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Burykin, Aleksey A. "Древности и этнографические реалии Монголии в описании путешествий И. А. Ефремова («Дорога ветров», 1955)." Бюллетень Калмыцкого научного центра Российской академии наук 16, no. 4 (November 27, 2020): 130–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2587-6503-2020-4-16-130-148.
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Introduction. I. A. Efremov (1907–1972) known as the science-fiction writer was first of all a prominent geoscientist and palaeonthologist. Goal. The goal of the article is to analyze the descriptions of antiquities and ethnographic descriptions of Mongolia in I. A. Efremov’s book “The Road of Winds” (1955), that represents the edited notes of the scientist’s paleonthological expeditions and travels in Mongolia in 1946, 1948 and 1949. Results. I. A. Efremov in his book follows the established tradition of the descriptions of travels along the steppes, mountains and deserts. The book contains the description of the old Ulan-Bator, Khangai Mountains, the characteristics of the roads in Mongolia in their conditions and historical perspective, the recordings of the anthropological and archaeological findings. The different observations of the scientist related to the Mongolian ethnography are of great value, the author often points out the cultural phenomena that were not found in ethnographic research. I. A. Efremov’s travel notes were influenced by the way of traveling in the country (during the expeditions people traveled by trucks) as well as the time of reorganization of the economy, culture and lifestyle in Mongolia.
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OUSMAN, Oumar Checkh. "THE NARRATIVE ART OF THE DESCRIPTION OF SULTANS AND KINGS AT IBN BATTUTA: DESCRIPTIVE ANALYTICAL STUDY." RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 03, no. 04 (May 1, 2021): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.4-3.7.
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The travel literature is the literature in which the author describes what happened to him during his travels, while providing an accurate description of peoples' customs and traditions that differ, from one people to another. The travels continued unabated during the times, until the appearance of the journey of the traveler's imam in the Arab world Ibn Battuta, the greatest Muslim traveler, as we know who is distinguished by his journey with a lot of knowledge it contains. It follows from this journey, the subject of this research, entitled "The narrative art of the description of sultans and kings at ibn Battuta: descriptive analytical study" This work aims to demonstrate the existence of the stories of sultans and kings in the journey of Ibn Battuta and to consider the book of the journey of ibn Battuta an important reference in the description of lifestyles, traditions, values and the arts of society, as well as a science that deals with the analysis and interpretation of the cultural situation of society. It is worth mentioning that Ibn Battuta’s trip is one of the sources of historical science, which recounts the events he witnessed during the succession of sultans and wars, as he was very interested in the Description of the areas visited and having greatly contributed to the sciences of geography and cartography. Ibn Battuta’s journey helped broaden the horizons of man and his acquaintances by attempting to paint a clear picture of the social and geographical reality and the most important scenes he has attempted to describe, as well as part of his autobiography by telling everything about him during his trip. Sometimes this cynical and light approach can be a treat for grief and psychological pain. The trip portrays an old image of history in which elements such as storytelling, dialogue, description, etc., combine pleasure and interest
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Maria Kockelman, Kara. "Travel Behavior as Function of Accessibility, Land Use Mixing, and Land Use Balance: Evidence from San Francisco Bay Area." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1607, no. 1 (January 1997): 116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1607-16.
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The relative significance and influence of a variety of measures of urban form on household vehicle kilometers traveled, automobile ownership, and mode choice were investigated. The travel data came from the 1990 San Francisco Bay Area travel surveys, and the land use data were largely constructed from hectare-level descriptions provided by the Association of Bay Area Governments. After demographic characteristics were controlled for, the measures of accessibility, land use mixing, and land use balance—computed for trip-makers’ home neighborhoods and at trip ends—proved to be highly statistically significant and influential in their impact on all measures of travel behavior. In many cases, balance, mix, and accessibility were found to be more relevant (as measured by elasticities) than several household and traveler characteristics that often form a basis for travel behavior prediction. In contrast, under all but the vehicle ownership models, the impact of density was negligible after accessibility was controlled.
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Joanna Jarzębak-Kołodziejczyk, Joanna Jarzębak-Kołodziejczyk. "Podróże edukacyjne synów szlacheckich w świetle korespondencji Jakuba Dunina z wojaży po Europie w latach 1699–1703." Biuletyn Historii Wychowania, no. 39 (December 15, 2018): 105–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/bhw.2018.39.7.
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The article aims to show the issue of educational travels of noble youth in the modern era. The source is the correspondence of Jakub Dunin from his journeys around Europe in 1699–1703, addressed to father Franciszek Świętosław. The mentioned letters (stored in the National Archives in Krakow in the Tomkowicz Archive from Kobiernice) provide important information referring to the reasons for travelling, travel expenses and the companions. Particularly noteworthy are colorful descriptions of the social life lived in European manors. For example, the author visited Versailles of Louis XIV and provided a detailed description of various ceremonies and court entertainment. Foreign journeys posed an opportunity to learn about foreign cultures, political systems or armies. This encouraged nobility sons’ reflections which they shared with relatives back in Poland. As a result, the travel correspondence abounds in individual interpretations, for example, of the then political developments on the international arena. When confronted with facts, they add extra value to the publication.
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Lonergan, David. "Lemuria—Description and Travel." Community & Junior College Libraries 15, no. 3 (July 20, 2009): 159–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02763910902979486.
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Bies, Michael. "At the Threshold to the New World." Transfers 6, no. 3 (December 1, 2016): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2016.060307.
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This article deals with representations of equator crossings in travel literature. Focusing on the accounts of European travelers to Brazil, it considers descriptions of crossing-the-line ceremonies that were performed on board ships since the sixteenth century and shows that, since the late eighteenth century, writers have increasingly staged crossings of the equator as an individual and private experience. Furthermore, it addresses the relation of travel and knowledge that descriptions of equator crossings establish by referring to distinctive epistemological approaches to the New World and by producing a “liminal knowledge” characteristic of travel narratives. The article draws on travel literature from the sixteenth to the twentieth century, paying special attention to the postromantic description of an equator crossing in Claude Lévi-Strauss’s famous memoir Tristes Tropiques.
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de Veer, Elisabeth, and Ann O'Hear. "Gerhard Rohlfs in Yorubaland." History in Africa 21 (1994): 251–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3171888.
