Academic literature on the topic 'Desalination'

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Journal articles on the topic "Desalination"

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Elfasakhany, Ashraf. "Biofuel Blends for Desalination Units: Comparison and Assessments." Processes 11, no. 4 (2023): 1139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11041139.

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Although desalinations with renewables were introduced some time ago, conventional desalination units are still applied. Conventional desalinations account for 90% of desalinations worldwide. Yet, they have two significant issues: a high demand for energy and a high level of environmental contaminants. Such issues are studied and remedies are suggested in the current study. Varieties of biofuel blends in dual and ternary bases are investigated experimentally for indirect desalination. Results showed that ternary blends can introduce lower desalination potentials than fossil fuels by about 4–7%
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Antia, David Dorab Jamshed. "Purification of Saline Water Using Desalination Pellets." Water 14, no. 17 (2022): 2639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14172639.

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This study establishes that processed zero valent iron can be pelletised and used to desalinate water. The pellets desalinate water using a zero-order reaction, where: product water salinity = −[a][Reaction Time] + Feed Water Salinity. Desalination using the pellets requires no onsite energy, no onsite infrastructure, and produces no reject brine. Potential applications for the pellets, include desalination of saline impoundments, desalination of agricultural water, desalination of irrigation water, desalination of irrigated salinized soils, and aquifer desalination. The examples demonstrate 3
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Gadzhiev, H. M., D. S. Gadzhiev, and I. M. Kurbanov. "DECOMPRESSION SEMICONDUCTOR THERMOELECTRIC DESALINATOR WITH UV RADIATION." Herald of Dagestan State Technical University. Technical Sciences 46, no. 4 (2020): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21822/2073-6185-2019-46-4-8-18.

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Objectives. The development of a decompression semiconductor thermoelectric desalinator with ultraviolet radiation.Methods. The design of a decompression semiconductor thermoelectric desalinator with ultraviolet radiation makes it possible to decrease the boiling points of seawater and the obtained fresh water and brine by changing the pressure in the desalinatior thus increasing the device’s energy efficiency.Results. The use of the designed decompression semiconductor thermoelectric desalinator with ultraviolet radiation practically reduces the boiling point of seawater, completely eliminati
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Hindiyeh, Muna, Aiman Albatayneh, Rashed Altarawneh, et al. "Sea Level Rise Mitigation by Global Sea Water Desalination Using Renewable-Energy-Powered Plants." Sustainability 13, no. 17 (2021): 9552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179552.

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This work suggests a solution for preventing/eliminating the predicted Sea Level Rise (SLR) by seawater desalination and storage through a large number of desalination plants distributed worldwide; it also comprises that the desalinated seawater can resolve the global water scarcity by complete coverage for global water demand. Sea level rise can be prevented by desalinating the additional water accumulated into oceans annually for human consumption, while the excess amount of water can be stored in dams and lakes. It is predicted that SLR can be prevented by desalination plants. The chosen de
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Greco, Francesca, Sebastiaan G. J. Heijman, and Antonio Jarquin-Laguna. "Integration of Wind Energy and Desalination Systems: A Review Study." Processes 9, no. 12 (2021): 2181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9122181.

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Desalination is a well-established technology used all over the world to mitigate freshwater scarcity. Wind-powered reverse osmosis plants are one of the most promising alternatives for renewable energy desalination, particularly for coastal areas and islands. Wind energy can satisfy the high energy consumption of desalination while reducing costs and CO2 emissions. However, the mismatch between the intermittent availability of the wind resource and the desalination’s power demand makes the integration between the two technologies critical. This paper presents a review of wind-powered desalina
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Liu, Tianyu, Joel Serrano, John Elliott, et al. "Exceptional capacitive deionization rate and capacity by block copolymer–based porous carbon fibers." Science Advances 6, no. 16 (2020): eaaz0906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz0906.

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Capacitive deionization (CDI) is energetically favorable for desalinating low-salinity water. The bottlenecks of current carbon-based CDI materials are their limited desalination capacities and time-consuming cycles, caused by insufficient ion-accessible surfaces and retarded electron/ion transport. Here, we demonstrate porous carbon fibers (PCFs) derived from microphase-separated poly(methyl methacrylate)-block-polyacrylonitrile (PMMA-b-PAN) as an effective CDI material. PCF has abundant and uniform mesopores that are interconnected with micropores. This hierarchical porous structure renders
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Abdalla, Salman, Shada Abu Khalla, and Matthew E. Suss. "Desalination Fuel Cell Stacks: Scaling up the Co-Production of Electricity and Clean Water." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-02, no. 25 (2023): 1347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-02251347mtgabs.

