixed model, in which asymmetrically-related forms are involved in a derivational morphological process, while symmetrical forms represent inflected forms of a single lexeme which lacks a specification of word class. However, given the fertile – and in no way settled – research background, the primary contribution of this study is an experimental exploration of how these forms and the relationships between them might be synchronically represented in the mental grammar of current speakers. To that end, three behavioural experiments are conducted with a view to uncovering how di↵erent types of conversion items are processed, and how information about their processing might inform our theoretical understanding. The results of these experiments suggest that the processing of these forms is indeed in line with the patterns of symmetry and asymmetry found in their linguistic behaviour, and suggests that some conversion pairs may be involved in a derivational process, while others may not be pairs at all but rather a single, underspecified lexical entry. However, in addition to the results concerning the forms which display clearer patterns of behaviour, it is suggested that the patterns across the phenomenon of conversion as a whole may best be understood as a continuum, rather than all suggesting a single underlying pattern of mental representation.
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Santos, Alice Pereira. "Morfologia em diacronia - os caminhos e desvios de um afixo na história da língua: o percurso histórico-semântico do prefixo des- em bases sufixadas e em formações parassintéticas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-10052016-115122/.
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Esta investigação busca analisar o processo parassintético, bem como estudar a formação prefixal em palavras já derivadas. Toma-se como ponto de partida o exame do prefixo des-, bastante produtivo em português brasileiro atual. Objetiva-se averiguar os critérios de seleção, combinação, restrição desse elemento formativo, em relação aos sufixos, já presentes nos vocábulos pesquisados, e às bases selecionadas. Intenciona-se indicar as regularidades e idiossincrasias desses mecanismos de formação de palavras, no que tange o afixo supracitado, considerando-se os níveis fonológico, morfológico e semântico. O prefixo des- é uma inovação neolatina e possui muitos significados comuns aos formantes latinos de- e dis-, partilhando dos valores de negação/privação, separação/afastamento e intensidade. Além das semelhanças semânticas no português contemporâneo, esses elementos formativos mostram-se intrinsecamente ligados pelo seu desenvolvimento morfossemântico, sendo indispensável, portanto, a consideração desses formantes lexicais para esboçar uma proposta etimológica para o prefixo sob escopo. A observação das formações construídas a partir dos afixos em apreço permitiu promover uma série de reflexões a respeito dos processos prefixais e parassintéticos, imprescindíveis para o prosseguimento da análise. Para levar a cabo esses objetivos, utilizou-se, inicialmente, a base de dados do Dicionário Houaiss. Vale destacar que outros dicionários foram utilizados, a fim de aferir e complementar essas informações. Empreendeu-se ainda um estudo da produtividade do prefixo des-, por meio da análise dos neologismos, que permitiu delinear um panorama do seu status atual.This research aims to analyse the parasynthetic process, as well as to study prefixation in words already derived. As a starting point it was performed the examination of the prefix des-, which is very productive in the current Brazilian Portuguese. The objective is to determine the criteria of selection, combination, restriction of that formative element, in relation to the suffixes, already present in the studied words, and to the selected stems. It is the authors purpose to indicate the regularities and idiosyncrasies of these mechanisms of word formation, regarding the aforementioned affix, taking into account the phonological, morphological and semantic levels. The prefix des- is an innovation of the Romance languages and has many meanings in common with the Latin prefixes de- and dis-, sharing values of negation/deprivation, separation/distance and intensity. In addition to the semantic similarities in the contemporary Portuguese, these prefixes are shown to be inextricably linked by their morpho-semantic development, being essential, therefore, a consideration of these lexicon builders to outline an etymological proposal for the prefix under investigation. The observation of the vocabulary built by the prefix in question promoted a series of reflections about the prefixation and parasynthetic processes, that were essential to carry on with the analysis. To carry out these objectives, the database of Houaiss dictionary was initially used. It is worth a note that other dictionaries have been used in order to assess and complement the information. A study of productivity of the prefix des- was also conducted through the analysis of neologisms, what enabled the author to draw an overview of their current status.
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Freitas, Érica Santos Soares de. "Em busca do mento perdido. Análise semântico-diacrônica do sufixo -mento, no português." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-29092008-151130/.
