Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Descartes, René (1596-1650) – Le monde – Critique et interprétation'
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Sciaccaluga, Nicoletta. "Potentia naturalis : rôle et disparition d'une notion centrale dans la physique du jeune Descartes." Caen, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CAEN1507.
Full textMarsan, Eddy. "Etude comparative et critique de l'exigence de systeme chez lulle et descartes." Toulouse 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU20021.
Full textThe description of the work of lull and then of the cartesian system reveals that both are upheld by the desire for systematic architectronics. Lull , in the thirth century and descartes in the seventh century attempted to constitue a unique method which would enable the return to the various sciences. Even if descartes, who was familiar with the work of lull, denies any relation between his work and lull's great art, it should, however, be noted that he takes up the lullian idea of total knowledge. Indeed, the french philosopher joins the same neo-platonic filiation as lull and seems only to criticize lull's endeavour severely to dissimulate the relation with his own work. Lull and descartes break with an attitude of contemplation of nature and try to impose systematic knowledge. Lull and descartes do not go against catholic tradition. They lilit thelselves to transcribing the message of tradition in terms of the conquering thought of western christianity. The essential proximity which is revealed between contemporary logic and the lullian and cartesian systems is that of their autonomy. Basing their work on founding intuition and deliberately cutting themselves off reality appear as autonomous attempts: the person who conceives the system provides proof of it, but this proof may be without any value for someone who does no accept the initial postulat which is identified with the founding intuition
Macris-L'Hoest, Marie-Claire. "Descartes opticien : le problème de la réfraction chez Descartes et ses contemporains." Paris 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA010252.
Full textOnishi, Yoshitomo. "Volonté et indifférence chez Descartes." Paris 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA010509.
Full textKambouchner, Denis. "La problématique cartésienne de l'affectivité." Paris 10, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA100109.
Full textIn his last published work (the treatise of the passions of the soul), descartes has tackled an "obscure and confused" matter that he had "never studied before". The fact is that the theory of emotions cannot achieve cartesian anthropology without imposing on the assertions of cartesian metaphysics several remarkable complications. In the course of a systematic analysis, organized around the main problems of the theory of passions (their general definition; their psycho-physiological explanation; their classification; their function of "use"; their submission to reason or to will; the relationship between affectivity and morality), one can give clear indication of a stratified structure of cartesian soul, which can be related to the distinction between its proper functions and those which imply its union to the body. The "inferior" functions of the soul, among which the passions take place, are intimately combined with brain functions in a functioning of man which can be qualified as animal. If the soul as "reasonable" can regard itself as exterior to this functioning, it appears nevertheless much more necessary. To the soul's life than it could seem to be, according to the meditations. The assurance of the "real distinction" between mind and body has therefore to be reinterpreted with respect to these conditions
Beveraggi, Hervé. "La liberté spéculative chez Descartes et Spinoza." Aix-Marseille 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX10068.
Full textThe problem of freedom of thought in general, and more particulary in front of truth, which can be called speculative truth, does not find a satisfying explanation with descartes and spinoza, the representatives of the efforts from reasoning reason to include the problem of freedom of thought in a system of rationality. Both philosophers include it inside different ontologies, confront it to theories of truth which are different as well. For, speculative truth indeed, manifests itself in front of the couple truth - error : falsehood prevents it, it a source of constraint, truth only provides the highest feeling of freedom for descartes, or is merely synonymous with freedom for spinoza. But, on the other hand, it seems impossible for us to speak about freedom if we connot refuse what is true, if it necessarily asserts itself into us. If descartes manages to safeguard the experience of free - will while affirming the possibility for the individual to think of whatever he wants, and to think whatever he wants about a true idea, it is then at the expenses of contradictions inner to his system as far as the following relationships are concerned : freedom - transparency of thought, freedom - truth, freedom - divine conscience. Spinoza avoids these contradictions by refusing free - will, from the systematic criticism of its foundations, but affirms a free necessity wich is no longer really a freedom, consisting in an inner necessity of the mathematical type, and assigns it in a third genre of knowledge, inaccessible in the end
Gonzalez, Solange. "Le lieu chez Descartes." Paris 4, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA040234.
Full textThe noncompletion of Descartes'Regulae and the disappearance of the syntagma of mathesis universalis in later works lead us to believe a self-denial on Descartes behalf wich express itself in his failure to structure reality. To investigate the question of Descartes'locus presumes follow the evolution of his thought and allows a transversal course of his work. The notion of locus permits such a voyage by expressing itself first trough a paradox that leads us to the heart of Descartes' philosophy: we expect to find its definition in the field of physics and we are surprised to know that bodies fill no locus, because they don't move from one locus to another and, more radically, whereas every movement is relative, we can legitimately consider that the same body does and does not move. Such a conception seems not to allow a mathematical physics. Such a failure has also to be connected to an evolution in Cartesian's conceptions improved in the Regulae, especially concerning the part of imagination; The exertion of ingenium nevrtheless supposes the existence of a body that incarnates. So that it is possible to wonder in Which way the world is the locus of God (Eucharisty) as is the body the locus of the soul
Agostini, Siegrid. "Claude Clerselier, editore e traduttore di René Descartes." Paris, EPHE, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007EPHE5007.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to give a historic reconstruction of the figure of Claude Clerselier and emphasize not only the role he played in the edition and translation of some works by René Descartes, but also in the defence of the Cartesian theses on the Eucharist. The principal source for the reconstruction of the relationships and debates is constituted by the manuscript n. 366 (Sentimens de Mr Descartes et de ses sectateurs sur le Mystère de l’Eucharistie. Recueil curieux et rare) in town library of Chartres : the documents included in this manuscript are mostly some letters or abstracts of letters written and received by Clerselier between 1654 and 1681. Clerselier is also important because of his activity of editor and translator of Descartes. To outline the portrait of the activity of Clerselier editor I first examined the Préfaces to the edition of the Lettres which constitute some sources, very rich in information; the same Lettres are a very important testimony because from them comes out Clerselier’s willing to celebrate the greatness of Descartes and reconstruct an edifying image of this philosopher. My thesis is made up of two volumes. The volume I contains, after an introduction, four chapters followed by a conclusion, a general chronological table of Clerselier’s correspondence, and a bibliography (some manuscripts, some printed sources and some studies). The volume II contains the transcription of the letters of the manuscript n. 366, according to the alphabetical order of the correspondents (Bertet, Daniel, Denis, Desgabets, Fabri, Malaval, Pastel, Poisson, Terson, Vinot, Viogué)
Delia, Luigi. "La verità filosofica nel pensiero di Descartes : studio storico, critico e semantico." Dijon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007DIJOL025.