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Gerhard Rohlfs was born in Vegesack near Bremen in 1831. He was a frequent traveler in Africa, and in 1865-67 he became the first European to travel from north Africa across the Sahara to the west African coast, from Tripoli to Borno, then through Bauchi and Keffi to Loko, thence down the Benue to its confluence with the Niger at Lokoja, which he reached on 28 March 1867. From there, he proceeded upstream along the Niger to Raba, delivering presents to Masaba of Nupe. From Raba, he traveled overland through Yorubaland to Lagos. In 1868 he published an account of the first half of this journey, from north Africa to Borno, in Petermann's Mitteilungen. In 1872 his account of the second half, “Gerhard Rohlfs' Reise durch Nord-Afrika vom Mittelländischen Meere bis zum Busen von Guinea, 1865 bis 1867, 2. Hälfte: von Kuka nach Lagos (Bornu, Bautschi, Saria, Nupe, Yoruba),” also appeared in Petermann's. A later publication, Quer durch Afrika, which appeared in 1874-75, covered the entire journey.Rohlfs' accounts of his travels in west Africa south of the Sahara have up to now been greatly neglected. The works mentioned above have never been published in English translation, which no doubt goes some way to explain this neglect. Rohlfs' information on his stay in Kuka (the capital of Borno) and his visits to Bauchi and Nupe have been cited by some scholars, at least. Very few, however, appear to have consulted his description of the last leg of his 1866-67 journey, in which he proceeded from the Niger south through Yorubaland to Lagos, visiting Share, Ilorin, Iwo, Ibadan, and parts of Ijebuland on the way.
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Xu, Jun, and Xin Pan. "A Fuzzy Spatial Region Extraction Model for Object’s Vague Location Description from Observer Perspective." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 9, no. 12 (November 25, 2020): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9120703.
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Descriptions of the spatial locations of disappeared objects are often recorded in eyewitness records, travel notes, and historical documents. However, in geographic information system (GIS), the observer-centered and vague nature of the descriptions causes difficulties in representing the spatial characters of these objects. To address this problem, this paper proposes a Fuzzy Spatial Region Extraction Model for Object’s Vague Location Description from Observer Perspective (FSREM-OP). In this model, the spatial relationship between the observer and the object are represented in spatial knowledge. It is composed of “phrase” and “region”. Based on the spatial knowledge, three components of spatial inference are constructed: Spatial Entities (SEs), Fuzzy Spatial Regions (FSRs), and Spatial Actions (SAs). Through spatial knowledge and the components of FSREM-OP, an object’s location can be inferred from an observer’s describing text, transforming the vagueness and subjectivity of location description into fuzzy spatial regions in the GIS. The FSREM-OP was tested by constructing a group of observers, object position relationships and vague descriptions. The results show that it is capable of extracting the spatial information and presenting location descriptions in the GIS, despite the vagueness and subjective spatial relation expressions in the descriptions.
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Castaldini, Alberto. "Along the Routes of the Ecumene: The Journey of Sir George Wheler to the Levant (1675–1676)." Perspektywy Kultury 30, no. 3 (December 20, 2020): 197–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.35765/pk.2020.3003.13.
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The article presents the French edition—printed in The Hague in 1723— of a significant example of travel literature from the end of the 17th century: A Journey into Greece (1682) by Sir George Wheler (1651–1724). The book made a profound mark on the studies of archeology, epigraphy, and the numismatics of the Balkans, Greece, and the Byzantine world. The article illustrates the significant data collected by the English traveler, botanist, scholar of classical antiquity, and clergyman, relating to the cultural and confessional mosaic in the space of southeastern Europe. His descriptions should be interpreted as a representative portrait of the remains of the ancient Euro‑Mediterranean ecumene. The traveler-churchman’s spirit of observation and sensitivity made Wheler a model author in the scholarly travel literature of the 17th century.
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Schmidl, Petra G. "Knowledge in Motion: An Early European Astrolabe and Its Possible Medieval Itinerary." Medieval Encounters 23, no. 1-5 (September 22, 2017): 149–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700674-12342246.
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Abstract This article discusses the place and date of origin, the earlier whereabouts, and subsequent travels of an unsigned and undated early European astrolabe (International Instrument Checklist iic #0191) now preserved in Oxford, in the Museum of the History of Science. After taking into consideration earlier descriptions, it investigates the evidence given by the astrolabe concerning its localisation and dating, and suggests a possible itinerary of this instrument. In the Appendix a full description of the astrolabe is provided.
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Binney, Matthew W. "Personal Identity and Tory Commercialism in John Campbell’s The Travels and Adventures of Edward Brown (1739)." Journeys 19, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 27–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/jys.2018.190102.
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Critics have argued that a shift toward the “inward” occurred later in eighteenthcentury travel writing in part because of earlier questions of credibility. However, John Campbell’s fictional The Travels and Adventures of Edward Brown (1739) focuses upon the “inward” by drawing upon a technique already used in novels—that is, depicting the narrator as a consciousness. Consciousness, or personal identity, derives from John Locke and appears in Campbell’s travel account to demonstrate how circumstances define the narrator’s travel experiences. These circumstances at once establish the credibility of the narrator’s descriptions and also promote Campbell’s Tory commercialism. For the first, the narrator’s consciousness offers a credible account by describing how people live in time and place; for the second, the narrator demonstrates how personal identity and political ideology were attached from the outset, promoting commerce and colonialism through the narrator’s depiction of a nation’s circumstances that produce unique customs and commodities.
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Zygmunt, Karolina. "El descubrimiento de la fauna exótica en los relatos de viajes: de las descripciones medievales a las imitaciones en la novela histórica contemporánea." Lectura y Signo, no. 11 (December 20, 2016): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/lys.v0i11.4753.
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<p>El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los rasgos fundamentales de la descripción medieval de algunos<br />animales exóticos y compararla con la descripción de estos mismos animales en la novela histórica. Del<br />cotejo entre textos medievales y actuales se intentará extraer conclusiones en torno al aprovechamiento,<br />a modo de herramientas, que hacen los escritores contemporáneos al mimetizar casi literalmente esas<br />descripciones medievalizantes de animales exóticos. Su objetivo sería obligar al lector moderno a tomar<br />una posición de lectura, produciendo efectos de identificación (con la poética del relato medieval) y a la<br />vez distanciamiento (respecto a las formas narrativas actuales).</p><p><br />Palabras clave: animales exóticos, bestiario, descriptio, relatos medievales de viaje, novela histórica.</p><p><br />The aim of this article is to discuss the fundamental characteristics of the medieval description of several<br />exotic animals, and to compare it with descriptions of these animals in the contemporary historical<br />novel. From the comparison between medieval and contemporary works, conclusions about the tools<br />used by contemporary writers will be extracted. In particular, it will be shown how they benefit from<br />the imitation, almost literal, of the medieval-style descriptions of exotic animals. The intention of this<br />method, would be to constrain the modern reader to a reading perspective, by producing identification<br />effects (with the medieval poetics) as well as distancing (with respect to the current narrative forms).</p><p><br />Key Words: exotic animals, bestiary, descriptio, medieval travel narrative, historical novel</p>
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Lee, Raymond L. M. "Travel, Liquidity and Order in Malaysian Modernity." Asian Journal of Social Science 41, no. 6 (February 12, 2014): 580–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685314-12341323.