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Este trabalho tem um caráter multidisciplinar; faz parte de uma pesquisa mais extensa, cujo objetivo principal é o de estudar, diacronicamente, a formação de palavras do português, com ênfase no processo de sufixação. Direciona-se ao estudo morfológico-diacrônico do sufixo MENTO, precisamente na formação de palavras, por meio do processo derivacional de sufixação; observamos as palavras portuguesas formadas pelo sufixo derivacional MENTO (do latim MEN, MENTUM). Nosso objetivo foi o de identificar os substantivos deverbais, formados por meio de um verbo unido ao sufixo MENTO, e seus significados, para então podermos afirmar a hipótese de todos se originarem de uma ação, construídos pelo modelo verbo + sufixo MENTO. Além disso, também consideramos as acepções semânticas desse sufixo, a fim de apresentarmos algumas formações parafrásticas que denotam um significado no morfema sufixal e não na base das palavras. Com o objetivo de pesquisarmos diacronicamente, como corpus adotamos o Dicionário Houaiss da Língua Portuguesa em duas versões: publicado em livro e em arquivo digital. Também utilizamos o Corpus do Português e as Cantigas de Santa Maria como corpora para acrescentarmos e alterarmos as datações do dicionário utilizado, além de incluirmos palavras não registradas naquele. A aplicação deste trabalho dá-se no campo da educação superior por meio do estudo da mudança gramatical e da história social do português, com organização simultânea de um corpus de análise.The present work has a multidisciplinary character and finds its justification before the challenges faced by the contemporary world educational institutions; it is part of a more extensive research, which main objective is to diachronically study the formation of words in Portuguese, with emphasis in the process of suffixation. This work is directed to the diachronic morphological study of the suffix MENTO, more specifically in the formation of words, by means of the derivational process of suffixing; we will observe the Portuguese words formed by the derivational suffix MENTO (from the Latin, MEN, MENTUM). Our objective is to observe the deverbal nouns formed by a verb connected to the suffix MENTO, and its meanings, so we can state the hypothesis that they all origin from an action, formed by the model verb + suffix MENTO. Moreover, we will also research the semantic meanings of this suffix, in order to present some paraphrastic formations that denote a meaning in the suffix morpheme, and not in the base of the word. In order to search diachronically we adopted as corpus the Dicionário Houaiss da Língua Portuguesa in two versions: as published and in its digital archive. We have also used the Corpus do Português and the Cantigas de Santa Maria as corpora to add and alter the datings of the adopted dictionary, and furthermore, to include words that do not figure in it. The area of application of this work is higher education by means of study of grammatical change and the social history of Portuguese, with the simultaneous organization of an analysis corpus.
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Santos, Alice Pereira. "Polissemia dos sufixos aumentativos -ão, -arro, -orro, -aço e -uço e seus traços avaliativos sob a perspectiva diacrônica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-11102011-101958/.
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A pesquisa que aqui se apresenta trata dos sufixos aumentativos -ão; -aço(a); -uço(a); -arro(a) e -orro(a). Essa investigação pautou-se em aspectos etimológicos, morfológicos e semânticos. Sendo assim, foi possível apontar a origem e delimitar os significados que cada afixo assume em português. Além disso, puderam-se verificar as transformações e o desenvolvimento semântico desses elementos formativos. Para tanto, utilizou-se, como base inicial para o estudo, o Dicionário Houaiss, do qual foram extraídos os vocábulos derivados a partir dos sufixos arrolados acima. A análise diacrônica forneceu indícios do percurso histórico, revelando as influências de algumas línguas românicas. Por isso, em muitos momentos também foi necessário recorrer ao estudo desses formantes lexicais no galego, espanhol, catalão, francês e italiano para esclarecer o trajeto por eles percorrido. Realizou-se ainda uma comparação, no que se refere à função aumentativo-intensiva desses elementos derivacionais. A pesquisa empreendeu também uma análise acerca da produtividade e frequência de uso. A primeira apoiou-se na observação das criações neológicas e a segunda foi estipulada a partir de páginas da internet, escritas em português. Esse procedimento permitiu observar a situação atual dos sufixos em apreço.The research that is here presented is about the augmentatives suffixes -ão; -aço(a); -uço(a); -arro(a) and -orro(a) from Portuguese language. This investigation is based on etymologic al, semantical and morphological aspects. This way, it was possible to point the origin to stablish boundaries for the meanings that each affix holds in Portuguese. In addition, it was also possible to verify the semantical development and transformations of those elements. In order to do that, the Houaiss Dictionary was used as original source of this study, from where words with the suffixes mentioned before could be extracted. The diachronic analysis showed some evidences of the historical pathway and the influence of some Romance languages. Because of that, for many times it was necessary to study those lexical pieces in spanish, catalan, french, italian and galician to clarify the way they have been through. It was also possible to compare them, when talking about the intensive-augmentative function of those derivational elements. Still, the research was an analysis about the productivity and frequency of usage. The first one, the productivity, was based on the observations of neologistical creations and the second one, the frequency, was based on the research on the internet. During this process it was possible to observe the behavior those suffixes have nowadays.