Full textThe question of truth, that is of its research and of the proper experiences that allow to grasp it (the necessity of the method); of its possibility and of its origin; of its characteristics and of the choices that imply it; of its constraining force and of its intellectual formation; of its coherence and of its correspondence; of its univocallity and of its diverse discursive modulation (distinction of the three primitive notions); of the use, last, that we must rightly make of it in light of science’s progress and of human moral development, is not a localised question but indeed transpires through all the Cartesian philosophy project. The defended thesis was fixed around a triple objective: to reconstruct the intellectual context within which is shaped the Cartesian idea of truth; to conduct an enquiry within Descartes’ work, aiming to think over the main interpretative problems linked to this notion; to conduct a lexical study dedicated to the negative register about truth
Wong, Alexandre. "Les figures de la volonté dans la philosophie de Descartes." Paris 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA010615.
Full textDauvois, Daniel. "La représentation chez Descartes." Paris 4, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA040112.
Full textLarralde, Philippe. "Heidegger et descartes : d'une perspective neocartesienne face a la question de l'etre." Caen, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993CAEN1116.
Full textMathieu, Louise. "Descartes et la question de Dieu : la place et la fonction de l'idée de Dieu dans la pensée cartésienne." Dijon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004DIJOL022.
Full textDescartes declare on several occasions want to defend God, to fight impious persons, bring to infidels and persons who turn away church, the proof about the existence of God but also give them sound doctrine on transsubstantiation, divine liberty, God, eternals thruths. He says also speak about Infiny only for subject himself and speak about with great dignity. Lastly, he’s forever repeating that he look for the truth in the things for to go with insurance in this existence. For that, it obtains a method and will try to find the proof of the existence of God not in the world, i. E. In the empirical experiment, nor in the Scriptures which he however considers higher than his thoughts, but in his spirit. Only, by this step where the reason starts to conceptualize the name of the transcendence and to want to subject it to his diktat, Descartes is not, according to us, more speaking about God of the Bible but to work out an subject-object of the metaphysics which has the name of God but who is not God. All in all, while bringing his own conception, while protesting his christianity and his respect for the religion of his childhood (catholicism), one should do to wonder about his philosophy as much as on the man who was Descartes. Can Descartes think himself christian and to insist on his love of God, in his writings, when Christ misses of his philosophy and that his “théodicée” is reduced only to some lines in the meditations three and six ? What Descartes look for ? To affirm his belief in God for better subjecting himself to him ? To prove the existence of God with an aim of making him a solid base for his new philosophy, which does include a physics as well as a metaphysics or to work out his own "metaphysical subject-object" ? The intentions of the author, sincere or not, did they show, through his attempts to present doctrines coherent and acceptable on God, the impossibility of saying anything truth and valid on God that the sacred Texts tell to us ? The only proof of the existence of God who prevails isn't is the fact that the Christ who is God and the miracles so that we can finally believe that God is love and that his is alive?
Bouriau, Christophe. "La fonction critique de la sensibilité chez Descartes et Kant." Paris 4, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA040015.
Full textOur reflection is in keeping with the following debate: can we regard Descartes as a critical thinker? The neo-kantian reading of Descartes, opened by Paul Natorp at the end of last century, has been firmly rejected by Heidegger. For want of recognizing to sensitiveness the decisive position bestowed by Kant, Descartes must be considered, according to Heidegger, as a dogmatic thinker who asserts to know god, the soul, the corporeal nature by simple concepts. Now we are attempting to demonstrate 1) that even if we think the essence of criticism from the position assigned to the sensitive functions of knowledge, we are able to indicate about Descartes at least, the outline of certain "critical" thesis; 2) that the method theory and the doctrine of the creation of eternal truths allow us to regard Descartes as a critical thinker aware of the limits of the human reason. The stake is to prove that the dogmatic rationalism begins in fact with the successors of Descartes: Spinoza, Malebranche, Leibniz
Confalonieri, Sara. "Impossibility results : from geometry to analysis : a study in early modern conceptions of impossibility." Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA070060.
Full textThis dissertation deals with impossibility results in the context of early modern geometry (XVIlth century). The main problems and questions I shall address in my study are the following. How did early modem geometers prove (or argued for) the impossibilities of solving construction problems by prescribed means? Can we identify similar structures and similar roles in different instances of these impossibility arguments? My starting point is one of the first exemples of algebraic thinking in geometry, namely, Descartes' epoch-making « La Géométrie » (1637). My examination of « La Géométrie » mainly concerns the methodological points of this treatise: the foundations of the distinction between geometrical and mechanical curves, and the classification of curves and problems. A general thesis I advance in my work is that conditional impossibility claims exerted a twofold methodological, or metatheoretical role. Firstly, they contribute to frame the demarcation between acceptable and non acceptable curves. Secondly, conditional impossibility claims enter in the classification of problems on the ground of the curves which construct them, sketched in the third Book of « La Géométrie » an( commented by Van Schooten in his latin editions from 1649 and 1659. The presence of impossibility claims in a treatise, like Descartes' « Géométrie », devoted to lay down the fundamentals of a method to solve all problems of geometry, is not surprising, in so far such a method should provide the guidelines in order to solve each problem according to the most adequate means
Kim, Sun-Young. "Subjectivité et individualité chez Descartes." Paris 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA010516.
Full textTsuzaki, Yoshinori. "L' exercice chez Descartes : méthode, anthropologie et morale." Paris 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA010551.
Full textSilva, Mateus Araújo. "Le problème de l'imagination chez Descartes." Paris 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA010593.