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Abstract The transition from solid to liquid modernity has led Bauman to suggest that nowadays people have come to be like tourists living from one moment to another. Addressing this behavior as the tourist syndrome, he proposes to treat the contemporary meaning of social interaction as inseparable from the consumption of sensations and looseness of ties. This is most apparent in the case of leisure travel where the organization of escapism is premised on the excitement of rapidly changing scenery and absence of belonging. In these scenarios of impermanence, order and regularity are overshadowed by the impulse for disengagement, flexibility and transience. Yet the fluidity of travel is not simply a metaphor for the fading of structured expectations, ordered modalities and patterned perceptions. Many people exposed to the asperity of being on the road do not want to be alienated from the familiar and the predictable. A description of Malaysian travellers on packaged tours suggests that their attraction to the liquid sensationalism of distant travels does not necessarily rule out the predilection for order and habitual attachments. As an aspect of Malaysian modernity, the popularity of packaged tourism reflects the attraction of the affluent middle class to the promotion of liquid leisure in planned travels that do not deny them their sense of order.
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Sahaj, Tomasz. "Podróże i włóczęgi rowerowe Andrzeja Bobkowskiego." Kultura i Społeczeństwo 60, no. 1 (March 21, 2016): 133–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/kis.2016.60.1.7.
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The purpose of this article is to present and analyze selected travel accounts by the Polish emigrant Andrzej Bobkowski (1913–1961). In France, in spite of the ongoing war and then the German occupation, he undertook a number of cycling and sports-tourist expeditions; his phenomenal descriptions of these journeys have become part of the Polish literary canon. Bobkowski called his travels ‘bicycle tours’ and for him they were a form of expression inextricably connected with authentic existence and personal freedom in a world of totalitarianisms. The author employs comparative and the qualitative methods (content analysis) of scholarship.
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van Nes, Rob. "Multiuser-Class Urban Transit Network Design." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1835, no. 1 (January 2003): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1835-04.
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In transit network design it is common to use characteristics of the average traveler to describe travel behavior, while in reality different traveler groups can be distinguished that react differently with respect to transport service quality. A study is conducted of the possible consequences of basing the design of urban transit networks on the preferences of specific traveler groups. To that end, an analytical network optimization model is developed that considers a mix of different traveler groups simultaneously. Results from the analyses show that focusing on specific traveler groups leads to clearly different network design characteristics. However, the optimal network design developed for the average traveler proved to be the best network for all traveler groups. Furthermore, it was found that focusing on traveler groups having good transport alternatives led to very low values of consumer surplus and social welfare. Optimizing transit networks while considering different traveler groups simultaneously results in networks that are similar to those using the traditional single-user-class approach based on the average traveler. Differences in preferences for traveler groups are balanced by the size of the resulting transit patronage. Apparently, a more realistic description of the demand side is not essential for urban transit network design.
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Jung, In-Chul. "Herodotus’ Histories as Travel Writing and Geographical Description." Association of Korean Cultural and Historical Geographers 30, no. 2 (August 30, 2018): 28–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.29349/jchg.2018.30.2.28.
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Liu, Henry X., Xuegang Ban, Bin Ran, and Pitu Mirchandani. "Formulation and Solution Algorithm for Fuzzy Dynamic Traffic Assignment Model." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1854, no. 1 (January 2003): 114–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1854-13.
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An issue that is always important in the development of traffic assignment models is how travelers' perceptions of travel time should be modeled. Because travelers rarely have perfect knowledge of the road network or of the travel conditions, they choose routes on the basis of their perceived travel times. Traditionally, travelers' perceived travel times are treated as random variables, leading to the stochastic traffic assignment problem. However, uncertain factors are also observed in the subjective recognition of travel times by travelers, and these can be illustrated as fuzzy variables. Therefore, a fuzzy dynamic traffic assignment model that takes into account the imprecision and the uncertainties in the route choice process is proposed. By modeling the expressions of perceived travel times as fuzzy variables, this model makes possible the description of a traveler's process of choosing a route that is more accurate and realistic than those from its deterministic or stochastic counter parts. The fuzzy perceived link travel time and fuzzy perceived path travel time are defined, and a fuzzy shortest path algorithm is used to find the group of fuzzy shortest paths and to assign traffic to each of them by using the so-called C-logit method. The results of the proposed model are also compared with those from the stochastic dynamic traffic assignment model, and it is demonstrated that the impact of advanced traveler information systems on the traveler's route choice process can be readily incorporated into the proposed model.
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Laachiri, Soufiane. "Translating The Difference in The Land of An African Sultan by Walter B. Harris." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 3, no. 8 (August 30, 2021): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2021.4.8.3.
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The present article focuses on the discursive translation of colonial knowledge as a set of complex statements of power and exclusion in Harris’ The Land of An African Sultan. This discursive process of translation acts as a continuum for the main foundations upon which post colonial consciousness, as articulated by such third world critics as Edward Said, Homi Bhabha and Gayatri Spevak, is generically based.The book is also a scientific encyclopedia which highlights a historical era with all its political and military events. It also describes the Moroccan society, its people, its political regime, its Zawaya, its culture, its customs and beliefs, its climate and geography, its architecture and landscape, its races, and even its demons. In so doing,Harris was paving the way for European imperialism through his constant descriptions and representations of the Moroccan other.His travels throughout the entire country as a traveler, and his reports about that as a journalist of The Times have explained the close relationship between Colonialism and travel writing. This relationship, being mutually a sustained way to create images of vacant spaces over time and place, highlights settlement in, and improvement of ‘primitive’ lives which were viewed as ‘uncivilized’. It also justifies the colonial enterprise which came to escalate development of the colonized land and work for the welfare of its peoples . In this dual process of interaction, translation plays significant roles.
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Menz, Mariusz. "Podróże kulturowe krakowskich stańczyków ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem relacji Stanisława Koźmiana." Galicja. Studia i materiały 6 (2020): 218–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/galisim.2020.6.11.
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The 19th century brought a rapid development of tourism, which caused an enormous development of descriptions of journeys, i.e. travel literature. Travels the aim of which was to visit important cultural places (e.g. Greece, Italy, the Holy Land) were an essential element of the upbringing of sons of aristocracy and rich nobility. Such travels could be called cultural ones. The article describes selected accounts from the travels of two members of the “Stańczycy” faction from Cracow, i.e. Stanisław Tarnowski and Stanisław Koźmian in their early lives. The first part presents the journey of twenty-year-old Tarnowski to the Holy Land, together with another subsequent “Stańczycy” member, Ludwik Wodzicki. The journey lasted five months – from November 1857 to April of the following year. The second part of the article is dedicated to the accounts of Koźmian, where he describes his student journey to the Tatra Mountains in 1853 (he was 17 at that time) and another three journeys to the Netherlands, Pest and Prague (in the years 1869–1871). Koźmian’s last accounts conform to the Austro-Polish idea promoted by himself and other “Stańczycy” members.
