Journal articles: 'Des millets'

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Vetriventhan, M., Vania C. R. Azevedo, H. D. Upadhyaya, A. Nirmalakumari, Joanna Kane-Potaka, S. Anitha, S. Antony Ceasar, et al. "Genetic and genomic resources, and breeding for accelerating improvement of small millets: current status and future interventions." Nucleus 63, no. 3 (July 4, 2020): 217–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13237-020-00322-3.

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AbstractCurrent agricultural and food systems encourage research and development on major crops, neglecting regionally important minor crops. Small millets include a group of small- seeded cereal crops of the grass family Poaceae. This includes finger millet, foxtail millet, proso millet, barnyard millet, kodo millet, little millet, teff, fonio, job’s tears, guinea millet, and browntop millet. Small millets are an excellent choice to supplement major staple foods for crop and dietary diversity because of their diverse adaptation on marginal lands, less water requirement, lesser susceptibility to stresses, and nutritional superiority compared to major cereal staples. Growing interest among consumers about healthy diets together with climate-resilient features of small millets underline the necessity of directing more research and development towards these crops. Except for finger millet and foxtail millet, and to some extent proso millet and teff, other small millets have received minimal research attention in terms of development of genetic and genomic resources and breeding for yield enhancement. Considerable breeding efforts were made in finger millet and foxtail millet in India and China, respectively, proso millet in the United States of America, and teff in Ethiopia. So far, five genomes, namely foxtail millet, finger millet, proso millet, teff, and Japanese barnyard millet, have been sequenced, and genome of foxtail millet is the smallest (423-510 Mb) while the largest one is finger millet (1.5 Gb). Recent advances in phenotyping and genomics technologies, together with available germplasm diversity, could be utilized in small millets improvement. This review provides a comprehensive insight into the importance of small millets, the global status of their germplasm, diversity, promising germplasm resources, and breeding approaches (conventional and genomic approaches) to accelerate climate-resilient and nutrient-dense small millets for sustainable agriculture, environment, and healthy food systems.

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Xu, Yue, Minxuan Liu, Chunxiang Li, Fengjie Sun, Ping Lu, Fanshuang Meng, Xinyu Zhao, et al. "Domestication and Spread of Broomcorn Millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) Revealed by Phylogeography of Cultivated and Weedy Populations." Agronomy 9, no. 12 (December 3, 2019): 835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9120835.

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Cultivated broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.), one of the most ancient crops, has long been an important staple food in the semiarid regions of Eurasia. Weedy broomcorn millet (Panicum ruderale (Kitag.) Chang comb. Nov.), the companion weed of cultivated broomcorn millet, is also widely distributed throughout Eurasia and can produce fertile offspring by crossing with cultivated broomcorn millet. The evolutionary and genetic relationships between weedy and cultivated broomcorn millets, and the explicit domestication areas and detailed spread routes of this cereal are still unclear. The genetic diversity and population structure of 200 accessions of weedy and cultivated broomcorn millets were explored to elucidate the genetic relationship between weedy and cultivated broomcorn millets, and to trace the explicit domestication areas and detailed spread routes of broomcorn millets by using 23 simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers. Our results show that the weedy populations in China may harbor the ancestral variations that gave rise to the domesticated broomcorn millet. The population structure pattern observed in the wild and domesticated broomcorn millets is consistent with the hypothesis that there may be at least two independent domestication areas in China for the cultivated broomcorn millet, the Loess Plateau and the Northeast China, with both following the westward spread routes. These two westward spread routes of cultivated broomcorn millet coincide exactly with the prehistoric Oasis Route and Steppe Route, respectively.

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Yang, Qinghua, Weili Zhang, Jing Li, Xiangwei Gong, and Baili Feng. "Physicochemical Properties of Starches in Proso (Non-Waxy and Waxy) and Foxtail Millets (Non-Waxy and Waxy)." Molecules 24, no. 9 (May 5, 2019): 1743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24091743.

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Proso and foxtail millets are widely cultivated due to their excellent resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses and high nutritional value. Starch is the most important component of millet kernels. Starches with different amylose contents have different physicochemical properties. In this study, starches in proso (non-waxy and waxy) and foxtail millets (non-waxy and waxy) were isolated and investigated. All the starch granules had regular polygonal round shapes and exhibited typical “Maltese crosses”. These four starches all showed bimodal size distribution. The waxy proso and foxtail millets had higher weight-average molar mass and branching degree and lower average chain length of amylopectin. These four starches all presented A-type crystallinity; however, the relative crystallinity of waxy proso and foxtail millets was higher. The two waxy millets had higher onset temperature, peak temperature, conclusion temperature, and gelatinization enthalpy. However, the two non-waxy millets had higher setback viscosity, peak time, and pasting temperature. The significantly different physicochemical properties of waxy and non-waxy millet starches resulted in their different functional properties.

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Tomar, Amit, and Mahak Singh. "Studies on nutritional benefits and value addition in small millets under Bundelkhand Region." International Journal of Agricultural Invention 2, no. 02 (October 28, 2017): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.46492/ijai/2017.2.2.2.

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Small-grained cereal grasses are collectively called as ‘Millets’, being one of the oldest cultivated foods known to humans. There are two main groups of millets first group consist of major millets (sorghum and pearl millet) and second group has small millets this categorization is based on the grain size, this classification is also an indication of the area under cultivation of these crops, but both (major and small millets) have traditionally been the main components of the food basket of the poor people in India, especially in dry-land farming system in India and elsewhere.

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Ambrose, Dawn C. P., S. J. K. Annamalai, Ravindra Naik, Anurag Kumar Dubey, and Subir Chakraborthy. "Performance studies on millet processing machinery for tribal livelihood promotion." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 9, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 1796–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i3.1441.

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A Millet Processing Centre for processing of minor millets in a tribal village in Tamil Nadu, has been established with the following millet processing machinery viz., Destoner, Millet Mill, Grain Polisher, Pulveriser, Flour Sifter and Packaging Machinery for enhancement of tribal livelihood. Performance studies on the machinery for processing minor millets viz., little millet, foxtail millet and finger millet grown in the tribal area were carried out. Based on the performance evaluation, the output capacity of destoner cum cleaner was found to be 230 kg/h and 233 kg/h for little and foxtail millet respectively with a cleaning efficiency of 89 and 90% respectively for the above millets. The performance of millet mill revealed that the output capacity was 90-92 kg/h for little and foxtail millet with a dehulling efficiency of 86 and 87% respectively with small percentage of brokens (< 5 %). The capacity of grain polisher was 60-61 kg/h with a polishing efficiency of 85% & 86% respectively for little and foxtail millet. The pulveriser was evaluated for finger millet flour making whereby the output capacity of the machine was 75 kg/h with a milling efficiency of 90% respectively. The cost economics revealed that the tribal farmers could save 85% of the processing cost. The benefit cost ratio was found to be 2.05.The total profit to the tribal Society through Millet Processing Centre was Rs. 21,000/- during the first harvesting season of millets. The above studies have paved way for satisfactory functioning of the Millet Processing Centre in the tribal area.

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Yang, Qinghua, Long Liu, Weili Zhang, Jing Li, Xiaoli Gao, and Baili Feng. "Changes in Morphological and Physicochemical Properties of Waxy and Non-waxy Proso Millets during Cooking Process." Foods 8, no. 11 (November 17, 2019): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8110583.