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The world faces a rising demand for potable water and electricity, while a lack of clean water and use of polluting electricity sources are major hazards1. Nowadays reverse osmosis (RO) is widely used for sea and brackish water desalination2, where RO consumes ~3-4 kWh/m3 for seawater desalination3. A new class of water treatment technologies is emerging that is distinguished from the classical methods by utilizing chemical energy to power both water treatment and electricity generation simultaneously from a single electrochemical cell. When using the hydrogen/oxygen redox couple, such a cell
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Bacha, Habib Ben, Abdelkader Saad Abdullah, Mutabe Aljaghtham, Reda S. Salama, Mohamed Abdelgaied, and Abd Elnaby Kabeel. "Thermo-Economic Assessment of Photovoltaic/Thermal Pan-Els-Powered Reverse Osmosis Desalination Unit Combined with Preheating Using Geothermal Energy." Energies 16, no. 8 (2023): 3408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16083408.

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Recently, the reverse osmosis (RO) process is widely used in the field of desalinating brackish water and seawater to produce freshwater, but the disadvantage of using this technology is the increase in the rates of electrical energy consumption necessary to manage these units. To reduce the rates of electrical energy consumption in RO desalination plants, geothermal energy and photovoltaic/thermal panels were used as preheating units to heat the feed water before entering RO desalination plants. The proposed system in this study consists of an RO desalination plant with an energy recovery dev
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Gholamalifard, Mehdi, Bonyad Ahmadi, Ali Saber, Sohrab Mazloomi, and Tiit Kutser. "Deploying a GIS-Based Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) Decision Rule for Site Selection of Desalination Plants." Water 14, no. 10 (2022): 1669. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14101669.

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Water supply is one of the most critical infrastructures for development, and by desalinating the water of the Persian Gulf, water demands may be satisfied. The countries of the Persian Gulf basin have applied this technology and compensated for the country’s water shortage, whereas because of Iran’s unlimited access to water, desalination has only been applied on a local scale. Due to serious hydrological stress and periodic water shortages in Iran’s southern coastal area, seawater desalination may be necessary as an optional solution for water supply. Site selection for desalination plants i
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Jiang, Yuxin, Sikpaam Issaka Alhassan, Dun Wei, and Haiying Wang. "A Review of Battery Materials as CDI Electrodes for Desalination." Water 12, no. 11 (2020): 3030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113030.

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The world is suffering from chronic water shortage due to the increasing population, water pollution and industrialization. Desalinating saline water offers a rational choice to produce fresh water thus resolving the crisis. Among various kinds of desalination technologies, capacitive deionization (CDI) is of significant potential owing to the facile process, low energy consumption, mild working conditions, easy regeneration, low cost and the absence of secondary pollution. The electrode material is an essential component for desalination performance. The most used electrode material is carbon
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Desalination"

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Nayar, Kishor Govind. "Improving seawater desalination and seawater desalination brine management." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/121886.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2019<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. "Thesis contains very faint/illegible footnote numbering"--Disclainer Notice page.<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>Water scarcity is an increasing problem globally. Seawater desalination is increasingly being relied upon as a means of mitigating the problem of water scarcity. However, seawater desalination has costs associated with it: capital costs, cost of energy to desalinate and environmental costs from the discharge of high salinity brine. E
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Mayere, Abdulkarim. "Solar powered desalination." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12331/.

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Despite water being apparently abundant, up to half of the world’s population is faced with water crises which is growing at an alarming rate most especially in developing countries such as African countries where both physical and economic water scarcities prevail. Thus with the abundant salty water and solar intensity in the regions or seasons when water is mostly scarce, solar powered desalination presents an attractive and promising solution towards availability of clean water. A unique and simple solar desalination system has been developed. The system which based on humidification/dehumi
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Rahal, Zeina. "Wind powered desalination." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2001. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7466.