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Jobin, Bettina. "Genus im Wandel : Studien zu Genus und Animatizität anhand von Personenbezeichnungen im heutigen Deutsch mit Kontrastierungen zum Schwedischen." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Tyska institutionen, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-56.
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This study investigates, theoretically and empirically, the role of animacy in the development of gender systems. The theoretical background is a grammaticalisation approach to language change. Concerning gender, this presupposes that classifications begin as semantic distinctions in the realm of animacy with flexible, contextually based agreement between the gender-marking elements. This kind of gender is called contextual gender. In the course of time, these classifications will spread into other areas, they become desemanticized and the agreement relation grammaticalizes into one of government where the inherent gender of the head noun controls the gender of the agreeing elements, irrespective of contextual factors When this leads to a great number of violations of the principles of contextual agreement in the realm of animacy, a new cycle of semantic classification will begin, creating layers of classifications. For German and Swedish two different layers are discerned respectively. The empirical starting point of this project was the observation of two opposite developments in the area of female person reference in Germany and Sweden. As a consequence of feminist critique of language, mainly targeted at the use of socalled masculine generics, in Germany the use of female gender-specific nouns increased substantially, the major means being female derivation with –in, so-called motion. Although similar means for female derivation exist in Swedish, i.e. -inna and -ska, the number of derivations used is decreasing. In order to isolate socio-cultural and historical facts from language-internal mechanisms behind the diverging tendencies, a historical sketch of the development of equal rights, of language criticism and of the development of the female suffixes is drawn for the respective countries. It is obvious, that the German strategy to achieve gender-fair language use is established by making women visible by means of motion, while in Sweden the use of gender-neutral forms for a long period of time has been regarded as a sign of equality. This ‘neutral’ use of former masculine and male-specific forms has been made possible by the merging of the two nominal genders masculine and feminine into uter (Sw. utrum). A contrastive study of comparable German and Swedish newspaper texts shows that the lack of motion in Swedish is partly compensated by composition and attribution with gender-specific lexemes. Still, the 64% gender-specific noun phrases in Swedish cannot compare with the 95% in German. But the use of gender-specific forms for well over half of the person references calls into doubt the general opinion shared by most Swedes that Swedish has a gender-neutral person reference system. Linguistic asymmetry persists as long as gender-specification is restricted to one half of the gendered population, whatever the means for specification. The almost exclusive use of gender-specific forms in German is seen as indicative of a grammaticalisation process. Haspelmaths invisible hand explanation of grammaticalisation is used to show how the development of -in in German fulfils just about every requirement on a grammaticalisation process – language-external as well as -internal – while -inna and -ska neither are promoted sufficiently by the speech community nor does there exist a paradigm that could accommodate them. In contrast to Swedish, where the suffixes remain strictly derivational, it is demonstrated that -in is turning into an inflectional marker. The German gender sub-system for person reference is developing into a semantically based system with genderflexible person denominations. A study of the pronouns agreeing with non-personal-agents in a parallel corpus of EU-documents shows that other aspects than purely referential or formal ones impinge on the choice of agreement forms. Non-personal-agents in certain contexts expose both agency and intentionality, which turns them into suitable agreement partners for animate pronouns. In Swedish, all animate pronouns are sexed, leaving a “Leerstelle” for these inanimate but agentive and intentional referents. In German, this problem is covered by the polysemy of the personal pronouns. Non-personal-agents are shown to be one possiblesource for the spreading of a linguistic innovation from the realm of animacy into inanimate contexts via semantic and thematic roles that share important features with animates proper. The last study makes use of different types of German monolingual corpora in order to investigate the agreement between inanimate nouns with female inherent gender – from non-personal-agents and abstracts to concrete nouns – and agent nouns which can potentially expose agreement by female derivation. Although the results are rather heterogeneous, they allow the formulation of the hypothesis that agreement is more likely to occur with nouns for which a metaphorical bridge to stereotypical conceptions of femininity can be constructed and that key collocations with high frequency such as die Kirche als Trägerin or die DNA als Trägerin der Erbinformation contribute significantly to the spread of the agreement pattern.