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Proso millet, a grain which is principally consumed in cooked form, is favored by consumers because of its rich nutritional value. However, the changes in morphological and physicochemical properties of proso millet grains occurring during the cooking process have rarely been reported. In this study, we investigated the changes in morphological and physicochemical properties of cooked waxy and non-waxy proso millets. During the cooking process, starch granules in the grains were gradually gelatinized starting from the outer region to the inner region and were gelatinized earlier in waxy proso millet than in non-waxy proso millet. Many filamentous network structures were observed in the cross sections of cooked waxy proso millet. As the cooking time increased, the long- and short-range, ordered structures of proso millets were gradually disrupted, and the ordered structures were fully disrupted by 20 min of cooking. In both waxy and non-waxy proso millets, thermal and pasting properties significantly changed with an increase in the cooking time. This study provides useful information for the processing of proso millet in the food industry.

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Muldoon, D. K. "Growth, mineral composition and grain yield of irrigated and rainfed millets and sorghum." Journal of Agricultural Science 105, no. 1 (August 1985): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600055660.

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SUMMARYSorghum bicolor, Pennisetum americanum, Echinochloa utilis, Panicum miliaceum, Setaria italica and Eleusine coracana were grown with and without full irrigation on an alkaline clay soil at Trangie, Australia. Dry-matter yields and forage quality changes with time were measured in the 1st year. Grain yield was recorded over 2 years.Dry-matter accumulation was initially most rapid in sorghum and Japanese barnyard millet. Sorghum, pearl millet and finger millet produced the most dry matter; these were the latest to reach head emergence. The early-maturing proso millet and foxtail millet produced only 7 and l i t dry matter/ha respectively. These two millets, like sorghum and pearl millet, had a high nitrogen: sulphur ratio and low sodium concentration in the forage. Finger millet had a lower nitrogen: sulphur ratio and a sodium concentration that was surpassed only by Japanese barnyard millet.Irrigated sorghum consistently produced the highest grain yields: over 9 t/ha. Yields from the millets were: foxtail 6·0, finger 5·0, proso 3·5, pearl and Japanese barnyard millet 2·8–2·9 t/ha. Special features of the millets are discussed.

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Sanjeev, Rama Krishna, Prashanth Nuggehalli Srinivas, Bindu Krishnan, Yogish Channa Basappa, Akshay S. Dinesh, and Sabu K. Ulahannan. "Does cereal, protein and micronutrient availability hold the key to the malnutrition conundrum? An exploratory analysis of cereal cultivation and wasting patterns of India." Wellcome Open Research 5 (November 9, 2020): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15934.2.

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Background: High prevalence of maternal malnutrition, low birth-weight and child malnutrition in India contribute substantially to the global malnutrition burden. Rural India has disproportionately higher levels of child malnutrition. Stunting and wasting are the primary determinants of child malnutrition and their district-level distribution shows clustering in different geographies and regions. Methods: The last round of National Family Health Survey (NFHS4) has disaggregated data by district, enabling a more nuanced understanding of the prevalence of markers of malnutrition. We used data from NFHS4 and agricultural statistics datasets to analyse relationship of area under cereal cultivation with the prevalence of malnutrition at the district level. We analysed malnutrition through data on under-5 stunting and wasting; maternal malnutrition was assessed through prevalence of women’s low BMI and short stature by district. Results: Stunting and wasting patterns across districts show a distinct geographical and age distribution; districts with higher wasting showed relatively high prevalence of 40% before six months of age. Wasting was associated with higher cultivation of millets, with a stronger association seen for jowar and other millets (Kodo millet, little millet, proso millet, barnyard millet and foxtail millet). Stunting was associated with cultivation of all crops except other millets. Low women’s BMI was seen associated with cultivation of rice and millets. The analysis was limited by lack of fine-scale data on prevalence of low birth-weight and type of cereal consumed. Conclusions: Multi-site observational studies of long-term effects of type of cereals consumed could help explain the ecogeographic distribution of malnutrition in India. Cereals, particularly millets constitute the bulk of protein intake among the poor, especially in rural areas in India where high prevalence of wasting persists.

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Han, Mengru, Ke Dang, Jiale Wang, Licheng Gao, Honglu Wang, Aliaksandr Ivanistau, Qinghua Yang, and Baili Feng. "New Type of Food Processing Material: The Crystal Structure and Functional Properties of Waxy and Non-Waxy Proso Millet Resistant Starches." Molecules 26, no. 14 (July 15, 2021): 4283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26144283.

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Resistant starch (RS) is widely used in the food industry because of its ability to regulate and protect the small intestine, but their distinct effects on the structural and functional properties of waxy and non-waxy proso millet starches are not completely understood. The crystalline structure and physicochemical properties of waxy and non-waxy proso millets’ starch samples were analyzed after heat-moisture treatment (HMT). The analysis revealed significant differences between the RS of waxy and non-waxy proso millets. The crystal type of proso millets’ starch changed from type A to type B + V. The relative crystallinity of the RS of waxy proso millet was better than that of non-waxy proso millet. The gelatinization temperature and thermal stability of RS significantly increased, and the pasting temperature (PTM) of the RS of waxy proso millet was the highest. The water solubility and swelling power of the RS in proso millet decreased, and the viscoelasticity improved. The correlation between the short-range ordered structure of RS and ΔH, and gelatinization properties has a stronger correlation. This study provides practical information for improving the nutritional benefits of waxy and non-waxy proso millet in food applications.

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Chauhan, E. S., and Sarita . "Development of Gluten-Free Food Products Incorporated by Germinated and Popped Finger and Pearl Millets." Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics 55, no. 3 (July 5, 2018): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.21048/ijnd.2018.55.3.18666.

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Recently, celiac disease is a prominent syndrome in developing countries and there is a growing demand for gluten-free foods. Availability of millets is easy and provides many opportunities for developing gluten-free foods. In this study food processing such as germination and popping were carried out to improve nutrients in millets and gluten-free food products were developed incorporating them at 10, 20 and 30%. Germinated Finger Millet Flour (GFMF) had ash (2.7 g/100g), fat (2.0 g/ 100g), crude fiber (4.5 g/100g), protein (8.7 g/100g), carbohydrate (69.2 g/100g), calcium (359.6 mg/100g) and iron (4.5 mg/100g). Popped pearl millet flour (PPMF) contained ash (2.2 g/100g), fat (5.9 g/100g), crude fiber (2.8 g/100g), protein (14.4 g/100g), carbohydrate (64.7 g/100g), calcium (51.2 mg/100g) and iron (8.9 mg/100g). Popping also enhanced ash, protein, carbohydrate, iron and phosphorus content in millets. Two products named fortified sweet pancake and millet dense halwa were prepared by incorporating GFMF and GPMF. Choco phirni and fritter snacks were developed by incorporating PFMF and PPMF. Sensory scores of the products revealed that 10% incorporation of all developed food products were best accepted. Thus incorporation of processed finger and pearl millets in developed food products helped in improving the nutrient contents and thus is a good alternative for celiac patients.

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Stevens, Chris J., and Dorian Q. Fuller. "The spread of agriculture in eastern Asia." Language Dynamics and Change 7, no. 2 (2017): 152–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105832-00702001.

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Millets and rice were important for the demographic history of China. This review draws on current archaeobotanical evidence for rice and millets across China, Korea, eastern Russia, Taiwan, Mainland southeast Asia, and Japan, taking a critical approach to dating evidence, evidence for cultivation, and morphological domestication. There is no evidence to suggest that millets and rice were domesticated simultaneously within a single region. Instead, 5 regions of north China are candidates for independent early cultivation of millets that led to domestication, and 3 regions of the Yangtze basin are candidates for separate rice domestication trajectories. The integration of rice and millet into a single agricultural system took place ca. 4000 BC, and after this the spread of agricultural systems and population growth are in evidence. The most striking evidence for agricultural dispersal and population growth took place between 3000 and 2500 BC, which has implications for major language dispersals.