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This thesis investigates the technical problems associated with large-scale stand-alone wind powered desalination employing a short-term energy store, particularly the complexities associated with the intermittent operation of the desalination plant. To achieve this, a non-linear, time domain system model of an existing wind powered desalination plant has been developed using the propriety code Simulink. Two desalination techniques have been considered: reverse osmosis and electrodialysis, due firstly to their relatively low specific energy consumption, and secondly, their efficient coupling t
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Crerar, Alan J. "Wave powered desalination." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14741.

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Digby, Simon. "Tjuntjuntjara groundwater desalination." Thesis, Digby, Simon (2012) Tjuntjuntjara groundwater desalination. Other thesis, Murdoch University, 2012. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/13106/.

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The Tjuntjuntjara Groundwater Desalination Thesis was conceived to solve the operational faults of a Vacuum-Multi-Effect-Membrane-Distillation (VMEMD) Pilot Plant. The National Centre for Excellence in Desalination (NCED), Murdoch University and other contributing parties intend to power the plant with renewable energies in order to supply the Tjuntjuntjara indigenous community with water. The thesis involved research into VMEMD technology and an assessment of the control system and instrumentation that operated it. During the assessment process, operational faults as well as potential imp
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Andersson, Niklas, and Pontus Heijdenberg. "Wind Power Desalination System." Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Business and Engineering (SET), 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-2769.

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Psaltas, Michael A. "Hybrid cogeneration desalination process." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.576090.

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Supplies of potable water from the conventional resources are descending due to increased industrialization;' extensive irrigation and rapid population growth. In Cyprus, a country without any perennial river, fixed rainy season and depleted natural aquifers faces severe water shortage in future. Desalination along with power cogeneration certainly poses as the most suitable option in the long run to avoid any water scarcity and rationing. This dissertation introduces all the major desalination processes and is focused on the commercially employed desalination processes. The processes have bee
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Bajpayee, Anurag. "Directional solvent extraction desalination." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/78539.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2012.<br>"September 2012." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 131-137).<br>World water supply is struggling to meet demand. Production of fresh water from the oceans could supply this demand almost indefinitely. As global energy consumption continues to increase, water and energy resources are getting closely intertwined, especially with regards to the water consumption and contamination in the unconventional oil and gas industry. Development of effective, affo
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Al-Thani, Faleh N. "Economical desalination processes in Qatar." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/14043.

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The limited underground water resources and the dramatic increase of fresh water consumption in Qatar forced the government to seek alternative ways to compensate for the lack of fresh water resources. Unfortunately, most of the currently available alternatives are costly in terms of excessive fuel consumption; also they require large capital investment and high maintenance cost. Such plants currently produce over 98% of the total fresh water in Qatar. This ratio may increase to 100% in the next few years. The main aim of this work is to investigate the most viable water desalination processes
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Tow, Emily Winona. "Organic fouling of desalination membranes." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111695.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2017.<br>This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.<br>Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 211-224).<br>Energy-ecient desalination and water reuse are necessary to ensure universal access to clean water. Reverse osmosis (RO) is the most ecient desalination process for almost any water source, but it is susceptible to membrane fouling,
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Books on the topic "Desalination"

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Kucera, Jane, ed. Desalination. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118904855.

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Micale, Giorgio, Lucio Rizzuti, and Andrea Cipollina, eds. Seawater Desalination. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01150-4.

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Miriam, Balaban, and International Desalination Association, eds. Desalination and water reuse: 1994 desalination directory. 6th ed. Balaban Desalination Publishers, 1994.

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Kumar, Anil, and Om Prakash, eds. Solar Desalination Technology. Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6887-5.

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Ladewig, Bradley, and Benjamin Asquith. Desalination Concentrate Management. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24852-8.

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Sandeep, Sethi, ed. Desalination of seawater. American Water Works Association, 2011.

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J, Delgado Daniel, and Moreno Pablo, eds. Desalination research progress. Nova Science, 2008.

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Bond, Rick. Zero liquid discharge desalination. Water Research Foundation, 2011.

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Lior, Noam, ed. Advances in Water Desalination. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118347737.

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Wang, Lawrence K., Jiaping Paul Chen, Yung-Tse Hung, and Nazih K. Shammas, eds. Membrane and Desalination Technologies. Humana Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-278-6.

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Book chapters on the topic "Desalination"

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Das, Rasel, Syed Mohammed Javaid Zaidi, and Sayonthoni Das Tuhi. "Desalination." In Polymers and Polymeric Composites: A Reference Series. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95987-0_28.