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Rosenberg, Maria. "La formation agentive en français : les composés [VN/A/Adv/P]N/A et les dérivés V-ant, V-eur et V-oir(e)." Phd thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för franska, italienska och klassiska språk, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00486981.
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This study addresses the French morphological construction [VN/A/Adv/P]N/A. The main objectives are to posit a single rule for its formation and to question the implications of the agent polysemy. The theoretical framework is lexeme-based morphology, which adheres to weak lexicalism. The first part of our analysis is qualitative and concerns the availability aspect of productivity. The method is introspective. The internal semantic patterns of the French construction are examined. Our results give evidence for the claim that a single morphological construction rule, [VN/A/Adv/P]N/A, is responsible for the cases where the first constituent is a verb stem, and the second constituent may correspond to an internal argument, an external argument or a semantic adjunct. All cases manifest the same patterns, which are related to the denotative meanings included in the agent polysemy: Agent, Instrument, Locative, Action, Result and Cause. Our contrastive analysis shows that the same patterns are found in the four Swedish agentive formations, [N/A/Adv/PV-are]N, [N/A/Adv/PV]N, [N/A/Adv/PV-a]N and [VN]N, which correspond to the French [VN/A/Adv/P]N/A construction and which also contain a verbal constituent and its internal or external argument, or an adjunct. The second part of our analysis is quantitative and concerns the profitability aspect of productivity. The method is inductive. The aim is to explore the polysemy of agent and its assumed hierarchical structure, in synchrony and diachrony. Four French agentive formations, [VN/A/Adv/P]N/A compounds and V-ant, V-eur and V-oir(e) derivations, are included in order to examine semantic competition and blocking effects. Our results give evidence for the existence of an agent polysemy but deny that it has a hierarchical structure valid for every agentive formation. The meanings in the agent polysemy are more or less profitable according to formation type: blocking effects could explain this behaviour.
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Vafaeian, Ghazaleh. "Breaking paradigms : A typological study of nominal and adjectival suppletion." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Avdelningen för allmän språkvetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-43461.
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Suppletion is a term used to describe the occurrence of unpredictable and irregular patterns. Although typological research has been devoted to verb suppletion, not as much attention has been given to suppletion in nominal and adjectival paradigms. The thesis presents the cross-linguistic distribution of nominal and adjectival suppletion. The lexical distribution as well as the features involved are presented. The results of nominal suppletion show that nouns referring to humans are most often suppletive, that number is the most common grammatical feature involved in nominal suppletion and that „child‟ is by far the most common noun to be suppletive cross-linguistically. The results on adjectival suppletion show that adjectival suppletion is well spread though not very common cross-linguistically. A study of 8 Semitic languages shows that „woman‟ versus „women‟ are stable suppletive forms in this language family.
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Faltusová, Marie. "Automatické zařazování neznámých slov na základě derivačních vazeb." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-417230.