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Sebastian, Anil, S. N. Vasudevan, B. Kissan, I. Sangeeta Macha, and S. R. Doddagoudar. "Abscisic acid induced seed dormancy and climate resilience in fox tail millet (Setaria italica L.) genotypes." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 570–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i2.838.

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A laboratory experiment was conducted at Department of Seed Science and Technology, UAS Raichur to estimate ABA content in foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) using Phytodetek ABA Test Kit. ABA estimation in millets is helpful to trace out the reason behind the dormancy in millets and is less explored. Nine genotypes were studied in the present investigation. Among the foxtail millet genotypes, the highest dormancy duration of 35 days was observed in two genotypes viz., DHFt-4-5 and DHFt-5-3 and slight dormancy was noticed in the genotype DHFt- 35-1. The genotype DHFt-35-1 recorded lowest ABA concentration of 3.199 pmol/g f. w. followed by genotypes DHFt-2-5 and DHFt-2-5-1 (3.266 and 3.291 pmol/g f. w. respectively). Highest ABA concentration was found in DHFt-5-3 (3.404 pmol/g f. w.) followed by DHFt-4-5 (3.396 pmol/g f. w.). Thus it was concluded that ABA in millet seeds makes them â€˜climate smart cropsâ€™ and during the climate change regime, it is only millets that can ensure Indiaâ€™s food and nutrition needs in future.

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Ajibona, Olamide S. Antonio, Adedolapo Ajiboma Idowu, A. A. Hamama, and Harbans L. Bhardwaj. "A Preliminary Study of Nutritional Quality of Five Drought Tolerant Millets." Journal of Agricultural Science 13, no. 5 (April 15, 2021): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v13n5p76.

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Seeds from greenhouse-grown plants of five food millet crops—[barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea Link.), finger millet (Eleusine coracana Gaertn.), kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum L.), little millet (Panicum sumatrense Roth ex Roem. & Schult.), and proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.)] contained 10.4, 5.5, 7.2, 1.3, and 17.1 percent protein; 69, 29, 239, 105, and 32 Fe (mg/100 g); and 33, 22, 23, 31, and 37 (mg/100 g) Zn, respectively. Concentrations (g/100 g) of oil in seeds varied from 1.32 for finger millet to 3.58 for little millet. The oil concentrations for barnyard, kodo, and proso millets were 1.59, 1.64, and 3.36 g/100 g, respectively. Predominant fatty acid in the oil in the seed of these millets was C18:2 followed by C18:1, and C16:0. Concentration of omega-3 fatty acid (a heart-healthy oil) was 1.06, 0.62, 1.01, 0.91, and 3.11 g/100 g in barnyard, kodo, little, proso, and finger millet, respectively. Oils from seeds of these millet crops were essentially free from concentration of anti-nutritive fatty acid C22:1 (Erucic acid). Concentrations (g/100 g) of total sugars varied from 0.96 for barnyard millet to 2.09 for finger millet. The total sugar concentrations for kodo, little, and proso millets were 1.81, 1.95, and 1.99 g/100 g, respectively. Fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose, raffinose, and stachyose concentrations varied from 0.05 to 0.47, 0.44 to 0.85, 0.44 to 0.98, 0.02 to 0.33, 0.005 to 0.083, and 0.002 to 0.053, respectively for barnyard, kodo, little, proso, and finger millet, respectively. Results indicated that these millet crops have potential as sources of healthy food and it might be worthwhile to further study their production potential.

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Singh, K. P., Rahul R. Poddar, K. N. Agrawal, Smrutilipi Hota, and Mukesh K. Singh. "Development and evaluation of multi millet thresher." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 7, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 939–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v7i2.711.

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In tribal areas of India, traditional methods of threshing of minor millets like little millet (Panicum sumatrense), M1, kodo millet (Paspalum scrobiculatum), M2, foxtail millet (Setaria italica), M3, proso millet (P. miliaceum), M4, barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumantacea), M5, finger millet (Eleusine coracana), M6 is done of beating by sticks or treading out the crop panicle under the feet of oxen. This operation is most time consuming, labour intensive, drudgery prone, uneconomical, lower output and obtain low quality products. A thresher for these millet crops was developed and optimization of the operating parameters with little millet was done by using Response surface methodology (RSM). The optimized parameters were 7.79% (d.b) moisture content, 105 kgh-1 feed rate, 625 rpm cylinder speed, 5 mm threshing sieve size which gave maximum threshing efficiency of 95.13% and cleaning efficiency of 94.12%. After optimization of parameters the thresher was tested for threshing of all the six minor millets with proper adjustments of sieve. Threshing capacity of M1, M2, M3, M4, M5 and M6 were obtained as 89, 137, 140, 91, 88 and 99 kg/h, respectively with more than 96% threshing efficiency and less than 2% broken grain.

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GUPTA, SHREEKANT, PARTHA SEN, and SUCHITA SRINIVASAN. "IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE INDIAN ECONOMY: EVIDENCE FROM FOOD GRAIN YIELDS." Climate Change Economics 05, no. 02 (May 2014): 1450001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010007814500018.

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We analyse the effects of rainfall and temperature on yields of paddy and millets (pearl millet and sorghum) in India for the period 1966–1999, at the district level. Unlike other studies, we control for fertiliser use and irrigation. We find that paddy (India's leading food crop) is sensitive to the climate variables but also to fertiliser use and irrigation. Millets are less affected by climate variables although sorghum shows some sensitivity to temperature. Our results have important implications for how India's agriculture will adapt to climate change.

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Pang, Min, Shujian He, Lu Wang, Xinmin Cao, Lili Cao, and Shaotong Jiang. "Physicochemical properties, antioxidant activities and protective effect against acute ethanol-induced hepatic injury in mice of foxtail millet (Setaria italica) bran oil." Food Funct. 5, no. 8 (2014): 1763–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4fo00106k.

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Millets are good sources of nutraceuticals. Oil extracted from foxtail millet bran proved to be a nutrient by its antioxidant activitiesin vitroand ameliorating effects against ethanol-induced hepatic injury in mice.

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Srivastava, Urvashi, Pinki Saini, and Anchal Singh. "Effect of Natural Fermentation on Antioxidant Activity of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum)." Current Nutrition & Food Science 16, no. 3 (April 27, 2020): 306–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573401314666181115103328.

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Background: Millets are small-seeded cereals having excellent nutritional quality. They are comparable or superior to some commonly consumed cereals like wheat and rice. Millets are gluten-free, have low Glycemic Index and are a good source of calcium, iron, potassium, zinc magnesium and B vitamins. Natural fermentation of millets can improve their lower cooking quality, taste, low bioavailability and palatability. Objective: This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of natural fermentation on antioxidant activity of Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum). Methods: The present work has been done to standardize the natural fermentation process of pearl millet using response surface methodology for enhanced iron content and antioxidant activity. Pearl millet was treated with natural fermentation process at varying temperature (30-50°C), time (4-12 hrs) and pH (3-7). The effect of these fermentation treatments were studied on total reducing sugar, iron content, antioxidant activity (Total Phenolic content and DPPH), tannin content and antinutritional factors of pearl millet using a second order central composite design. Results: The cofficient of determination, R2 values for Total reducing sugar, iron content, antioxidant activity and tannin content was greater than 0.900. Statistical analysis showed that sugar, iron content, antioxidant activity and tannin content varied significantly (p <0.05) with a change in pH, temperature and time. pH was found to be the most important factor affecting the quality parameters of the pearl millet during fermentation as it exerted a strong influence (p < 0.01) on all the dependent variables. Conclusion: Increase in total reducing sugar, iron content, antioxidant activity and decrease in tannin content of pearl millet were observed along with a decrease in pH and temperature of fermentation. On the basis of response surface and contour plots, the fermentation conditions of pearl millet were optimized at a temperature of 40°C, pH 5 and time duration of 8 hours.