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MUSAEV, Makhach Abdulaevich. "EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY: JOURNEY FROM RUSSIA TO PERSIA IN 1746–1747." Herald of Daghestan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Science, no. 76 (April 24, 2020): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31029/vestdnc76/3.
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In 1753, Jonas Hanway's four-volume work "Historical Report" was published in London. The last volumes of “British trade across the Caspian Sea” are devoted to the history of Iran from 1722 to 1749. The first two volumes mostly contain reports of different nature about the history and state of British trade with the East through Russia, narratives of the trips undertaken by Hanway and others. Among the large number of interesting materials there is a description of the travel of the Russian Embassy led by Prince M.M. Golitsin. This description belongs to Dr. John Cook of Scotland. The latter graciously provided the text to Hanway, who published it, "taking the liberty of inserting some descriptions from other authoritative sources" because "the magazine has survived with some defects”. We give a translation from the English language of the text, in which the eye-witness gave a description of the way through the flat territory of Daghestan from Astrakhan to Baku from September 24, 1746 to February 6, 1747.
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Watenpaugh, Heghnar Zeitlian. "Architecture without Images." International Journal of Middle East Studies 45, no. 3 (July 30, 2013): 585–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743813000548.
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The Venetian nobleman Ambrosio Bembo (1652–1705) included this panorama of Aleppo by the French artist G.J. Grélot (see Figure 1), as one of the fifty-one carefully observed line drawings of cities, buildings, and people integral to his travelogue, proudly entitled Travels and Journal through Part of Asia during about Four Years Undertaken by Me, Ambrosio Bembo, Venetian Noble. During his visits to Aleppo between 1672 and 1675, Bembo may have crossed paths with the great Ottoman traveler Evliya Çelebi (1611–82?), who included his own description of that commercial capital of the eastern Mediterranean in his monumental Seyahatname (Book of Travels). Evliya's book does not include a single illustration. This divergence is emblematic of the distinct ways in which early modern societies (in this case, Middle Eastern and European) visualized cities and architecture, and highlights a major challenge to writing the architectural and urban history of the Middle East before the 19th century: the almost complete absence of images that represent architecture.
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TSUBOI, Hyota, and Takamasa AKIYAMA. "Fuzzy-Neural Network Models for Description of Travel Behaviour." INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING REVIEW 14 (1997): 567–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/journalip.14.567.
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Tommasino, Pier Mattia. "Travelling East, Writing in Italian." Philological Encounters 2, no. 1-2 (January 9, 2017): 28–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519197-00000022.
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The paper analyses the use of Italian as a literary language in the literature of European travel to the Ottoman Empire during the late Ranaissance. The choice of Italian will be explained as the link between its diffusion in Europe as a language of culture and its practical uses in the Mediterranean as a diplomatic and commercial code or as a tool of religious propaganda. During the late Renaissance, travels to the Ottoman Empire were the continuation of theperegrinatio academicaand theGrand Tourto Italy of high-educated European scholars. In light of this premises, I will present different versions, both manuscripts and in print, of the multilingualrelationeby the Pole Wojciech Bobowski (1610-1675), musician and dragoman in the Ottoman Empire, who wrote a description of the Topkapi Palace for European readers in Italian.
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Wenger, Philippe, and Patrick Chedmail. "Ability of a Robot to Travel Through its Free Work Space in an Environment with Obstacles." International Journal of Robotics Research 10, no. 3 (June 1991): 214–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/027836499101000303.
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This article presents a new geometric analysis of the free work space of a robot among obstacles. The free work space (FW) is defined as the set of positions and orientations that the robot's end effector can reach, according to the joint limits and the various obstacles lying in the environment. The aim is to give global descriptions of the robot's ability to move in the operational space (which coincides with Carte sian space when only position coordinates are specified). The main contribution of this work is the characterization of the effects of obstacles on the work space geometry, as well as on its topology. The ability of a robot to move freely in its work space (called the "moveability") is difficult to describe and needs stringent formalizations. The concept of move ability is introduced through various properties and their cor responding necessary and sufficient conditions. Using a Con structive Solid Geometry (CSG) Computer-Aided Design (CAD) description of robots and obstacles and an octree model of the FW, these properties permit characterization of selected moveability areas in the FW, where, for instance, any n points can be linked together or where any continuous trajectory can be achieved without changing configuration. This new global description is of great interest for the user of CAD systems when designing robotic cells.
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Halilović, Muamer. "Travel journals in Islam and their contribution to the development of social thought." Kom : casopis za religijske nauke 9, no. 2 (2020): 87–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/kom2002087h.
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Travel journals are primarily a literary genre in which the writer expresses his impressions about the geographical and other characteristics of the region through which he travels, along with demographic, cultural, religious, cognitive and ethical characteristics of the people he encounters during his travels. This literary genre has an extraordinary potential to reveal the cognitive frameworks of the collective thought of a nation that is directly or indirectly manifested through various folk customs and traditions. Travel journals are beneficial in two ways when it comes to social thought. First, an author who visits new regions and meets a people that he has not had the opportunity to talk to before, informs his readers about the customs, beliefs, fears and hopes of that people. Demographic descriptions and analyses of all interesting, and sometimes strange, events that he witnessed, are a testimony to his modern readers about the existence of different views of the world, not so far away from them. Moreover, it will provide later readers with authentic information about how people once thought and how a community functioned. Secondly, an author who writes about his impressions after encountering a new tradition inadvertently makes his own judgment about it. In that way, he implicitly and indirectly points to the collective consciousness that he brings through his subjective judgments from the region which he belongs to, from his homeland. This aspect is most noticeable with later readers, because they can observe from a certain distance both the people to whom the author belongs to and the people about whom the author reports. If the author is affected by a certain phenomenon, it means that the collective consciousness of his people would not approve of such an action, and if he supported a tradition, it meant that his people would also agree with it. In this paper, we will try to offer a brief insight into the history of travel journals in Islam, and to present sociological potentials of some of the main travel journals prepared by Muslim authors during their arduous and difficult journeys.
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Rigon, Riccardo, Marialaura Bancheri, and Timothy R. Green. "Age-ranked hydrological budgets and a travel time description of catchment hydrology." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 12 (December 15, 2016): 4929–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4929-2016.