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This master thesis deals with the construction of a system for automatic classification of~unknown words based on derivation bonds. For this purpose, the system was designed to~extract derivative links based on electronic dictionaries and to create word-forming models from them. Based on this knowledge, it is then possible to incorporate unclassified words into existing nests formed from the obtained bonds, and their models, or create new ones. The reader will be gradually acquainted with the reasons that lead to the continuous transformation or expansion of the lexicon, the ways in which the words in~the~Czech language are derived and how to obtain information about the changes caused by this derivation process. This system builds on and extends the research of the branch of morphology in~the~project of a morphological analyzer of the Research Group of Knowledge Technologies, working at the Faculty of Information Technology of the Brno University of~Technology.
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Caidengduoerji, Saiyinjiya. "Caractéristiques phonologiques, morphologiques et syntaxiques d'un dialecte mongol du Nord-Est de la Chine : le khortchin." Thesis, Paris, INALCO, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014INAL0023.
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Toute langue parlée dans le monde évolue selon des mécanismes internes et externes qui lui sont propres. Notre travail s’intéresse aux facteurs de ces mécanismes, en particulier aux effets du contact des langues entre elles. Des chercheurs ont mis en évidence les effets de ces interactions et ont montré que toutes sortes d’éléments linguistiques pouvaient être transférées d’une langue à une autre. La famille des langues altaïques est représentée en Chine par des langues des trois principales branches (toungouso-mandchoue, mongole, turque), qui ont été en contact à divers degrés avec le chinois. Dans ce travail, nous étudierons le khortchin (qorcin, ch. keerqin), dialecte mongol oriental qui a été en contact avec le chinois de façon importante dans le temps et l’espace. Des linguistes de Mongolie-Intérieure ont souligné des phénomènes de « mixité linguistique » dans le khortchin, révélant un nombre considérable de mots d'emprunt chinois. Ce travail tente de montrer, à travers une description phonologique, morphologique et syntaxique, les caractéristiques linguistiques propres à ce dialecte. Pour comprendre les mécanismes à l’œuvre et identifier les facteurs internes et/ou externes, cette description est étayée par une comparaison entre le khortchin et d’autres dialectes mongols, notamment l’oïrate. Cette recherche s’est inscrite dans la problématique du projet ANR dirigé par M. R. Djamouri «Contacts de langues et changements linguistiques : le cas du chinois et des langues altaïques », et celui dirigé par Mme Dan Xu, « Do languages and genes correlate? A case study in Northwestern China »Any language in the world evolves according to internal and external mechanisms which are specific to each language. Our work focuses on these factors, and particularly on the effects of contact between different languages. Researchers have highlighted these linguistic interactions and showed that all kinds of linguistic elements can be transferred from one language to another. The Altaic language family in China includes languages of the three main branches (Tungus-Manchu, Mongolian, and Turk), which have been more or less in contact with Chinese. In this work, we study Khorchin (qorcin, ch. keerqin), an Eastern Mongolian dialect that has been in contact with Chinese significantly in time and space. Linguists from Inner Mongolia have noted the phenomena of " language mixing" in Khorchin, revealing a considerable amount of loan words from Chinese. This work attempts to show, through a phonological, morphological and syntactic description, some linguistic phenomena that are specific to this dialect. To understand the mechanisms involved and identify internal and / or external factors, this description relies on a comparison between the Khorchin and other Mongolian dialects, and in particular Oirat. This research is related to the NRA projects led by R. Djamouri "Language contact and language change: the case of Chinese and Altaic languages", and by Ms. Dan Xu, "Do languages and genes correlate? - A case study in Northwestern China "
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Kravchenko-Biberson, Olga. "Actualisation, intensité et saillance : raz mot autonome et préfixe en russe contemporain." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCF003/document.