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Sagart, Laurent, Tze-Fu Hsu, Yuan-Ching Tsai, and Yue-Ie C. Hsing. "Austronesian and Chinese words for the millets." Language Dynamics and Change 7, no. 2 (2017): 187–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105832-00702002.

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After reviewing recent evidence from related disciplines arguing for an origin of the Austronesian peoples in northeastern China, this paper discusses the Proto-Austronesian and Old Chinese names of the millets, Setaria italica and Panicum miliaceum. Partly based on linguistic data collected in Taiwan by the authors, proposed Proto-Austronesian cognate sets for millet terms are re-evaluated and the Proto-Austronesian sets are identified. The reasons for the earlier confusion among Old Chinese terms for the millets are explained: the Austronesian term for Panicum miliaceum and one of the Chinese terms for the same plant are shown to obey the sound correspondences between Proto-Austronesian and Chinese, earlier described, under a particular resolution of the phonological ambiguities in the OC reconstruction. Possession of the two kinds of millets (not just Setaria, as previously thought) places the pre-Austronesians in northeastern China, adjacent to the probable Sino-Tibetan homeland.

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Muldoon, DK. "Summer forages under irrigation. 1. Growth and development." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 2 (1985): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850392.

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Summer forages, including Sorghum bicolor hybrids, S, sudanense, S. bicolor x S. sudanense hybrids, perennial sorghum, maize and Pennisetum and Echinochloa millets were grown on an alkaline clay soil at Trangie, New South Wales. They were fertilized and flood irrigated to allow the expression of potential growth characteristics. Fractional dry matter accumulation was measured during primary growth and subsequent regrowths. The accumulation pattern in primary growth was described by quadratic regressions of logarithmically transformed data. The highest dry matter yield of 31-33 t/ha was obtained in a single cut from late flowering sweet sorghum hybrids. Under a multiple cutting regime, however, these were inferior to sudangrass and sorghumxsudangrass hybrids, which produced up to 14 and 16 t/ha, respectively. The latter group maintained tiller numbers in regrowth in contrast to the poor tillering and slow regrowth of sweet sorghum hybrids. Regrowth of maize was negligible following tiller decapitation. Piper Sudangrass and Indian barnyard millet were the only species to yield as much under multiple cutting as from a single cut. The latter was exceptional among the millets in that most millets tillered poorly after the second cut. The millets produced less than half the cumulative regrowth yield of sorghum hybrids. Removal of the apical meristem appeared to jeopardize their regrowth. Consequently, if maximum dry matter production is the sole aim of forage production, millets do not compete with sorghum hybrids in a warm temperate climate.

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Kerenhappuch Susan Samuel and Nazni P. "Nutraceutical characterization and shelf life analysis of millet incorporated nutrition bars." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 2 (April 23, 2020): 2056–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2146.

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Recently, the nutraceutical sector of the food trade is unfolding, and designer foods such as nutrition bars have found their place in this competitive industry. The inclusion of underutilized food sources in the development of new value-added products is ingenious. Millets, the indigenous crop, are a good source of nutrients. The Nutri-cereal is still lacking commercial success and deserves recognition in the food-processing sector. In the current study, foxtail and pearl millet are used to develop foxtail millet meal replacement bar (FMRB) and pearl millet protein bar (PPB), respectively. Three variants of each type (25%, 27.5%, and 30% incorporation of millets) were developed to derive the nutritionally preferred variants. Estimation of macronutrients, essential amino acids, and vitamin content was done. The storage stability of the selected variants was evaluated for 42 days under accelerated conditions. The peroxide value, moisture content, water activity, total plate count, and yeast & mold count was assessed. The result revealed, among the variants, 30% FMRB (V-3) and 25% PPB (V-4) are the nutritionally finest bars. The shelf-life testing pointed out that the protein bar deteriorates rapidly than the meal replacement bar. The correlation between the nutrient composition and shelf-life assessment factors indicated the shelf-life parameters negatively correlate with carbohydrates present in the bars. However, fat and protein have a positive correlation with shelf-life parameters (r= 1.00, p<0.01). Favorable storage conditions and appropriate packing material that is conducive to retain the stability of the product can extend the shelf-life. Millet nutrition bars would revolutionize the agriculture and food industry. Thus, increasing the consumption of millets.

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Erasmus Aisoni, Japhet, Muhammad Yusha’u, and Olukayode Olugbenga Orole. "Antimicrobial and antidiabetic potentials of processed finger millet (Eleusine coracana)." International Journal of Biological Research 6, no. 1 (June 5, 2018): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijbr.v6i1.10726.

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Finger millet is a food crop with energy value, phytochemical constituents, and minerals, hence its use as whole flour for traditional food preparation among traditional people. The study was designed to determine the glycaemic index and blood glucose level in albino rats, and the antimicrobial potential of processed finger millets. Finger millets were processed by fermentation and roasting, and methanolic extracts obtained used to test antimicrobial activity. Albino rats (18) divided into three groups were fed fermented, roasted, and unprocessed millet (control), and glycaemic index and blood glucose level determined. Another 25 rat were treated into 5 groups of diabetic rats without treatment, diabetic rats treated daily with Metformin, diabetic rats fed 20% millet, diabetic rats fed 40% millet, and untreated group (control). At 100% concentration, roasted and fermented millet obtained inhibition of 15mm and 14mm against Salmonella typhi, while the control drug 25mg/ml streptomycin had 17mm inhibition. While values obtained for the glycemic indexes were close though significantly different from each other (roasted - 36.83±1.23; fermented - 38.73±1.87), roasted millet brought about the highest reduction in blood glucose level 90.9 and 65.1mg/dl at 60 and 120min respectively compared with fermented millet with 125.1 and 100.2mg/dl respectively at the same time. Animals administered finger millet in Groups 3 and 4-showed regeneration of the islet cells. The millet had the capacity to bring about healing of necrotic cells while also restoring and maintaining glucose levels in blood of subjects.

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Anitha, Seetha, Joanna Kane-Potaka, Takuji W. Tsusaka, Deepti Tripathi, Shweta Upadhyay, Ajay Kavishwar, Ashok Jalagam, Nidhi Sharma, and Swamikannu Nedumaran. "Acceptance and Impact of Millet-Based Mid-Day Meal on the Nutritional Status of Adolescent School Going Children in a Peri Urban Region of Karnataka State in India." Nutrients 11, no. 9 (September 3, 2019): 2077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11092077.