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Abstract. The theory of travel time and residence time distributions is reworked from the point of view of the hydrological storages and fluxes involved. The forward and backward travel time distribution functions are defined in terms of conditional probabilities. Previous approaches that used fixed travel time distributions are not consistent with our new derivation. We explain Niemi's formula and show how it can be interpreted as an expression of the Bayes theorem. Some connections between this theory and population theory are identified by introducing an expression which connects life expectancy with travel times. The theory can be applied to conservative solutes, including a method of estimating the storage selection functions. An example, based on the Nash hydrograph, illustrates some key aspects of the theory. Generalization to an arbitrary number of reservoirs is presented.
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Iancu, Anca-Luminiţa. "Cultural Encounters: Glimpses of the United States in Late Twentieth-Century Romanian Travel Narratives." East-West Cultural Passage 19, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 64–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ewcp-2019-0005.
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Abstract Travel narratives are complex accounts that include a significant layer of factual information – related to the geography, history, and/or the culture of a particular place or country – and a more personal layer, comprising the author’s unique perceptions and rendering of the travel experience. In the last thirty years of transition from a communist to a democratic society, the Romanians have been free to travel to any country they choose; however, during the communist period, especially during the 1980s, travelling to Western, capitalist countries, such as France, Great Britain, Canada, or the United States, was rather limited and fraught with complex issues. Still, Romanian travelers during that time managed to visit the United States, on diplomatic- or business-related exchanges, and published interesting travel stories of their experiences there. Therefore, this essay sets out to capture, from a comparative perspective, the impressions and encounters depicted by Radu Enescu in Between Two Oceans (1986), Ion Dinu in Traveler through America (1991) and Viorel Sălăgean in Hello America! (1992), with a view to analyzing how their descriptions and perceptions of two major urban spaces, New York City and San Francisco, reflect the complexity of the American social and cultural landscape in the late 1970s and mid-1980s.
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Taylor, Kathryn. "Making Statesmen, Writing Culture: Ethnography, Observation, and Diplomatic Travel in Early Modern Venice." Journal of Early Modern History 22, no. 4 (August 3, 2018): 279–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342596.
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AbstractNumerous scholars have sought to locate the origins of social scientific research in the late-sixteenth-century ars apodemica, the northern European body of literature dedicated to methodizing educational travel. Little attention has been paid, however, to the earlier model of educational travel that emerged from sixteenth-century Venetian diplomatic culture. For many Venetian citizens and patricians, accompanying an ambassador on a foreign mission served as a cornerstone of their political education. Diplomatic travelers were encouraged to keep written accounts of their voyage. Numerous examples of these journals survive from the sixteenth century, largely following a standard formula and marked by an emphasis on the description of customs. This article examines the educational function of diplomatic travel in Venice and the practices of cultural description that emerged from diplomatic travel, arguing that Venetian diplomatic travel offers an earlier model for the methodization of travel—one with its own distinctive norms of observation.
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Barkasi, Michael, and Melanie G. Rosen. "Is mental time travel real time travel?" Philosophy and the Mind Sciences 1, no. 1 (May 26, 2020): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33735/phimisci.2020.1.28.
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Episodic memory (memories of the personal past) and prospecting the future (anticipating events) are often described as mental time travel (MTT). While most use this description metaphorically, we argue that episodic memory may allow for MTT in at least some robust sense. While episodic memory experiences may not allow us to literally travel through time, they do afford genuine awareness of past-perceived events. This is in contrast to an alternative view on which episodic memory experiences present past-perceived events as mere intentional contents. Hence, episodic memory is a way of coming into experiential contact with, or being again aware of, what happened in the past. We argue that episodic memory experiences depend on a causal-informational link with the past events being remembered, and that, assuming direct realism about episodic memory experiences, this link suffices for genuine awareness. Since there is no such link in future prospection, a similar argument cannot be used to show that it also affords genuine awareness of future events. Constructivist views of memory might challenge the idea of memory as genuine awareness of remembered events. We explain how our view is consistent with both constructivist and anti-causalist conceptions of memory. There is still room for an interpretation of episodic memory as enabling genuine awareness of past events, even if it involves reconstruction.
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Morgan, D. O. "Marco Polo in China — or not." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 6, no. 2 (July 1996): 221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186300007203.
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Marco Polo's book — The Travels, The Description of the World, II Milione, or whatever we prefer to call it — is unquestionably the best known of all contemporary sources on that unprecedented historical phenomenon, the Mongol Empire of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. That is not to say that it is by any means the best source. As history, it cannot compare, for example, with Rashīd al-Dīn's Jāmi' al-tawārīkh, and as a European travel account (if that is what it is), it is not remotely in the same class as Friar William of Rubruck's Itinerarium. Nevertheless, while Friar William may have been completely forgotten and Chinggis Khan remembered only as someone a political reactionary can, by dint of great effort, get himself (or herself, one should hasten to add) to the right of, there are many who know at least something about Marco Polo: perhaps principally the fact that he went to China — as almost everyone has hitherto supposed that he did.
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Polezzi, Loredana. "Description, appropriation, transformation: Fascist rhetoric and colonial nature." Modern Italy 19, no. 3 (August 2014): 287–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13532944.2014.927355.
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During the period of Fascism, a variety of discourses and representations were attached to colonial landscapes and to their uses. African nature was the subject of diverse rhetorical strategies, which ranged from the persistence of visions of wilderness as the locus of adventure to the domesticating manipulations of an incipient tourist industry aiming to familiarise the Italian public with relatively tame forms of the exotic. Contrasting images of bareness and productivity, primitivism and modernisation, resistance to change and dramatic transformation found their way into accounts of colonial territories ranging from scientific and pseudo-scientific reports to children's literature, from guidebooks to travel accounts, all of which were sustained not just by written texts but also by iconographic representations. This article will look at the specific example of accounts of Italian Somalia in order to explore Fascist discourses regarding colonial nature and its appropriation. Documents examined will include early guidebooks to the colonies, a small selection of travel accounts aimed at the general public, as well as the works of a number of geographers and geologists who were among the most active polygraphs of the period, and whose writings addressed a wide range of Italian readers.
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McGrath, Pam. "Relocation for treatment for leukaemia: A description of need." Australian Health Review 21, no. 4 (1998): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah980143.
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As rural Queenslanders are isolated geographically due to dispersed populationpatterns, they are often required to travel long distances to access services, especiallyservices of a specialist nature. The distress of this relocation for treatment is particularlyintensified for patients with leukaemia and associated haematological disorders andtheir carers, as they must often relocate for long periods of time and face invasive anddemanding treatments away from the comfort of their own homes. Because suchtreatments are now highly technical and specialised, even patients from moreurbanised areas are also required to relocate for prolonged specialist treatment notavailable locally. Consequently, for many rural and urban patients with leukaemia,relocation for specialist treatment is a major concern.This discussion presents findings from recent research on a Queensland Governmentinitiative, the Patient Transit Assistance Scheme, designed to address this concern.These findings indicate a high level of hardship for these patients and their familieswho must travel long distances, often relocate for long periods, and endure additionalfinancial burdens at a time when a majority are dependent on government assistance.