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A travers l’analyse du fonctionnement de la forme RAZ, qui peut correspondre en russe contemporain soit à un mot autonome, soit à un préfixe, cette thèse se veut une contribution à l’étude de la sémantique des unités polycatégorielles, mais aussi à l’approfondissement des notions d’intensité et de saillance. L’analyse s’appuie sur le modèle général de la construction du sens et de la référence élaboré dans le cadre de la Théorie des Opérations Prédicatives et Enonciatives développée à partir des travaux d’Antoine Culioli et tient compte des conditions discursives (situation, cotexte, contexte) dans lesquelles apparaît RAZ. Elle aboutit à l’élaboration d’une signification invariante pour chacun de ses emplois catégoriels comme mot autonome et comme préfixe. Chaque invariant est défini non comme une valeur abstraite ou une valeur prototypique, mais comme un schéma qui indique le rôle spécifique joué par RAZ dans les interactions avec son cotexte. Les invariants proposés sont élaborés sur des critères distributionnels et formels précis, tels que la sémantique catégorielle de RAZ, sa fonction syntaxique, la nature et la fonction syntaxique de sa portée. On démontre que malgré l’existence de deux étymons à la sémantique différente, une partie des emplois du préfixe raz- est en fait rattachable au mot autonome raz. Ils relèvent d’une même sémantique de l’actualisation, qui est à la base de l’interprétation intensive et des effets de mises en saillance associés à certains emplois de RAZ. De là découle la difficulté à les traiter au niveau lexicographique, car leur description nécessite la prise en compte des facteurs énonciatifs et du contexte d’emploi largeThis thesis analyses the functioning of the form RAZ that in contemporary Russian can be either a word or a prefix, and is intended as a contribution to the study of the semantics of polycategorical lexical items as well as to a better understanding of the notions of intensity and salience. The analysis is based on the model of meaning and reference construction elaborated within the framework of the Theory of the Predicative and Enunciative Operations developed by Antoine Culioli’s associates, and takes into consideration the discursive conditions (situation, co-text, context) under which RAZ occurs. It results in the elaboration of a semantic invariant for each categorical use of RAZ as a word and as a prefix. Each invariant is defined not as an abstract value or a prototypic value, but as a schema that indicates the specific role played by RAZ in the interactions with its co-text. The proposed invariants are developed on the basis of specific distributional and formal criteria, such as the categorical semantics of RAZ, its syntactic function, the nature and the function of its scope. It is demonstrated that despite the existence of two etymons with different meanings, some of the uses of the prefix raz- are, in fact, attachable to the word raz. They emerge from the semantics of actualisation (in Bally’s sense), which is responsible for the intensive interpretation and the effects of salience proper to certain uses of RAZ. Hence the difficulty in treating them on the lexicographic level, since their description requires consideration of enunciative factors and of the wider context
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Sebotsa, Mosisili. "La contribution de la traduction à l'expansion lexicale du sesotho." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE2121/document.
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Si la traduction est simplement définie comme un processus de communication bilingue dont le but général est de reproduire en langue cible un texte qui soit fonctionnellement équivalent au texte de départ (Reiss 2004 : 168-169), l’approche empruntée dans la présente thèse est celle d’une opération interculturelle et systématique qui vise à capturer le message issu d’une langue étrangère, à le décrypter en tenant en compte des nuances culturelles ou inhérentes à la discipline, et à le rendre le plus clairement possible en se servant d'éléments linguistiques et extralinguistiques compréhensibles dans la langue du locuteur cible. L'objectif est de déterminer la contribution de la traduction à l’expansion lexicale du sesotho, domaine qui demeure peu exploré par les spécialistes de cette langue. La problématique de ce travail repose sur la constatation que les néologismes en sesotho ne sont pas documentés de manière satisfaisante, si bien qu’il est difficile d'évaluer la contribution de la traduction à l’expansion lexicale. Les études antérieures sur la morphologie, la dérivation, la composition, l’emprunt et la dénomination s’appuient sur la mesure de la productivité, soulevant la question de savoir si la traduction en soi contribue à l’enrichissement terminologique du sesotho. Le point de départ de la thèse est l'hypothèse selon laquelle l’interaction avec le monde européen a nécessité de traduire de nombreux concepts qui n’existaient pas dans les systèmes traditionnels du Lesotho, ce qui a entraîné un nouveau dynamisme qui a permis de combler des lacunes terminologiques évidentes et de s’ouvrir et de s’adapter aux nouvelles réalités. Pour mettre cette hypothèse à l’épreuve et arriver à des conclusions éclairées et fiables, je cherche à répondre à trois questions : 1) Quelle est la structure des mots sesothos par rapport à celle de l’anglais en tant que langue source de traduction en sesotho, et du français en tant que langue de rédaction de la thèse ? 