Full textNicco-Kerinvel, Cécile. "Puissance et individu chez Descartes, Hobbes et Spinoza." Paris 4, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA040153.
Full textBehind the appearances of a lexical and semantic unity, the concept of “power” leads us to question the diversity of the realities to which it gives light. The reflections of Descartes, Hobbes et Spinoza could make-up the framework of a study of this polysemy, demonstrated by the multitude of Latin terms which translate “power”: « potestas », « potentia », « vis », « facultas », « posse ». Is power an absolute force to do or not to do, or an actual strength, inscribed in the order of necessity without rupturing it? The study of its physical nature and its metaphysical rooting allows this problem to be exposed and outlines the different responses of our authors. However due to the close ties linking power to individuality, this also calls for ethical and political analysis. The original experience of impotence reveals not only power creating illusions of powerlessness, but also means of exceeding it. To enable an individual to become powerful implies self-practice, which brings to light the power of representations, and in particular the power of truth. Nevertheless, the truth cannot be powerful in the face of passions which harm us, unless it also affects us. The rules of power reveal the necessary articulation of powerful decision-making and of power conceived as an actuality (potentia), and which obliges us to qualify the opposition commonly admitted between Descartes and Spinoza. The cross reading of the works of Descartes, Hobbes and Spinoza offers therefore the opportunity of research of Cartesian conceptual fragments which can explain the productions of Spinoza and Hobbes, and the structural analogies which enlighten the meaning of power
Gormier, Laurence. "La question de l'union de l'âme et du corps à partir de la pensée de Descartes : âme-corps, méditation, méthode." Lyon 3, 2003. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/out/theses/2003_out_gormier_l.pdf.
Full textKaposi, Dorottya. "La liberté de l’esprit selon Descartes : la doctrine de la volonté et la question de l’individualité." Paris 4, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA040052.
Full textThe main purpose of this study is to examine the role of the Cartesian doctrine of the will in the establishment of the ego’s individuality, as well as its consequences for the individual responsibility and for the problem of the relation of the “I” to other subjects. An analysis of Descartes’s early writings establishes that the development of his doctrine of freedom can be accounted for neither by the treatment of theological or moral questions arising from study of the traditional concept of “liberum arbitrium”, nor, as might be suggested by its appearance in the Fourth Meditation, with reference to his attempt to formulate a theory which could explain the causes of error. This point is clearly connected to the problem which arises when one considers that the inquiries and intellectual procedures of the ego may be determined quite independently of it by external circumstances and powers. Hence, the consideration that the Cartesian ego refuses to depend on the influence of any Other requires, first, an analysis of the possible relationship between the “I” and the Other and, second, an investigation of the modalities according to which the “I” can consider thoughts and actions as its own. My analysis of the status of will in this framework reveals a link between the problem of imputation and the question of alterity, two issues which must be treated in relation to each other. In conclusion, I try to show that it is only in the realm of morality that man, the concept of whom is related to Descartes’s doctrine of the union of body and mind, can have access to a real relation with the other “selves” as “free causes”, forming with them a community of moral subjects
Elemzésem fő célja megvizsgálni a karteziánus akarat-doktrina szerepét az ego individualitásának megalapozásában, valamint hogy ez a kérdéskör hogyan függ össze az individuális felelősség és a másikhoz való viszony problémáival. Descartes korai írásainak elemzése alapján megállapíthatjuk, hogy a szabadság doktrinájának megformálása nem annak köszönhető, hogy a szerző a hagyományos szabad akarat fogalom használatából eredő teológiai és morális kérdéseket tárgyalná, s nem is annak, hogy egy olyan elméletet akarna megalkotni, amely képes megmagyarázni a tévedés okát – mint ahogy azt a IV. Elmélkedésben való megjelenése sugallná. Gondolatmenetének fejlődése lényegileg összefügg annak a lehetőségnek a problémájával, hogy az ego intellektuális tevékenységét külső, tőle független körülmények és erők határozhatnák meg. Ha észrevesszük tehát, hogy a karteziánus ego elutasítja a másik befolyását, ebből két kérdés vizsgálata kerül előtérbe: egyrészt, az énnek a másikhoz való viszonyának problémaköre, másrészt pedig az a kérdés, hogy mi teszi lehetővé, hogy az én önmagához tartozónak tekintse saját gondolatait és cselekedeteit. Az akarat státuszának ebben a keretben történő elemzése megmutatja a tulajdoníthatóság és az alteritás problémái közti mély kapcsolatot, amelyeket így egymással összefüggésben szükséges tárgyalni. Munkánk végén megpróbáljuk megmutatni, hogy az ember, akinek fogalma a test-lélek egységének tanítására épül, egyedül a morál keretei között képes a többi „én”-nel mint „szabad okok”-kal való reális viszony kiépítésére, és létrehozni velük a morális szubjektumok együttesét
Safou, Jean-Bernard. "Husserl et la métaphysique de Descartes : essai d'une interprétation phénoménologique du projet cartésien de la Mathesis universalis." Paris 4, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA040047.
Full textBourgeois-Gironde, Sacha. "La reconstruction analytique du cogito." Nantes, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NANT3020.
Full textThe cogito yields the first certainty on my existence. This certainty is grounded in formal properties of the cartesian dictum, especially its inferential aspect and its performatoriness. A method to define those properties and envision their relation to the nature of my mind has to be sought for. An analytic reconstruction of the cogito must avoid the generalization of both its overt and its mental properties by showing how its epistemic value is articulated upon its semantical scope and content. Beside the meaningfulness of the terms it comprehends, the fact that the cogito is a first-person utterance in the present tense is particularly relevant to the understanding of an indexical or perspectival mode of identification involved in those semantic features. Their role is to make me conceive of an ineliminable subjective way of presenting an objective thought. The other way round, i can but admit that this thought is present to my mind because it is related to some objective trait of my environment. This individuating link bears a general and referential constraint upon the interpretation of the cogito as a singular thought within a mental context. Nonetheless, even though the cogito as a pure intellection is still countable among the particular modes of cogitation, it refers in a special way to the mind itself wherein those thoughts occur. New semantic paradoxes arise when self-identification of a mind has to be brought about by a self-referring procedure. If the cogito is such a procedure, then it definitely cannot allow for a comprehensive knowledge of my essence. This knowledge is only conceivable, and must be completed by a further elucidation of a referential content of my thought. The transition from + cogito, ergo sum ; to + ego sum res cogitans ; is then interpreted as a deduction of an objective guarantee from an irreducible first-person account of my essence
Marquier-Morvan, Myriam. "Descartes, Pascal et Spinoza et la question de l'effacement du tragique." Paris 4, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA040217.