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The study assessed the potential for use of millets in mid-day school meal programs for better nutritional outcomes of children in a peri-urban region of Karnataka, India, where children conventionally consumed a fortified rice-based mid-day meal. For a three-month period, millet-based mid-day meals were fed to 1500 adolescent children at two schools, of which 136 were studied as the intervention group and were compared with 107 other children in two other schools that did not receive the intervention. The intervention design was equivalent to the parallel group, two-arm, superiority trial with a 1:1 allocation ratio. The end line allocation ratio was 1.27:1 due to attrition. It was found that there was statistically significant improvement in stunting (p = 0.000) and the body mass index (p = 0.003) in the intervention group and not in the control group (p = 0.351 and p = 0.511, respectively). The sensory evaluation revealed that all the millet-based menu items had high acceptability, with the highest scores for the following three items: finger millet idli, a steam cooked fermented savory cake; little and pearl millet bisi belle bath, a millet-lentil hot meal; and upma, a pearl and little millet-vegetable meal. These results suggest significant potential for millets to replace or supplement rice in school feeding programs for improved nutritional outcomes of children.

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Kumar, Lalitha Sunil, Lakshmi Sivaraman, and Prabhakar K. Ranjekar. "Genome turnover in great millet and related millets (Poaceae)." Plant Systematics and Evolution 179, no. 3-4 (1992): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00937593.

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Gupta, Sarika, Kajal Kumari, Jyotirmoy Das, Charu Lata, Swati Puranik, and Manoj Prasad. "Development and utilization of novel intron length polymorphic markers in foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.)." Genome 54, no. 7 (July 2011): 586–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g11-020.

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Introns are noncoding sequences in a gene that are transcribed to precursor mRNA but spliced out during mRNA maturation and are abundant in eukaryotic genomes. The availability of codominant molecular markers and saturated genetic linkage maps have been limited in foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.). Here, we describe the development of 98 novel intron length polymorphic (ILP) markers in foxtail millet using sequence information of the model plant rice. A total of 575 nonredundant expressed sequence tag (EST) sequences were obtained, of which 327 and 248 unique sequences were from dehydration- and salinity-stressed suppression subtractive hybridization libraries, respectively. The BLAST analysis of 98 EST sequences suggests a nearly defined function for about 64% of them, and they were grouped into 11 different functional categories. All 98 ILP primer pairs showed a high level of cross-species amplification in two millets and two nonmillets species ranging from 90% to 100%, with a mean of ∼97%. The mean observed heterozygosity and Nei’s average gene diversity 0.016 and 0.171, respectively, established the efficiency of the ILP markers for distinguishing the foxtail millet accessions. Based on 26 ILP markers, a reasonable dendrogram of 45 foxtail millet accessions was constructed, demonstrating the utility of ILP markers in germplasm characterizations and genomic relationships in millets and nonmillets species.

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Sanjeev, Rama Krishna, Prashanth Nuggehalli Srinivas, Bindu Krishnan, Yogish Channa Basappa, Akshay S. Dinesh, and Sabu K. Ulahannan. "Does cereal, protein and micronutrient availability hold the key to the malnutrition conundrum? An exploratory analysis of cereal cultivation and wasting patterns of India." Wellcome Open Research 5 (June 2, 2020): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15934.1.

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Background: High prevalence of maternal malnutrition, low birth-weight and child malnutrition in India contribute substantially to the global malnutrition burden. Rural India has disproportionately higher levels of child malnutrition. Stunting and wasting are the primary determinants of malnutrition and their district-level distribution shows clustering in different geographies and regions. Methods: The last round of National Family Health Survey (NFHS4) has disaggregated data by district, enabling a more nuanced understanding of the prevalence of markers of malnutrition. We used data from NFHS4 and agricultural statistics datasets to analyse relationship of cereal cultivation with the prevalence of child malnutrition. We studied the current science on growth-related nutrient-sensing pathways to explain this pattern. Results: Stunting and wasting patterns across districts show a distinct geographical and age distribution; districts with higher wasting showed early prevalence of 40% at six months of age. Wasting was associated with higher cultivation of millets, with a stronger association seen for jowar and other millets. Low maternal BMI in districts with higher wasting could be linked to the consumption of millets as staple. We conceptualised a hypothetical schematic pathway linking early origin of wasting in children with millet-based diet, driven by inhibition of critical intra-cellular pathways controlling growth covering pre-natal, post-natal and early childhood. The analysis was limited by lack of fine-scale data on prevalence of low birth-weight and type of cereal consumed. Conclusions: Multi-site observational studies of long-term effects of type of cereals consumed could help explain the ecogeographic distribution of malnutrition in India. Cereals, particularly millets constitute the bulk of protein intake among the poor, especially in rural areas in India where wasting persists. Policies and programs targeting malnutrition need to address type of cereal consumed in order to impact childhood malnutrition in parts of India where subsistence cultivation of millets for staple consumption is prevalent.

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Lin, Yih-Ren, Pagung Tomi, Hsinya Huang, Chia-Hua Lin, and Ysanne Chen. "Situating Indigenous Resilience: Climate Change and Tayal’s “Millet Ark” Action in Taiwan." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 21, 2020): 10676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410676.

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Whereas indigenous people are on the frontlines of global environmental challenges such as climate change, biodiversity loss, and numerous other forms of critical planetary deterioration, the indigenous experiences, responses, and cultural practices have been underestimated in the mainstream frameworks of environmental studies. This paper aims to articulate a meaningful response to recent calls to indigenous and local knowledge on food as a source of resilience in the face of global climate change. By retrieving the values and practices indigenous people of Taiwan, specifically Tayal women, associate with human and non-human ecologies, our collaborative work with the indigenous community explores indigenous resilience and its relevance to indigenous cultural knowledge and global environmental concerns. Pivoting on the “Millet Ark” action, a Tayal conservation initiative of the bio-cultural diversity of millets, this study revolves around issues of how Tayal communities adapt to the climate change, how to reclaim their voice, heritage, knowledge, place, and land through food, and how to narrate indigenous “counter-stories” of resilience and sustainability. The cultural narrative of “Millet Ark” investigates indigenous way of preserving millet bio-cultural diversity and restoring the land and community heritage, inquiring into how Tayal people are adaptive and resilient to change and therefore sustainable through the cultural and social life of millets.

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Carpenter, Judith L., and Herbert J. Hopen. "A Comparison of the Biology of Wild and Cultivated Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum)." Weed Science 33, no. 6 (November 1985): 795–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500083363.

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Wild and cultivated proso millet (Panicum miliaceumL. ♯ PANMI) showed increased height and dry mass with increasing photoperiod and flowered under all photoperiods. Increasing planting density decreased height and dry mass and slowed seedhead development in both types. Shading increased plant height and decreased dry mass of both millets and increased germination compared to unshaded treatments. Planting date did not affect germination of freshly collected seed of either millet. Wild proso millet seed had a low germination rate until 8 weeks after panicle emergence, and the rate increased to 22% after 10 weeks. Germination of cultivated proso millet seed was low for 5 weeks after panicle emergence and increased to 92% after 10 weeks.

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Vishakha singh, Swiny Sandhvi. "Develop the Value Added Products and Sensory Evaluation of Proso Millet Fresh Products." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 10, no. 9 (September 10, 2021): 262–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1009.030.

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Proso millet is a protein-rich grain that also contains minerals such as phosphorus and magnesium. The amount of phosphrous (206mg) and magnesium (153mg) in this millet is higher than in other millets. Processing such as soaking and roasting affects the mineral content and fibre, however it reduced anti-nutritional factors like phytate and tannin content. Many traditional Indian Recipes have been prepared from proso millet or blended with other cereal and legume flours to enhance the nutritional value and palatability. Development and value addition to proso millet incorporated fresh products like Proso millet chapati and kitchari. It can be concluded that sensory evaluation done on all the recipes revealed that Proso millet significantly improved their organoleptic evalutaion. Proso millet formulated chapati and kitchari was found rich in nutrients and its overall acceptability was also good.