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Xu, Meng, and Zhongke Shr. "Behaviors of Outflows under Description of Linear Link Travel Time Model." Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development (English Edition) 1, no. 1 (December 2006): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/jhtrcq.0000148.
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GODIN, OLEG A. "A 2-D DESCRIPTION OF SOUND PROPAGATION IN A HORIZONTALLY-INHOMOGENEOUS OCEAN." Journal of Computational Acoustics 10, no. 01 (March 2002): 123–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218396x02001425.
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Effects of horizontal refraction on underwater sound propagation in deep and shallow water are considered within geometrical acoustics and adiabatic normal modes approximations. Several distinct formulations of the adiabatic approximation have been proposed in the literature on modal propagation. These formulations differ in the predicted values of mode amplitudes and, hence, in their reciprocity and energy-conserving properties. The formulations are compared with respect to their accuracy and domain of validity, assuming small and smooth variation of mode propagation constants characteristic of underwater acoustic waveguides. Perturbation theory for horizontal (modal) rays is used in the analysis. An approximate expression for the adiabatic mode amplitude in 3-D problems is derived which requires environmental information only along the source-receiver radial and which has greater accuracy than previous formulations. It is shown that the uncoupled azimuth approximation, also known as the N × 2-D approximation, overestimates travel times of ray arrivals as well as phases of adiabatic normal modes in a horizontally-inhomogeneous ocean. The travel time and phase biases rapidly increase with the value of cross-range environmental gradients and propagation range. Simple and explicit expressions for leading-order corrections to the travel time and the phase are found in terms of path-averaged cross-range environmental gradients. Implications on applicability of the uncoupled azimuth approximation for sound propagation modeling in a horizontally-inhomogeneous ocean are discussed. A perfect-wedge model of the coastal ocean is chosen to illustrate the importance of the travel-time and phase biases due to horizontal refraction.
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Fur, Gunlög. "Different ways of seeing ‘savagery’: Two Nordic travellers in 18th-century North America." History of the Human Sciences 32, no. 4 (July 22, 2019): 43–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695119846003.
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Andreas Hesselius and Pehr Kalm both spent time in eastern North America during the first half of the 18th century. Both came with an ardent desire to observe and learn about the natural environment and inhabitants of the region. Both produced writings, in the form of journals that have proved immensely useful to subsequent scholars. Yet their writings also display differences that illuminate the epistemological and sociological underpinnings of their observations, and which had consequences for their encounters with foreign environments. Hesselius, who served as pastor to the Swedish congregation in Philadelphia from 1712 to 1724, described his experiences and observations with what we might call a historical awareness, while Kalm, known as the first of Linnaeus’s students to travel to the New World, primarily offered dehistoricized and denarrativized taxonomic ethnographic descriptions. At first glance, Hesselius and Kalm appear to illustrate perfectly Michel Foucault’s description of the difference between Renaissance and classical epistemologies. Kalm’s disembodied and decontextualized representations fit well with Foucault’s description of natural history in the classical age as consisting ‘of undertaking a meticulous examination of things themselves…and then of transcribing what it has gathered in smooth, neutralized, and faithful words’. This article, however, points out that while Hesselius and Kalm arrive at similar descriptions of plants and other-than-human beings by employing different methodologies, when it comes to describing indigenous peoples their respective methodologies lead to radically different approaches, with Hesselius writing them into history, while Kalm relegates them to ethnology in the sense of savage ‘peoples without histories’.
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Wu, Hao, Lingbo Liu, Yang Yu, Zhenghong Peng, Hongzan Jiao, and Qiang Niu. "An Agent-based Model Simulation of Human Mobility Based on Mobile Phone Data: How Commuting Relates to Congestion." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 7 (July 23, 2019): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8070313.
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The commute of residents in a big city often brings tidal traffic pressure or congestions. Understanding the causes behind this phenomenon is of great significance for urban space optimization. Various spatial big data make the fine description of urban residents’ travel behaviors possible, and bring new approaches to related studies. The present study focuses on two aspects: one is to obtain relatively accurate features of commuting behaviors by using mobile phone data, and the other is to simulate commuting behaviors of residents through the agent-based model and inducing backward the causes of congestion. Taking the Baishazhou area of Wuhan, a local area of a mega city in China, as a case study, we simulated the travel behaviors of commuters: the spatial context of the model is set up using the existing urban road network and by dividing the area into space units. Then, using the mobile phone call detail records of a month, statistics of residents’ travel during the four time slots in working day mornings are acquired and then used to generate the Origin-Destination matrix of travels at different time slots, and the data are imported into the model for simulation. Under the preset rules of congestion, the agent-based model can effectively simulate the traffic conditions of each traffic intersection, and can induce backward the causes of traffic congestion using the simulation results and the Origin-Destination matrix. Finally, the model is used for the evaluation of road network optimization, which shows evident effects of the optimizing measures adopted in relieving congestion, and thus also proves the value of this method in urban studies.
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Kinsley, Zoë. "Narrating Travel, Narrating the Self: Considering Women‘s Travel Writing as Life Writing." Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 90, no. 2 (September 2014): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/bjrl.90.2.5.
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This article considers the ways in which eighteenth-century womens travel narratives function as autobiographical texts, examining the process by which a travellers dislocation from home can enable exploration of the self through the observation and description of place. It also, however, highlights the complexity of the relationship between two forms of writing which a contemporary readership viewed as in many ways distinctly different. The travel accounts considered, composed (at least initially) in manuscript form, in many ways contest the assumption that manuscript travelogues will somehow be more self-revelatory than printed accounts. Focusing upon the travel writing of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, Katherine Plymley, Caroline Lybbe Powys and Dorothy Richardson, the article argues for a more historically nuanced approach to the reading of womens travel writing and demonstrates that the narration of travel does not always equate to a desired or successful narration of the self.
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Wagner, Jenny. "A Model-Independent Characterisation of Strong Gravitational Lensing by Observables." Universe 5, no. 7 (July 23, 2019): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe5070177.
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When light from a distant source object, like a galaxy or a supernova, travels towards us, it is deflected by massive objects that lie in its path. When the mass density of the deflecting object exceeds a certain threshold, multiple, highly distorted images of the source are observed. This strong gravitational lensing effect has so far been treated as a model-fitting problem. Using the observed multiple images as constraints yields a self-consistent model of the deflecting mass density and the source object. As several models meet the constraints equally well, we develop a lens characterisation that separates data-based information from model assumptions. The observed multiple images allow us to determine local properties of the deflecting mass distribution on any mass scale from one simple set of equations. Their solution is unique and free of model-dependent degeneracies. The reconstruction of source objects can be performed completely model-independently, enabling us to study galaxy evolution without a lens-model bias. Our approach reduces the lens and source description to its data-based evidence that all models agree upon, simplifies an automated treatment of large datasets, and allows for an extrapolation to a global description resembling model-based descriptions.