Full textAlthough they are not enclosed in tragedy, the works of Descartes, Pascal and Spinoza give various approaches and solutions to it. Theses answers not only vary according to the authors, but differ from book to book as well. They all give an alternative to the aristotelician "catharsis", that old and canonical definition of tragedy still in use in french classical theater. In stark contrast with an obscure and questionable catharsis, this philosophical dispelling, effacing and overtaking of tragedy do not depend on theater anymore, but rely either on reason or faith
Liogier, Bénédicte. "Le cogito et la question de Dieu ou La liberté cartésienne et la question de la vérité selon l'interprétation de Sartre." Lyon 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO31013.
Full textCortes, Palomino Yoman. "La dualité corps-esprit : "un parallèle qui désoriente", Wittgenstein II." Paris 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA010515.
Full textDevaux, Michael. "L'avancement de la métaphysique réelle selon Leibniz : nomenclature et réalité de la métaphysique leibnizienne après l'inter italicum." Paris 4, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA040224.
Full textIn 1694, Leibniz published the De Primae Philosophiae Emendatione which he himself translated into french as Reflections on Advancement of Real Metaphysics. . . This way of referring to metaphysics can indeed be taken seriously. Is real metaphysics the same as true metaphysics? What about the relationship between his advancement and those of Bacon and Glanvill? Advancement only conveys the idea of progress involved in emendatio, not that of correction, which is conveyed in the notion of real metaphysics. In order to show that real metaphysics is an appellation of metaphysics, we must first explain how it is an advancement upon, and a correction of first philosophy (Descartes) and ontology (modern scholasticism). The first appearance and development of ontology (1606-1716) is presented, as are the relations between Leibniz and thirty authors (Lorhardus, Hojerus, Goclenius, etc. ); as well as the three texts in which Leibniz used ontology. The conceptual aspects of real metaphysics are studied within all the texts in all circunstances in which the syntagma occurs (1691-1716). The next question is: what about reality in real metaphysics? The answer focuses on the three metaphysical inventions accepted by Kant in Leibniz: the real point (and the living mirror), the principle of reason, and harmony. Lastly, we analyse the conception of reality in Leibniz: in opposition (real/imaginary/ideal), in composition (perfection being a degree of reality, the reality of possibles) and in supposition (no reality without unity). We conclude that real metaphysics is a metaphysics of realisation because there's no completion and because it's about existiturientia
Weber, Claude. "Christian Wolff, Moses Mendelssohn et la métaphysique de Descartes : étude sur l'influence du cartésianisme dans les philosophies post-leibniziennes de Wolff et de Mendelssohn." Paris 4, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA040017.
Full textThe vigor of the traditional Aristotelian school metaphysics, and later the rise of the leibnizian and post-leibnizian philosophies have confined the development of cartesianism in Germany. By two examples, this study makes out that the influence of Descartes is not completely lacking at the time of the aufklarung. Before becoming the vulgarizing out spreader of leibnizianism, Christian Wolff has been close to cartesian circles. His metaphysics are in a high degree marked by the cartesian "prima philosophia", although they keep contiguous to the "cogito" and to a partially cartesian theology, an ontology inherited from school metaphysics. Although he stands closer to the Leibniz of the monadology, Mendelssohn for his part adopts the process of thought in Descartes' meditations, comprising the methodical doubt, the "cogito" and the proofs for god's existence, trying to correct the insufficiency of leibnizian essentialism that doesn't attain the knowledge of what really exists, i. E. That doesn't reveal a passage from the merely possible to reality. Far better than Wolff, Mendelssohn seems to achieve in his metaphysics a synthesis of the "prima philosophia" of Descartes' meditations and the leibnizian theodicy and monadology
Riquier, Camille. "Temps et méthode chez Bergson." Paris 4, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA040263.
Full textOur first part is devoted to the step, fine and articulated, of the bergsonian method as it crosses whole work and underlies it. Same manner, it took time for explicit topic than it did not confer to him a traditional power of resolution of the problems of metaphysics. Its books, its articles, conferences, its correspondence as its courses - whose certain passages which we reproduce here are still new - testify thus to this attention repeated with the processes by which it obtained its results more than with its results themselves. As soon as we adopt this perspective, the unity so looked for by the work of Bergson appears more clearly. Our second part benefits from this coherence to propose a reading which follows the movement and the unity of the work such as it spreads book after book. It seems that every book concerns a particular problem the resolution of which leads(drives) to the following problem, so that on the occasion of the various treated problems - the problem of the free will (Time and Free Will), the problem of the union of the soul and the body (Matter and Memory), the problem of the causality (Creative Evolution), the problem of the will (The two Sources of the morality and the Religion), it continues the same problem which crosses the whole work and finds every time an element of its answer. If the person is made in the tissue of duration, its that it offers in return the place where all its different various dimensions (present, past, future). The person, in all its states, substitutes the subject and thinks itself like time in opposition to its transcendental exile
Kellerer, Sidonie. "Fondations : étapes de la réception de Descartes en Allemagne chez les néo-kantiens de Marburg, Husserl et Heidegger." Toulouse 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TOU20004.
Full textDrieux, Philippe. "La communication des affects chez Descartes et Spinoza : perception et lien social." Rouen, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ROUEL460.