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Lyon, Drew J., Andrew Kniss, and Stephen D. Miller. "Carfentrazone Improves Broadleaf Weed Control in Proso and Foxtail Millets." Weed Technology 21, no. 1 (March 2007): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-06-047.1.

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Proso and foxtail millets are regionally important dryland crops for the semiarid portions of the Central Great Plains. However, few herbicides are registered for use in either crop. The efficacy of carfentrazone was studied in proso millet from 2003 through 2005 at the University of Nebraska High Plains Agricultural Laboratory located near Sidney, NE, and in foxtail millet in 2004 and 2005 at the University of Wyoming Sustainable Agriculture Research and Extension Center near Lingle, WY. Carfentrazone was applied POST at 9.0, 13.5, and 18.0 gai/ha with combinations of 2,4-D amine, prosulfuron, and dicamba. Although leaves of treated plants exhibited localized necrosis, leaves emerging after treatment were healthy. Grain and forage yields were not affected by the application of carfentrazone. Dicamba and 2,4-D amine provided visual control of 30% or less for buffalobur. Adding carfentrazone to one or both of these herbicides improved buffalobur control to 85% or greater. Carfentrazone applied at 18.0 g/ha improved Russian thistle, kochia, and volunteer sunflower control in 2003, when plants were drought-stressed, but did not help with these and other weeds during wetter years. Carfentrazone provides proso millet producers with a way to selectively control buffalobur, a noxious weed in several western states. In foxtail millet, carfentrazone provides POST broadleaf weed control with little risk for serious crop injury. Crop injury has been a concern with 2,4-D, which is currently the only other herbicide registered for use in foxtail millet.

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Senevirathne, Ilangasingha Gamlathge Nethmini Hansika, Walimuni Kanchana Subhashini Mendis Abeysekera, Walimuni Prabhashini Kaushalya Mendis Abeysekera, Nileththi Yasendra Jayanath, Sirimal Premakumara Galbada Arachchige, and Danthasingha Chithra Mulacharige Susantha Indika Wijewardana. "Antiamylase, Antiglucosidase, and Antiglycation Properties of Millets and Sorghum from Sri Lanka." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2021 (June 17, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5834915.

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The present study evaluated a range of biological activities of selected millet types and sorghum varieties in Sri Lanka in relation to diabetes and its complications management. Five millet types, namely, proso millet, white finger millet, kodo millet, foxtail millet, and finger millet (Oshadha and Rawana), and two sorghum varieties, namely, sweet sorghum and sorghum ICSV 112, were used in this study. Methanolic extracts of whole grains were studied for antiamylase, antiglucosidase, and early- and middle-stage antiglycation and glycation reversing activities in vitro. Tested millets and sorghum showed significant ( p < 0.05) and dose-dependent antiamylase (IC50: 33.34 ± 1.11–1446.70 ± 54.10 μg/ml), early-stage antiglycation (IC50: 15.42 ± 0.50–270.03 ± 16.29 μg/ml), middle-stage antiglycation (135.08 ± 12.95–614.54 ± 6.99 μg/ml), early-stage glycation reversing (EC50: 91.82 ± 6.56–783.20 ± 61.70 μg/ml), and middle-stage glycation reversing (393.24 ± 8.68–1374.60 ± 129.30 μg/ml) activities. However, none of the studied millet and sorghum showed antiglucosidase activity. Out of the samples studied, pigmented samples, namely, sweet sorghum, Oshadha, and Rawana, exhibited significantly high ( p < 0.05) antiamylase and early- and middle-stage antiglycation and glycation reversing activities compared to other millet and sorghum samples. Interestingly, sweet sorghum exhibited nearly four times potent antiamylase activity compared to the standard drug acarbose (IC50 111.98 ± 2.68 μg/ml) and sweet sorghum, kodo millet, Oshadha, and Rawana showed comparable early-stage antiglycation activities in comparison to the reference standard Rutin (IC50 21.88 ± 0.16 μg/ml). Therefore, consumption of whole grains of pigmented millet and sorghum in Sri Lanka may play an important role in the prevention and management of diabetes and its complications. Interestingly, this is the 1st study to report all the tested biological activities for millet and sorghum in Sri Lanka and the 1st study to report both early- and middle-stage glycation reversing activities of millet and sorghum worldwide.

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Johnson, Matthew, Santosh Deshpande, Mani Vetriventhan, Hari D. Upadhyaya, and Jason G. Wallace. "Genome‐Wide Population Structure Analyses of Three Minor Millets: Kodo Millet, Little Millet, and Proso Millet." Plant Genome 12, no. 3 (November 2019): 190021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3835/plantgenome2019.03.0021.

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Shah, A. H., H. Karar, M. S. Farooq, M. S. A. Bazmi, G. Nabi, M. R. Gondal, and M. S. Akhtar. "Effect of Last Cutting Dates on Seed Production of Multicut MB-87 – A Variety of Pearl Millet, Pennisetum glaucum (Bajra)." Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova 51, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cerce-2018-0017.

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Abstract Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) is considered an important kharif crop, which is grown extensively in the arid and semi-arid tropical regions, where other crops, like sorghum and maize, fail to produce economic yields. Its grains are valued as human food, while its dry stover makes significant livestock ration in croplivestock farming system. Pearl millets (MB-87), a newly developed variety of Fodder Research Institute, Sargodha, Pakistan, is one of the best pearl millet variety, which gives more than one cutting and helps to cope with fodder lean period, as well as more income can be generated in addition to seed. So, overcome the scarcity period the study was conducted to check the effect of last cutting dates on seed production of multicut pearl millet MB-87 was conducted at Fodder Research Institute, Sargodha, Pakistan, during 2015 and 2016. Following parameters were taken in to consideration, i.e. plant height (cm), stem thickness (cm), number of leaves per tiller, number of tillers per plant, green fodder yield (t/ha), length of head (cm), 1000 grains weight (g) and grain yield (kg/ha). The results depicted that grain yield, i.e. 319.20, was maximum and head length was highest, i.e. 35.13 cm on 20th of August having last date of cut, whereas all others parameters were found to be nonsignificant. Multicut bajra gives three cutting of fodder, followed by seed, as compared with conventional bajra, which gives only one cutting or seed. Therefore, it is more economical for the growers of fodders to grow the pearl millets MB-87 as fodder, as well as for seed purposes. So, it is concluded that for gaining maximum grain yield of multicut pearl millet MB-87 the last cutting date should be 20th of August. In future, pearl millet is likely to play a larger role in providing food and nutritional security.

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Bot, M. H., G. S. Bawa, J. J. Omage, P. A. Onimisi, D. Y. Bot, and I. E. Udom. "Proximate composition of red and black finger millet (Eleusine coracana) varieties." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 47, no. 6 (February 28, 2021): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v47i6.2871.