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BUTLER, LESLIE. "HISTORICIZING AMERICAN TRAVEL, AT HOME AND ABROAD." Modern Intellectual History 8, no. 1 (March 3, 2011): 237–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147924431100014x.
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In the winter of 1859, the Boston poet Julia Ward Howe sailed for Cuba; and in the winter of 1860, Ticknor and Fields published an account of her travel.A Trip to Cubaappeared only months after the same firm had published Richard Henry Dana's story of his “vacation voyage,”To Cuba and Back. These two narratives responded to a burgeoning American interest in the Caribbean island that promised recuperation to American invalids and adventure for military “filibusters.” Howe's narrative demonstrated a self-conscious familiarity with antebellum travel writing more broadly, however, as she playfully resisted yet ultimately upheld various conventions of a genre that had become a staple of the American literary marketplace. “I do not know why all celebrated people who write books of travel begin by describing their days of seasickness,” she noted, before discussing her own shipboard illness. She followed similar cues as she blended elements of autobiography, the social sketch, nature writing, and political and social commentary. Across 250 “sprightly” pages, readers were offered a familiar melange of humorous portraits, detailed descriptions of “foreign” institutions, and extensive commentary on local customs and social mores.
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Kim, Eun Joo, Sarah Tanford, and Laura A. Book. "The Effect of Priming and Customer Reviews on Sustainable Travel Behaviors." Journal of Travel Research 60, no. 1 (January 13, 2020): 86–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047287519894069.
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This research investigates how priming environmental attitudes influences purchase decisions and donations in response to environmental cues in online traveler reviews. An experiment evaluated the effects of priming, green review valence, and green designator cues using a simulated travel website. Priming was implemented using an environmental awareness scale that was completed before viewing the stimuli. Green review valence consisted of customer reviews for a resort that contained positive or negative environmental content. The designator cue was a “green leaders” badge on the resort description. The results indicate that the influence of environmental attitudes is stronger when green content is negative versus positive, and negative environmental content increases donations to environmental causes. Environmental attitude scores moderate the effect of priming those attitudes on behavioral intentions. However, a green designator does not influence outcomes. The findings can help operators promote environmental behaviors and attract travelers through sustainable practices.
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Hoveyda, Nourieh, Paula McDonald, and Ron H. Behrens. "A Description of Travel Medicine in General Practice: A Postal Questionnaire Survey." Journal of Travel Medicine 11, no. 5 (March 8, 2006): 295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/7060.2004.19105.
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Giard, J., Patrice Rondao Alface, J. Gala, and B. Macq. "Fast Surface-Based Travel Depth Estimation Algorithm for Macromolecule Surface Shape Description." IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics 8, no. 1 (January 2011): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcbb.2009.53.
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DRITSAS, LAWRENCE. "From Lake Nyassa to Philadelphia: a geography of the Zambesi Expedition, 1858–64." British Journal for the History of Science 38, no. 1 (March 2005): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087404006454.
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This paper is about collecting, travel and the geographies of science. At one level it examines the circumstances that led to Isaac Lea's description in Philadelphia of six freshwater mussel shells of the family Unionidae, originally collected by John Kirk during David Livingstone's Zambesi Expedition, 1858–64. At another level it is about how travel is necessary in the making of scientific knowledge. Following these shells from south-eastern Africa to Philadelphia via London elucidates the journeys necessary for Kirk and Lea's scientific work to progress and illustrates that the production of what was held to be malacological knowledge occurred through collaborative endeavours that required the travel of the specimens themselves. Intermediaries in London acted to link the expedition, Kirk's efforts and Lea's classification across three continents and to facilitate the novel description of six species of freshwater mussel. The paper demonstrates the role of travel in the making of mid-nineteenth-century natural history and in developing the relationships and credibility necessary to perform the research on which classifications undertaken elsewhere were based.
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Degtyarev, D. S. "SCIENTISTS AND TRAVELERS ABOUT BIYSK IN THE 19th – THE BEGINNING OF THE 20th CENTURY." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University, no. 1 (March 20, 2017): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2017-1-24-28.
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Biysk, being the second town of Altai of its size, attracted many scientists and travelers. They created colorful and unforgettable images of the town in the XIX – the beginning of XX century. 14 descriptions produced by 12 authors in 1810 – 1917 were analyzed to establish if the image corresponded with reality. There were rather different descriptions ranging from official geographical reviews to emotional lines of travel diaries. A comparative analysis allowed us to conclude that those images of Biysk were real in their description of dirty streets adjoining beautiful churches and comfortable fashionable hotels. Still, subjective factor influenced to the images of Biysk as well. Readers in the XIX century could trace all changes of the life of the town – from a fortress on the boarder to a small trade town (where inhabitants hadn’t got even a sundial) and then to the important economic and cultural center of the region – “the window to Europe” for Mongolia”. The image of the town gradually changed from negative to neutral and positive. It was determined by real economic and cultural development of Biysk. The result of this exploration allows one to define the way a Russian regional town was represented in informational area of the country in XIX – the beginning of XX century.
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Ianuchkova, O. E., M. R. Ianuchkov, and N. V. Iakunina. "PARTICULARITIES OF DRIVER’S WORK AND REST SCHEDULE CONDITIONS IN ORGANIZED CHILDREN CARRIAGE IN INTERCITY CONNECTION." Russian Automobile and Highway Industry Journal 17, no. 3 (July 22, 2020): 352–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.26518/2071-7296-2020-17-3-352-363.
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Introduction. The article is devoted to the description of the shedule development particularities and a drivers’ work and rest schedule adjustment in an organized children carriage considering their age in an intercity connection. During the interurban transportation after first four hours and thirty minutes of uninterrupted driving, a special break for the rest is provided for drivers on the way lasting at least 45 minutes. This period can be divided into two or more parts, but the first part should last at least 15 minutes and the last one at least thirty minutes. At the same time children of different age groups perceive long distant travels variously due to their physiological development. The restriction of physical activity during a long time may have a negative impact on children’s physical and mental state. Children may have some problems with behavior control during long distant travels, it may lead to a travel rules violation, they remove their seat belts, start to walk around the bus, etc. The dependencies of the covered distance and time on a children’s age were identified based on the study results of the intercity children carriage process. The findings may be applied in a bus route timetables development, a drivers’ work and rest schedule adjustment during an organized children carriage in an intercity connection and also when planning transport infrastructure objects along popular tourist routes or frequently used transportation directions for students.The purpose of article is the description of a traffic schedule particularities development and a drivers’ work and rest schedule adjustment in an organized children carriage considering their age in an intercity connection. The scientific novelty lies in methodology used for a drivers’ work and rest schedule adjustment which depends on a distance and travel time in an organized children carriage by buses in an intercity connection and on the age of the carried children.Materials and techniques. While writing the article the methods of a passengers carriage theory, a statistical and systematic analysis, a transport process theory and also some other scientific methods and techniques were used.Results. The results have advisory nature and are proposed for use in a drivers’ work and rest schedule adjustment in an organized children carriage considering their age in an intercity connection.Discussion and conclusion. For the carriage of different aged children the scheme of traffic according to a children age group should be chosen. 4 age groups of children each of which correspond to a certain traffic and rest time on the way were identified during the study.