Full textThis work attends to explain the conditions of Spinoza's theory of affective imitation (Ethics, III, 27). Behaviour and theory of knowledge are taken into account as dimensions of the communication problem. This first part (I) focuses on the cartesian account of behaviour, as far as corporel causality is concerned. It suggests an interpretation of the few lines, in L'Homme, devoted to the communication of corporal dispositions between similar machines. The second part sets the light on the propositions that explain or follow mimetic behaviour whose first interest lies on the lack of consciousness. Spinoza's own conception -opposite to Descartes'- of sensation, imagination and feeling is discussed here (II-III), so that the demonstration of Proposition III, 27 becomes possible (IV). Our hypothesis is that Spinoza's way implies an expressive account of perception. In the last chapter (V), relations between rational and mimetic behavior are at stake
Vandenbussche, Hanna. "Le moi, idole d'une volonté désarmée : Pascal, critique de la liberté cartésienne." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UBFCH019.
Full textQuite often, Pascal is presented as the main critic of Cartesian optimism about human reason. Indeed, Pascal's oeuvre is full of examples that underline the weakness of the capacity that "would like to judge everything" (Laf. 110). In a fragment of his Entretien avec Monsieur de Sacy, Pascal was delighted to find in Montaigne a brother in arms for having dethroned reason: "I cannot see without joy in this author the superb reason so invincibly offended by his own weapons" (Pascal, Entretien avec Monsieur de Sacy, éd. Laf., p. 295)But what if we apply this expression not to reason, but to the human will? Pascal does not only criticize the force of reason, he also attacks, first and foremost, the idea of a free will that is naturally inclined towards truth and goodness and that constitutes the source of a just relationship with oneself.For Pascal, the will is not an inalienable force, a power of self-determination and self-mastery. Posing that "we only possess lies" (Laf. 131), that "we only have an impotent instinct for happiness" (Laf. 131) and that "we want to live an imaginary live in the eyes of the others" (Laf. 806), Pascal denies that our relationship to truth, the good, and ourselves depends on the use of free will.How can the self (le moi) be interpreted in relation to the will? In the Pascalian universe, freedom as a condition for self-discovery has become illusory: the self betrays the presence of an unarmed will, that is, a will that no longer has firm judgments to oppose violent passions. In this sense, Pascal’s notion of the self goes beyond a simple criticism of the Cartesian ego cogito. If Pascal questions himself about the self, his aim is not only to decentralize or de-substantialize the ego from the Meditatio Secunda. Instead of focusing on a comparative study between the Cartesian ego and the Pascalian moi, I have interpreted the notion of the self in Pascal as a triple critique of the Cartesian free will: the self expresses our incapacity (1) to reach the truth (being related to the lie), (2) to achieve happiness (the self being closely linked to le divertissement) and (3) to relate to ourselves authentically
Campos, Mariana de Almeida. "La question du sujet des sentiments dans le dualisme de Descartes." Thesis, Dijon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DIJOL007/document.
Full textThe goal of this thesis is to address the question of what would be the subject of the predicates that denote sentiments in Descartes’ writings. The proposed hypothesis is that substances can only be regarded as « the ultimate subjects of inherence » of these predicates. Nevertheless, it will be argued that men and animals, although they are not substances, may be considered the « subjects of attribution » of such predicates, since they have a specific unit, namely, a « unity of composition », which ensures that attribution. Therefore, the thesis will be developed in three main axes. From an examination of the Cartesian theory of substance and its definitions, we analyze the concept of extended substance, taking into account the existing debate between monistic and pluralistic interpretations of this concept. In this context, we examine the specificity of the human body in relation to other bodies of nature, considering certain aspects of the Cartesian theory of animal machines. Then we address the question of the unity of man, as well as other types of unity recognized by Descartes. Finally, we examine the Cartesian theory of causality in order to determine which theories of causality, interactionism, or occasionalism, in Descartes view, could serve as explanatory models for sentiments in humans and animals. The hypothesis to be defended in this thesis is consistent with the view that the Cartesian theory of three particular primitive notions, namely, thought, extension, and union, is fully compatible with the metaphysical dualism of substances that Descartes proposed, and therefore does not imply a weakening of the latter
Frigo, Alberto. "Pascal philosophe et auteur spirituel." Caen, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CAEN1572.
Full textDarantière, Louis. "Du rôle de la théorie des idées dans la formation du criticisme kantien : essai sur l'esthétique transcendantale et sa gestation précritique, comparée à la méthode métaphysique de Descartes et Berkeley." Paris 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA010527.
Full textEl, Gammudi Mailud. "Le problème de la liberté chez les penseurs musulmans et les penseurs chrétiens : Saint Augustin, Descartes, Alghazali, Averroes." Aix-Marseille 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1989AIX10007.
Full textMilici, Pietro. "A quest for exactness : machines, algebra and geometry for tractional constructions of differential equations." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010675.