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Cherbuy, Bénédicte, and Jean-Christophe Aznar. "Desalination." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93806-6_118.

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Ifelebuegu, Augustine, Susanne M. Charlesworth, and Colin A. Booth. "Desalination." In Water Resources in the Built Environment. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118809167.ch8.

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Cherbuy, Bénédicte, and Jean-Christophe Aznar. "Desalination." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48657-4_118-2.

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Das, Rasel, Syed Mohammed Javaid Zaidi, and Sayonthoni Das Tuhi. "Desalination." In Polymers and Polymeric Composites: A Reference Series. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92067-2_28-1.

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Agnew, Clive, and Ewan Anderson. "Desalination." In Water Resources in the Arid Realm. Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003463917-10.

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Bas, Bilge. "Desalination." In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Global Security Studies. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74319-6_391.

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Alt, Friedrich, and Christopher M. Fellows. "Desalination." In The Clean Hydrogen Economy and Saudi Arabia. Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003294290-30.

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Kelletat, Dieter, Jiyu Chen, John M. Rybczyk, et al. "Desalination." In Encyclopedia of Coastal Science. Springer Netherlands, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3880-1_118.

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Dupont, R. Ryan. "Desalination." In Introduction to Environmental Management, 2nd ed. CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003171126-20.

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Conference papers on the topic "Desalination"

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Chakravarthi, T. V. S. Kalyan, Abhijit Chaudhuri, and Abdus Samad. "Wave Powered Desalination Systems - Recent Developments." In 2024 International Conference on Sustainable Energy: Energy Transition and Net-Zero Climate Future (ICUE). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/icue63019.2024.10795632.

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Perez, L. A., and D. M. Polizzotti. "Scale Control in Thermal Desalination Processes." In CORROSION 1999. NACE International, 1999. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1999-99110.

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Abstract Thermal desalination processes involve the heating of seawater to form water vapor which is then condensed to produce salt free water. Multiple Effect Evaporation (ME) and Multiple-Stage Flash distillation (MSF) are the two main processes used for thermal distillation. MSF distillation, currently is the dominant process. MSF distillation is run under pressure at relatively high temperatures (90-125 °C). Scale formation is one of the most critical problems affecting both processes. In the case of MSF, calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide and calcium sulfate are the main scale forming
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Amjad, Zahid. "Scale Inhibition in Desalination Applications: an Overview." In CORROSION 1996. NACE International, 1996. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1996-96230.

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Abstract Desalination is a process in which dissolved impurities are removed from water. Three processes commonly employed include: distillation, electrodialysis, and reverse osmosis. This paper provides a general discussion of various desalination processes including advantages and disadvantages of each, performance comparisons, and problems encountered in the operation of the process. An in-depth discussion of fouling by mineral scales, colloidal matter, and metal hydroxides is also included. The role of the foulant control agent in treating a desalination system is also presented. Basic che
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Naik, Sakshi, Miguel Zamarripa, Markus Drouven, and Lorenz T. Biegler. "Integrating the Design of Desalination Technologies into Produced Water Network Optimization." In Foundations of Computer-Aided Process Design. PSE Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69997/sct.195308.

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The oil and gas energy sector uses billions of gallons of water for hydraulic fracturing each year to extract oil and gas. The water injected into the ground for fracturing along with naturally occurring formation water from the oil wells surfaces back in the form of produced water. Produced water can contain high concentrations of total dissolved solids and is unfit for reuse outside the oil and gas industry without desalination. In semi-arid shale plays, produced water desalination for beneficial reuse could play a crucial role in alleviating water shortages and addressing extreme drought co
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Stiber, Brian, and Asfaw Beyene. "Wave-Powered Desalination." In ASME 2015 Power Conference collocated with the ASME 2015 9th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2015 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2015-49087.

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Climate change, drought, population growth and increased energy and water costs are all forces driving exploration into alternative, sustainable resources. The abundance of untapped wave energy often presents an opportunity for research into exploiting this resource to meet the energy and water needs of populated coastal regions. This paper investigates the potential and impact of harnessing wave energy for the purpose of seawater desalination. First the SWAN wave modeling software was used to evaluate the size and character of the wave resource. These data are used to estimate the cost of wat
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El Haj Assad, Mamdouh, Maryam Nooman AlMallahi, Mohamed Abbas Abdelsalam, Mohammed AlShabi, and Walid Nooman AlMallahi. "Desalination Technologies: Overview." In 2022 Advances in Science and Engineering Technology International Conferences (ASET). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aset53988.2022.9734991.