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The aim of determining the proximate composition of red and black finger millet/Tamba (Eleusine coracana) varieties was to ascertain their nutritional composition and their ability to be used as feed ingredients. The finger millets used in this experiment were purchased from local markets in Ganawuri of Plateau and Manchok in Kaduna States and were subjected to proximate analysis. The results revealed that the millets contained Dry Matter – 88.48 and 87.55 %; Crude Protein (CP) – 13.98 and 13.14 %; Ether Extract (EE) – 3.70 and 3.10 %; Crude Fiber (CF) – 6.67 and 7.02 %; Ash – 4.90 and 4.36 %; Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE) – 59.22 and 59.84 % for the red and black finger millets, respectively. Based on these results, it can be concluded that finger millet is a nutritious feed resource irrespective of the variety and can be incorporated into animal feed in the livestock industry. It is recommended for farmers to use the crop by incorporating into livestock feed because of its rich proximate composition. L'objectif de la détermination de la composition immédiate des variétés de mil rouge et noir / Tamba (Eleusinecoracana) était de vérifier leur composition nutritionnelle et leur capacité à être utilisées comme ingrédients alimentaires. Des variétés de mil rouge et noir utilisées dans cette expérience ont été achetées aux marchés locaux de Ganawuri de l'état de Plateau et de Manchok del'état de Kaduna et ont été soumises à une analyse immédiate. Les résultats ont révélé que les variétés de mil contenaient de la matière sèche - 88,48 et 87,55% ; Protéine Brute (PB) –13,98 et 13,14% ; Extrait d'éther (EE) –3,70 et 3,10% ; le 'crude fibre' (CF) –6,67 et 7,02% ; Cendres – 4,90 et 4,36% ; Extrait sans azote (le 'NFE') –59,22 et 59,84% pour les mil rouges et noirs, respectivement. Sur la base de ces résultats, on peut conclure que le mil rouge et noir est une ressource alimentaire nutritive quelle que soit la variété et peut être incorporée dans l'alimentation animale dans l'industrie de l'élevage. Il est recommandé aux agriculteurs d'utiliser la culture en l'incorporant dans l'alimentation du bétail en raison de sa riche composition immédiate.

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Pitsos, Nicolas. "Des millets aux nations." Cahiers balkaniques, no. 36-37 (December 1, 2008): 329–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/ceb.1575.

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Hanna, Wayne W. "Advances in small millets." Field Crops Research 40, no. 3 (March 1995): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4290(95)90002-0.

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Takhellambam, Ranjita Devi, Bharati V. Chimmad, and Jones Nirmalnath Prkasam. "Ready-to-cook millet flakes based on minor millets for modern consumer." Journal of Food Science and Technology 53, no. 2 (November 2, 2015): 1312–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13197-015-2072-0.

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Sharma, Anubhuti, Salej Sood, and R. K. Khulbe. "Millets-food for the future." Biotech Today 3, no. 1 (2013): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/j.2322-0996.3.1.010.

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Kr. Morya, Gyan Chand, Vinita Vinita, Mishra H.S, Shakya S., Raj Bahadur, and Yadav K.N. "Millets: The Indigenous Food Grains." International Journal of Advanced Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy 6, no. 1 (December 2, 2017): 447–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.23953/cloud.ijaayush.328.

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Patil, Prema B. "Rejuvenating millets through value addition." FOOD SCIENCE RESEARCH JOURNAL 9, no. 2 (October 15, 2018): 431–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/fsrj/9.2/431-433.

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Saraswat, Shubhra, and Sneha Krishna. "Bajra (Pearl Millet) “The Millennium Food”." Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics 56, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.21048/ijnd.2019.56.3.23744.

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Pearl Millet (Pennisetumglaucum) also known as Bajra is one of the oldest millet used by our ancestors and is one of the most important cereal grow in tropical semi arid regions of the world primarily Asia and Africa. It is known to have a very high fiber. In India, it is used as regular meal in states like Rajasthan and Gujarat. Previous studies have found that pearl millets are excellent source of micronutrients like iron and zinc. It also has certain antinutrient factors and inhibitors like phytic acid, polyphenols due to which the bio accessibility of iron and zinc is very low in pearl millet. Due to its potential health benefits it has now gained popularity, nutritionists and dieticians recommends it for the better health options. Bajra is very cheap millet known as “Poor People’s food”. It has enormous health benefits that it is being recommended to the patients of celiac disease, constipation and several noncommunicable diseases. This paper aims to review the potential health benefits of pearl millet.

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Ramadoss, Deepa Priya, and Nageswaran Sivalingam. "VANILLIN EXTRACTED FROM PROSO MILLET AND BARNYARD MILLET INDUCE APOPTOSIS IN HT-29 AND MCF-7 CELL LINE THROUGH MITOCHONDRIA MEDIATED PATHWAY." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 12 (December 1, 2017): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i12.21088.

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Objective: The main aim of the study was to investigate the bioactive compound vanillin extracted from proso millet (compound 1), and barnyard millet (compound 2) induces apoptotic cell death and whether it is mediated through mitochondrial pathway in HT-29 and MCF-7 cell line.Methods: The cells were treated with 250 μg/ml and 1000 μg/ml concentration of extracted vanillin for 48 hrs. Cytochrome c release and expression level of pro-apoptotic protein Bax and caspase-9 were detected by western blot analysis.Results: The results reveal that extracted compounds increased the release of cytochrome c and upregulating the expression of Bax and caspase-9 as concentration increases in a dose-dependent manner.Conclusion: The study suggests that the vanillin compound extracted from these millets induces apoptotic cell death through a mitochondria-dependent pathway.

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Kolageri, Neelamma R., and K. Shiny Israel. "Millet a sustainable crop: Growth and instability in area and production of millets." INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS 9, no. 2 (September 15, 2018): 253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/irjaes/9.2/253-256.

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Bonthala, Venkata Suresh, Mehanathan Muthamilarasan, Riti Roy, and Manoj Prasad. "FmTFDb: a foxtail millet transcription factors database for expediting functional genomics in millets." Molecular Biology Reports 41, no. 10 (July 9, 2014): 6343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11033-014-3574-y.

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Numan, Muhammad, Desalegn D. Serba, and Ayalew Ligaba-Osena. "Alternative Strategies for Multi-Stress Tolerance and Yield Improvement in Millets." Genes 12, no. 5 (May 14, 2021): 739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12050739.

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Millets are important cereal crops cultivated in arid and semiarid regions of the world, particularly Africa and southeast Asia. Climate change has triggered multiple abiotic stresses in plants that are the main causes of crop loss worldwide, reducing average yield for most crops by more than 50%. Although millets are tolerant to most abiotic stresses including drought and high temperatures, further improvement is needed to make them more resilient to unprecedented effects of climate change and associated environmental stresses. Incorporation of stress tolerance traits in millets will improve their productivity in marginal environments and will help in overcoming future food shortage due to climate change. Recently, approaches such as application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) have been used to improve growth and development, as well as stress tolerance of crops. Moreover, with the advance of next-generation sequencing technology, genome editing, using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR/Cas9) system are increasingly used to develop stress tolerant varieties in different crops. In this paper, the innate ability of millets to tolerate abiotic stresses and alternative approaches to boost stress resistance were thoroughly reviewed. Moreover, several stress-resistant genes were identified in related monocots such as rice (Oryza sativa), wheat (Triticum aestivum), and maize (Zea mays), and other related species for which orthologs in millets could be manipulated by CRISPR/Cas9 and related genome-editing techniques to improve stress resilience and productivity. These cutting-edge alternative strategies are expected to bring this group of orphan crops at the forefront of scientific research for their potential contribution to global food security.

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TRIVEDI, A. K., L. ARYA, S. K. VERMA, R. K. TYAGI, and A. HEMANTARANJAN. "Evaluation of barnyard millet diversity in central Himalayan region for environmental stress tolerance." Journal of Agricultural Science 155, no. 10 (August 22, 2017): 1497–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859617000545.