Full textIn La Géométrie, Descartes proposed a “balance” between geometric constructions and symbolic manipulation with the introduction of suitable ideal machines. In particular, Cartesian tools were polynomial algebra (analysis) and a class of diagrammatic constructions (synthesis). This setting provided a classification of curves, according to which only the algebraic ones were considered “purely geometrical.” This limit was overcome with a general method by Newton and Leibniz introducing the infinity in the analytical part, whereas the synthetic perspective gradually lost importance with respect to the analytical one—geometry became a mean of visualization, no longer of construction. Descartes’s foundational approach (analysis without infinitary objects and synthesis with diagrammatic constructions) has, however, been extended beyond algebraic limits, albeit in two different periods. In the late 17th century, the synthetic aspect was extended by “tractional motion” (construction of transcendental curves with idealized machines). In the first half of the 20th century, the analytical part was extended by “differential algebra,” now a branch of computer algebra. This thesis seeks to prove that it is possible to obtain a new balance between these synthetic and analytical extensions of Cartesian tools for a class of transcendental problems. In other words, there is a possibility of a new convergence of machines, algebra, and geometry that gives scope for a foundation of (a part of) infinitesimal calculus without the conceptual need of infinity. The peculiarity of this work lies in the attention to the constructive role of geometry as idealization of machines for foundational purposes. This approach, after the “de-geometrization” of mathematics, is far removed from the mainstream discussions of mathematics, especially regarding foundations. However, though forgotten these days, the problem of defining appropriate canons of construction was very important in the early modern era, and had a lot of influence on the definition of mathematical objects and methods. According to the definition of Bos [2001], these are “exactness problems” for geometry. Such problems about exactness involve philosophical and psychological interpretations, which is why they are usually considered external to mathematics. However, even though lacking any final answer, I propose in conclusion a very primitive algorithmic approach to such problems, which I hope to explore further in future research. From a cognitive perspective, this approach to calculus does not require infinity and, thanks to idealized machines, can be set with suitable “grounding metaphors” (according to the terminology of Lakoff and Núñez [2000]). This concreteness can have useful fallouts for math education, thanks to the use of both physical and digital artifacts (this part will be treated only marginally)
Ne La Géométrie del 1637 Descartes ha proposto un “equilibrio” tra costruzioni geometriche e manipolazioni simboliche con l’introduzione di opportune macchine ideali. In particolare gli strumenti di Descartes erano l’algebra polinomiale (analisi) e una classe di costruzioni diagrammatiche (sintesi). Questa impostazione implica una classificazione delle curve, secondo cui solo quelle algebriche possono essere considerate “puramente geometriche”. Questo limite è stato superato con un metodo generale da Newton e Leibniz introducendo l’infinito nella parte analitica, mentre la prospettiva sintetica ha gradualmente sempre più perso importanza rispetto a quella analitica (la geometria diventa un mezzo di visualizzazione e non più di costruzione). L’approccio fondazionale di Descartes (analisi con oggetti finiti e sintesi con costruzioni diagrammatiche) è stato comunque esteso oltre i limiti delle curve algebriche, anche se in due periodi distinti. Nel tardo XVII secolo la parte sintetica è stata estesa con il “movimento trazionale” (costruzione di curve trascendenti con macchine idealizzate), e nella prima metà del XX secolo la parte analitica è stata estesa con la “algebra differenziale” (oggigiorno considerata una branca dell’algebra computazionale). L’obiettivo di questa tesi è di provare come sia possibile ottenere un nuovo equilibrio tra queste estensioni (sintentica e analitica) degli strumenti Cartesiani, un equilibrio che superi il limite delle curve algebriche e permetta di trattare una classe di problemi trascendenti. In altre parole, l’obiettivo è di evidenziare come sia possibile una nuova convergenza di macchine, algebra e geometria che permetta una fondazione di (parte della) analisi infinitesimale senza il bisogno concettuale dell’infinito. La caratteristica di questo lavoro è l’attenzione al ruolo costruttivo della geometria (come idealizzazione del comportamento di opportune macchine) per fini fondazionali. Questo approccio, dopo la “de-geometrizzazione” della matematica, è molto distante dal filone principale delle discussioni sulla matematica, specie dal punto di vista fondazionale. Comunque, anche se oggigiorno caduto in oblio, il problema di definire degli appropriati canoni di costruzioni era molto sentito nel periodo della prima età moderna, ed ha avuto profonde influenze sul modo in cui sono stati definiti gli oggetti e i metodi matematici dell’epoca. Secondo la definizione di Bos [2001], questi sono i “problemi di esattezza” per la geometria. Questi problemi di esattezza riguardano interpretazioni filosofiche e psicologiche, pertanto sono solitamente considerati esterni alla matematica. Comunque, anche se senza una risposta esaustiva, nelle conclusioni propongo un approccio algoritmico (molto primitivo) per inquadrare tali problemi, che spero di approfondire in lavori futuri
Warusfel, André. "L'œuvre mathématique de Descartes dans La Géométrie." Thesis, Paris 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA040092.
Full textLa Géométrie of Descartes can be read as a treatise on (graphic) resolution of all polynomial equations, by means of a tool made up on purpose, and by which man will be able to build up the quantitative sciences and to - almost - fulfil the object as stated in Genesis, 1: to rule over the world. That tool is the coordinates system, an extraordinary discovery, more powerful even than what Descartes had imagined.He only saw a means of defining and keeping in stock an endless number of curves and, beyond that, of finding a final answer to the question of the research of the equation roots; and, through that technical medium, he knew also he could reduce any geometrical problem to algebraic calculation; in a word, solve mechanically the last open questions in the mathematics of his time.This reading of the book must be confronted with a more usual posture according to which there is nothing else here than an application of the Method, or even of the Mathesis, grounded on the algebraization of the classical geometry, more than an advent of geometry used to help algebra
Pineau, François. "Historiographie de Paul Tannery et réceptions de son oeuvre : sur l'invention du métier d'historien des sciences." Nantes, 2009. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=74864e7f-74ff-494a-926f-206c57fd680b.
Full textPaul Tannery (1843-1904) is today regarded by the community of historians of science, as a one of it father figures. Indeed, he first gets that notoriety from the extent of his historical production, whereas he led his entire career in the Manufactures of the State. Co-editor of the OEuvres de Fermat and the OEeuvres de Descartes, he is also a specialist of ancient science, notably with his three epoch-making books (Pour l'histoire de la science hellène, la Géométrie grecque, Recherches sur l'astronomie ancienne) and his edition of the Opera omnia of the mathematician Diophantus of Alexandria. In the late nineteenth century, whereas history of science is mainly studied in the margins of science, philosophy and scholarly practices, Paul Tannery claims for himself the title of historian. And thus, he calls for the autonomy of the history of science, as a particular discourse on science, with its purposes and methods. However, for a century, while he stands in good place in the pantheon of historians of science, this place has only been discussed and criticized on a particular point of his historiograhy, namely his advocacy for a general history of science. The aim of our thesis is to show how Tannery's work is involved in the invention of the craft of historian of science. Through a comprehensive reading of his work, restoring a prominent place to his scholarly work, we aim firstly to inform his historical practice, that of a polytechnician versed in the humanities, then to characterize his action for the autonomy of the history of science
Lelong, Frédéric. "Descartes et la question de la civilité : la philosophie de l'honnête homme." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010707/document.