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Iqbal, Faisal, and Muhammad Asif. "Reduction in Specific Energy Consumption in Desalination through Hybrid Desalination Techniques." In ICAME 2023. MDPI, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023045002.

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Salamat, Yasamin, Carlos A. Rios Perez, and Carlos Hidrovo. "Performance Improvement of Capacitive Deionization for Water Desalination Using a Multi-Step Buffered Approach." In ASME 2016 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2016 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2016-7849.

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Due to the increasing demand for clean and potable water stemming from population growth and exacerbated by the scarcity of fresh water resources, more attention has been drawn to different and innovative methods for water desalination. Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a relatively new, low maintenance, and energy efficient technique for desalinating brackish water. In this technique, an electrical field is employed to adsorb ions into a high-porous media. After the saturation of the porous electrodes, their adsorption capacity can be restored through a regeneration process. Various parameters
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Sevda, Suraj, Ibrahim M. Abu Reesh, and Zhen He. "Microbial Desalination Cell: An Integrated Approach for Wastewater Treatment and Desalination Systems for Sustainable Water Desalination and Wastewater Treatment." In Qatar Foundation Annual Research Conference Proceedings. Hamad bin Khalifa University Press (HBKU Press), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5339/qfarc.2016.eepp3221.

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Dahioui, Y., and K. Loudiyi. "Wind powered water desalination." In 2013 International Renewable and Sustainable Energy Conference (IRSEC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/irsec.2013.6529659.

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Reports on the topic "Desalination"

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Summers, L. J. Desalination processes and performance. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/92023.

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Boettcher, Seth J., Courtney Gately, Alexandra L. Lizano, Alexis Long, and Alexis Yelvington. Part 1: Brackish Groundwater Desalination Technical Report. Edited by Gabriel Eckstein. Texas A&M University School of Law Program in Natural Resources Systems, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/eenrs.brackishgroundwater.p1.

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This Brackish Groundwater Desalination Technical Report examines the legal frameworks that affect desalination in Texas. The goal of this report is to provide insight into the legal and regulatory barriers, challenges, and opportunities for these technologies to go online. Each desalination implementation site has to find ways of complying with various laws and regulations. The information in this Report comes from the study of brackish groundwater desalination facilities currently operating in Texas, as well as extensive research into available literature and documents from various agencies.
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Author, Not Given. Integrated wind energy / Desalination system. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1216726.

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Hinds, Bruce. Molecular Transporters for Desalination Applications. Defense Technical Information Center, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada612679.

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Farmer, J. C., J. H. Richardson, and D. V. Fix. Desalination with carbon aerogel electrodes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/515979.

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Farmer, Joseph C., Jeffrey H. Richardson, David V. Fix, Scott L. Thomson, and Sherman C. May. Desalination with Carbon Aerogel Electrodes. Defense Technical Information Center, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada349204.

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Brady, Patrick Vane, Tom Mayer, and Randall Timothy Cygan. Nanotechnology applications to desalination : a report for the joint water reuse & desalination task force. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1011669.

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Boettcher, Seth J., Courtney Gately, Alexandra L. Lizano, Alexis Long, and Alexis Yelvington. Part 3: Case Study Appendices to the Technical Reports. Edited by Gabriel Eckstein. Texas A&M University School of Law Program in Natural Resources Systems, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/eenrs.brackishgroundwater.p3.

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Abstract:
This Case Study Appendix to the Technical Reports expands on regulations in San Antonio and El Paso where these water alternatives are in place. The goal of this report is to provide insight into the legal and regulatory barriers, challenges, and opportunities for these technologies to go online. Each desalination and water recycling faciality implementation site must comply with various laws and regulations. The information in these Case Studies comes from the study of brackish groundwater desalination and water recycling facilities currently operating in Texas. While there is no updated “one
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Farmer, J. C., J. H. Richardson, D. V. Fix, S. L. Thomson, and S. C. May. Desalination with carbon aerogel electrodes. Revision 1. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/491952.

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MILLER, JAMES E. Review of Water Resources and Desalination Technologies. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/809106.

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