2) Etant donné que le sesotho est utilisé concomitamment avec l’anglais sans pour autant être la langue d'une culture inventrice en matière technologique, quel est le rôle que joue l’emprunt dans son expansion lexicale ? 3) D’un point de vue lexicologique, comment le sesotho répond-il aux besoins terminologiques dans les domaines de spécialité techno-scientifiques ? Pour y répondre, je m'appuie sur Doke (1954) et Matšela et al. (1981) pour situer le sesotho parmi les langues bantoues, préciser les fonctions du préfixe classificateur et établir la différence entre les composés sesothos d'une part et les composés anglais et français d'autre part. J’utilise ensuite la théorie avancée par Lederer (1990) pour démontrer l’influence syntaxique, sémantique et morphologique que l’anglais a sur le sesotho et pour présenter les différents procédés d’emprunt du sesotho. Diki-Kidiri (2008), Dispaldro et al. (2010) et Baboya (2008) démontrent la nécessité de faire appel aux informateurs-spécialistes pour confirmer l’hypothèse de départ. Les résultats obtenus mettent en évidence qu’en effet, la traduction a contribué à l’expansion du sesotho moderne, bien que cela n’ait pas été documenté, d’où la recommandation d'un travail collaboratif entre lexicologues au Lesotho, au Botswana, en Namibie et en Afrique du Sud, pour ouvrir de nouvelles perspectives d’études linguistiques sur le sesotho et pouvoir suivre et mesurer l’évolution de la langueWhilst translation is simply defined as a communication process whose main objective is to reproduce in the target language a text that is functionally equivalent to the source text (Reiss 2004: 168-169), the approach taken in this study views translation as an intercultural and systematic operation whose objective is to capture the message from the foreign language, to decrypt it taking into account cultural nuances or those inherent in the field at hand and to render it in the clearest possible manner using linguistic and extra linguistic elements which are comprehensible to the speaker of the target language. This study is aimed at determining the contribution of translation to the lexical expansion of Sesotho, an area which has been little explored by specialists of the language. The core issue is centred on the observation that Sesotho neologisms are not well documented, so that it is hard to measure the contribution of translation towards the lexical expansion of Sesotho. Analyses of morphology, derivation, compounding, borrowing and denomination are mainly focused on productivity in order to determine whether translation as a discipline contributes towards the creation of new words in the language.The study begins by positing the hypothesis that the interaction with the Western world necessitated the translation of numerous concepts which were absent from the then existing Sesotho systems. This process of interaction contributed a new dynamism that helped the language to bridge the terminological gap, to open up and adapt to new realities. In order to put this hypothesis to the test and arrive at well-researched and reliable conclusions, I attempt to probe three issues of concern: firstly, what is the structure of the Sesotho language compared to that of the English language as the source language of most translations into Sesotho and compared to that of the French language as the language in which this study is presented? Secondly, considering that Sesotho is used simultaneously with English even though it is not a techno-scientifically inventing language, what is the role played by the processes of borrowing in the lexical expansion of Sesotho? Thirdly, from the word-formation point of view, how does Sesotho respond to the terminological deficiencies in various fields of specialisation?To address these issues, Doke (1954) and Matšela et al. (1981) serve as references to situate Sesotho among the Bantu languages, to highlight the functions of the class prefix and to establish the difference between Sesotho and English and French compounding. Secondly, the theory advanced by Lederer (1990) serves as a springboard to analyse the syntactic, semantic and morphological influences that English has on Sesotho and to present the different borrowing processes. The third issue is addressed based on the theories presented by Diki-Kidiri (2008) while the theories proposed by Dispaldro et al. (2010) and Baboya (2008) led to the decision to call upon specialist informants to confirm the original hypothesis. The results obtained provide evidence that translation has, in fact, contributed to the lexical expansion of modern Sesotho, even though this has not been well documented. The study recommends collaborative work between Lesotho, Botswana, Namibian and South African linguists in order to open new avenues of linguistic studies on Sesotho with the aim to measure and monitor the evolution of the language