Full textThis work focuses on the relation between Descartes’ philosophy and the humanist themes of civility and honesty. A first step in this thesis is to philosophically reevaluate the concept of civility by focusing on its history within antiquity and humanism. Such a reevaluation bears on two main approaches: one is to demonstrate the metaphysical foundations of this notion, the other is to show the movement towards the internalization of civil norms in the conception of the virtuous soul. Our aim is then to show the presence, in Cartesian thought, of such values as gentleness, “naturel”, grace or “convenance”, which do not coincide with the common conception of rational justification, and which all trace back to the thematic field of civility. Civility is a perfection that avoids two extremes, barbarism and savagery, i. e. both the excessive violence of the norm and the violence stemming from a brute nature left to itself. On the other land, by linking Descartes’ philosophy to the question of civility, our aim is also to oppose the solipsistic conception of the Cartesian subject and to rehabilitate the dimension of exteriority within the comprehension of subjectivity. Thus, the Cartesian figure of the modern subject takes on a human and social dimension instead of referring to the ego’s hybris, while Cartesian reason gets redefined as civil and opened, not at all as authoritarian or repressive. In order to support this thesis, this work broaches certain ethical tonalities within Descartes’ discourse that do not necessarily correspond with the expression of an explicit standpoint, but which shed light upon the text’s richness and complexity
Toyooka, Megumi. "L'union de l'âme et du corps dans la philosophie de Descartes." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAC015/document.
Full textDescartes simultaneously admits two theses: one is the real distinction between mind and bodythought as two separate substances, and the other is their substantial union. How can these two radically distinct substances be united? In the history of philosophy, Cartesian metaphysics is understood as a dualism, radically distinguishing the thinking substance and the extended substance, therefore the mind and the body. The aim of my thesis is to reverse such are presentation by the grace of the consideration of correspondence with Elisabeth. She shows that his conception of mind-body relations is more complex than is often thought, and also shows how his philosophy succeeds in ensuring the compatibility between his metaphysics, his natural philosophy and his practical philosophy. Cartesian thought is thus addressed to a human being, not only in their metaphysical reflection, but also in their experience of life
Perrin, Christophe. "Entendre la métaphysique. Les significations de la pensée de Descartes dans l’œuvre de Heidegger." Thesis, Paris 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA040071.
Full textHeidegger shows us a new way to understand metaphysics by attending patiently to it. In this work, I would like to pay attention to Heidegger and to what he has to say about one metaphysician in particular, namely Descartes. Heidegger’s understanding of Descartes’ thought should not be considered as anecdotal since it brings to light his own path outside and within the metaphysical domain. I will adopt here a hermeneutic approach: focusing on the meaning one chose as well as on the meaning the other gave, we show how the former influenced the latter
Sato, Masato. "La formation du concept de nature chez Descartes jusqu’au Discours de la méthode." Thesis, Paris 4, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA040120.
Full textThe keen interest of Descartes constantly found in the concept of nature manifests itself in his frequent use of the term with all its semantic complexity. Nature means to him first of all the physics, on which he works particularly in the 1630s. Then, it is the essence and what makes possible our essential disposition by instituting us, and this use is frequently found in Meditationes. But the Cartesian concept of nature does not exhaust all its appearances in the uses of the explicit term, because it also appears implicitly in a dyadic link of the research of the young Descartes. On one hand, he recognizes from the beginning of his career the intrinsic existence of truths in our spirit, among which are found seeds of truths and naturae simplices as a culmination of this concept. On the other hand, the main purpose of the young philosopher is to elucidate natural faculties of ingenium with the epistemological method that can be drawn from it naturally. "Natural(-ly)" concerns not only the mechanism of knowledge, but also the question of what makes it natural, namely its foundations. The concept of nature refers thus, for Descartes until the Discourse on Method, less to the essence than to the natural structure to know the truths naturally existing in mind, and his physics is an applied science of these truths to the natural phenomena. This elucidation of the epistemic naturality is a prerequisite for his next research on the ontological naturality by the search of reasons of certainty, namely the research of nature in the sense of essence which will be carried out in Meditationes
Rebasti, Francesca. "Il problema della coscienza nella teologia politica di Thomas Hobbes." Paris, EHESS, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EHES0018.
Full textWhy did Hobbes write the Leviathan ? In pursuit of an answer to this crucial question, this study suggests that Hobbes began his major political work in order to radically reform both consciences and the very notion of conscience, as it was decisive to the success of his politico-theological programme. During what was called “the age of conscience”, the internal forum was invoked as the last guarantee of individual salvation and collective order. Religious and political duties were based on conscience; yet, the authentic “rule of conduct” was going through a profound crisis. By triggering “all seditions concerning religion and ecclesiastical government”, conscience turned out to be a device for the subjection of the masses and a deadly disease for the political body, and therefore a major obstacle to the constitution of Hobbes’s well-grounded state. The study shows how Hobbes, after criticizing the key category of Christian moral theology, gave it a scientific foundation, which made the cum-scientia the pivot of political unity, while securing the public sphere from private convictions on right and wrong. Through the combination of different methods, like lexicographic analysis and intellectual history, the study examines at first the problematic character of the hobbesian conscience against the backdrop of contemporary conceptions. Then, it illustrates the etymological argument of the seventh chapter of Leviathan, by depicting it as the turning point of Hobbes’s reflection on the idea of conscience. Finally, the ethical and political implications of the etymology are analyzed in the context of both casuistry and the cartesian reform of probabilism
Clement, Arnaud. "Levinas et l'idée de l'infini." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMC015/document.
Full textThe ethics that Emmanuel Levinas develops breaks with logic, phenomenology and ontology. The idea of infinity borrowed from Descartes’s Meditations on first Philosophy accomplishes this rupture and produces a new kind of philosophy. Our thesis aims to define the role played by the idea of infinity in enabling ethics to think within philosophy an intrigue which exceeds philosophy. This idea is subject to a triple discourse: it expresses the structure of a thought thinking more than it can think, it describes the meaning of this paradox as an infinite responsibility towards the other, and produces an emphasis that goes beyond essence. The unification of these three discourses within the ethics of the idea of infinity introduces a philosophical question that is more radical than the question of being: the question of infinity, which puts my being into question. Infinity comes to mind as a call for justice
Lovascio, Tania. "Malebranche e il metodo." Thesis, Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040191.