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SUMMARYThe mountain ecosystem of the Central Himalayan Region is known for its diversity of crops and their wild relatives. In spite of adverse climatic conditions, this region is endowed with a rich diversity of millets. Hence, the aim of the present study was to explore, collect, conserve and evaluate the diversity of barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea) to find out the extent of diversity available in different traits and the traits responsible for abiotic stress tolerance, and to identify trait-specific accessions for crop improvement and also for the cultivation of millets in the region as well as in other similar agro-ecological regions. A total of 178 accessions were collected and evaluated for a range of morpho-physiological and biochemical traits. Significant variability was noted in days to 50% flowering, days to 80% maturity, 1000 seed weight and yield potential of the germplasm. These traits are considered to be crucial for tailoring new varieties for different agro-climatic conditions. Variations in biochemical traits such as lipid peroxidation (0·552–7·421 nmol malondialdehyde formed/mg protein/h), total glutathione (105·270–423·630 mmol/g fresh weight) and total ascorbate (4·980–9·880 mmol/g fresh weight) content indicate the potential of collected germplasm for abiotic stress tolerance. Principal component analysis also indicated that yield, superoxide dismutase activity, plant height, days to 50% flowering, catalase activity and glutathione content are suitable traits for screening large populations of millet and selection of suitable germplasm for crop improvement and cultivation. Trait-specific accessions identified in the present study could be useful in crop improvement programmes, climate-resilient agriculture and improving food security in areas with limited resources.

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Newmaster, Steven G., Subramanyam Ragupathy, Shanmughanandhan Dhivya, Chitilappilly Joseph Jijo, Ramalingam Sathishkumar, and Kirit Patel. "Genomic valorization of the fine scale classification of small millet landraces in southern India." Genome 56, no. 2 (February 2013): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2012-0183.

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Our research seeks to investigate genomic diversity of landraces of millet, addressing a key uncertainty that will provide a framework for (i) a DNA barcode method that could be used for fast, sensitive, and accurate identification of millet landraces, and (ii) millet landrace conservation including biocultural diversity. We found considerable intraspecific variation among 15 landraces representing six species of small millets using nuclear regions (ITS, ITS1, and ITS2); there was no variation in plastid regions (rbcL, matK, and trnH-psbA). An efficacious ITS2 DNA barcode was used to make 100% accurate landrace assignments for 150 blind samples representing 15 landraces. Our research revealed that genomic variation is aligned with a fine-scale classification of landraces using traditional knowledge (TK) of local farmers. The landrace classification was highly correlated with traits (morphological, agricultural, and cultural utility) associated with considerable factors such as yield, drought tolerance, growing season, medicinal properties, and nutrition. This could provide a DNA-based model for conservation of genetic diversity and the associated bicultural diversity (TK) of millet landraces, which has sustained marginal farming communities in harsh environments for many generations.

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Zhang, Yakun, Jianhua Gao, Qianru Qie, Yulu Yang, Siyu Hou, Xingchun Wang, Xukai Li, and Yuanhuai Han. "Comparative Analysis of Flavonoid Metabolites in Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica) with Different Eating Quality." Life 11, no. 6 (June 18, 2021): 578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11060578.

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Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) is an important minor cereal crop in China. The yellow color of the de-husked grain is the most direct aspect for evaluating the foxtail millet quality. The yellow pigment mainly includes carotenoids (lutein and zeaxanthin) and flavonoids. To reveal the diversity and specificity of flavonoids in foxtail millet, we chose three high eating quality and two poor eating quality varieties as research materials. A total of 116 flavonoid metabolites were identified based on Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) system. The tested varieties contained similar levels of flavonoid metabolites, but with each variety accumulating its unique flavonoid metabolites. A total of 33 flavonoid metabolites were identified as significantly discrepant between high eating quality and poor eating quality varieties, which were mainly in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway and one of its branches, the flavone and flavonol biosynthesis pathway. These results showed the diversified components of flavonoids accumulated in foxtail millets and laid the foundation for further research on flavonoids and the breeding for high-quality foxtail millet varieties.

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Nahar, A., MA Mannan, MAA Mamun, and TK Ghosh. "Growth and Yield Performance of Foxtail Millets Under Salinity." Bangladesh Agronomy Journal 21, no. 1 (December 24, 2018): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/baj.v21i1.39360.

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Crop diversification in saline affected coastal areas is crucial for food security in Bangladesh. A pot experiment was conducted at polythene house at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur-1706 during May to August, 2017 to determine the effect of salt stress on growth and yield performance of foxtail millets. Five foxtail millets genotypes viz. (i) BARI Kaon-1 (check), (ii) BD-878, (iii) BD-897, (iv) BD-891 and (v) BD-881 were tested under three salt stresses viz. (i) control (0 dS/m), (ii) 6 dS/m and (iii) 12 dS/m. Completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications was followed in the study. The growth parameter viz. stem dry matter, leaf dry matter and root dry matter production of foxtail millets genotypes were significantly varied due to salinity stresses. Salinity stresses also significantly influenced yield and yield contributing characteristics of foxtail millets. The genotypes BD-897 and BD-881 produced the higher dry matter, grains per panicle and grain yield per plants under the saline level of 6 dS/m. The higher stress tolerance index of both the genotypes demonstrate that the genotypes BD-897 and BD-881 were more salt tolerant. Bangladesh Agron. J. 2018, 21(1): 51-59

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B, Venkata Suresh, Mehanathan Muthamilarasan, Gopal Misra, and Manoj Prasad. "FmMDb: A Versatile Database of Foxtail Millet Markers for Millets and Bioenergy Grasses Research." PLoS ONE 8, no. 8 (August 12, 2013): e71418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0071418.

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Agarwal, Gaurav, Ronald D. Gitaitis, and Bhabesh Dutta. "Pan-Genome of Novel Pantoea stewartii subsp. indologenes Reveals Genes Involved in Onion Pathogenicity and Evidence of Lateral Gene Transfer." Microorganisms 9, no. 8 (August 18, 2021): 1761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081761.

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Pantoea stewartii subsp. indologenes (Psi) is a causative agent of leafspot on foxtail millet and pearl millet; however, novel strains were recently identified that are pathogenic on onions. Our recent host range evaluation study identified two pathovars; P. stewartii subsp. indologenes pv. cepacicola pv. nov. and P. stewartii subsp. indologenes pv. setariae pv. nov. that are pathogenic on onions and millets or on millets only, respectively. In the current study, we developed a pan-genome using the whole genome sequencing of newly identified/classified Psi strains from both pathovars [pv. cepacicola (n = 4) and pv. setariae (n = 13)]. The full spectrum of the pan-genome contained 7030 genes. Among these, 3546 (present in genomes of all 17 strains) were the core genes that were a subset of 3682 soft-core genes (present in ≥16 strains). The accessory genome included 1308 shell genes and 2040 cloud genes (present in ≤2 strains). The pan-genome showed a clear linear progression with >6000 genes, suggesting that the pan-genome of Psi is open. Comparative phylogenetic analysis showed differences in phylogenetic clustering of Pantoea spp. using PAVs/wgMLST approach in comparison with core genome SNPs-based phylogeny. Further, we conducted a horizontal gene transfer (HGT) study using Psi strains from both pathovars along with strains from other Pantoea species, namely, P. stewartii subsp. stewartii LMG 2715T, P. ananatis LMG 2665T, P. agglomerans LMG L15, and P. allii LMG 24248T. A total of 317 HGT events among four Pantoea species were identified with most gene transfer events occurring between Psi pv. cepacicola and Psi pv. setariae. Pan-GWAS analysis predicted a total of 154 genes, including seven gene-clusters, which were associated with the pathogenicity phenotype (necrosis on seedling) on onions. One of the gene-clusters contained 11 genes with known functions and was found to be chromosomally located.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Des millets'

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