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Durlin, Thomas, and Vincent Henn. "Dynamic Network Loading Model with Explicit Traffic Wave Tracking." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2085, no. 1 (January 2008): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2085-01.
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A dynamic network loading (DNL) model is presented: it can be used both for dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) and for an accurate description of traffic. The proposed DNL model is composed of (a) the link model based on the Lighthill-Whitham-Richards macroscopic first-order model solved with the wave-tracking method, (b) a new intersection model that generalizes the Daganzo macroscopic merge model to complex intersections, and (c) a traffic signal model that represents the mean effects of stage alternation on traffic in terms of delays and of capacity restrictions. Both the wave-tracking method and the traffic signal model are applied in a network context for the first time. The model can be consistently solved with various precision scales: low-precision scales to quickly provide a good estimation of travel times on the network for DTA purposes, and high-precision scales for accurate descriptions of traffic with all the desired modeling details.
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Kolokoltsev, E. N. "Poetics of descriptions in the novel “A Hero of Our Time” by M.Yu. Lermontov in Literature classes." Literature at School, no. 3, 2020 (2020): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/0130-3414-2020-3-77-89.
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The purpose of the study is to actualize the role of descriptions in the novel by M. Yu. Lermontov “A Hero of Our Time” as an important constructive element of the narrative. The most common form of description in the novel is the descriptions of nature and descriptions of the characters’ portraits. The descriptions found a lively response in literature studies, literary criticism, in art criticism, which responded to the paintings of the poet-and-artist and illustrations for the novel. Naturally, it attracted the author’s attention to the study of the works of those scholars, who viewed the features of Lermontov’s narrative manner. In the stories that made up Lermontov’s novel, descriptions play an important compositional role: they accompany the narrative, the thoughts of the characters, and they are often motivated by the author. The article highlights a number of techniques that will allow students to specify ideas about the descriptions in the novel. The students’ comprehension of landscape descriptions can be supported by drawing up a plan that will reflect the spatial and time-line structure of the story “Bela”, which represents both “travel notes” and the novelette. The use of reproductions of Lermontov’s Caucasian landscapes, similar in the object image to its verbal descriptions in the novel, serves as a visible emotional aid in the nature descriptions comprehension by schoolchildren. Turning to Pechorin’s psychological portrait caused such ways of discovery of his portrait features as drawing up a stylistic map that assists students to focus on linguistic means that the narrator uses to relate the hero image with his potential ingrain. The image and words are closely intertwined in the art print that performs the function of figure of speech and gives a spatial image to the piece of writing. The illustration serves as a means of specifying the students’ perceptions of the characters’ portraits, descriptions of nature and the related plot situations. Ways to comprehend a literary text with the wide involvement of works of art assist students to learn about the peculiarities of Lermontov’s narrative manner and facilitate their aesthetic development.
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Elad, Amikam. "The description of the travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa in Palestine: is it original?" Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 119, no. 2 (April 1987): 256–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0035869x00140651.
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The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that large parts of Ibn Baṭṭūṭuta's description of his travels in Palestine were in fact copied, with certain abbreviations and deletions, from the records of another Muslim traveller, Muhammad b. Muḥammad al-‛Abdarī.
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Zhdanov, Sergey S. "German Borders and Germany as a Boundary: Images of the Liminal Space in the Russian Literature of the Late 18th – Early 20th Centuries." Imagologiya i komparativistika, no. 14 (2020): 186–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/24099554/14/9.
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The paper examines the spatial images of German borders in the Russian literature of the late 18th – early 20th centuries. These ‘liminal’ descriptions of Germany come in several variations. The first is the image of the boundary as a syncretic and transit locus between Russia and Germany, i.e. between Us and Them respectively. Their features are mixed there as in cases of Karamzin’s Livonia or Skalkovsky’s Kurland. Secondly, the booundary can be presented as a certain point, reaching which the narrator / hero finds themselves in a new space, for example, Travemünde during a sea voyage or Eydtkuhnen when traveling by rail. The description of this conventional point follows several traditions in the travel literature. One was set up by N.M. Karamzin’s Letters of a Russian Traveler ”, when the voyager is aware of his transition into Their space and experiences an emotional uplift. Over time, however, this “attack of topophilia” becomes the object of a travesty game and ridicule of the literary tradition, as, for example, in Myatlev’s poem “Sensations and Comments by Madame Kurdyukova Abroad, Dans L’etranger”. Topophilia, interest in the Other, can also be encouraged by the feeling of getting into a more free locus, which marks Germany in particular and Western Europe in general as spaces of freedom (in the travelogues by K.A. Skalkovsky, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin). Another variant of a Russian traveler’s reaction to crossing the German border is frustration, which is felt in Fonvisin’s letters abroad. Their author feels disenchantment With each new point on the journey, D.I. Fonvizin feel inauthentic German space as the embodiment of the European Other. This generates a third variant of the German liminal locus, when the entire Germany becomes a border, a transitory, boring, semiotically empty place on the way to real Europe, for example, France (texts by D.I. Fonvizin, F.M. Dostoevsky and others). Probably, it determines the perception of the German nation as an average nation without any strongly pronounced characteristics. In addition, the situation of crossing the border with Germany can also be trivialized as opposed to Karamzin’s tradition, as in A.T. Averchenko’s travelogue. Along with topophilia, frustration and indifference in texts about the borders of Germany in the second half of the 19th century describe the motif of topophobia, fear of the Other in its version of the new German Empire, generating images of a latent or obvious threat, aggression, for example, in the texts by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, N.A. Leikin. Finally, early travelogues of this period emphasise the internal borders between German lands, while by the early 20th century the images of the internal German borders fade and become trivial.
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Zhang, Quan, and Juan Li. "Self-Organized Critical Condition of Travel Mode Choice Model Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 1030-1032 (September 2014): 2235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1030-1032.2235.
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By studying the service property of different travel modes, the self-organization theory presented in this paper to research the self-organized criticality, highlighting by the discovery and description of self-organized critical condition of travel mode choice, is of inspiring importance. The state equation and critical property analysis proposed in the paper is validated by practical example in Macao.