Full textMalebranche dedicates the sixth and final book of the Recherche de la Vérité, entitled De la Méthode, to presenting his method. This treatise has been left outside of the sphere of interest for studies on Malebranche. The primary goal of my work is to fill this gap and provide a study on the method by highlighting some of its key aspects. The first of these concerns its relationship with the Cartesian doctrine of Regulae ad directionem ingenii. Clerselier is assumed to have notified Malebranche of the Cartesian manuscript, which had not yet been published at the time of writing the Recherche. To examine this very question, I have reconstructed and analysed all correlations with the Regulae found within the work. This dossier demonstrates the validity of the above assumption: that his knowledge of this Cartesian text greatly inspired Malebranche as he developed his method. Another noteworthy aspect I have explored is the method’s relationship with the issue of error, which is addressed by Malebranche in the first five books of the Recherche. The influence of the Cartesian doctrine of the fourth Meditation does not emerge without revealing the originality of certain arguments and certain parts of Malebranche's development. There is also the topic of universal science and that of order – essential issues that naturally allude to the comparison with Descartes. This comparison always and inevitably remains in the background: Descartes is found not only at the origin of Malebranche’s philosophical calling, but also in the construction of his method
Coluccia, Mariailaria. "Pierre Bourdin, Jacques Dinet e l’ombra di Descartes. Storia e sviluppi concettuali di una controversia." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUL097.
Full textThis study looks at the controversy between Descartes and Pierre Bourdin, providing a historical reconstruction and analysing the concepts in their debate. The dispute arose after the publication of Discours and Essais (1637) and, particularly, when Charles Potier defended three theses against the Dioptric in 1640. The dispute evolved from the scientific to the metaphysic plane with Bourdin’s redaction of a Dissertatio, which was included in the second edition of Meditations (1642) as the Seventh Set of Objections with Replies and, together with the Letter to Father Dinet, form an Appendix to Meditations. Dinet’s intervention made possible a reconciliation between Descartes and Bourdin, which coincided with the publication of Principia (1644). The first chapter is dedicated to the themes of the critic to the optic starting from Bourdin’s scientific context, using the theses of the students of the Jesuit College and the contents of three manuscripts. In the second chapter, with the analysis of Objections VII, Bourdin’s critic, which is usually considered to have its focus on the method and, precisely, on doubt, undergoes a crucial development concerning the Cartesian demonstration of real distinction. Bourdin identifies the weakness of the theory of real distinction based on the doubt. This chapter also scrutinizes a lecture of Descartes’ answer that underlines points of tension between Meditations and Answers. The third chapter, analysing Letter to Father Dinet, reconstructs the end of controversy and the dynamic that links it to the publication of Principia. A transcription of an Optic from one of three manuscripts concludes the dissertation
Danino, Philippe. "Le meilleur ou le vrai : Spinoza et l'idée de philosophie." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010675.
Full textBeing accused by Albert Burgh of appraising his own philosophy as the best above all others, Spinoza rectified : only the philosophy he could understand did he know as true. But vainly will one seek any authentic definition, in his works, of the idea of philosophy, or an overall programme of rational knowledge, such as Bacon, Descartes or Hobbes endeavored to make out. Can one find in Spinoza a specific, singular indeed conception of the idea of Philosophy ? Studying occurrences, the nature of the definition, eventually what the change from the prospective title Philosophy to that of Ethics may signify, generates as many indications about an idea of philosophy conceived as a praxis of distinction, or, as Althusser would say, as activity consisting of drawing boundaries. But a very idea of philosophy constitutes itself by this movement, and only by this movement, namely via necessary relations with what, a priori, is not itself : the vulgar, the ignorant, the theologian, the sovereign. In other words the idea of philosophy generates itself within a system of singular encounters. Analyzing their fruits enables one, then, to recompose the idea of “true philosophy”: it is firstly that of a practice of producing ideas (understanding, philosophizing with rectitude, speaking as philosopher) and of communicating them (speaking to the “vulgar”, to the sovereign, disseminating as philosopher). Finally something like a philosophic natural disposition comes to light, an effort experienced in an exultation proper to the “true philosopher”, who is already wise by virtue of his movement toward perfection and his growing power
Smith, Nathan D. "Les origines du concept cartésien de l’esprit dans les Règles pour la direction de l’esprit." Thesis, Paris 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA040096.
Full textThe dissertation aims to contextualize and understand the Regulae ad directionem ingenii as embodying theses central to the development of Descartes' mature metaphysical concept of mind. I argue that the Regulae demonstrates a tendancy toward a dualistic concept of mind. The reasons for this, I believe, are largely methodoligical. In the Regulae, Descartes develops the philosophical foundations for a scientific method that, he thought, would allow him to solve some of the most puzzling phenomena in nature and mathematics. This method is basically predicated on the idea that all natural phenomena, i.e., physical entities, can be understood by reducing those entities to geometrical models. These geometrical models could understood and explained either mechanically or algebraically. In either case, for Descartes the scientific method is essentially reductive. As a consequence,, he clearly believes that the models that explain the physical world are not the same as those that explain the nature of the mind. Furthermore, in the Regulae, the mind appears to be a vehicle for understanding the physical world, through the physiology of the brain and by determining the scientific parameters for any representation or explanation of the physical world. Thus, the mind is truly separated from the physical world in two senses: it cannot be reduced to physical principles and it organizes and found those physical principles. We will see how this is the case by focusing on four issues: (1) the historical significance of the text in the development of Descartes' thought (2) the mathesis universalis (3) the physiology of cognition and (4) the simple natures
Almoustafa, Taan Bachir. "La critique phénoménologique de l'ego cogito cartésien chez Husserl." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO30010.
Full textDescartes discovered ego cogito but he didn't explore it. This phrase, from the Husserl,s point of view, explains why Descartes didn't accomplish his enterprise absolute science. According to Husserl the ego cogito remained sterile, and unable to form absolute knowledge, because it is substance, psychological ego inside the world. So it is necessary to deconstruct the substantiality of Descartes,s ego to achieve his enterprise. In our study we explain how Husserl used his phenomenological reduction to deconstruct the substantiality of ego, and how the deconstruction of substantiality allowed Husserl to shift from the psychological ego to the transcendental ego, then from ontology to transcendental ecology, as a absolute knowledge based on apodictic evidence of ego cogito